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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HktYmr55QvYmKs9B39W395c</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000200133</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predictors of Coronary Artery Obstructive Disease in Acute Pulmonary Edema of Unclear Origin</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Neves Dantas da Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Vander Weyden Batista de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Isabelle Adjanine Borges de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Cec&#237;lia Raquel Bezerra Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Isabelle Concei&#231;&#227;o Albuquerque Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana Marine Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Maria Sim&#245;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Batista</surname>
            <given-names>Virg&#237;nia da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cleide Freire Clementino da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - EBMSP, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco/Universidade de Pernambuco - Procape/UPE, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Doutorado Sandu&#237;che no Exterior</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior/ Programa de Doutorado Sandu&#237;che no Exterior CAPES/PDSE,3 &#8211; Brazil, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria das Neves Dantas da Silveira Barros</bold>, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 85/1501 Bloco A. Postal Code: 52011-240, Gra&#231;as, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>mndantas@hotmail.com.br</email>; <email>vweyden@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Barros MNDS, Correia LC. Acquisition of data: Barros MNDS, Sousa VWB, Lima IAB, N&#243;brega CRBM, Moreira ICAM, Dourado SMM, Andrade BMS, Batista VS, Silva MCFC, Correia LC. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Barros MNDS, Correia LC. Statistical analysis: Barros MNDS, Correia LC. Obtaining financing: Barros MNDS, Correia LC. Writing of the manuscript: Barros MNDS, Correia LC. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Barros MNDS, Correia LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>133</fpage>
      <lpage>142</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>8</day>
          <month>8</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>8</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiogenic Acute Pulmonary Edema (APE) is considered one of the main medical emergencies, and it is the extreme manifestation of acute heart failure. The main etiology of heart failure is ischemic heart disease. To date, the definition of ischemic etiology in acute pulmonary edema was based on criteria such as: clinical history of ischemic heart disease, noninvasive examinations and, in other patients, coronary angiography. Classified as such, ischemic heart disease has been shown to be its main etiology. The high prevalence between these two diseases was evaluated, but not by the exclusive angiographic criterion, the gold standard of this pathology and the reason of this study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the predictors of obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with acute pulmonary edema of unclear origin.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>Patients admitted to a cardiovascular disease referral emergency unit were recruited to undergo coronary angiography if the acute pulmonary edema etiology was not adequately elucidated. Obstructive coronary disease was considered if at least one epicardial vessel had 70% of occlusion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Obstructive coronary disease was classified by coronary angiography in 149 consecutively evaluated patients, and coronary artery obstruction was the outcome variable of the predictor model. Among the variables related to coronary disease, the predictor variables were the history of coronary artery disease (p &lt; 0.001) and myocardium segmental deficit at the echocardiogram (p &lt; 0.02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The antecedent of coronary disease and the myocardium segmental deficit at the echocardiogram were able to discriminate patients with acute pulmonary edema associated with obstructive coronary disease. Troponin values classified by two cardiologists as secondary to an acute non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and chest pain preceding the clinical picture were not able to discriminate patients with or without coronary obstruction and thus, the diagnosis of obstructive coronary disease should not be pursued based on the troponin value and/or chest pain preceding the clinical picture.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Edema</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Acute Pulmonary Edema (APE) is the extreme expression of acute heart failure (HF) in the emergency room, being classified as cardiogenic (APE) or non-cardiogenic (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome &#8211; ARDS). The etiology and pathophysiological mechanisms differ between them. The first occurs due to the increase in hydrostatic pressure within the pulmonary capillary, and the second type is a consequence of the increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane. It is important to consider the clinical history to identify each of these types, as the diseases related to each type are well recognized; however, misdiagnosis can occur due to the coexistence of diseases in the same clinical scenario. APE corresponds to the second highest hospital cost among the modalities of acute HF, with the first one being cardiogenic shock.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> APE 30-day mortality is still considered high. In the study by Figueras et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> it was observed that the mortality rate in 216 consecutive patients admitted with APE in a single center was 14.1%.</p>
      <p>Severe Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is often the anatomical substrate in patients with APE, as shown by Graham et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> in a study of 119 patients with APE, of which 71 (60%) had a significant coronary lesion; 35 (49%), lesion in three epicardial vessels; and 7 (10%), left coronary trunk lesion.</p>
      <p>Ischemic heart disease is the most frequent etiology of chronic HF worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> APE is a severe clinical expression of acute HF and obstructive CAD (arterial lumen mostly occluded) is often related to this clinical syndrome. The present study aimed to determine the predictors of obstructive CAD in this extreme HF clinical condition. We believe that we can contribute to the decision-making concerning patients who have this syndrome and with a suspected ischemic substrate for its occurrence.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>An observational, cross-sectional, diagnostic study with prospective data collection was performed, analyzing 149 patients between 40 and 80 years of age, consecutively admitted to a public emergency unit, specialized in cardiology, after registration in the hospital admission authorization form and patient history was reviewed by the research team. If the APE etiology was not clearly defined, such as uremic syndrome, previously known valvulopathy, well-defined cardiomyopathy at the echocardiogram and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, the patient was invited to participate in the study. Kidney dysfunction with creatinine &gt;2 mg% was an exclusion criterion.</p>
      <p>Creatinine values &#8203;&#8203;above 2mg% were included in the study if a coronary angiography (CA) had been requested by the attending physician prior to the study protocol evaluation. After signing the Free and Informed Consent form (CAAE 05503912.6.0000.5544), the CA was requested, aiming at defining the degree of coronary obstruction. Patients who had undergone the examination 1 year prior to the study and had normal results or had CAD definition without new therapeutic possibilities were not submitted to a new examination. The CA was analyzed by a single physician who was only aware of the reason for the hospitalization, APE. Obstructive CAD was considered severe if more than two-thirds (70%) of the arterial lumen, including total vessel occlusion, were occupied and if an epicardial vessel was affected: right coronary artery and its branches, circumflex artery and its branches, anterior descending artery, diagonal artery and 50% if the left main coronary artery was affected. The CA was part of the research protocol because, as part of the primary objective, it was necessary to determine the predictors of severe obstructive coronary disease, and this is the gold standard examination for the investigation of this pathology.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram was performed on the first and second days, and was analyzed by an arrhythmologist, a specialist on the subject. All patients underwent Doppler echocardiography. Ultrasensitive troponin (Roche laboratory equipment) was performed on the first and second days and two cardiologists were asked to interpret the results if the obtained values were compatible with APE precipitated by or associated with an acute coronary event. The diseases considered to be present, such as systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke, valvulopathy, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, were taken into account based on the information provided by the patient. Smoking was considered when the patient was a current smoker, or when the patient had been an ex-smoker for less than 2 years.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>To create the explanatory model for the occurrence of obstructive coronary disease, the following variables were collected: age, gender, presence of chest pain on admission, suggestive of myocardial ischemia prior to dyspnea, presence of previous dyspnea, history of coronary disease (classic angina pectoris, history of acute myocardial infarction, surgical or percutaneous myocardial revascularization); electrocardiographic alteration suggestive of myocardial ischemia (ST depression &#8805; 0.05 mV &#8722; or negative T wave &#8805; 2 mm in leads correlated to a coronary artery occlusion on admission and/or electrocardiographic evolution of an acute ischemic event, such as a new q wave and/or dynamic change in ST or T); high-sensitivity troponin T value and its evolution in the first 48 hours, with measurements made on the first and second days; ejection fraction at the echocardiogram and myocardium segmental deficit at the echocardiogram; blood pressure at admission, and risk factors for atherosclerotic disease and atherosclerosis-related diseases, such as peripheral obstructive arterial disease and stroke, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking.</p>
        <p>To characterize the study population and perform the bivariate analysis, the continuous variables were shown as means and standard deviation, when they had a normal distribution, or by medians and interquartile ranges. The normality hypothesis was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. When searching for an association between the obstructive coronary artery disease predictive variables, Pearson's chi square test was used for the comparison of proportions, whereas the Mann-Whitney test was used for the comparison of medians and the Student's <italic>t</italic> test for the comparison of the means. The variables that showed statistical significance of up to 10% (p &lt; 0.10) were eligible for the multivariate model. The logistic regression model was applied. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used for the model assessment, and model performance was assessed through the area under the curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The statistical software Stata for Windows, version 12, was used for the statistical analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 149 patients, 89 (59%) had severe obstructive CAD. Most patients were elderly and female (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary edema of unclear origin</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (149)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">65.4 &#177; 10.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">54 (36.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous dyspnea</td>
              <td align="center">118 (79.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic pain</td>
              <td align="center">30 (20.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">71 (47.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">121 (81.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">86 (57.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">44 (29.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of POAD</td>
              <td align="center">16 (10.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">18 (12.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP on admission</td>
              <td align="center">171.8 &#177; 42.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP at admission</td>
              <td align="center">99.6 &#177; 23.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction</td>
              <td align="center">46.4 &#177; 14.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction &lt;40%</td>
              <td align="center">56 (37.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Segmental myocardium deficit</td>
              <td align="center">53 (35.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine&gt; 1.2 mg%</td>
              <td align="center">44 (29.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine mg% (131 patients)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (0.8; 1.31)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BNP pg / mL (123 patients)</td>
              <td align="center">3.856 (1.441; 6.634)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ST depression <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>, in mm</td>
              <td align="center">54 (53.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ST elevation <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>, in mm</td>
              <td align="center">32 (31.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Negative T wave <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> &#8805; 2 mm</td>
              <td align="center">44 (43.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Q Wave &#8805; 0.03"</td>
              <td align="center">53 (52.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Positive troponin ng/mL</td>
              <td align="center">76 (51.0) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Value of Troponin ng/mL (1<sup>st</sup> measurement)</td>
              <td align="center">0.087 (0.036; 0.201)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ECG</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">9 (6.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RBBB</td>
              <td align="center">3 (2.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LBBB</td>
              <td align="center">28 (18.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVH</td>
              <td align="center">72 (48.3)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Results shown as n (%), mean &#177; standard deviation or median (P25, P75).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Among patients without left bundle branch block (101 patients). This elevation was not considered as acute myocardial infarction with ST-elevation, but elevation of other etiologies, such as left ventricular hypertrophy and early repolarization. CAD: coronary artery disease; POAD: peripheral obstructive artery disease; SBP: systemic arterial pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; ECG: electrocardiogram; RBBB: right bundle branch block; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A moderate lesion alone was observed in 9 patients (6%) of the 149 coronary angiograms evaluated. In most cases, the affected coronary artery was restricted to an epicardial vessel, with the right coronary artery being the one most frequently involved. An affected left main coronary artery and the involvement of three vessels were observed in 11 (12%) and 15 (17%) of the 89 patients, respectively, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Coronary angiography in patients with acute pulmonary edema of unclear origin</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Coronary disease</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Without coronary disease</td>
              <td align="center">61 (41%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Exclusive moderate CAD</td>
              <td align="center">9 (6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate and severe CAD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">30 (20%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Severe CAD</td>
              <td align="center">89 (59%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ADA Lesion</td>
              <td align="center">46 (52%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LMCA</td>
              <td align="center">11 (12%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CX Lesion</td>
              <td align="center">47 (53%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RCA Lesion</td>
              <td align="center">55 (62%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Severe CAD &#8805; 70% or sub-occluded artery. CAD: coronary artery disease; ADA: anterior descending artery; LMCA: left main coronary artery; CX: circumflex artery; RC: right coronary artery.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the detailed involvement of the epicardial vessels. It was observed that severe coronary artery disease more often affected the population with diabetes, peripheral obstructive arterial disease, those with a history of coronary artery disease and stroke.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Detailed topography of the 89 patients with severe obstructive lesions in patients with acute pulmonary edema of unclear origin</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Coronary artery vessels</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With LMCA</td>
              <td align="center">11 (12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1 vessel with obstructive CAD</td>
              <td align="center">37 (42)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2 vessels with obstructive CAD</td>
              <td align="center">26 (29)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3 vessels with obstructive CAD</td>
              <td align="center">15 (17)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Topography</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RCA (55 patients with severe lesion)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (62)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Proximal</td>
              <td align="center">20 (36)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Medium</td>
              <td align="center">27 (49)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Distal</td>
              <td align="center">13 (24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ADA (46 patients with severe lesion)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (52)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Proximal</td>
              <td align="center">22 (48)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ostial</td>
              <td align="center">9 (20)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Distal</td>
              <td align="center">11 (24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cx Artery (47 patients with severe lesion)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (53)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Proximal</td>
              <td align="center">13 (28)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Distal</td>
              <td align="center">23 (48)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marginal of Cx</td>
              <td align="center">34 (72)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>LMCA: left main coronary artery; CAD: Coronary artery disease; RCA: right coronary artery; ADA: anterior descending artery; Cx: circumflex artery.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As for the ejection fraction at the echocardiogram, the mean value was above 45% and in most cases, it was evaluated using the Teichholz method. The median troponin I on the first day was 0.086 ng/mL (normal value 0.014 ng/mL), and the interquartile range was 0.036 and 0.201 ng/mL in patients with APE. Troponin was considered positive when two independent cardiologists classified it as suggestive of an APE-related acute coronary event, a fact observed in 77 patients (51.3%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were high. The most often found alteration in the electrocardiogram was ST depression, verified in most assessed patients (53.5%).</p>
      <p>An intracoronary thrombus was visualized in 4 (3%) of the 122 patients in which CA was performed during hospitalization. One had elevation of CK-MB mass and troponin, with very high values &#8211; respectively, 86 mg/mL (reference value of 4.54 mg/mL) and 1.29 ng/mL (reference value of 0.014 ng/mL) &#8211;, suggesting values compatible with coronary artery occlusion. The electrocardiogram showed ST depression of 1 mV in the inferior wall, V4 to V6 and ST elevation of 1 mV in aVR and V1. The CA showed a thrombus in the anterior descending artery and severe lesions in the diagonal and right coronary arteries.</p>
      <p>The univariate analysis of the possible predictors of obstructive CAD is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>. Ischemic chest pain, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, history of CAD, history of obstructive peripheral arterial disease, stroke, ejection fraction, myocardium segmental deficit at the echocardiography, presence of Q wave and evaluation of the absolute measurement of troponin on the first day were associated with obstructive CAD (p &lt; 0.1).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Predictors of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in acute pulmonary edema of unclear origin</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Predictors</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Obstructive CAD </th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">OR (IC95%)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Yes (n = 89)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">No (n = 60)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">65.9 &#177; 9.1</td>
              <td align="center">64.7 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 (0.98-1.05)</td>
              <td align="center">0.459</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">31 (34.8)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (37.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 (0.45-1.74)</td>
              <td align="center">0.719</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous dyspnea</td>
              <td align="center">68 (76.4)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (83.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.63 (0.28-1.46)</td>
              <td align="center">0.287</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic pain</td>
              <td align="center">25 (28.1)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (8.2)</td>
              <td align="center">3.18 (0.83-12.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.093</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">53 (59.5)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (31.1)</td>
              <td align="center">3.25 (1.64-6.47)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">77 (86.5)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (73.8)</td>
              <td align="center">2.28 (1.00-5.25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.053</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">54 (60.7)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (54.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1.38 (0.71-2.70)</td>
              <td align="center">0.346</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">40 (44.9)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (6.6)</td>
              <td align="center">11.4 (3.81-34.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000&#8224;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of POAD</td>
              <td align="center">15 (16.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">12.2 (1.56-94.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.017&#8224;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">16 (18.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.3)</td>
              <td align="center">6.56 (1.44-29.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.015&#8224;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP on admission<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">170.6 &#177; 37.7</td>
              <td align="center">175.6 &#177; 51.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (0.99-1.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.496</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP on admission<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">100.9 &#177; 24.0</td>
              <td align="center">99.4 &#177; 25.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (0.99-1.02)</td>
              <td align="center">0.714</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">44.1 &#177; 13.6</td>
              <td align="center">50.1 &#177; 15.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.97 (0.95-0.99)</td>
              <td align="center">0.018&#8224;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Myocardium segmental deficit</td>
              <td align="center">46 (51.7)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (11.5)</td>
              <td align="center">8.33 (3.41-20.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000&#8224;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine &#8805; 1.2 mg%</td>
              <td align="center">32 (36.0)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (19.7)</td>
              <td align="center">2.12 (0.97-4.66)</td>
              <td align="center">0.060</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ST depression, mm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">d</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">34 (38.2)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (32.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1.13 (0.50-2.55)</td>
              <td align="center">0.763</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dynamic ST depression mm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">d</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">27 (30.3)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (26.2)</td>
              <td align="center">1.17 (0.53-2.57)</td>
              <td align="center">0.699</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ST elevation mm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">d</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">22 (24.7)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (31.2)</td>
              <td align="center">1.52 (0.40-1.79)</td>
              <td align="center">0.356</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Q wave &gt; 0.03"<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">d</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">38 (42.7)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (24.6)</td>
              <td align="center">2.53 (1.11-5.77)</td>
              <td align="center">0.027&#8224;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Negative T wave mm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">d</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">30 (33.7)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (23.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1.73 (0.75-3.94)</td>
              <td align="center">0.194</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dynamic T wave<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">d</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">18 (20.2)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (16.4)</td>
              <td align="center">1.24 (0.50-3.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0.638</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LBBB</td>
              <td align="center">17 (19.1)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (19.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 (0.38-2.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0.788</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVH</td>
              <td align="center">34 (38.2)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (39.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.84 (0.37-1.89)</td>
              <td align="center">0.672</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Positive troponin ng/mL</td>
              <td align="center">48 (53.9)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (47.5)</td>
              <td align="center">1.29 (0.67-2.48)</td>
              <td align="center">0.442</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Troponin (1<sup>st</sup> day) ng/m</td>
              <td align="center">0.11 (0.056; 0.35)</td>
              <td align="center">0.054 (0.025; 0.13)</td>
              <td align="center">2.69 (1.30-5.58) &#8225;</td>
              <td align="center">0.008&#8224;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BNP</td>
              <td align="center">4.586 (1.862; 9.064)</td>
              <td align="center">2.223 (965; 4.960)</td>
              <td align="center">1.07 (1.01-1.15) //</td>
              <td align="center">0.047</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Mean &#177; standard deviation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>statistically significant association (p &lt; 0.05);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p><sup>c</sup> median as reference;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>d</label>
            <p>in patients without left bundle branch block (101 patients); this elevation was not considered as acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation, but elevation of other etiologies, such as left ventricular hypertrophy and early repolarization; f increased chance of obstructive coronary disease at each increase of 1,000 BNP units. Results expressed as n (%), mean &#177; standard deviation and median - P25; P75. OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; POAD: peripheral obstructive arterial disease; SBP: systemic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The variables that were included in the multivariate model and the independent variables of obstructive CAD were history of CAD (p &lt; 0.000) and myocardium segmental deficit (p &lt; 0.02), as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Predictors of obstructive coronary disease in patients with acute pulmonary edema of unclear origin</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Predictors</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">OR<sub>ajustada</sub> (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Isquemic chest pain</td>
              <td align="center">2.48 (0.38 &#8211; 15.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.339</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">2.37 (0.85 &#8211; 6.58)</td>
              <td align="center">0.098</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">1.70 (0.50 &#8211; 5.75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.392</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">13.4 (2.81 &#8211; .63.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of POAD</td>
              <td align="center">6.76 (0.63 - 72.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.114</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">5.62 (0.86 - 36.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction</td>
              <td align="center">0.97 (0.93 - 1.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Segmental myocardial contractility deficit</td>
              <td align="center">6.21 (1.92 - 20.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinina &#8805; 1.2 mg%</td>
              <td align="center">2.08 (0.65 &#8211; 6.62)</td>
              <td align="center">0.214</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Q wave</td>
              <td align="center">1.53 (0.45 - 5.21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.497</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ultrasensitive troponin (1<sup>st</sup> measure ng/ml)</td>
              <td align="center">2.76 (0.41 &#8211; 18.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.299</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BNP</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 (0.99 - 1.03)</td>
              <td align="center">0.417</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p>* Goodness-of-fit of the model: Hosmer-Lemeshow test - p = 0.378. * Area under the curve "0.905 (95%CI: 0.862-0.954)". CAD: coronary artery disease; POAD: peripheral obstructive arterial disease; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide"</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The model performance was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. The AUC was shown to have a good discriminatory power with a C-statistics of 0.905 (95% confidence interval - 95%CI: 0.862-0.954).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the multivariate predictive model of obstructive coronary disease in patients with acute pulmonary edema of unclear origin. 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0133-80013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>APE is a severe expression of acute heart failure (AHF) in the emergency room. It has been commonly interpreted in the presence of a positive necrosis marker as an expression of unstable coronary disease, as defined by Figueras et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and Pena-Gil et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, it is known that AHF, alone, alters the marker &#8211; either CKMB or troponin &#8211; and therefore it is not a reliable marker for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Thus, this diagnosis is difficult in the absence of clear and evident electrocardiographic alterations of an arterial occlusion, such as ST-elevation with its respective classical evolution at the electrocardiogram.</p>
      <p>The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were high in the APE population, and the majority had an ejection fraction above 45% (Teichholz method). As for the troponin values, which are indicative of a probable acute myocardial infarction associated with APE, were assessed by two independent cardiologists and these values were not able to differentiate between obstructive and non-obstructive CAD. The troponin elevation occurred, respectively, in 63% and 48% of the cases. This points to the following question: were more than half of the patients with APE going to have an acute myocardial infarction? Probably not, since the association between APE and acute myocardial infarction was more expected to be found during a myocardial infarction with ST elevation, due to the greater extent of myocardial involvement. In that study, in a target population of 256 consecutively admitted patients with APE, 3 (1%) had acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation and APE in the emergency room, but they were excluded because the etiology of APE, in this clinical context, is well defined.</p>
      <p>In the study by Figueras et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation was present in 30% of patients admitted with this pathology.</p>
      <p>Classifying serial troponin measurements, increased in APE, as secondary to an acute coronary event is not reasonable in this model and brings costly consequences for the health system,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> since the presence of CAD in acute HF increases the time and costs of hospitalization, according Purek et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy the fact that alterations in the electrocardiogram, which may suggest ischemia, such as changes in ST (depression) and T wave, were not part of the predictor model, suggesting that such changes can be found with or without obstructive CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> This was verified in the series of nine cases by Littmann,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in which negative and deep T waves and QT increase were not associated with coronary disease at the electrocardiogram after 24 hours of APE. One must always consider that other causes of ST depression may occur, such as left ventricular hypertrophy and drug use (such as digoxin) and, perhaps, the relative ischemia itself, which may occur during an episode of APE, where hypoxia is invariably present and, when associated with an increase in troponin, can be considered a type-2 acute myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The exact mechanism of the found alterations is poorly defined, attributing the electrophysiological responses of myocardial cells to adrenergic stimulation and myocardial hypoxia, which usually accompany the clinical condition of APE. In this series, only four patients underwent invasive investigation.</p>
      <p>That study was not intended to evaluate mortality, but it was 15% over a one-year period &#8211; emphasizing that contact was established with only 48% of the study population. In the study by Figueras et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> mortality at 30 days was 14%. That demonstrates disease severity, even in the present day.</p>
      <p>Severe valvular disease occurred in 15 cases (10%). It is worth remembering that no prior valvulopathy was known and that 11 cases (73%) had severe aortic stenosis, which is characteristic of the study population&#8217;s profile, whose mean age was 65.4 &#177; 10.2.</p>
      <p>This study shows that severe obstructive coronary disease was present in most patients with acute pulmonary edema, but variables commonly used in the emergency room to identify its presence failed, such as the interpretation of troponin levels and chest pain preceding the clinical picture. Of course, we expect to find the predictors related to this condition &#8211; such as history of coronary disease and the segmental deficit at the echocardiogram &#8211; in this pathology.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations and prospects</title>
        <p>The present study showed that obstructive coronary disease is prevalent in patients with APE: 59% of patients had some artery with severe obstructive lesion as demonstrated by the invasive hemodynamic study. Percutaneous intervention was not performed in most individuals with this condition, that is, increased troponin and obstructive CAD; as previously mentioned, the research was not designed to answer this question.</p>
        <p>Moreover, considering the high frequency of troponin positivity in all the acute conditions affecting the heart, and the intersection of symptoms in the different etiologies, one expects a misdiagnosis when there is no specific marker for a given disease, such as the electrocardiogram in acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation and total atrioventricular block. This has occurred in clinical practice, in which symptoms associated with myocardial ischemia and positive troponin have elicited the request for a CA, interpreting the whole set as an acute ischemic syndrome.</p>
        <p>Another limitation would be the CAD progression in patients who were submitted to CA in less than 1 year and the disease occurred during this period. It is assumed, however, that any research process restricted to a single research center results in limitations, considering the differences of conduct and clinical interpretations found in health units.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In hospitalized individuals with acute pulmonary edema of unclear origin, prior history of coronary artery disease and segmental myocardial contractility deficit were the independent predictors of obstructive coronary disease. Of these two predictors, the previous history of coronary artery disease is the main probabilistic determinant, practically guaranteeing the presence of obstructive coronary disease. However, in the absence of a previous history of coronary artery disease or stroke, the probability of obstructive coronary disease is an intermediate one, being modulated by two independent predictors: ejection fraction and myocardial contractility deficit. The value of troponin did not independently predict the presence of obstructive coronary disease in a scenario of acute heart failure, and the identification of the presence of obstructive coronary disease involved few revascularization procedures. This raises questions about the usefulness of pursuing the diagnosis of coronary disease in this clinical scenario.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Maria das Neves Dantas da Silveira Barros from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; EBMSP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de Publica under the protocol number 05503912.6.0000.5544. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Obstrutiva em Edema Agudo de Pulm&#227;o de Origem n&#227;o Definida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Neves Dantas da Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Vander Weyden Batista de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Isabelle Adjanine Borges de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Cec&#237;lia Raquel Bezerra Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Isabelle Concei&#231;&#227;o Albuquerque Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana Marine Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Maria Sim&#245;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Batista</surname>
            <given-names>Virg&#237;nia da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cleide Freire Clementino da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - EBMSP, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco/Universidade de Pernambuco - Procape/UPE, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior/ Programa de Doutorado Sandu&#237;che no Exterior CAPES/PDSE, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria das Neves Dantas da Silveira Barros</bold>, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 85/1501 Bloco A. CEP: 52011-240, Gra&#231;as, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>mndantas@hotmail.com.br</email>; <email>vweyden@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Barros MNDS, Correia LC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Barros MNDS, Sousa VWB, Lima IAB, N&#243;brega CRBM, Moreira ICAM, Dourado SMM, Andrade BMS, Batista VS, Silva MCFC, Correia LC. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Barros MNDS, Correia LC. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Barros MNDS, Correia LC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Barros MNDS, Correia LC. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barros MNDS, Correia LC. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barros MNDS, Correia LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> O Edema Agudo de Pulm&#227;o cardiog&#234;nico &#233; considerado uma das maiores emerg&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas, &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o extrema da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda. A principal etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. At&#233; o momento, a defini&#231;&#227;o da etiologia isqu&#234;mica no edema agudo de pulm&#227;o foi baseada em crit&#233;rios como: hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, exames n&#227;o invasivos e, em outros pacientes, na cinecoronariografia. Desta forma classificada, a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o demonstrou ser sua principal etiologia. A alta preval&#234;ncia entre estas duas doen&#231;as foi avaliada, mas n&#227;o pelo crit&#233;rio angiogr&#225;fico exclusivo, o padr&#227;o-ouro desta patologia, a raz&#227;o deste estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Avaliar os preditores da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria obstrutiva nos portadores de Edema Agudo de Pulm&#227;o de origem claramente n&#227;o definida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Pacientes admitidos em um pronto-socorro de refer&#234;ncia no tratamento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foram recrutados a realizar a coronariografia se a etiologia do edema agudo de pulm&#227;o n&#227;o era devidamente esclarecida. A doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria obstrutiva foi considerada se ao menos um vaso epic&#225;dico tivesse oclus&#227;o = 70%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria obstrutiva foi classificada pela cinecoronariografia em 149 pacientes consecutivamente avaliados, a obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria foi a vari&#225;vel desfecho do modelo preditor. Dentre as vari&#225;veis relacionadas a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, as vari&#225;veis preditoras foram a hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (p &lt; 0,001) e o d&#233;ficit segmentar do mioc&#225;rdio ao ecocardiograma (p &lt; 0,02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> O antecedente de doen&#231;a coronariana e o d&#233;ficit segmentar do mioc&#225;rdio ao ecocardiograma foram capazes de discriminar pacientes com edema agudo de pulm&#227;o associado a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria obstrutiva. Valores da troponina classificados por dois cardiologistas como secund&#225;rio a um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST a e a dor tor&#225;cica antecedendo o quadro n&#227;o foram capazes de discriminar doentes com ou sem obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, logo, o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria obstrutiva n&#227;o deve ser perseguido baseado no valor da troponina e ou dor tor&#225;cica antecedendo o quadro.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Edema Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O Edema Agudo de Pulm&#227;o (EAP) &#233; a express&#227;o m&#225;xima da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) aguda na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, sendo classificado em EAP cardiog&#234;nico ou n&#227;o cardiog&#234;nico (S&#237;ndrome da Ang&#250;stia Respirat&#243;ria Aguda &#8211; SARA). A etiologia e os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos diferem um do outro. O primeiro decorre do aumento da press&#227;o hidrost&#225;tica dentro do capilar pulmonar, e o segundo tipo &#233; consequ&#234;ncia do aumento da permeabilidade da membrana alv&#233;olo-capilar. Para se identificar cada um destes tipos, &#233; importante considerar-se a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, uma vez que as doen&#231;as relacionadas a cada tipo s&#227;o bem reconhecidas, mas &#233; poss&#237;vel ocorrer erro de diagn&#243;stico, devido &#224; coexist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as em um mesmo cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico. O EAP ocupou o segundo lugar em custo hospitalar entre as modalidades da IC aguda, sendo o primeiro o choque cardiog&#234;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A mortalidade do EAP em 30 dias &#233; ainda considerada alta. No estudo de Figueras et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> verificou-se que a mortalidade entre 216 pacientes consecutivos admitidos com EAP em um &#250;nico centro foi de 14,1%.</p>
        <p>Frequentemente, a Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC) grave &#233; o substrato anat&#244;mico nos portadores de EAP, como demonstrado por Graham et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> em estudo com 119 pacientes com EAP, dos quais 71 (60%) tinham les&#227;o coronariana significante; 35 (49%), les&#227;o de tr&#234;s vasos epic&#225;rdicos e 7 (10%), les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda.</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; a etiologia mais frequente da IC cr&#244;nica no mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O EAP &#233; uma express&#227;o cl&#237;nica grave da IC aguda e a DAC obstrutiva (l&#250;men arterial ocupado em sua maioria) est&#225; frequentemente relacionada a esta s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica. O presente estudo se prop&#244;s a determinar os preditores da DAC obstrutiva nesta condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica extrema da IC. Acredita-se que, desta forma, pode-se contribuir com a tomada de decis&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes que se apresentarem com esta s&#237;ndrome e com suspeita de um substrato isqu&#234;mico para sua ocorr&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Tratou-se de estudo observacional, transversal, de car&#225;ter diagn&#243;stico e coleta de dados prospectiva, analisando 149 pacientes entre 40 e 80 anos, admitidos de forma consecutiva em EAP em uma emerg&#234;ncia p&#250;blica, especializada em atendimento cardiol&#243;gico, ap&#243;s registro na ficha de autoriza&#231;&#227;o do internamento hospitalar e hist&#243;ria revisada pela equipe de pesquisa. Se a etiologia do EAP n&#227;o era claramente definida, como s&#237;ndrome ur&#234;mica, valvulopatia previamente conhecida, miocardiopatia bem definida ao ecocardiograma, infarto com supradesnivelamento do ST, o paciente era convidado a participar do estudo. Disfun&#231;&#227;o renal com creatinina &gt; 2 mg% foi crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Valores de creatinina acima de 2 mg% entraram no estudo se a Angiografia Coron&#225;ria (AC) tivesse sido solicitada pelo m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel pelo atendimento, antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de estudo. Ap&#243;s a assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre Esclarecido (CAAE 05503912.6.0000.5544), a AC era solicitada com o objetivo de definir o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Os pacientes que tinham realizado o exame 1 ano antes da pesquisa e tinham resultados normais ou tinham defini&#231;&#227;o de DAC sem novas possibilidades terap&#234;uticas n&#227;o eram submetidos a um novo exame. A AC foi analisada por um &#250;nico m&#233;dico que conhecia apenas o motivo da interna&#231;&#227;o, o EAP. A DAC obstrutiva foi considerada grave se mais que dois ter&#231;os (70%) do l&#250;men arterial, incluindo oclus&#227;o total do vaso, estivessem ocupados e se acometesse um vaso epic&#225;rdico: coron&#225;ria direita e seus ramos, circunflexa e seus ramos, descendente anterior, diagonal e 50% de oclus&#227;o se envolvesse o tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda. A AC fez parte do protocolo de pesquisa, porque, como parte do objetivo prim&#225;rio, era necess&#225;rio determinar os preditores de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva grave, e este &#233; o exame padr&#227;o-ouro da investiga&#231;&#227;o desta patologia.</p>
        <p>O eletrocardiograma foi realizado no primeiro e segundo dia, tendo sido analisado por um arritmologista, <italic>expert</italic> no assunto. Todos os pacientes realizavam eco-Dopplercardiograma. A troponina ultrassens&#237;vel (equipamento do laborat&#243;rio Roche) era realizada no primeiro e segundo dias e foi solicitada a ser interpretada por dois cardiologistas se os valores obtidos eram compat&#237;veis com um EAP precipitado ou associado a um evento coronariano agudo. As doen&#231;as consideradas presentes, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito, passado de acidente vascular cerebral, valvulopatia, asma e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, foram consideradas a partir da informa&#231;&#227;o dada pelo doente. Tabagismo foi levado em conta se estivesse em uso, ou se o paciente tivesse deixado de us&#225;-lo h&#225; menos de 2 anos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para compor o modelo explicativo da ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva, foram coletadas as vari&#225;veis idade, sexo, presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica na admiss&#227;o sugestiva de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica antecedendo a dispneia, presen&#231;a de dispneia pr&#233;via, antecedente de doen&#231;a coronariana (angina do peito cl&#225;ssica, antecedente de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea); altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica sugestiva de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (infradesnivelamento do ST - &#8805; 0,05 mV - ou onda T negativa &#8805; 2 mm em deriva&#231;&#245;es correlacionadas a uma oclus&#227;o arterial coronariana na admiss&#227;o e/ou evolu&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de um evento isqu&#234;mico agudo, como nova onda q e/ou altera&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica de ST ou T); valor da troponina T de alta sensibilidade e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o nas primeiras 48 horas, dosagem no primeiro e no segundo dia; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ao ecocardiograma e d&#233;fice segmentar do mioc&#225;rdio ao ecocardiograma; valor da press&#227;o arterial na admiss&#227;o e fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; aterosclerose, como doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica e acidente vascular cerebral, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito e tabagismo.</p>
          <p>Para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo e an&#225;lise bivariada, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas por meio de m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o, se distribu&#237;das normalmente, ou por meio de medianas e intervalos interquart&#237;licos. A hip&#243;tese de normalidade foi verificada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Na busca da associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis preditoras de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva, foi aplicado o teste qui quadrado de Pearson na compara&#231;&#227;o de propor&#231;&#245;es, o teste de Mann Whitney na compara&#231;&#227;o das medianas e teste <italic>t</italic> de Student na compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de at&#233; 10% (p &lt; 0,10) foram eleg&#237;veis para o modelo multivariado. O modelo aplicado foi o da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do modelo foi utilizado o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow, assim como avaliou-se o desempenho do modelo pela &#225;rea sob a curva (ASC) caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (COR). O <italic>software</italic> estat&#237;stico utilizado foi o Stata para Windows, vers&#227;o 12.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 149 pacientes, 89 (59%) apresentaram DAC obstrutiva grave. A maioria foi de idosos e do sexo feminino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes com edema agudo de pulm&#227;o de origem n&#227;o definida</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (149)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">65,4 &#177; 10,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">54 (36,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dispneia pr&#233;via </td>
                <td align="center">118 (79,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">30 (20,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">71 (47,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">121 (81,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">86 (57,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">44 (29,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de DAOP</td>
                <td align="center">16 (10,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">18 (12,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS na admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">171,8 &#177; 42,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD na admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">99,6 &#177; 23,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">46,4 &#177; 14,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40%</td>
                <td align="center">56 (37,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D&#233;fice segmentar do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">53 (35,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina &#8805; 1,2 mg%</td>
                <td align="center">44 (29,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina mg% (131 pacientes)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,8; 1,31)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP pg/mL (123 pacientes)</td>
                <td align="center">3.856 (1.441; 6.634)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infradesnivelamento do ST<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>, em mm</td>
                <td align="center">54 (53,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Supradesnivelamento do ST<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>, em mm</td>
                <td align="center">32 (31,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Onda T negativa<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> &#8805; 2 mm</td>
                <td align="center">44 (43,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Onda Q &#8805; 0,03"</td>
                <td align="center">53 (52,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina positiva ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center">76 (51,0) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valor da Troponina ng/mL (1&#170; medida)</td>
                <td align="center">0,087 (0,036; 0,201)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>ECG</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRD</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRE</td>
                <td align="center">28 (18,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SVE </td>
                <td align="center">72 (48,3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Resutlados apresentados como n (%), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (P25; P75).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Entre os pacientes sem bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (101 pacientes). Este supradesnivelamento n&#227;o foi considerado como infarto agudo com supradesnivelamento de ST, mas supradesnivelamento de outras etiologias, como hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DAOP: doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; ECG: eletrocardiograma; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; SVE: sobrecarga de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A les&#227;o moderada se fez presente isoladamente apenas em 9 pacientes (6%) dos 149 angiogramas coron&#225;rios avaliados. A maioria de acometimento das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias esteve restrita a um vaso epic&#225;rdico, sendo a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita a mais envolvida. Verificou-se o tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda e o envolvimento de tr&#234;s vasos, respectivamente, em 11 (12%) e em 15 (17%) dos 89 pacientes, como descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiografia coronariana nos portadores de edema agudo de pulm&#227;o de origem n&#227;o definida</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem doen&#231;a coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">61 (41%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC moderada exclusiva</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC moderada e grave<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">30 (20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC grave</td>
                <td align="center">89 (59%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Les&#227;o DA</td>
                <td align="center">46 (52%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TCE</td>
                <td align="center">11 (12%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Les&#227;o CX</td>
                <td align="center">47 (53%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Les&#227;o CD</td>
                <td align="center">55 (62%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>DAC grave &#8805; 70% ou suboclu&#237;da. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DA: descendente anterior; TCE: tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda; CX: circunflexa; CD: coron&#225;ria direita.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref> mostra o envolvimento detalhado dos vasos epic&#225;rdicos. Percebeu-se que a doen&#231;a coronariana grave acometeu mais a popula&#231;&#227;o portadora de diabetes, doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica, com antecedente de doen&#231;a coronariana e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Topografia detalhada dos 89 pacientes com les&#245;es obstrutivas graves nos pacientes com edema agudo de pulm&#227;o de origem n&#227;o definida</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vasos arteriais coron&#225;rios </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com TCE</td>
                <td align="center">11 (12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 vaso com DAC obstrutiva</td>
                <td align="center">37 (42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2 vasos com DAC obstrutiva</td>
                <td align="center">26 (29)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3 vasos com DAC obstrutiva</td>
                <td align="center">15 (17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Topografia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Art&#233;ria CD (55 pacientes com les&#227;o severa)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (62)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Proximal</td>
                <td align="center">20 (36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">27 (49)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Distal</td>
                <td align="center">13 (24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Art&#233;ria DA (46 pacientes com les&#227;o severa)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Proximal</td>
                <td align="center">22 (48)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ostial</td>
                <td align="center">9 (20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Distal</td>
                <td align="center">11 (24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Art&#233;ria CX (47 pacientes com les&#227;o severa)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (53)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Proximal</td>
                <td align="center">13 (28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Distal</td>
                <td align="center">23 (48)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marginal da CX</td>
                <td align="center">34 (72)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>TCE: tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; CD: coron&#225;ria direita; DA: descendente anterior; CX: circunflexa.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ao ecocardiograma, o valor m&#233;dio ficou acima de 45% e, na sua maioria, foi avaliada por Teichholz. A mediana da troponina I do primeiro dia foi de 0,086 ng/mL (valor normal de 0,014 ng/mL), e a varia&#231;&#227;o do interquartil foi de 0,036 e 0,201 ng/mL nos pacientes com EAP. Considerou-se a troponina como positiva quando dois cardiologistas independentes classificaram-na como sugestiva de um evento coronariano agudo relacionado ao EAP &#8211; fato observado em 77 pacientes (51,3%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>As m&#233;dias da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e a da diast&#243;lica foram elevadas. A altera&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma mais encontrado foi o infradesnivelamento de ST, verificado na maioria dos pacientes avaliados (53,5%).</p>
        <p>O trombo intracoron&#225;rio foi visualizado em 4 (3%) dos 122 pacientes em que a AC foi realizada durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Um deles tinha eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB massa e troponina, com valores muito elevados &#8211; respectivamente, 86 mg/mL (valor de refer&#234;ncia de 4,54 mg/mL) e 1,29 ng/mL (valor de refer&#234;ncia de 0,014 ng/mL) &#8211;, sugerindo valores compat&#237;veis com oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. O eletrocardiograma mostrou infradesnivelamento do ST de 1 mV na parede inferior, V4 a V6 e supradesnivelamento de 1 mV em aVR e V1. A AC mostrou um trombo na art&#233;ria descendente anterior e les&#245;es graves na diagonal e coron&#225;ria direita.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise univariada dos poss&#237;veis candidatos preditores de DAC obstrutiva est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>. Dor tor&#225;cica isqu&#234;mica, diabetes melito, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hist&#243;ria de DAC, hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica, acidente vascular cerebral, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, d&#233;fice segmentar do mioc&#225;rdio ao ecocardiograma, presen&#231;a de onda Q e avalia&#231;&#227;o da medida absoluta da troponina do primeiro dia estiveram associados &#224; DAC obstrutiva (p &lt; 0,1).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva (DAC) em edema agudo de pulm&#227;o de origem n&#227;o definida</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Preditores</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">DAC obstrutiva</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">OR (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sim (n = 89)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#227;o (n = 60)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">65,9 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td align="center">64,7 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,98-1,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,459</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">31 (34,8)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (37,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 (0,45-1,74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,719</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dispneia pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">68 (76,4)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (83,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,28-1,46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,287</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">25 (28,1)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3,18 (0,83-12,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">53 (59,5)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (31,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3,25 (1,64-6,47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">77 (86,5)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (73,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2,28 (1,00-5,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">54 (60,7)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (54,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,38 (0,71-2,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,346</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">40 (44,9)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">11,4 (3,81-34,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de DAOP</td>
                <td align="center">15 (16,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">12,2 (1,56-94,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">16 (18,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6,56 (1,44-29,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS na admiss&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">170,6 &#177; 37,7</td>
                <td align="center">175,6 &#177; 51,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,99-1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,496</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD na admiss&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">100,9 &#177; 24,0</td>
                <td align="center">99,4 &#177; 25,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,99-1,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,714</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">44,1 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">50,1 &#177; 15,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,95-0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D&#233;fice segmentar do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">46 (51,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">8,33 (3,41-20,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina &#8805; 1,2 mg%</td>
                <td align="center">32 (36,0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (19,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2,12 (0,97-4,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infradesnivelamento do ST mm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">d</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">34 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (32,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (0,50-2,55)</td>
                <td align="center">0,763</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infradesnivelamento do ST din&#226;mico mm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">d</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">27 (30,3)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (26,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,17 (0,53-2,57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,699</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Supradesnivelamento do ST mm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">d</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">22 (24,7)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (31,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,52 (0,40-1,79)</td>
                <td align="center">0,356</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Onda Q &gt; 0,03"<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">d</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">38 (42,7)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (24,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2,53 (1,11-5,77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,027&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Onda T negativa mm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">d</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">30 (33,7)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (23,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,73 (0,75-3,94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,194</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Onda T din&#226;mico<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">d</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">18 (20,2)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (16,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 (0,50-3,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,638</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRE</td>
                <td align="center">17 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (19,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,38-2,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,788</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SVE</td>
                <td align="center">34 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (39,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 (0,37-1,89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,672</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina positiva ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center">48 (53,9)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (47,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,29 (0,67-2,48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,442</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina (1&#170; dia) ng/m</td>
                <td align="center">0,11 (0,056; 0,35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,054 (0,025; 0,13)</td>
                <td align="center">2,69 (1,30-5,58) &#8225;</td>
                <td align="center">0,008&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP</td>
                <td align="center">4.586 (1.862; 9.064)</td>
                <td align="center">2.223 (965; 4.960)</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 (1,01-1,15) //</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante (p &lt; 0,05);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p><sup>c</sup> mediana como refer&#234;ncia;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>d</label>
              <p>entre os pacientes sem bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (101 pacientes); este supradesnivelamento n&#227;o foi considerado como infarto agudo com supradesnivelamento de ST, mas supradesnivelamento de outras etiologias, como hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce; f aumento da chance de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva a cada aumento de 1.000 unidades de BNP. Resultados expressos como n (%), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e mediana - P25; P75. OR: odds ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; DAOP: doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; SVE: sobrecarga de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis que participaram do modelo multivariado e as vari&#225;veis independentes de DAC obstrutiva foram hist&#243;ria de DAC (p &lt; 0,000) e d&#233;fice segmentar do mioc&#225;rdio (p &lt; 0,02), conforme descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores de Doen&#231;a Coron&#225;ria obstrutiva nos pacientes com Edema Agudo de Pulm&#227;o de origem claramente n&#227;o definida</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Preditores</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">OR<sub>ajustada</sub> (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">2,48 (0,38 &#8211; 15,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,339</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">2,37 (0,85 &#8211; 6,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,70 (0,50 &#8211; 5,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,392</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 (2,81 &#8211; .63,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de DAOP</td>
                <td align="center">6,76 (0,63 - 72,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">5,62 (0,86 - 36,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,93 - 1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D&#233;ficit segmentar do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">6,21 (1,92 - 20,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina &#8805; 1,2 mg%</td>
                <td align="center">2,08 (0,65 &#8211; 6,62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,214</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Onda Q</td>
                <td align="center">1,53 (0,45 - 5,21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,497</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina ultrassens&#237;vel (1&#170; medida) ng/ml</td>
                <td align="center">2,76 (0,41 &#8211; 18,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,299</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,99 - 1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,417</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <p>* Bondade do ajuste do modelo: teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow - p: 0,320; * &#193;rea sob a curva = 0,9089 (IC 95%: 0,863-0,955). AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DAC: doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; DAOP: doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O desempenho do modelo foi avaliado pela ASC curva COR, conforme se pode observar na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>. A ASC se mostrou como um bom poder discriminat&#243;rio com a estat&#237;stica-C de 0,905 (Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% - IC95%: 0,862-0,954).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor do modelo preditivo multivariado de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva nos pacientes com edema agudo de pulm&#227;o de origem claramente n&#227;o definida. IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0133-80013-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O EAP &#233; uma express&#227;o grave da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda (ICA) na sala de emerg&#234;ncia. Tem sido comum interpret&#225;-lo na presen&#231;a de um marcador de necrose positivo, como uma express&#227;o de doen&#231;a coronariana inst&#225;vel, como foi definido por Figueras et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e Pena-Gil et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No entanto, sabe-se que a ICA, isoladamente, altera marcador &#8211; seja CKMB, seja troponina &#8211; e, portanto, n&#227;o &#233; um marcador confi&#225;vel para o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Dessa forma, torna-se dif&#237;cil este diagn&#243;stico na aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas claras e evidentes de uma oclus&#227;o arterial coron&#225;ria, como o supradesnivelamento do ST com sua respectiva evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica ao eletrocardiograma.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foi elevada na popula&#231;&#227;o com EAP, assim como a maioria apresentou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o acima de 45% (m&#233;todo Teichholz). Quanto aos valores da troponina, indicadores de um prov&#225;vel infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, quando julgados por dois cardiologistas independentes associado ao EAP, os valores da troponina n&#227;o foram capazes de diferenciar a DAC obstrutiva da n&#227;o obstrutiva; a eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina ocorreu, respectivamente, em 63% e 48% dos casos. Isso remete &#224; seguinte quest&#227;o: ser&#225; que mais metade dos pacientes com EAP estavam no curso de um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio? Provavelmente n&#227;o, uma vez que era de se esperar que a associa&#231;&#227;o EAP e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio fosse mais encontrada no curso de um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do ST pela extens&#227;o maior do envolvimento mioc&#225;rdio. No estudo em quest&#227;o, de uma popula&#231;&#227;o alvo de 256 pacientes admitidos consecutivamente em EAP, 3 (1%) se apresentaram como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do ST e EAP na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, mas eles foram exclu&#237;dos porque a etiologia do EAP, neste contexto cl&#237;nico, &#233; bem definida.</p>
        <p>No estudo de Figueras et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do ST se fez presente em 30% dos pacientes admitidos com esta patologia.</p>
        <p>Classificar as dosagens seriadas da troponina aumentadas no EAP como secund&#225;rias a um evento coronariano agudo n&#227;o &#233; razo&#225;vel pelo exposto neste modelo e traz consequ&#234;ncias onerosas ao sistema de sa&#250;de,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> uma vez que a presen&#231;a de DAC no quadro de IC aguda aumenta o tempo e o custo de interna&#231;&#227;o, como apontado por Purek et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Digno de nota &#233; o fato de que altera&#231;&#245;es de eletrocardiograma, que podem sugerir isquemia como mudan&#231;a do ST (infra) e onda T, n&#227;o fizeram parte do modelo preditor, sugerindo que tais altera&#231;&#245;es podem ser encontradas com ou sem DAC obstrutiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Isso foi verificado na s&#233;rie de nove casos de Littmann,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> em que ondas T negativas e profundas e o aumento do QT n&#227;o estiveram associados &#224; doen&#231;a coronariana no eletrocardiograma, ap&#243;s 24 horas do EAP. Deve-se sempre considerar que outras causas de infradesnivelamento do ST podem ocorrer, como hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e droga (como a digoxina) e, talvez, a pr&#243;pria isquemia relativa, que pode ocorrer durante um epis&#243;dio de EAP, em que a hip&#243;xia &#233; invariavelmente presente e, quando estiver associada a um aumento da troponina, pode ser considerado um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio do tipo 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O exato mecanismo das altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas &#233; pouco definido, atribuindo-se as respostas eletrofisiol&#243;gicas das c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica e &#224; hip&#243;xia no mioc&#225;rdio que, habitualmente, acompanham a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do EAP. Nesta s&#233;rie, apenas quatro doentes se submeteram &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o invasiva.</p>
        <p>O estudo em quest&#227;o n&#227;o tinha como objetivo avaliar a mortalidade, mas esta foi observada 15% ao longo de 1 ano - ressaltando que apenas se estabeleu contato em 48% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. No estudo de Figueras et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> a mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 14%. Isso indica a gravidade da doen&#231;a mesmo nos dias atuais.</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a valvular grave ocorreu em 15 casos (10%). Vale lembrar que n&#227;o se conhecia valvuloptia pr&#233;via e que 11 casos (73%) eram estenose a&#243;rtica grave, o que &#233; pr&#243;prio do perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, cuja idade m&#233;dia foi de 65,4 &#177; 10,2.</p>
        <p>Este estudo mostra que a doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva grave esteve presente na maioria dos pacientes com edema agudo do pulm&#227;o, mas que vari&#225;veis habitualmente empregadas na sala da emerg&#234;ncia para identificar sua presen&#231;a falharam, como a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da troponina e a dor tor&#225;cica antecedendo o quadro cl&#237;nico. Naturalmente, esperam-se encontrar os preditores relacionados a esta condi&#231;&#227;o &#8211; como o antecedente de doen&#231;a coronariana e o d&#233;fice segmentar ao ecocardiograma &#8211; nesta patologia.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es e perspectivas do estudo</title>
          <p>O presente estudo mostrou que a doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva &#233; prevalente nos pacientes com EAP: 59% dos pacientes tinham alguma art&#233;ria com les&#227;o obstrutiva grave provada por estudo hemodin&#226;mico invasivo. A interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea n&#227;o foi realizada na maior parte dos indiv&#237;duos com esta condi&#231;&#227;o, troponina aumentada e DAC obstrutiva; lembra-se que a pesquisa n&#227;o foi delineada para responder esta quest&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Levando-se em conta tamb&#233;m a alta frequ&#234;ncia de positividade da troponina em todas as condi&#231;&#245;es agudas que acometem o cora&#231;&#227;o e a interse&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas nas diversas etiologias, &#233; de se esperar a confus&#227;o diagn&#243;stica quando n&#227;o existe um marcador espec&#237;fico para uma dada doen&#231;a, como o eletrocardiograma no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST e no bloqueio atrioventricular total. Este fato tem ocorrido na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, em que sintomas correlatos a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e troponina positiva t&#234;m suscitado a solicita&#231;&#227;o da AC, interpretando o conjunto como uma s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda.</p>
          <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o seria a progress&#227;o da DAC nos pacientes que realizaram a AC em menos de 1 ano e a doen&#231;a ter surgido neste per&#237;odo.</p>
          <p>Assume-se, entretanto, que todo processo de investiga&#231;&#227;o restrito a um &#250;nico centro de pesquisa resulta em limita&#231;&#245;es, considerando-se as diferen&#231;as de condutas e interpreta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que existem nas unidades de sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em indiv&#237;duos internados com edema agudo de pulm&#227;o de origem claramente n&#227;o definida, a hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de coronariopatia e d&#233;fice de contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica segmentar foram os preditores independentes de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva. Destes dois preditores, a hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de coronariopatia &#233; o maior determinante probabil&#237;stico, praticamente garantindo a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva. Entretanto, na aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ou acidente vascular cerebral, a probabilidade de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva &#233; intermedi&#225;ria, sendo modulada por dois preditores independentes: a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o d&#233;fice de contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica. O valor da troponina n&#227;o predisse de forma independente a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva em um cen&#225;rio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, e a identifica&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva implicou poucos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Isto suscita questionamento quanto &#224; utilidade de perseguir-se o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a coronariana neste cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Maria das Neves Dantas da Silveira Barros pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; EBMSP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn>
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de Publica sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo (CAAE) n&#186; 05503912.6.0000.5544. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
