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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wfRwCqxgXmY4SrVxJbTZPnc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000200123</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evolution of Mortality from Diseases of the Circulatory System and of Gross Domestic Product per Capita in the Rio de Janeiro State Municipalities</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Porto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Severino Sombra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Severino Sombra, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Severino Sombra</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fiocruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gabriel Porto Soares</bold>, Rua Abdo Jos&#233; Ferreira, 32. Postal Code: 27700-000, Tambasco, Vassouras, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>gp.soares@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>gpsoares@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Soares GP, Klein CR, Souza e Silva NA, Oliveira GMM. Acquisition of data: Soares GP, Klein CR, Souza e Silva NA, Oliveira GMM. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Soares GP, Klein CR, Souza e Silva NA, Oliveira GMM. Statistical analysis: Soares GP, Klein CR, Souza e Silva NA, Oliveira GMM. Writing of the manuscript: Soares GP, Klein CR, Souza e Silva NA, Oliveira GMM. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Soares GP, Klein CR, Souza e Silva NA, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>123</fpage>
      <lpage>132</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>5</day>
          <month>3</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>7</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>8</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Diseases of the circulatory system are the leading cause of death in Brazil and the world, falling progressively during the twentieth century, preceded by an increase in Gross Domestic Product.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To correlate balanced and adjusted mortality rates from circulatory system diseases in the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro state between 1979 and 2010 with the gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc) beginning in 1950.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Population and death data were obtained from the Department of Information and Computer Services at the National Health System/Brazilian Ministry of Health (Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de - Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de - DATASUS-MS). Mortality rates were calculated for Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), Cerebrovascular Disease (CBVD), and Circulatory System Disease (CSD); adjusted by the direct method; and balanced for ill-defined causes. The GDPpc data were obtained from the Institute of Applied Economic Research (Instituto de Pesquisas Econ&#244;micas Aplicadas - IPEA). Mortality rates were correlated with socioeconomic indicators using Pearson's linear correlation coefficient to determine the annual optimized lag time. Regression slope coefficients between the dependent disease and independent socioeconomic indicator were estimated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In recent decades, there has been a reduction in mortality from CSD in all Rio de Janeiro state municipalities, mainly due to a decline in mortality from CBVD. The decline in mortality from CSD was preceded by an increase in the GDPpc, and a strong correlation was observed between this index and mortality rates.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The evolution of the variation in GDPpc demonstrated a strong correlation with the reduction in CSD mortality. This relationship demonstrates the importance of improving the living conditions of the population to reduce cardiovascular mortality.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Stroke / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Gross Domestic Product</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The health conditions of the populations are influenced in a complex way by social determinants, such as income and wealth distribution and education, as if these indicators were interdependent risk factors for the occurrence of diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> During the 20th century, almost the entire world has experienced an improvement in socioeconomic indicators, in addition to a drop in the general mortality rates, with a consequent increase in the life expectancy of the populations. Furthermore, there was a change in the epidemiological profile, in which communicable diseases were no longer the major causes of death, being replaced by non-communicable diseases, mainly diseases of the circulatory system (DCS), which are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, corresponding to approximately one third of all deaths. Nevertheless, the deaths from DCS have shown a progressive reduction from the mid-20th century in developed countries, and, in Brazil, that reduction has been observed since the 1970s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 2010 and according to data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the Rio de Janeiro State, then divided into 92 municipalities, had 15,989,929 inhabitants, with a population density of 365.23 inhabitants/km<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Rio de Janeiro State corresponds to 11.3% of the Brazilian GDP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The Rio de Janeiro State municipalities have a very heterogeneous socioeconomic structure. Some municipalities, such as Porto Real, have a GDP <italic>per capita</italic> (GDPpc) that exceeds R$ 200,000.00, and others, such as Japeri, have a GDPpc of R$ 5,000.00, similar to that of some countries, such as Congo, Samoa and Swaziland, and much lower than that of the Brazilian mean of R$ 19,000.00.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Some Rio de Janeiro State municipalities, such as S&#227;o Francisco de Itabapoana, have a poverty index greater than 36%, while others, such as Niter&#243;i and Volta Redonda, have a poverty index lower than 10%. The poverty index considers three variables: the short duration of life (the population percentage that does not reach the age of 40 years), the lack of elementary education (the illiterate percentage of the population), the lack of access to public and private resources (the population percentage that has access to neither health care service nor potable water, and of malnourished children).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some studies have assessed the evolution of mortality from DCS and its major two subgroups in Brazil, ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> however, studies correlating that mortality with socioeconomic indicators per municipality are rare.</p>
      <p>Therefore, a study with the Rio de Janeiro State municipalities, which have a varied and heterogeneous socioeconomic structure, will allow us to build models about the evolution of the mortality rates from DCS and of GDPpc, estimating correlations between those variables aiming at suggesting factors involved in reducing the mortality rates from DCS, IHD and CBVD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study collected data on GDPpc and mortality in Rio de Janeiro State municipalities, which were analyzed according to the geopolitical structure of the year 1950, gathering the emancipated municipalities with their original headquarters from that date on. Those aggregates of municipalities caused a reduction in the total number of Rio de Janeiro State municipalities from 92 in 2010 to 56 aggregates for this study analysis.</p>
      <p>In addition, those aggregates of municipalities were analyzed by region. This study used the regional division proposed by the Rio de Janeiro State Secretariat of Health with a change, subdividing the Metropolitan region into the Metropolitan Belt, which comprises all municipalities in the region except for the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro and Niter&#243;i, which constituted two autonomous regions. The other regions, Mid-Para&#237;ba, Mountain, Northern, Coastal Lowlands, Northwestern, Southern-Central, and Ilha Grande Bay, are those defined by the Rio de Janeiro State Secretariat of Health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The GDP data were obtained from the Applied Economic Research Institute (<italic>Instituto de Pesquisa Econ&#244;mica Aplicada</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> for the years 1949, 1959, 1970, 1975, 1980 and 1985 to 2010. The population data were obtained from the IBGE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> for the general census years (1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010) and population counting (1996). Intercensal population estimates were calculated with the arithmetic method by use of the census years or population counting immediately before or after. Those estimates were performed for the fractions corresponding to the age groups, at 10-year intervals, for each sex. The GDPpc was calculated by dividing the absolute and the municipality GDP by the population in the corresponding year. Then the GDPpc was converted into dollars (1 dollar = 3.2 <italic>reais</italic>, currency exchange rate of April 2015).</p>
      <p>To calculate the mortality rates, the mortality data restricted to adults aged 20 years and older from the database DATASUS-MS were analyzed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Such data were divided into the major fractions of interest in this study: DCS, corresponding to the codes listed in chapter VII of ICD-9<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> or chapter IX of ICD-10;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> IHD, corresponding to the codes 410-414 of ICD-9 or codes I20-I25 of ICD-10; CBVD, corresponding to the codes 430-438 of ICD-9 or codes I60-I69 of ICD-10. In addition, the deaths from ill-defined causes (IDC), listed in chapter XVI of ICD-9 and chapter XVIII of ICD-10, as well as the total of all-cause (AC) deaths were used in the analysis. The ICD-9 was in force until 1995, while ICD-10 has been since 1996. The crude and sex- and age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated by use of the direct method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> per 100,000 inhabitants. The mortality rates from IDC in Rio de Janeiro State have increased significantly since 1990,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> thus, compensation was performed, consisting in assigning to deaths from DCS, IHD and CBVD their part of deaths from IDC, corresponding to the fractions observed in the defined deaths, that is, excluded those from IDC. After compensation of the deaths from DCS, IHD and CBVD for those from IDC, sex- and age-adjusted mortality rates were estimated. The standard population for the adjustments was that of Rio de Janeiro State registered in 2000 by the census, stratified into seven age groups (20-29 years; 30-39 years; 40-49 years; 50-59 years; 60-69 years; 70-79 years; and 80 years or older) for each sex. Those rates were denominated compensated and adjusted.</p>
      <p>The mortality rates and GDPpc were correlated by estimating the Pearson coefficients of correlation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> in all combinations of time series allowed to determine the optimal annual lag, according to the availability of socioeconomic data, which could be 29 years maximally. The optimal annual lag was that with the highest Pearson linear coefficient in all series combined. In addition, the regression slope coefficients were estimated between the dependent variable mortality (DCS, IHD, CBVD) and the independent variable (GDPpc), multiplied by 100 dollars, in series with optimal lag, according to the coefficient of linear correlation.</p>
      <p>The quantitative analyses were performed with the Excel-Microsoft<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and STATA programs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The optimal GDPpc time lags (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) with the mortality from DCS group and with the mortality from CBVD subgroup were very close, with respective means of 20.4 and 20.3 years in the Rio de Janeiro State; however, that with the mortality from IHD subgroup was lower, with a mean of 18.1 years. Regarding the regions, the highest time lags were of GDPpc with DCS in the Southern-Central region (mean of 24.3 years), and the lowest, of GDPpc with IHD in the Northern region (mean of 11.5 years). The highest time lag of GDPpc in the municipalities, which was 29 years, the maximum limit allowed by the data available, occurred with DCS in the municipalities of S&#227;o Pedro da Aldeia, Para&#237;ba do Sul, Vassouras, Nil&#243;polis, S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Meriti and Niter&#243;i; with CBVD, in Cabo Frio, Nil&#243;polis, S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Meriti and Niter&#243;i; and with IHD, in Vassouras, Nil&#243;polis and Niter&#243;i. Some municipalities showed no time lag between the variable &#8216;mortality rate&#8217; and GDPpc, which occurred with DCS in Porci&#250;ncula, with CBVD in Silva Jardim, Miracema and Porci&#250;ncula, and with IHD in Saquarema and Sapucaia.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Optimal time lag and Pearson coefficients of correlation between mortality from DCS, CBVD and IHD per 100,000 inhabitants and GDP per capita in the aggregates of the Rio de Janeiro State municipalities from 1979 to 2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Regions/municipalities</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DCS OAL</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DCS Correl</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">CBVD OAL</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">CBVD Correl</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">IHD OAL</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">IHD Correl</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Ilha Grande Bay</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angra</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">-0.90</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">-0.86</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mangaratiba</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">-0.73</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.68</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-0.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Parati </td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.77</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.72</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">-0.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Means</td>
              <td align="center">21.3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.80</td>
              <td align="center">20.0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.75</td>
              <td align="center">22.3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Coastal Lowlands</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Araruama</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.90</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.89</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">-0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cabo Frio</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">-0.85</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.82</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Casimiro</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">-0.83</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.80</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">-0.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S&#227;o Pedro da Aldeia </td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.76</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">-0.81</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Saquarema </td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">-0.79</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.68</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Means</td>
              <td align="center">22.0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.83</td>
              <td align="center">21.8</td>
              <td align="center">-0.80</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Southern-Central Region</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Para&#237;ba do Sul </td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.91</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.86</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sapucaia </td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">-0.79</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.81</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tr&#234;s Rios </td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-0.90</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">-0.85</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vassouras </td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.99</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">-0.97</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Means</td>
              <td align="center">24.3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.89</td>
              <td align="center">23.5</td>
              <td align="center">-0.87</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Metropolitan Belt</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duque de Caxias</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">-0.96</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">-0.93</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Itabora&#237;</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">-0.90</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">-0.85</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">-0.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Itagua&#237;</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">-0.93</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">-0.84</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mag&#233;</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">-0.76</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">-0.80</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">-0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maric&#225;</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">-0.93</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.78</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">-0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nil&#243;polis</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.95</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.90</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nova Igua&#231;u</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">-0.97</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">-0.96</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">-0.86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rio Bonito</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">-0.92</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.87</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S&#227;o Gon&#231;alo</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-0.98</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">-0.98</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Meriti</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.95</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.91</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">-0.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Silva Jardim</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">-0.64</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.60</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">-0.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Means</td>
              <td align="center">20.8</td>
              <td align="center">-0.90</td>
              <td align="center">21.3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.86</td>
              <td align="center">21.0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Mid-Para&#237;ba Region</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Barra do Pira&#237;</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-0.92</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-0.93</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">-0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Barra Mansa</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.84</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.85</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">-0.83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pirai</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.72</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">-0.67</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">-0.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Resende</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-0.95</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-0.95</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rio Claro</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">-0.74</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">-0.73</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">-0.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rio das Flores</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.70</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">-0.65</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">-0.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valen&#231;a</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.93</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">-0.88</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">-0.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Means</td>
              <td align="center">21.9</td>
              <td align="center">-0.83</td>
              <td align="center">21.9</td>
              <td align="center">-0.81</td>
              <td align="center">20.4</td>
              <td align="center">-0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Niter&#243;i</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Niter&#243;i</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.99</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.97</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Northwestern Region</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cambuci</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">-0.82</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">-0.84</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Itaocara</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">-0.88</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.91</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Itaperuna</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">-0.89</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.89</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">-0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Miracema</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.81</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.79</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">-0.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Natividade </td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.79</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.88</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Porci&#250;ncula </td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.78</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.66</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">-0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Santo Ant de Padua </td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">-0.90</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.90</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Means</td>
              <td align="center">15.0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.84</td>
              <td align="center">16.1</td>
              <td align="center">-0.84</td>
              <td align="center">17.3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Northern Region</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Campos</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">-0.89</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.92</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">-0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maca&#233;</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">-0.93</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">-0.93</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S&#227;o Jo&#227;o da Barra </td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">-0.76</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">-0.80</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">-0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S&#227;o Fidelis </td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">-0.83</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.80</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Means</td>
              <td align="center">16.0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.85</td>
              <td align="center">18.0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.86</td>
              <td align="center">11.5</td>
              <td align="center">-0.60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Rio de Janeiro</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rio de Janeiro</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.98</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.97</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Mountain Region</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bom Jardim</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.85</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.90</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">-0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cachoeiras</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.79</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.71</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">-0.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cantagalo</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">-0.65</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">-0.67</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Carmo</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">-0.93</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">-0.93</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">-0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cordeiro</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">-0.72</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.79</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">-0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duas Barras</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">-0.67</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">-0.60</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">-0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nova Friburgo</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">-0.92</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.91</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Petr&#243;polis </td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">-0.90</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.88</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">-0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Santa Maria Madalena</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">-0.72</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">-0.77</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S&#227;o Sebasti&#227;o do Alto</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.74</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-0.88</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">-0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sumidouro </td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-0.70</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.67</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Teres&#243;polis </td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.95</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">-0.97</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">-0.86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Trajano de Morais</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">-0.74</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">-0.70</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">-0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Means</td>
              <td align="center">20.3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.79</td>
              <td align="center">19.1</td>
              <td align="center">-0.80</td>
              <td align="center">18.2</td>
              <td align="center">-0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Means of the Rio de Janeiro State</td>
              <td align="center">20.4</td>
              <td align="center">-0.84</td>
              <td align="center">20.3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.83</td>
              <td align="center">18.1</td>
              <td align="center">-0.62</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>DCS: diseases of the circulatory system; CBVD: cerebrovascular diseases; IHD: ischemic heart diseases; OAL: optimal annual lag; Correl: coefficient of correlation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The coefficients of correlation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) of GDPpc with DCS and CBVD were closer to the extreme value (-1.0), with means of -0.84 and -0.83, respectively; however, the coefficients of correlation of GDPpc with IHD were closer to absence of correlation (0), with mean of -0.62. The most extreme of those coefficients was that with DCS in Niter&#243;i (-0.99). Only the municipalities of S&#227;o Pedro da Aldeia and Cambuci showed positive coefficients of correlation of GDPpc with IHD, +0.49 and +0.20, respectively, but closer to the level of absence of correlation.</p>
      <p>The evolution of the GDPpc in the Rio de Janeiro State municipalities over the past six decades showed a GDPpc elevation with heterogeneous distribution of the mean GDPpc values between the regions and the municipalities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The highest GDPpc values over the years were found in the capital of the Rio de Janeiro State, in Niter&#243;i, and in some more industrialized municipalities of inner state, such as Resende and Barra Mansa; and, in the past decade, in the coastal municipalities of the Northern and Coastal Lowlands regions, which concentrate the oil industry.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evolution of decennial GDP per capita in the Rio de Janeiro State municipalities from 1950 to 2009.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0123-80003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The death variations at every 100-dollar increment in GDPpc (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) were higher in the group of deaths from DCS, because that group includes the two subgroups, CBVD and IHD, showing an important mortality reduction related to GDP elevation. Such mortality reduction related to GDPpc elevation was very heterogeneous: there are municipalities where a 100-dollar increment in GDPpc correlated with a reduction by more than 60 deaths from DCS, such as in Cordeiro, a municipality of the Mountain region. However, in only two small municipalities, with less than 40,000 inhabitants aged 20 years or older in 2010, S&#227;o Pedro da Aldeia and Cambuci, the GDPpc elevation correlated with a mild increase in the number of deaths from IHD. In addition, in four municipalities (Valen&#231;a, Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro and Nova Friburgo), the 100-dollar increment in GDPpc correlated with a higher reduction in deaths from IHD than from CBVD, a pattern that is opposite to those of the other municipalities, where the GDPpc increment correlated with a higher reduction in deaths from CBVD.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variations (linear regression model) in the deaths from diseases of the circulatory system (DCS), cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD) and ischemic heart diseases (IHD) per 100,000 inhabitants at each 100-dollar increment in the GDP per capita in the aggregates of the Rio de Janeiro State municipalities from 1979 to 2010.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0123-80003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Reductions in the mortality rates from DCS have been shown in the Rio de Janeiro State municipalities for the past three decades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In addition, GDPpc elevations have been observed in all municipalities studied (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) since 1950. They reflect the improvement in the socioeconomic indicators occurring all over Brazil, where the following aspects have been observed: income increase; mortality rate decrease; life expectancy increase; fertility decrease; child mortality reduction; and educational level increase resulting from illiteracy reduction. In addition, the improvement in the indicators in Brazil is also associated with the great income concentration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at demonstrating a correlation between the reduction in the mortality rates from DCS and their major subgroups, IHD and CBVD, occurring since 1980, and the improvement in socioeconomic indicators from the second half of the 20th century. Although GDPpc is a good socioeconomic indicator portraying an overview of the socioeconomic conditions of a certain place, it is not the best; however, because the GDP data of the Rio de Janeiro State municipalities are available and organized by municipality since 1920, we chose to correlate them with those mortality rates, considering the several time lags between those indices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the period analyzed, from 1950 to 2010, the GDPpc increased in all municipalities, but heterogeneously. The highest GDPpc values were found in the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro and Niter&#243;i, the former is the current state capital, former capital of Brazil from 1763 to 1960<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> and of the extinct Guanabara State until 1975, while the latter was the former capital of the Rio de Janeiro State until 1975.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Other municipalities had high GDPpc, being directly related to certain industrial activities as follows: Barra Mansa, related to the steelworks industry (Volta Redonda, which houses the headquarters of the Brazilian Steelworks Company, was aggregated to Barra Mansa because it was emancipated only in 1955<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>); Angra dos Reis, related to the naval industry; Resende, related to the automotive industry; and municipalities related to the oil industry, such as Duque de Caxias, Maca&#233;, Campos dos Goytacazes, Casimiro de Abreu, Cabo Frio and S&#227;o Jo&#227;o da Barra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> However, the big GDPpc increase of those municipalities occurred only in the last years of the study, probably not correlating with the reduction in deaths from DCS, whose influence might be felt in future years.</p>
      <p>We demonstrated that the mean coefficient of correlation between GDPpc elevation since 1950 and mortality from DCS in adults since 1979, with a time lag of a little more than 20 years, of all Rio de Janeiro State municipalities was negative and high (-0.84). Being negative indicates an inverse relationship, that is, the higher the GDPpc, the lower the mortality from DCS. This evidences that the improvement in the socioeconomic indicators preceded the reduction in cardiovascular deaths. The behavior of the CBVD subgroup was similar to that of the DCS, regarding both the correlation index of GDPpc and the time lag. Regarding the IHD subgroup, the correlation indices, although significant, were not that close to the negative maximum value, and the optimal time lag was also a little shorter, around 18 years. These differences in IHD as compared to DCS and CBVD might be due to the lowest mortality rates from IHD in almost all municipalities throughout the study period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> This might have caused greater fluctuations in the IHD rates than in the others, which is even more evident when we observe that the municipalities with smaller populations have the lowest correlation indices and the greatest variations in optimal time lag.</p>
      <p>The increase in GDPpc might have influenced on the reduction of the deaths from DCS. This impact varied in the different Rio de Janeiro State municipalities, in the Rio de Janeiro State regions, and even in the municipalities within the same region. In some municipalities, such as Carmo and Cordeiro in the Mountain region, and Nil&#243;polis in the Metropolitan Belt, the 100-dollar increment in GDPpc was related to a reduction of more than 50 deaths per year from DCS. In other municipalities, however, such as Angra dos Reis in the Ilha Grande Bay region, Maca&#233; in the Northern region, and Cantagalo in the Mountain region, that same increment in GDPpc related to a reduction of less than 10 deaths per year from DCS. In two of those municipalities, that phenomenon can be explained by the great elevation in the GDPpc of Maca&#233; and Angra dos Reis in the study period, because, despite having a reduction in death from DCS similar to that of other municipalities, their great elevation in GDPpc made the variation in deaths as compared to the GDPpc increase smaller. The CBVD as compared to the IHD stand out as the group with the highest reduction in the number of deaths per year, although the higher mortality rates from CBVD in the initial years of the study should be considered. In addition, one can infer that the costs to prevent and reduce mortality from CBVD are lower than those estimated for IHD, because the reduction in the incidence of stroke, the major cause of death from CBVD, is closely related to the improvement in primary health care and arterial hypertension control, conditions affected by the global economic improvement reflected in GDP increase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> By providing important details when analyzing the Rio de Janeiro State municipalities, this study corroborates the clear inverse relationship between cardiovascular mortality rates and GDPpc. The inverse relationship of those variables has been suggested in the study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> relating the Brazilian GDPpc between 1947 and 2004 to the mortality from IHD in the Rio de Janeiro State between 1980 and 2002, also showing the time lag between those variables. In addition, the use of the Human Development Index (HDI) showed an inverse relationship with the mortality rates from CBVD in the administrative regions of the Rio de Janeiro municipality, and to every 0.05 reduction in the HDI, there was a 65% increase in the number of deaths from CBVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>One limitation of this study is the quality variation in the completion of death certificate over time and in the municipalities studied. However, death certificates are the best mortality data source available. A more serious limitation was the difficulty to obtain the economic data of the years before 1980, because they sometimes had a decennial periodicity and only those of the years of the IBGE census could be found, which determined the use of interpolation for the unavailable years. The compensation of the number of deaths from DCS, CBVD and IHD considering the deaths from IDC might have caused inaccuracy in the estimated mortality rates. Another limitation is the analysis with possible maximal time lag of 29 years, because, in some municipalities, the optimal time lag coincided with that value, and, thus, the actual value might have been greater; however, that happened in only 5 of 56 municipalities.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>From 1979 to 2010, there was an important reduction in mortality from DCS in the Rio de Janeiro State municipalities, especially in the CBVD subgroup. The decrease in mortality from DCS was preceded by periods of GDPpc elevation, and the evolutionary variation of that indicator showed an important correlation with the reduction in mortality. A regional pattern for that correlation that indicated the importance of improving the population life conditions to reduce cardiovascular mortality could not be identified.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Gabriel Porto Soares, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da Mortalidade por Doen&#231;as do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio e do Produto Interno Bruto per Capita nos Munic&#237;pios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Porto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Severino Sombra, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriel Porto Soares</bold>, Rua Abdo Jos&#233; Ferreira, 32. CEP: 27700-000, Tambasco, Vassouras, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>gp.soares@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>gpsoares@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Soares GP, Klein CR, Souza e Silva NA, Oliveira GMM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Soares GP, Klein CR, Souza e Silva NA, Oliveira GMM. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Soares GP, Klein CR, Souza e Silva NA, Oliveira GMM. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Soares GP, Klein CR, Souza e Silva NA, Oliveira GMM. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Soares GP, Klein CR, Souza e Silva NA, Oliveira GMM. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Soares GP, Klein CR, Souza e Silva NA, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p> As doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio s&#227;o a primeira causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo, apresentando progressiva queda durante o s&#233;culo XX, precedida por eleva&#231;&#227;o no Produto Interno Bruto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Correlacionar taxas de mortalidade compensadas e ajustadas por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio nos Munic&#237;pios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ) entre 1979 e 2010, com o Produto Interno Bruto per capita (PIBpc) a partir de 1950.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos: </title>
          <p>Popula&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos obtidos no DATASUS/MS. Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade por Doen&#231;as Isqu&#234;micas do Cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC), Doen&#231;as Cerebrovasculares (DCBV), e Doen&#231;as do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio (DAC), e compensadas por causas mal definidas e ajustadas pelo m&#233;todo direto. Dados de PIBpc foram obtidos no Instituto de Pesquisas Econ&#244;micas Aplicadas (IPEA). As taxas de mortalidade e o indicador socioecon&#244;mico foram correlacionados, pela estima&#231;&#227;o de coeficientes lineares de Pearson, para determinar a defasagem anual otimizada. Foram estimados os coeficientes de inclina&#231;&#227;o da regress&#227;o entre a dependente doen&#231;a e a independente indicador socioecon&#244;mico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas houve redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DAC em todos os munic&#237;pios do ERJ, esta ocorreu principalmente por queda da mortalidade por DCBV. A queda da mortalidade por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio foi precedida por eleva&#231;&#227;o do PIBpc, com forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre o indicador e as taxas de mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A varia&#231;&#227;o evolutiva do PIBpc demonstrou elevada correla&#231;&#227;o com a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DAC. Essas rela&#231;&#245;es sinalizam a import&#226;ncia na melhoria das condi&#231;&#245;es de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o para reduzir a mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Produto Interno Bruto</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de das popula&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o influenciadas de forma complexa por determinantes sociais, como distribui&#231;&#227;o de renda, riqueza e educa&#231;&#227;o, como se esses indicadores fossem fatores de risco interdependentes para a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Durante o s&#233;culo XX, observou-se em quase todo o mundo uma melhora nos indicadores socioecon&#244;micos, assim como uma queda nas taxas de mortalidade geral, com consequente aumento da expectativa de vida das popula&#231;&#245;es. Tamb&#233;m ocorreu uma mudan&#231;a no perfil epidemiol&#243;gico, onde as doen&#231;as transmiss&#237;veis deixaram de ser as principais causas de &#243;bito, e esse lugar foi ocupado pelas doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, com destaque para as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio (DAC) que s&#227;o as principais causas mundiais de mortalidade, correspondendo a aproximadamente um ter&#231;o de todos os &#243;bitos. Mesmo sendo o grupo de maior n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos, as mortes por DAC apresentam progressiva redu&#231;&#227;o a partir de meados do s&#233;culo XX nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, e no Brasil essa queda &#233; observada a partir da d&#233;cada de 1970.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No ano de 2010, o Estado do Rio de Janeiro possu&#237;a 15.989.929 habitantes segundo o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE), nessa &#233;poca dividido em 92 munic&#237;pios, com uma densidade populacional de 365,23 habitantes/km<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. O Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) do estado corresponde a 11,3% do PIB nacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Os munic&#237;pios do estado apresentam estrutura socioecon&#244;mica bastante heterog&#234;nea. H&#225; munic&#237;pios como Porto Real, onde o PIB <italic>per capita</italic> (PIBpc) ultrapassa 200 mil reais e outros como Japeri onde &#233; pr&#243;ximo a 5 mil reais, semelhante &#224;quele de pa&#237;ses como Congo, Samoa e Suazil&#226;ndia, e muito inferior &#224; m&#233;dia do Brasil, de 19 mil reais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O estado possui munic&#237;pios com &#237;ndice de pobreza superior a 36%, como S&#227;o Francisco de Itabapoana e outros com &#237;ndice inferior a 10%, como Niter&#243;i e Volta Redonda. O &#237;ndice de pobreza pondera tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis: a curta dura&#231;&#227;o da <underline>vida</underline> (o percentual da popula&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o atinge os 40 anos), falta de <underline>educa&#231;&#227;o</underline> elementar (o percentual da popula&#231;&#227;o <underline>analfabeta</underline>), a falta de acesso aos recursos p&#250;blicos e privados (porcentagem composta das pessoas com falta de acesso ao servi&#231;o de <underline>sa&#250;de</underline>, <underline>&#225;gua pot&#225;vel e de crian&#231;as subnutridas</underline>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Existem estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DAC e seus dois principais grupos, doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCBV) no Brasil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> por&#233;m s&#227;o escassos aqueles sobre suas correla&#231;&#245;es com indicadores socioecon&#244;micos por unidades municipais.</p>
        <p>Portanto, ao realizarmos um estudo com os munic&#237;pios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que apresentam variada e heterog&#234;nea estrutura socioecon&#244;mica, seremos capazes de construir modelos de evolu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade por DAC e do PIBpc, estimando correla&#231;&#245;es entre essas vari&#225;veis com o objetivo de sugerir fatores envolvidos na redu&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de mortalidade por DAC, DIC e DCBV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foram coletados dados de PIBpc e de mortalidade nos munic&#237;pios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que foram analisados de acordo com a estrutura geopol&#237;tica do ano de 1950, agrupando os munic&#237;pios emancipados a partir dessa data com sua sede original. Essas agrega&#231;&#245;es municipais implicaram na redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero total de munic&#237;pios existentes em 2010 no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que era de 92, para 56 agregados para fins de an&#225;lise neste estudo.</p>
        <p>Os agregados municipais tamb&#233;m foram analisados por regi&#245;es. Neste estudo, foi utilizada a divis&#227;o regional proposta pela Secretaria Estadual de Sa&#250;de do Estado do Rio de Janeiro com uma modifica&#231;&#227;o pelo desmembramento da regi&#227;o metropolitana, em Cintur&#227;o Metropolitano, que compreende todos os munic&#237;pios da regi&#227;o, excetuados os munic&#237;pios do Rio de Janeiro e de Niter&#243;i que, por sua vez, passaram a se constituir em duas regi&#245;es aut&#244;nomas. As demais regi&#245;es, M&#233;dio-Para&#237;ba, Serrana, Norte, Baixada Litor&#226;nea, Noroeste, Centro-Sul, e Ba&#237;a da Ilha Grande, s&#227;o as mesmas definidas pela Secretaria Estadual de Sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        <p>Os dados de PIB foram obtidos do Instituto de Pesquisa Econ&#244;mica Aplicada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> para os anos 1949, 1959, 1970, 1975, 1980 e 1985 a 2010. Os dados populacionais s&#227;o provenientes do IBGE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> para os anos de recenseamento geral (1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 e 2010) e de contagem (1996). Estimativas das popula&#231;&#245;es para os anos intercensit&#225;rios foram realizadas pelo m&#233;todo aritm&#233;tico com os anos de censo ou contagem imediatamente anterior ou posterior. Essas estimativas foram feitas para as fra&#231;&#245;es correspondentes &#224;s faixas et&#225;rias, com intervalos de dez anos, em cada um dos sexos. O PIBpc foi calculado pela divis&#227;o do PIB absoluto, em reais, e do munic&#237;pio pela popula&#231;&#227;o no ano correspondente. O PIBpc foi, posteriormente, convertido em d&#243;lares (1 D&#243;lar = 3,2 reais, c&#226;mbio de abril de 2015).</p>
        <p>Para constru&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade foram analisados os dados dos &#243;bitos restritos aos adultos com 20 anos ou mais, provenientes do DATASUS-MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Esses dados foram discriminados nas fra&#231;&#245;es de interesse principal do estudo: DAC, correspondentes &#224;quelas registradas nos cap&#237;tulos VII da CID-9<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> ou IX da CID-10;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> DIC, correspondentes aos c&#243;digos 410-414 da CID-9 ou I20-I25 da CID-10; DCBV, correspondentes aos c&#243;digos 430-438 da CID-9 ou I60-I69 da CID-10. Tamb&#233;m foram utilizados para an&#225;lise os &#243;bitos por Causas Mal Definidas (CMD), abrigados no cap&#237;tulo XVI da CID-9 e XVIII da CID-10, e o total de &#243;bitos por Todas as Causas (TC). A CID-9 vigorou at&#233; o ano de 1995 e a CID-10, a partir de 1996. Foram calculadas as taxas brutas e ajustadas de mortalidade, por sexo e idade, pelo m&#233;todo direto,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> por 100 mil habitantes. Como as taxas de mortalidade por CMD no Estado do Rio de Janeiro aumentaram de forma relevante a partir de 1990,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> optou-se pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de compensa&#231;&#227;o, que consistiu em alocar para os &#243;bitos por DAC, DIC e DCBV sua parte dos &#243;bitos por CMD, correspondente &#224;s suas fra&#231;&#245;es observadas entre os &#243;bitos definidos, isto &#233;, exclu&#237;dos os mal definidos. Ap&#243;s a compensa&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos por DAC, DIC e DCBV pelos de CMD, foram estimadas taxas de mortalidade ajustadas por sexo e idade. A popula&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o para os ajustamentos foi a do Estado do Rio de Janeiro registrada em 2000 pelo recenseamento, estratificada em sete grupos et&#225;rios (20 a 29 anos; 30 a 39 anos; 40 a 49 anos; 50 a 59 anos; 60 a 69 anos; 70 a 79 anos; e 80 anos ou mais) em cada um dos sexos. Essas taxas foram denominadas compensadas e ajustadas.</p>
        <p>As taxas de mortalidade e o PIBpc foram correlacionados, pela estima&#231;&#227;o de coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> em todas as combina&#231;&#245;es de s&#233;ries temporais permitidas para determinar a defasagem anual otimizada, de acordo com a disponibilidade dos dados socioecon&#244;micos, que poderia ser de no m&#225;ximo 29 anos. A defasagem anual considerada &#243;tima foi aquela em que se obteve o maior valor do coeficiente linear de Pearson, em todas as s&#233;ries combinadas. Tamb&#233;m foram estimados os coeficientes de inclina&#231;&#227;o da regress&#227;o entre a vari&#225;vel dependente mortalidade (DAC, DIC, DCBV) e a vari&#225;vel independente (PIBpc), multiplicado por 100 d&#243;lares, nas s&#233;ries com defasagem &#243;tima, segundo o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o linear.</p>
        <p>Os procedimentos quantitativos foram realizados com os programas Excel-Microsoft<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e STATA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As defasagens temporais &#243;timas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>) do PIBpc com o grupo das DAC e com o subgrupo DCBV foram bem pr&#243;ximas, com m&#233;dias respectivas de 20,4 e 20,3 anos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, j&#225; com o subgrupo DIC foi um pouco menor, com m&#233;dia de 18,1 anos. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s regi&#245;es, as maiores defasagens temporais foram do PIBpc com DAC na Centro-Sul Fluminense (m&#233;dia de 24,3 anos) e as menores, com DIC na Norte (m&#233;dia de 11,5 anos). A maior defasagem temporal do PIBpc nos munic&#237;pios, que foi de 29 anos, limite m&#225;ximo permitido pelos dados dispon&#237;veis, ocorreu com a DAC em S&#227;o Pedro da Aldeia, Para&#237;ba do Sul, Vassouras, Nil&#243;polis, S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Meriti e Niter&#243;i; com a DCBV em Cabo Frio, Nil&#243;polis, S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Meriti e Niter&#243;i; e com a DIC em Vassouras, Nil&#243;polis e Niter&#243;i. Alguns munic&#237;pios n&#227;o apresentaram defasagem temporal entre a vari&#225;vel &#8216;taxa de mortalidade&#8217; e o PIBpc, o que ocorreu com a DAC em Porci&#250;ncula, com a DCBV em Silva Jardim, Miracema e Porci&#250;ncula, e com a DIC em Saquarema e Sapucaia.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Defasagem temporal &#243;tima e coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre mortalidade por 100 mil habitantes por DAC, DCBV, DIC e PIB per capita nos agregados municipais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro de 1979 a 2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DAC Def</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DAC Correl</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DCBV Def</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DCBV Correl</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DIC Def</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DIC Correl</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ba&#237;a da Ilha Grande (BIG)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angra</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,90</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,86</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mangaratiba</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,73</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,68</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parati </td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,77</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,72</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dias</td>
                <td align="center">21,3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,80</td>
                <td align="center">20,0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,75</td>
                <td align="center">22,3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Baixada Litor&#226;nea (BLT)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Araruama</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,90</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,89</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">-0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cabo Frio</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,85</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,82</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Casimiro</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">-0,83</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,80</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">-0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#227;o Pedro da Aldeia</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,76</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,81</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Saquarema</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">-0,79</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,68</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dias</td>
                <td align="center">22,0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,83</td>
                <td align="center">21,8</td>
                <td align="center">-0,80</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Centro Sul (CSL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Para&#237;ba do Sul</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,91</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,86</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sapucaia</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">-0,79</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,81</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tr&#234;s Rios</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-0,90</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">-0,85</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vassouras</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,99</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">-0,97</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dias</td>
                <td align="center">24,3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,89</td>
                <td align="center">23,5</td>
                <td align="center">-0,87</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cintur&#227;o Metropolitano (CMT)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duque de Caxias</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">-0,96</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">-0,93</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Itabora&#237;</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">-0,90</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">-0,85</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">-0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Itagua&#237;</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,93</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,84</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mag&#233;</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">-0,76</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">-0,80</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">-0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maric&#225;</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">-0,93</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,78</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">-0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nil&#243;polis</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,95</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,90</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nova Igua&#231;u</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">-0,97</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">-0,96</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">-0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rio Bonito</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">-0,92</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,87</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#227;o Gon&#231;alo</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-0,98</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">-0,98</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Meriti</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,95</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,91</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">-0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Silva Jardim</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-0,64</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,60</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">-0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dias</td>
                <td align="center">20,8</td>
                <td align="center">-0,90</td>
                <td align="center">21,3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,86</td>
                <td align="center">21,0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>M&#233;dio Para&#237;ba (MPB)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Barra do Pira&#237;</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-0,92</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-0,93</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">-0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Barra Mansa</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,84</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,85</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">-0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pirai</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,72</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">-0,67</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">-0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resende</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-0,95</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-0,95</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rio Claro</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">-0,74</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">-0,73</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">-0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rio das Flores</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,70</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">-0,65</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">-0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valen&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,93</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,88</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">-0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dias</td>
                <td align="center">21,9</td>
                <td align="center">-0,83</td>
                <td align="center">21,9</td>
                <td align="center">-0,81</td>
                <td align="center">20,4</td>
                <td align="center">-0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Niter&#243;i (NIT)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Niter&#243;i</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,99</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,97</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Noroeste (NOE)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cambuci</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">-0,82</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">-0,84</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Itaocara</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,88</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,91</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Itaperuna</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">-0,89</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,89</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">-0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miracema</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,81</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,79</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">-0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Natividade</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,79</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,88</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Porci&#250;ncula</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,78</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,66</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">-0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Santo Ant de Padua</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">-0,90</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,90</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dias</td>
                <td align="center">15,0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,84</td>
                <td align="center">16,1</td>
                <td align="center">-0,84</td>
                <td align="center">17,3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Norte (NOR)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Campos</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,89</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,92</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">-0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maca&#233;</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">-0,93</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">-0,93</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#227;o Jo&#227;o da Barra</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">-0,76</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,80</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">-0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#227;o Fidelis</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">-0,83</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,80</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dias</td>
                <td align="center">16,0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,85</td>
                <td align="center">18,0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,86</td>
                <td align="center">11,5</td>
                <td align="center">-0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Rio de Janeiro (MRJ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rio de Janeiro</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,98</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,97</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Serrana (SER)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bom Jardim</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,85</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,90</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">-0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cachoeiras</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,79</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,71</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">-0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cantagalo</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,65</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">-0,67</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carmo</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">-0,93</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">-0,93</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">-0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cordeiro</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">-0,72</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,79</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">-0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duas Barras</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">-0,67</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">-0,60</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">-0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nova Friburgo</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">-0,92</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,91</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Petr&#243;polis</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">-0,90</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,88</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">-0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Santa Maria Madalena</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">-0,72</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">-0,77</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#227;o Sebasti&#227;o do Alto</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,74</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-0,88</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">-0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sumidouro</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-0,70</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,67</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teres&#243;polis</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,95</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">-0,97</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">-0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Trajano de Morais</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">-0,74</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">-0,70</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">-0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dias</td>
                <td align="center">20,3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,79</td>
                <td align="center">19,1</td>
                <td align="center">-0,80</td>
                <td align="center">18,2</td>
                <td align="center">-0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dias do Estado do RJ</td>
                <td align="center">20,4</td>
                <td align="center">-0,84</td>
                <td align="center">20,3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,83</td>
                <td align="center">18,1</td>
                <td align="center">-0,62</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>DAC: Doen&#231;as do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio; DCBV: Doen&#231;as Cerebrovasculares; DIC: Doen&#231;as Isqu&#234;micas do Cora&#231;&#227;o; Def: Defasagem anual &#243;tima; Correl: Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>) do PIBpc com DAC e DCBV foram mais pr&#243;ximos ao valor extremo (-1,0), com m&#233;dia de -0,84 e -0,83, respectivamente, j&#225; os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o do PIBpc com DIC foram mais pr&#243;ximos da aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o (0), com m&#233;dia de -0,62. O mais extremo desses coeficientes ocorreu com DAC em Niter&#243;i (-0,99). Somente nos munic&#237;pios S&#227;o Pedro da Aldeia e Cambuci, ocorreram coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o positivo do PIBpc com DIC, +0,49 e +0,20, respectivamente, por&#233;m mais pr&#243;ximos do n&#237;vel de aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o do PIBpc nos munic&#237;pios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro ao longo das &#250;ltimas seis d&#233;cadas apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o do PIBpc com distribui&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea dos valores m&#233;dios do PIBpc entre as regi&#245;es e os munic&#237;pios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Os maiores PIBpc no decorrer dos anos foram encontrados na capital do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, em Niter&#243;i, em alguns munic&#237;pios mais industrializados do interior, como Resende e Barra Mansa, e, principalmente na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, nos munic&#237;pios litor&#226;neos da regi&#227;o Norte e Baixada Litor&#226;nea, que concentram a ind&#250;stria petrol&#237;fera.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o do PIB per capita decenal nos munic&#237;pios do Rio de Janeiro de 1950 a 2009.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0123-80003-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As varia&#231;&#245;es dos &#243;bitos a cada 100 d&#243;lares de incremento no PIBpc (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>) foram mais elevadas com os &#243;bitos por DAC, at&#233; porque esse grupo de causas inclui os dois subgrupos, DCBV e DIC, mostrando importante redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos relacionada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o do PIB. Essas redu&#231;&#245;es das taxas de mortalidade relacionadas &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o do PIBpc foram marcadamente heterog&#234;neas: h&#225; munic&#237;pios onde 100 d&#243;lares de incremento no PIBpc correlacionam-se com redu&#231;&#227;o de mais de 60 &#243;bitos por DAC, como ocorreu em Cordeiro, munic&#237;pio da regi&#227;o Serrana. Por&#233;m, em apenas dois munic&#237;pios, de pequeno porte, com menos de 40 mil habitantes de 20 anos ou mais em 2010, S&#227;o Pedro da Aldeia e Cambuci, a eleva&#231;&#227;o do PIBpc correlacionou-se com discreto incremento nos &#243;bitos por DIC. Outro achado foi o de que em quatro munic&#237;pios (Valen&#231;a, Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro e Nova Friburgo) o incremento de 100 d&#243;lares no PIBpc correlacionou-se com maior redu&#231;&#227;o nos &#243;bitos por DIC do que por DCBV, padr&#227;o oposto ao dos demais munic&#237;pios, nos quais o incremento no PIBpc correlacionou-se com maior redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos por DCBV.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o (por modelo de regress&#227;o linear) dos &#243;bitos por 100 mil habitantes por DAC, DCBV e DIC a cada 100 d&#243;lares de incremento no PIB per capita nos agregados municipais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro de 1979 a 2010.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0123-80003-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Redu&#231;&#245;es nas taxas de mortalidade por DAC foram demonstradas nos munic&#237;pios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro nas &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Eleva&#231;&#245;es no PIBpc tamb&#233;m foram observadas em todos os munic&#237;pios estudados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>) a partir de 1950. Refletem uma melhora em indicadores socioecon&#244;micos que ocorreu em todo o Brasil, onde foram demonstrados eleva&#231;&#227;o da renda, queda da taxa de mortalidade, aumento da expectativa de vida, queda da fecundidade, redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade infantil, aumento da escolaridade com consequente redu&#231;&#227;o do analfabetismo, por&#233;m a melhora em indicadores, no Brasil, tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada &#224; grande concentra&#231;&#227;o de renda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nosso objetivo &#233; demonstrar que h&#225; correla&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de mortalidade por DAC e seus principais grupos, DIC e DCBV, a partir de 1980 com a melhora nos indicadores socioecon&#244;micos a partir da segunda metade do s&#233;culo XX. Apesar do PIBpc ser um bom indicador socioecon&#244;mico por transmitir uma no&#231;&#227;o global das condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas de determinado local, n&#227;o &#233; o melhor daqueles indicadores; por&#233;m, como est&#225; dispon&#237;vel e organizado por unidades municipais, recorremos &#224; sua correla&#231;&#227;o com as taxas de mortalidade considerando variadas defasagens temporais entre os &#237;ndices j&#225; que h&#225; dados de PIB por unidades municipais no Estado do Rio de Janeiro a partir de 1920.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No per&#237;odo em que o PIBpc foi analisado, de 1950 a 2010, houve sua eleva&#231;&#227;o em todos os munic&#237;pios, por&#233;m de forma heterog&#234;nea. Os maiores valores de PIBpc foram encontrados nos munic&#237;pios do Rio de Janeiro e de Niter&#243;i, o primeiro, atual capital do estado, capital do Brasil de 1763 a 1960<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> e do extinto Estado da Guanabara at&#233; 1975, e o segundo foi a capital do Estado do Rio de Janeiro at&#233; 1975.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Outros munic&#237;pios apresentaram PIBpc elevados, munic&#237;pios que est&#227;o diretamente relacionados a determinadas atividades industriais, como Barra Mansa ligada &#224; ind&#250;stria sider&#250;rgica (Volta Redonda, sede da Companhia Sider&#250;rgica Nacional, est&#225; agregado a Barra Mansa por s&#243; ter se emancipado em 1955<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>), Angra dos Reis ligada &#224; ind&#250;stria naval, Resende ligada &#224; ind&#250;stria automobil&#237;stica, al&#233;m dos munic&#237;pios relacionados com a ind&#250;stria petrol&#237;fera como Duque de Caxias, Maca&#233;, Campos dos Goytacazes, Casimiro de Abreu, Cabo Frio e S&#227;o Jo&#227;o da Barra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Por&#233;m, a grande eleva&#231;&#227;o do PIBpc desses munic&#237;pios ocorreu apenas nos &#250;ltimos anos do estudo, provavelmente ainda n&#227;o se correlacionando com a redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos por DAC, essa influ&#234;ncia possivelmente ocorrer&#225; em anos futuros.</p>
        <p>Demonstramos que o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio da eleva&#231;&#227;o do PIBpc a partir de 1950 com a mortalidade por DAC, em adultos, a partir de 1979, com defasagem de pouco mais de 20 anos, de todos os munic&#237;pios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro foi negativo e elevado (-0,84). Por ser negativo revela que a rela&#231;&#227;o foi inversa, isso &#233;, quanto maior o PIBpc menor a mortalidade por DAC. Isso &#233; uma evid&#234;ncia de que a melhoria nos indicadores socioecon&#244;micos precedeu a redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos cardiovasculares. O comportamento da DCBV &#233; semelhante ao da DAC, tanto em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice de correla&#231;&#227;o com o PIBpc como com a defasagem temporal. Nas correla&#231;&#245;es com DIC, os &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram t&#227;o pr&#243;ximos ao valor m&#225;ximo negativo, apesar de tamb&#233;m terem sido expressivos, assim como a defasagem temporal &#243;tima tamb&#233;m foi pouco menor, na ordem de 18 anos. Esses achados diferenciais da DIC em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; DAC e DCBV podem se dever ao fato de que as taxas de mortalidade por DIC foram as menores em quase todos os munic&#237;pios ao longo de todo o per&#237;odo de estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Isto deve ter ocasionado maiores flutua&#231;&#245;es nas taxas de DIC do que nas demais, o que se percebe ainda melhor quando se observa que &#233; justamente nos munic&#237;pios de menor tamanho de popula&#231;&#227;o que ocorreram os menores &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o e maiores varia&#231;&#245;es da defasagem temporal &#243;tima.</p>
        <p>O aumento do PIBpc provavelmente influenciou na redu&#231;&#227;o das mortes por DAC. Esse impacto foi bastante variado nos diversos munic&#237;pios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, nas regi&#245;es e mesmo nos munic&#237;pios da mesma regi&#227;o. H&#225; munic&#237;pios como Carmo e Cordeiro na regi&#227;o Serrana, e Nil&#243;polis no Cintur&#227;o Metropolitano, onde o incremento de 100 d&#243;lares no PIBpc esteve relacionado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de mais de 50 mortes anuais por DAC. J&#225; em outros, como Angra dos Reis na Baia da Ilha Grande, Maca&#233; na regi&#227;o Norte e Cantagalo na regi&#227;o Serrana, o mesmo incremento do PIBpc relacionou-se com a redu&#231;&#227;o de menos de 10 &#243;bitos anuais por DAC. O fen&#244;meno, em dois desses munic&#237;pios, pode ser explicado pelo fato de Maca&#233; e Angra dos Reis terem apresentado grande eleva&#231;&#227;o do PIBpc no per&#237;odo analisado, pois mesmo apresentando redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos por DAC semelhante aos outros munic&#237;pios, a grande eleva&#231;&#227;o do PIBpc nesses munic&#237;pios fez com que a varia&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao crescimento do PIBpc fosse menor. As DCBV comparadas &#224;s DIC destacam-se como grupo de causa onde houve maior redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos anuais, ainda que deva ser considerado o fato de que as DCBV apresentavam maiores taxas de mortalidade nos anos iniciais do estudo. O que tamb&#233;m se pode inferir &#233; que os custos para preven&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DCBV s&#227;o menores do que aqueles estimados para as DIC, j&#225; que a redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia do acidente vascular cerebral, a principal causa de morte por DCBV, est&#225; intimamente relacionada &#224; melhora na aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica de sa&#250;de e ao controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial, condi&#231;&#245;es que s&#227;o abrangidas com a melhora econ&#244;mica global refletida no aumento do PIB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Este estudo corrobora com maiores e importantes detalhes a clara rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre as taxas de mortalidade cardiovascular e o PIBpc, descendo a an&#225;lise ao n&#237;vel dos munic&#237;pios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o inversa dessas vari&#225;veis foi aventada em estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> anterior que relacionou o PIBpc do Brasil entre 1947 e 2004 com a mortalidade por DIC no Estado do Rio de Janeiro entre 1980 e 2002, mostrando tamb&#233;m a defasagem temporal entre essas vari&#225;veis. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) tamb&#233;m demonstrou no munic&#237;pio do Rio de Janeiro rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com as taxas de mortalidade por DCBV nas regi&#245;es administrativas do munic&#237;pio, sendo que a cada redu&#231;&#227;o de 0,05 no IDH ocorreu um aumento de 65% no n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos por DCBV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma das poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo s&#227;o as varia&#231;&#245;es de qualidade no preenchimento das declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito (DO) ao longo do tempo e no espa&#231;o de estudo, os munic&#237;pios. Entretanto, as DO s&#227;o as melhores fontes de dados de mortalidade dispon&#237;veis. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o mais s&#233;ria foi a dificuldade de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados econ&#244;micos para os anos anteriores a 1980, pois algumas vezes eram de periodicidade decenal e somente para os anos do censo do IBGE, o que nos obrigou &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de interpola&#231;&#227;o para os anos indispon&#237;veis. A compensa&#231;&#227;o das quantidades de &#243;bitos por DAC, DCBV e DIC considerando &#243;bitos por CMD pode ter causado imprecis&#227;o nas taxas de mortalidade estimadas. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a an&#225;lise com defasagem temporal m&#225;xima poss&#237;vel de 29 anos, j&#225; que em alguns munic&#237;pios a defasagem &#243;tima coincidiu com esse valor, sendo, portanto, poss&#237;vel que nesses o verdadeiro seja maior, por&#233;m isso s&#243; aconteceu em 5 munic&#237;pios de um total de 56.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>De 1979 a 2010, houve importante redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DAC nos munic&#237;pios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, especialmente das DCBV. A queda da mortalidade por DAC foi precedida por per&#237;odos de eleva&#231;&#227;o no PIBpc, a varia&#231;&#227;o evolutiva desse indicador demonstrou importante correla&#231;&#227;o com a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade. N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar um padr&#227;o regional para essas correla&#231;&#245;es que sinalizam a import&#226;ncia na melhoria das condi&#231;&#245;es de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o para se reduzir a mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Gabriel Porto Soares pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
