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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WqjvSgCFth6cHYYVtRVSbLN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000200097</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170099</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Left Internal Thoracic Artery, Evidenced by Selective Angiographic Findings</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balzan</surname>
            <given-names>Hadrien Felipe Meira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Battilani</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Vinicius Lube</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangili</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Celeste</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franchetti</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangili</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Celeste</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Julio de Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Dorane Dias de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Felipe de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Maring&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>V&#225;rzea Grande</city>
          <state>MT</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Maring&#225; (CESUMAR), V&#225;rzea Grande, MT &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Maring&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diagn&#243;sticos Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>V&#225;rzea Grande</city>
          <state>MT</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagn&#243;sticos Paran&#225; &#8211; Cedipar, V&#225;rzea Grande, MT &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocl&#237;nica Maring&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>V&#225;rzea Grande</city>
          <state>MT</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiocl&#237;nica Maring&#225;, V&#225;rzea Grande, MT &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Cardiocl&#237;nica Maring&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio de V&#225;rzea Grande</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>V&#225;rzea Grande</city>
          <state>MT</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">PR, Centro Universit&#225;rio de V&#225;rzea Grande (UNIVAG), V&#225;rzea Grande, MT &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Centro Universit&#225;rio de V&#225;rzea Grande</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Hadrien Felipe Meira Balzan</bold>, Avenida Guedner, s/n. Postal Code: 87050-390, Jardim Aclima&#231;&#227;o, Maring&#225;, PR &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>hadrien.fel2@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Franchetti M, Mangili LC, Maia JP. Acquisition of data: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Moura DD, Lage BFM. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Franchetti M, Mangili LC, Maia JP, Moura DD, Lage BFM. Statistical analysis: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Mangili LC, Maia JP. Obtaining financing: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Franchetti M. Writing of the manuscript: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Franchetti M, Moura DD, Lage BFM. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Franchetti M, Mangili LC, Maia JP, Moura DD, Lage BFM. Supervision / as the major investigador: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Franchetti M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>97</fpage>
      <lpage>106</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>6</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>7</day>
          <month>7</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>By observing the high prevalence of failures in the surgical treatment of myocardial revascularization (MR), with the use of the Left Internal Thoracic Artery (LITA) as a graft, evidenced by the international literature, it was sought to demonstrate the prevalence of lesions that would not allow the use of LITA as a graft in myocardial revascularization surgery, with possible alteration in the surgical management performed by the cardiac surgeon, and reduction of the morbimortality of these patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions of the LITA, through selective preoperative angiography, in patients submitted to coronary angiography and indicated for myocardial revascularization. We also analyzed other lesions that made the use of LITA unfeasible as a main graft in cases of myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional, prevalence study that evaluated, through selective angiography, the LITA of 39 patients with a median age of 63 years, submitted to coronary angiography, with indication of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG). Categorical variables were compared by chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. The single continuous variable, age, was tested for normality by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, described in median (P25; P75) and the groups compared with the Mann-Whitney test. The level of statistical significance adopted was p &lt; 0.05. The analyzes were performed in SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> software version 20.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>It was identified the presence of 7.7% of disorders in the LITA that made it unfeasible to be used. In all of the patients there was no specific symptomatology evidencing the lesion. No variable was shown as a predictor for the occurrence of the outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of the lesions found in the study was significant, indicating that a preoperative evaluation of LITA could bring future benefits to the patients submitted to CABG.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Mammary Arteries</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Among the principal means available for the diagnosis of atherosclerotic coronary disease, coronary angiography, an invasive imaging method, is the choice to examinate the evaluation of patients with high cardiovascular risk, calculated through non-invasive scores. Coronary angiography is also indicated in patients who present angina and symptoms of heart failure, and these recommendations are based on a high degree of evidence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>After the diagnosis of coronary artery disease is established, and according to the characteristics perceived by analyzing the images, three main therapeutic approaches are recommended: clinical treatment, percutaneous coronary intervention, and myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      <p>Following the establishment of the criteria for surgical indication, one should proceed to choose the type of graft to be used by the surgeon. Among the arterial options, the best choice is the internal thoracic artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 1986, a study performed at the Cleveland Clinic demonstrated superiority in the use of the LITA, or left internal thoracic artery, compared to the use of the saphenous vein when anastomosed to the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery, with patency indices (90%) in 10 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> This study was confirmed by Boylan MJ et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> with a 20-year follow-up and maintenance of patency rates of around 90% of patients undergoing LITA graft surgery. Studies indicate that only 4% of LITA present atherosclerosis, and only 1% are considered major stenoses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The possible disadvantages are the presence of spasms, possibility of atrophy when used to revascularize an artery without significant stenosis, and in case of bilateral use (LITA and right internal thoracic artery), a possible increase in the incidence of sternal infections in obese and diabetic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the <italic>PREVENT IV</italic> study observed 1539 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization, with LITA grafting for 12-18 months after surgery, evidencing a considerable rate of graft failure in LITA of about 8.6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Recently, Shavadia et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> (2015), followed 5276 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, where 281 patients had graft failure after 12 months of follow-up, demonstrating the presence of lesions that made the use of the LITA unfeasible.</p>
      <p>This is an analytical, cross-sectional, prevalence study performed through the analysis of images by interventional cardiologists obtained through angiography, which quantified the prevalence of left internal thoracic artery stenosis in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The images analyzed were from patients who were admitted to the hemodynamic service between January 2012 and August 2016.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The study was carried out with patients who underwent coronary angiography at the hemodynamics department of the Centro de Diagn&#243;sticos Paran&#225; - CEDIPAR - Hospital Paran&#225;, in the city of Maring&#225;, PR.</p>
      <p>Patients were selected independently of age, sex and comorbidities, and were indicated by interventional cardiologists of the CEDIPAR hemodynamic service to surgical correction of the lesions, CABG, based on the severity of the coronary artery lesions found.</p>
      <p>After completion of the cardiac catheterization examination by radial route, and the need for coronary artery bypass grafting was confirmed, a Simmons 1 or 2 catheter was inserted, depending on the conformation of the aortic arch of the patient, and a selective catheterization of the artery left subclavian and internal thoracic with manual injection or through injection pump, of approximately 10 mL of contrast, iodixanol.</p>
      <p>Data were collected from all patients in the study, including comorbidities and life habits, such as smoking, sedentarism, diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, systemic arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, previous history of AMI with supra-ST-segment elevation, without ST-segment elevation, and previous ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. The degree of stenosis of the LITA was not evaluated, considering only the presence or absence of lesion. This data was organized and tabulated using the <italic>Microsoft Excel 2010<sup>&#174;</sup></italic> program.</p>
      <p>The primary objective of this study was to identify the presence of atherosclerotic lesions in the LITA, analyzed by means of angiography, in patients with indication for coronary artery bypass grafting, and the quantification of lesions that would not allow LITA to be used as a graft for the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery.</p>
      <p>The following study respected ethical standards, since it was submitted to the ethics and research committee, through the Plataforma Brasil<sup>&#174;</sup> applying the free and informed consent form for all patients, and its approval was registered by opinion 1,651,761 (CAAE: 57529416.0.0000.5539).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Patients were divided into groups with and without changes in the LITA. Categorical variables were described in percentages and groups compared with chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. The only continuous variable, age, was tested for normality by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and, because it had no normal distribution, was described in the median (P25; P75) and the groups compared with the Mann-Whitney test. The level of statistical significance was p &lt; 0.05. The analyzes were performed in <italic>SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup></italic> software version 20.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This study analyzed the prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions and other lesions that made the use of the LITA unfeasible in 39 patients who were candidates for CABG. The median age (25th percentile, 75th percentile) of the patients was 63 years, being 79.5% male and 20.5% female. The prevalence of 7.7% of lesions in the LITA was identified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Graph 1</xref>). A case of LITA stenosis was observed, with &gt; 70% of obstruction, and two lesions that made the LITA unfeasible as a graft, being collateral circulation to lower limbs through the LITA and epigastric, and a total occlusion of the subclavian artery in a portion proximal. The analysis of categorical variables using the chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test of predictors for outcomes, took into account patient's age, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, previous history of AMI with supra-ST segment elevation, without ST-segment elevation, and previous ischemic and hemorrhagic encephalic vascular accident, where no variable was shown as a predictor factor for the occurrence of outcomes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). All patients were asymptomatic with regard to LITA alterations.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Graph 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of injuries</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Values of p</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Values for p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">0.508</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentarism</td>
              <td align="center">0.480</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history for CHD</td>
              <td align="center">0.711</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoker</td>
              <td align="center">0.101</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ex-smoker</td>
              <td align="center">0.674</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High blood pressure</td>
              <td align="center">0.457</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Type 2 diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">0.637</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AMI without supra ST</td>
              <td align="center">0.597</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unstable angina</td>
              <td align="center">0.457</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">0.444</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>After the determination of the degree of coronary lesions, evidenced by the cinecoronariography examination, and based on its severity, the conduct to be taken is determined by choosing among: clinical treatment, percutaneous coronary intervention or myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      <p>The criteria for indication of myocardial revascularization surgery are based on two main objectives, being them the improvement of survival and improvement of symptoms. When we think of improved survival, the main indication (Class IB) is for patients with significant stenosis (&gt; 50% of the diameter) of the trunk of the left coronary artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> When analyzing other anatomical regions out of the trunk of the left coronary artery, there is a surgical indication for improvement of survival (Class IB) in cases of significant stenosis (&gt; 70% of diameter) in three main coronary arteries, without involvement of the proximal region of the anterior descending artery, or if there is involvement of the proximal region of the anterior descending artery, the association with a major coronary artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Still related to the improvement of survival, the surgical procedure is indicated for patients post cardiac arrest with presumed ischemia, mediated by ventricular tachycardias due to significant stenosis (&gt; 70% of the diameter) in coronary artery (Class IB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Related to the improvement of symptoms, there is indication for surgery when one or more significant stenosis of coronary arteries may be revascularized, or cases of unacceptable angina in patients undergoing drug treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>After the establishment of the criteria for surgical indication, one should proceed to choose the type of graft to be used by the surgeon. The arterial options include the internal thoracic, radial, gastroepiploic, and inferior epigastric, and among the veins, the saphenous vein is chosen. The efficacy of the procedure is directly related to graft viability. According to the American Heart Association's latest Guideline for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), the use of the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) is preferred to revascularize the left anterior descending artery (AD) when indicated (Class IB). In cases of non-viability of the LITA, it is recommended to use the right internal thoracic artery (Class IC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The internal thoracic artery, described by the Jena Nomina Anatomica in 1936, originates in the subclavian artery, appearing antero-inferiorly in the first part of the subclavian, about 2 cm above the clavicle, medially to the first rib.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In 4-30% of patients may arise from a common trunk along with other arteries that also originate in the subclavian, such as the thyrocervical trunk, suprascapular and lower thyroid arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> After its origin, it continues its course posterior to the brachiocephalic vein and medially to the scalene muscle anteriorly, descending vertically near the sternal border, and later crossing the six upper costal cartilages, ending at a bifurcation at the level of the sixth rib, giving rise to the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The PREVENT IV study analyzed 1539 patients through selective angiography, in order to describe the number of LITA grafts for the anterior descending (AD) graft, in a period of 12 to 18 months after being submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting. We found 132 patients with significant stenosis of LITA, being considered as significant, a stenosis greater than or equal to 75% of the vessel diameter. Among the patients under study, 61 had total occlusion of the LITA, three had a subtotal stenosis, between 95 and 99%, and a stenosis between 75-95%. The same study carried out a four-year follow-up of these patients, in order to evaluate the rate of major outcomes, such as death, AMI, and revascularization, and to compare it with the group without significant stenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In cases of stenosis (32% vs. 16.5%), clearly demonstrating the negative impact of graft patency on the prognosis of patients submitted to surgical treatment. The study considers as one of the main predictors of failure, non-significant left-sided stenosis, less than 75%; however, the study did not evaluate the presence of previous lesions through a control angiography performed prior to surgery, and it was not possible to relate the non-viability after previous atherosclerotic disease, or even its contribution to the long-term stenosis process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The results of our study show that in the selected population of patients who are candidates for CABG, the prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions and lesions that impair LITA is significant, and this artery is not routinely evaluated by interventional cardiology, and it is difficult to make a clinical diagnostic, since patients are usually asymptomatic, and the changes are only evidenced by selective angiography. In one patient in our study, who underwent selective angiography during catheterization, the presence of atherosclerotic lesion in LITA was evidenced, with stenosis &gt;70% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In order to differentiate from a possible vasospasm, infusion of 200mcg intra-arterial nitroglycerin was performed, where the subocclusive lesion remained (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Taking into account the small number of the sample, 39 patients underwent cardiac catheterization with indication of CABG, the result is relevant, since in this patient the graft alteration used for myocardial revascularization was chosen, excluding the use of the LITA , due to the great risk of treatment failure and increased mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>LITA with stenosis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>LITA with stenosis after nitroglycerin infusion.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In 1993, Sons et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> demonstrated the high prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions of LITA in patients with functional heart disease. The study analyzed 117 patients, all of whom had coronary artery disease (CAD), associated with valve abnormalities, or some other cardiac pathology. Atherosclerosis of the LITA was found in 11.1% of all patients investigated, indicating that risk factors such as the presence of peripheral arterial disease and hyperlipidemia deserve special attention in a patient with an indication for CABG, due to the high prevalence of the association of these factors with atherosclerosis of the main graft used for this surgery at the present time.</p>
      <p>Chen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> carried out a prospective study of LITA in eighty-six patients with indication for performing CABG. The investigation was performed through selective angiography of the LITA, during cardiac catheterization, seeking to evidence the presence of significant stenosis that could render the graft unfeasible. A significant lesion in the internal thoracic artery (1.2%) was found at the right subclavian artery, along with five other lesions (5.8%) that made its use unfeasible. The author considers as the only and important risk factor, the female sex. The study concludes that selective angiography of LITA during catheterization, especially in patients with indication for CABG, is a safe and necessary procedure, and should be performed due to the high prevalence of lesions that may make it unfeasible, with possible future complications to the patient submitted to the surgical treatment.</p>
      <p>In contrast, Peri&#263; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> also analyzed by means of selective angiography the characteristics of LITA and its anatomical variations, in 80 randomly selected patients, and different from that found in the studies cited previously, no patient presented atherosclerosis in LITA. However, the degree of anatomical variations was greater, about 13.25% of the LITAs evaluated, proving that the indication of selective angiography in all patients who would use the LITA graft for myocardial revascularization may be necessary.</p>
      <p>The disagreement regarding the presence of atherosclerosis between the studies, and even in our study, can be attributed to the population used as the basis for each author, since Sons et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and Chen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> evaluated patients candidates for surgical correction of myocardium, as the present study, unlike Peri&#263; et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, who randomly selected patients. All the studies present a reduced number of patients evaluated, which hinders both the homogeneity of the data and the agreement between the prevalence of the lesions. What is clear is the need to evaluate preoperative LITA in patients candidates for CABG, since in addition to diagnosing lesions that will impair the effectiveness of CABG, it is also possible to identify possible changes that cause consequences for patients , such as lower limb ischemia in cases of IAC acting as collateral circulation, and subclavian steal syndrome in patients with significant subclavian occlusion or stenosis.</p>
      <p>The presence of chronic aortoiliac occlusive disease is considered an important predictor for the development of anatomical alterations involving LITA. Usually these patients develop collateral perfusions in order to reconstruct the arterial system of the pelvis and lower limbs, avoiding the ischemia of the same. The LITA, together with the superior and inferior epigastric arteries, work as the main parietal collateral pathway in the reconstruction of the external iliac artery, and if this graft is used for myocardial revascularization, the patient may have an acute ischemia of the lower limbs in the post-surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The presence of this collateral pathway is of such importance that the LITA becomes one of the main arteries responsible for irrigation of the lower limbs, accounting for 38% of the blood flow in the region, and doubling the volume of blood (LITA) every minute.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Studies show that the presence of LITA and epigastric as a collateral route to the lower extremities is not an uncommon finding in patients with AOD, and its prevalence is estimated in up to 12% of cases in that AOD was greater than or equal to 75% of the vessel diameter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In our study, one patient presented LITA and epigastric as a collateral route for irrigation to the legs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), alteration identified by preoperative selective angiography in patients with coronary artery bypass indication, without the presence of clinical changes which give evidence of the existence of AOD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> The identification of LITA as a collateral route occurred through the progression of contrast to lower vessels, upper and lower epigastric arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), and continuity to the level of the pelvic vessels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). We did not investigate alterations that might indicate the presence of AOD in the present study. However, authors such as Kim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> point out that the presence of weakened femoral pulses in the affected extremity, with decreased amplitude and volume, and alterations in the ankle index doppler probe, less than 0.7, are important indicators of the presence of AOD. After identification of the presence of collateral circulation to the lower limbs by LITA and epigastric lesions, the presence of aortoiliac-atherosclerotic lesions at the site was demonstrated by selective aorto-iliac angiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>LITA with presence of collateral circulation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Collateral circulation of the LITA to the pelvic region.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aorta with suboclusive atherosclerotic lesions.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Another alteration found in our study was a patient with total occlusion of the subclavian artery, characterized by complete interruption in contrast progression, at the proximal level of the subclavian, evidenced by selective angiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). Such alteration may compromise the results of CABG, where the presence of occlusion is one of the main causes of recurrent angina in the postoperative period, leading the patient to perform a myocardial revascularization surgery without effectiveness, since the blood flow of the LITA has its inverted direction, due to subclavian occlusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In addition, patients may have a characteristic clinical presentation, due to vertebral artery flow also being directed to the subclavian, with symptoms such as dizziness, syncope and vertigo due to the ischemia generated by the deviation of the blood supply. The entire clinical picture generated by this pathophysiology is called the subclavian steal syndrome, and these patients can be screened for both upper limb blood pressure difference, as well as for murmur survey at subclavian level, and pulse difference. Patients with total occlusion of the subclavian artery are at high risk of developing this syndrome before and after CABG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> The patient in this study was asymptomatic when submitted to angiographic evaluation.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Total occlusion of the left subclavian artery.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The limitation of this study was the small population analyzed, resulting in an absence of relationship between the predictors and the outcome. However, we consider this prevalence value to be significant, since a CABG with arterial graft failure can lead to serious complications, increasing mortality, and decreasing the effectiveness of the procedure.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In this study, the prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions and lesions that made the use of the LITA as an arterial graft unfeasible in patients candidates for CABG, evidenced by coronary angiography, were 7.7%. Thus, it is prudent to consider the preoperative assessment of the LITA in patients with indication for CABG, especially in the presence of clinical evidence of subclavian occlusion and AOD.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <source>Wien Klin Wochenschr</source>
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        <mixed-citation>29 Rogers JH, Calhoun RF 2nd. Diagnosis and management of subclavian artery stenosis prior to coronary artery bypass grafting in the current era. J Card Surg. 2007;22(1):20-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8191.2007.00332.x.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Rogers</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calhoun 2nd</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
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          <article-title>Diagnosis and management of subclavian artery stenosis prior to coronary artery bypass grafting in the current era</article-title>
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              <surname>Siahos</surname>
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              <surname>Safouris</surname>
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              <surname>Feleskouras</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
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              <surname>Magoufis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de Les&#245;es Ateroscler&#243;ticas na Art&#233;ria Tor&#225;cica Interna Esquerda, Evidenciadas pelos Achados de Angiografia Seletiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balzan</surname>
            <given-names>Hadrien Felipe Meira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Battilani</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Vinicius Lube</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangili</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Celeste</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franchetti</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangili</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Celeste</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Julio de Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Dorane Dias de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Felipe de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Maring&#225; (CESUMAR), V&#225;rzea Grande, MT &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagn&#243;sticos Paran&#225; &#8211; Cedipar, V&#225;rzea Grande, MT &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiocl&#237;nica Maring&#225;, V&#225;rzea Grande, MT &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">PR, Centro Universit&#225;rio de V&#225;rzea Grande (UNIVAG), V&#225;rzea Grande, MT &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Hadrien Felipe Meira Balzan</bold>, Avenida Guedner, s/n. Cep: 87050-390, Jardim Aclima&#231;&#227;o, Maring&#225;, PR &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>hadrien.fel2@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Franchetti M, Mangili LC, Maia JP. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Moura DD, Lage BFM. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Franchetti M, Mangili LC, Maia JP, Moura DD, Lage BFM. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Mangili LC, Maia JP. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Franchetti M. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Franchetti M, Moura DD, Lage BFM. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Franchetti M, Mangili LC, Maia JP, Moura DD, Lage BFM. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Balzan HFM, Battilani RVL, Mangili OC, Franchetti M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Pela observa&#231;&#227;o da alta preval&#234;ncia de falhas no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RM), com o uso da Art&#233;ria Tor&#225;cica Interna Esquerda (ATIE) como enxerto, evidenciadas pela literatura internacional, buscou-se demonstrar a preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es que inviabilizem o uso da ATIE como enxerto na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, com poss&#237;vel altera&#231;&#227;o na conduta cir&#250;rgica tomada pelo cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco, e redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade destes pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas da ATIE, por meio da angiografia seletiva, pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, em pacientes submetidos &#224; cinecoronariografia e com indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio. Tamb&#233;m foram analisadas outras les&#245;es que inviabilizam o uso da ATIE como enxerto principal em casos de necessidade da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos: </title>
          <p>Estudo anal&#237;tico, transversal, de preval&#234;ncia, que avaliou por meio da angiografia seletiva, a ATIE de 39 pacientes com mediana de idade de 63 anos, submetidos ao exame de cinecoronariografia, com indica&#231;&#227;o de CRM. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher. A &#250;nica vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua, a idade, foi testada para normalidade pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, descrita em mediana (P25; P75) e os grupos comparados com teste de Mann-Whitney. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi p &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no software SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 20.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Foi identificada a presen&#231;a de 7,7% de altera&#231;&#245;es na ATIE que inviabilizam sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o. Em todos os pacientes inexistiu a presen&#231;a de qualquer sintomatologia especifica que evidencia a les&#227;o. Nenhuma vari&#225;vel se mostrou como fator preditor para ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia das les&#245;es encontradas no estudo mostrou-se significativa, indicando que uma avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de ATIE possa trazer benef&#237;cios futuros aos pacientes submetido &#224; CRM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Tor&#225;cica Interna</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dentre os principais meios dispon&#237;veis para diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana, a cinecoronariografia, m&#233;todo de imagem invasivo, &#233; o exame de escolha para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular, calculado atrav&#233;s de escores n&#227;o invasivos. A angiografia coronariana &#233; tamb&#233;m indicada em pacientes que apresentam angina e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sendo estas recomenda&#231;&#245;es baseadas em alto grau de evid&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico estabelecido de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, e de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas percebidas pelo estudo das imagens, recomendam-se tr&#234;s principais abordagens terap&#234;uticas: tratamento cl&#237;nico, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s estabelecimento dos crit&#233;rios para indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, deve-se prosseguir para escolha do tipo de enxerto a ser usado pelo m&#233;dico cirurgi&#227;o. Dentre as op&#231;&#245;es arteriais, a melhor escolha &#233; a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No ano de 1986, por meio de estudo realizado na Cleveland Clinic, demonstrou-se superioridade no uso da ATIE, ou art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda, comparado ao uso da safena, quando anastomosada ao ramo descendente anterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, com &#237;ndices de perviedade superiores a 90% em 10 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Estudo confirmado por Boylan et al,.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> com seguimento posterior por 20 anos e manuten&#231;&#227;o das taxas de perviedade em torno de 90% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia com enxerto de ATIE. Estudos indicam que apenas 4% das ATIE apresentem aterosclerose, e apenas 1% s&#227;o consideradas estenoses importantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As poss&#237;veis desvantagens s&#227;o a presen&#231;a de espasmos, poss&#237;vel atrofia quando utilizada para revascularizar uma art&#233;ria sem estenose significativa, e em caso do uso bilateral (ATIE e art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita), poss&#237;vel aumento na incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es do esterno em pacientes obesos e diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em contra partida, o estudo <italic>PREVENT IV</italic>, observou 1539 pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, com enxerto de ATIE durante 12-18 meses ap&#243;s cirurgia, evidenciando taxa consider&#225;vel de falha no enxerto de ATIE de cerca de 8,6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Recentemente, Shavadia et al., .<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> acompanharam 5276 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, onde 281 pacientes tiveram falha no enxerto ap&#243;s acompanhamento por 12 meses, demonstrando poss&#237;vel presen&#231;a de les&#245;es inviabilizando o uso da ATIE.</p>
        <p>Esse &#233; um estudo de car&#225;ter anal&#237;tico, transversal, de preval&#234;ncia, realizado atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de imagens por cardiologistas intervencionistas, obtidas por meio de angiografia, que quantificou a preval&#234;ncia de estenose da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM). As imagens analisadas foram de pacientes que deram entrada no servi&#231;o de hemodin&#226;mica entre o per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2012 at&#233; agosto de 2016.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O estudo foi realizado com pacientes que efetuaram a cinecoronariografia no servi&#231;o de hemodin&#226;mica do Centro de Diagn&#243;sticos Paran&#225; - CEDIPAR &#8211; Hospital Paran&#225;, munic&#237;pio de Maring&#225;, PR.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram selecionados independentemente da idade, sexo e comorbidades, que ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cinecoronariografia, tiveram indica&#231;&#245;es pelos m&#233;dicos cardiologistas intervencionistas do servi&#231;o de hemodin&#226;mica do CEDIPAR &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica das les&#245;es, CRM, com base na gravidade das les&#245;es arteriais coronarianas encontradas.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s finaliza&#231;&#227;o do exame de cateterismo card&#237;aco por via radial, e constatada a necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, &#233; introduzido um cateter Simmons 1 ou 2, dependendo da conforma&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico do paciente, e &#233; realizada a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o seletiva da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda e tor&#225;cica interna com inje&#231;&#227;o manual ou atrav&#233;s de bomba injetora, de aproximadamente 10mL de contraste, o iodixanol.</p>
        <p>Foi feita a coleta de dados de todos os pacientes no estudo, incluindo-se comorbidades e h&#225;bitos de vida, como tabagismo, sedentarismo, diabetes melitus tipo 1 e 2, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hipercolesterolemia, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IAM com supra desnivelamento do segmento ST, sem supra desnivelamento do segmento ST, e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico e hemorr&#225;gico pr&#233;vios. N&#227;o foram avaliados o grau de estenose da ATIE, sendo considerada somente a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de les&#227;o. Esses dados foram organizados e tabelados por meio do programa Microsoft Excel 2010<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo prim&#225;rio desse estudo foi identificar a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas na ATIE, analisadas por meio da angiografia, em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es que inviabilizem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ATIE como enxerto para o ramo descendente anterior da coron&#225;ria esquerda.</p>
        <p>O estudo a seguir respeitou os padr&#245;es &#233;ticos, visto que se submeteu ao comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa, por meio da Plataforma Brasil<sup>&#174;</sup>, aplicando o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido para todos os pacientes, tendo sua aprova&#231;&#227;o registrada pelo parecer 1.651.761 (CAAE: 57529416.0.0000.5539).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em grupos com e sem altera&#231;&#245;es na ATIE. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas em percentuais e os grupos comparados com teste do qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher. A &#250;nica vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua, a idade, foi testada para normalidade pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e, por n&#227;o ter distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foi descrita em mediana (P25; P75) e os grupos comparados com teste de Mann-Whitney. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica utilizado foi p &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no software SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 20.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Este estudo analisou a preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas e outras les&#245;es que inviabilizam o uso da ATIE, em 39 pacientes candidatos &#224; CRM. A mediana de idade (percentil 25; percentil 75) dos pacientes foi de 63 anos, sendo 79,5% do sexo masculino e 20,5% do sexo feminino. Identificou-se a preval&#234;ncia de 7,7% de les&#245;es na ATIE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). Constatou-se um caso de estenose da ATIE, com &gt;70% de obstru&#231;&#227;o, e duas les&#245;es que inviabilizam a ATIE como enxerto, sendo essas, circula&#231;&#227;o colateral para membros inferiores atrav&#233;s da ATIE e epig&#225;stricas, e uma oclus&#227;o total da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via em por&#231;&#227;o proximal. A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas por meio do teste qui-quadrado, e pelo teste exato de Fisher de fatores preditores para a ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos, levou em conta a idade do paciente, tabagismo, sedentarismo, diabetes mellitus tipo 1 e 2, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hipercolesterolemia, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IAM com supra desnivelamento do segmento ST, sem supra desnivelamento do segmento ST, e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico e hemorr&#225;gico pr&#233;vios, onde nenhuma vari&#225;vel se mostrou como fator preditor para a ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Todos os pacientes eram assintom&#225;ticos com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es da ATIE.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores de p</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valores de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">0,508</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">0,480</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">0,711</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">0,101</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ex-tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">0,674</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">0,457</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus tipo 2</td>
                <td align="center">0,637</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM sem SUPRA ST</td>
                <td align="center">0,597</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">0,457</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0,444</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a determina&#231;&#227;o do grau das les&#245;es coronarianas, evidenciadas pelo exame de cinecoronariografia, e a partir da sua gravidade, determina-se a conduta a ser tomada, optando-se por: tratamento cl&#237;nico, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o baseados em dois principais objetivos, sendo eles, a melhora da sobrevida, e a melhora dos sintomas. Quando pensamos em melhora da sobrevida, a principal indica&#231;&#227;o (Classe IB) &#233; para pacientes com estenose significativa (&gt; 50% do di&#226;metro) do tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Ao analisar outras regi&#245;es anat&#244;micas que n&#227;o o tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para melhora da sobrevida (Classe IB) nos casos de estenose significativa (&gt; 70% do di&#226;metro) em tr&#234;s principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, sem envolvimento da regi&#227;o proximal da descendente anterior, ou se houver envolvimento da regi&#227;o proximal da descendente anterior, a associa&#231;&#227;o com mais uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Ainda relacionada &#224; melhora da sobrevida, indica-se o procedimento cir&#250;rgico para pacientes p&#243;s parada card&#237;aca com presum&#237;vel isquemia, mediada por taquicardias ventriculares decorrente de estenose significativa (&gt; 70% do di&#226;metro) em uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal (Classe IB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Relacionada &#224; melhora dos sintomas, h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica nos casos de uma ou mais estenoses significantes de coron&#225;rias pass&#237;veis de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, ou casos de angina inaceit&#225;vel em pacientes com tratamento medicamentoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s estabelecimento dos crit&#233;rios para indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, deve-se prosseguir para escolha do tipo de enxerto a ser usado pelo m&#233;dico cirurgi&#227;o. Dentre as op&#231;&#245;es arteriais, incluem-se tor&#225;cica interna, radial, gastroepipl&#243;ica, e epig&#225;strica inferior, e dentre as veias, opta-se pelo uso da safena. A efic&#225;cia do procedimento relaciona-se diretamente a viabilidade do enxerto. Segundo o &#250;ltimo Guideline da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, &#233; prefer&#237;vel o uso da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda (ATIE) para revascularizar a art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (DA) quando h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o da mesma (Classe IB). Em casos de inviabilidade da ATIE, recomenda-se o uso da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita (Classe IC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna, assim descrita pela <italic>Jena Nomina Anatomica</italic> em 1936, tem sua origem na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via, surgindo &#226;ntero-inferiormente na primeira parte da subcl&#225;via, cerca de 2 cm acima da clav&#237;cula, medialmente &#224; primeira costela.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Em 4-30% dos pacientes pode surgir de um tronco comum, junto com outras art&#233;rias que tamb&#233;m t&#234;m origem na subcl&#225;via, como o tronco tireocervical, art&#233;rias supra-escapulares e tire&#243;ideas inferiores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Ap&#243;s sua origem, continua seu curso posteriormente &#224; veia braquiocef&#225;lica e medialmente ao m&#250;sculo escaleno anterior, descendo verticalmente pr&#243;xima a borda esternal, e cruzando posteriormente as seis cartilagens costais superiores, tendo seu final em uma bifurca&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel da sexta costela, dando origem &#224;s art&#233;rias epig&#225;stricas superiores e art&#233;rias musculofr&#234;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estudo PREVENT IV analisou 1539 pacientes por meio de angiografia seletiva, com objetivo de descrever o n&#250;mero de falhas no enxerto de ATI para a descendente anterior (DA), em um per&#237;odo de 12 a 18 meses ap&#243;s estes serem submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Foram encontrados 132 pacientes com estenose significativa de ATI, sendo considerado como significativa, uma estenose maior ou igual &#224; 75% do di&#226;metro do vaso. Dentre os pacientes em estudo, 61 apresentaram oclus&#227;o total da ATI, tr&#234;s tiveram uma estenose subtotal, entre 95 e 99%, e 68 uma estenose entre 75-95%. O mesmo estudo realizou um follow-up de quatro anos destes pacientes, com intuito de avaliar a taxa de desfechos maiores, como morte, IAM, e nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, e compar&#225;-la com a do grupo sem estenose significativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Em casos de estenose significativa encontrou-se a presen&#231;a de duas vezes mais eventos que no grupo sem estenose significativa (32% <italic>vs.</italic>16,5%), demonstrando claramente o impacto negativo da permeabilidade do enxerto sobre o progn&#243;stico do paciente submetido ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico. O estudo considera como um dos principais preditores de falha, a estenose n&#227;o significativa de DA esquerda, menor que 75%, por&#233;m, o trabalho n&#227;o avaliou a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es pr&#233;vias atrav&#233;s de uma angiografia de controle, realizada anteriormente &#224; cirurgia, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel relacionar a inviabilidade posterior &#224; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica pr&#233;via, ou mesmo sua contribui&#231;&#227;o no processo de estenose a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo mostram que na popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada de pacientes candidatos &#224; CRM, a preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas e les&#245;es que inviabilizam a ATI &#233; significativa, sendo esta uma art&#233;ria n&#227;o avaliada rotineiramente pela cardiologia intervencionista, de dif&#237;cil diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, visto que os pacientes geralmente s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos, e as altera&#231;&#245;es s&#243; s&#227;o evidenciadas por meio da angiografia seletiva. Em um paciente de nosso estudo, submetido a angiografia seletiva durante o cateterismo, foi evidenciada a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica em ATIE, com estenose &gt; 70% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 1</xref>). Para diferenciar de um poss&#237;vel vaso espasmo, realizou-se a infus&#227;o de nitroglicerina 200 mcg intra-arterial, onde houve perman&#234;ncia da les&#227;o suboclusiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 2</xref>). Levando em conta o n&#250;mero pequeno da amostra, 39 pacientes, submetidos ao cateterismo card&#237;aco com indica&#231;&#227;o de CRM, o resultado mostra-se relevante, j&#225; que nesse paciente optou-se por altera&#231;&#227;o do enxerto usado para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, excluindo o uso da ATIE, devido ao grande risco de falha do tratamento e aumento da mortalidade.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ATIE com estenose.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ATIE com estenose ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de nitroglicerina.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em 1993, Sons et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> demonstraram a alta preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas da ATIE em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca funcional. O estudo analisou 117 pacientes, dos quais todos apresentavam Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC), associada &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es valvares, ou alguma outra patologia card&#237;aca. Aterosclerose da ATIE foi encontrada em 11,1% de todos os pacientes investigados, indicando que fatores de risco como a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e hiperlipidemia, merecem aten&#231;&#227;o especial em um paciente com indica&#231;&#227;o de realiza&#231;&#227;o de CRM, devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia da associa&#231;&#227;o destes fatores com aterosclerose do principal enxerto utilizado para esta cirurgia na atualidade.</p>
        <p>Chen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> realizaram um estudo prospectivo da ATIE em oitenta e seis pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o para realiza&#231;&#227;o de CRM. A investiga&#231;&#227;o foi efetuada atrav&#233;s de angiografia seletiva da ATIE, durante o cateterismo card&#237;aco, buscando evidenciar a presen&#231;a de estenose significativa capaz de inviabilizar o enxerto. Foi encontrada, ao n&#237;vel da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita, uma les&#227;o significativa em art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (1,2%), juntamente com outras cinco les&#245;es (5,8%) que inviabilizam seu uso. O autor considera como &#250;nico e importante fator de risco, o sexo feminino. O estudo conclui que a angiografia seletiva da ATIE durante o cateterismo, principalmente nos pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de CRM, &#233; um procedimento seguro e necess&#225;rio, e deve ser realizado devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es que possam inviabilizar a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, com poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es futuras para o paciente submetido ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
        <p>Em contra partida, <underline>Peri&#263; </underline>et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> tamb&#233;m analisaram por meio de angiografia seletiva as caracter&#237;sticas da ATI e suas varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas, em 80 pacientes selecionados aleatoriamente, e diferente do encontrado nos estudos citados anteriormente, nenhum paciente apresentou aterosclerose em ATI. Entretanto, o grau de varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas foi maior, cerca de 13,25% das ATI avaliadas, comprovando que a indica&#231;&#227;o de realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia seletiva em todos os pacientes que iriam usar o enxerto da ATI para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pode ser necess&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>A discord&#226;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose entre os estudos, e inclusive em nosso estudo, pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o usada como base por cada autor, visto que Sons et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Chen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> avaliaram pacientes candidatos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio, como o presente estudo, diferente de <underline>Peri&#263; </underline>et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> que selecionaram pacientes de forma aleat&#243;ria. Todos os estudos apresentam um n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes avaliados, o que dificulta tanto a homogeneidade dos dados, quanto a concord&#226;ncia entre a preval&#234;ncia das les&#245;es. O que fica claro &#233; a necessidade de se avaliar a ATI, pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, em pacientes candidatos &#224; CRM, visto que al&#233;m de diagnosticar les&#245;es que ir&#227;o prejudicar a efetividade da CRM, tamb&#233;m pode-se identificar poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es que causem consequ&#234;ncias para os pacientes, como a isquemia de membro inferiores em casos de ATI atuando como circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, e a s&#237;ndrome do roubo subcl&#225;vio nos pacientes com oclus&#227;o ou estenose significativa da subcl&#225;via.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica aorto-il&#237;aca (DCAI), &#233; considerada um importante preditor para o desenvolvimento de altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas envolvendo a ATI. Geralmente estes pacientes desenvolvem perfus&#245;es colaterais no intuito de reconstruir o sistema arterial da pelve e membros inferiores, evitando a isquemia dos mesmos. A ATI, juntamente com as art&#233;rias epig&#225;stricas superiores e inferiores, funcionam como a principal via colateral parietal na reconstitui&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria il&#237;aca externa, e caso haja utiliza&#231;&#227;o deste enxerto para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, o paciente pode ter uma isquemia aguda de membros inferiores, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A presen&#231;a desta via colateral &#233; de tamanha import&#226;ncia, que a ATI se torna uma das principais art&#233;rias respons&#225;veis pela irriga&#231;&#227;o dos membros inferiores, chegando a responder por 38% do fluxo sangu&#237;neo da regi&#227;o, e dobrando o volume de sangue que &#233; levado por ela (ATI), a cada minuto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Estudos apontam que a presen&#231;a de ATI e epig&#225;stricas como via colateral para extremidades inferiores n&#227;o &#233; um achado incomum em pacientes com DCAI, tendo sua preval&#234;ncia estimada em at&#233; 12% dos casos em que DCAI foi maior ou igual a 75% do di&#226;metro do vaso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Em nosso estudo, um paciente apresentou a ATIE e epig&#225;stricas como via colateral para irriga&#231;&#227;o de membros inferiores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3</xref>), altera&#231;&#227;o identificada por meio da angiografia seletiva pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria em paciente com indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, sem a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es clinicas que evidenciassem a exist&#234;ncia de DCAI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A identifica&#231;&#227;o da ATI como via colateral, deu-se atrav&#233;s da progress&#227;o do contraste at&#233; vasos mais inferiores, as art&#233;rias epig&#225;stricas superiores e inferiores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3</xref>), e continuidade at&#233; o n&#237;vel dos vasos p&#233;lvicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4</xref>). N&#227;o foram investigadas altera&#231;&#245;es que pudessem evidenciar a presen&#231;a de DCAI no presente estudo, por&#233;m, autores como Kim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> apontam que a presen&#231;a de fraqueza de pulsos femorais em extremidade acometida, com diminui&#231;&#227;o de amplitude e volume, e altera&#231;&#245;es do &#237;ndice tornozelo braquial por sonda Doppler, menor que 0,7, s&#227;o importantes indicativos da presen&#231;a de DCAI. Ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral para os membros inferiores por ATIE e epig&#225;stricas, foi demonstrado por meio de angiografia seletiva aorto-il&#237;aca a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas suboclusivas no local (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ATIE com presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Circula&#231;&#227;o colateral da ATIE para regi&#227;o p&#233;lvica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aorta com les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas suboclusivas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Outra altera&#231;&#227;o encontrada em nosso estudo foi um paciente com oclus&#227;o total da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via, caracterizada pela interrup&#231;&#227;o completa na progress&#227;o do contraste, ao n&#237;vel proximal da subcl&#225;via, evidenciada por angiografia seletiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 6</xref>). Tal altera&#231;&#227;o pode comprometer os resultados da CRM, onde a presen&#231;a da oclus&#227;o &#233; uma das principais causas de angina recorrente, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, levando o paciente a realizar uma CRM sem efetividade, visto que o fluxo sangu&#237;neo da ATIE possui sua dire&#231;&#227;o invertida, devido &#224; oclus&#227;o subcl&#225;via.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes podem ter uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o clinica caracter&#237;stica, decorrente do fluxo da art&#233;ria vertebral tamb&#233;m estar direcionado para a subcl&#225;via, com sintomas como tontura, s&#237;ncope e vertigem, devido &#224; isquemia gerada pelo desvio da oferta sangu&#237;nea. Todo o quadro cl&#237;nico gerado por essa fisiopatologia &#233; chamado de s&#237;ndrome do roubo subcl&#225;vio, e esses pacientes podem ser triados tanto pela diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o arterial dos membros superiores, como pela pesquisa de sopros ao n&#237;vel da subcl&#225;via, e diferen&#231;a de pulso. Pacientes com oclus&#227;o total da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via tem alto risco de desenvolver essa s&#237;ndrome antes e ap&#243;s a CRM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> O paciente deste estudo apresentava-se assintom&#225;tico quando submetido &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Oclus&#227;o total da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0097-70099-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi a pequena popula&#231;&#227;o analisada, resultando em uma aus&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores preditores e o desfecho. Entretanto consideramos esse valor de preval&#234;ncia como significativo, visto que uma CRM com falha no enxerto arterial pode levar a graves complica&#231;&#245;es, aumentando a mortalidade, e diminuindo a efic&#225;cia do procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste trabalho, a preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas e les&#245;es que inviabilizam o uso da ATIE como enxerto arterial, em pacientes candidatos &#224; CRM, evidenciadas por cinecoronariografia, foram de 7,7%. Deste modo &#233; prudente considerar a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria da ATIE, em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o para a CRM, principalmente na presen&#231;a de evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas de oclus&#227;o de subcl&#225;via e DCAI.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
