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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Qq35m4W4mRBLXBHjM3kByyv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000200090</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170098</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease on Hospital Costs of Patients Undergoing Myocardial Revascularization Surgery in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thiers</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Antunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Felipe dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moutella</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Rangel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Orsi</surname>
            <given-names>Giulia Principe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feldman</surname>
            <given-names>Karen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nath&#225;lia Rodrigues da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jo&#227;o Luis Barbosa</bold>, Av: Embaixador Abelardo Bueno, 3250/BL 2/603. Postal Code: 22775040, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>joaoluis@cardiol.br</email>, <email>jlmedunirio@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Barbosa JL. Acquisition of data: Barbosa JL, Cunha CFS, Moutella J, Orsi GP, Feldman K, Silva NR, Faria LF. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Barbosa JL, Thiers CA, Cunha CFS, Moutella J, Tura BR, Orsi GP, Feldman K, Silva NR, Faria LF. Statistical analysis: Barbosa JL. Obtaining financing: Barbosa JL. Writing of the manuscript: Barbosa JL, Thiers CA. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Barbosa JL, Thiers CA, Tura BR. Supervision / as the major investigador: Barbosa JL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>90</fpage>
      <lpage>96</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>5</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>7</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>7</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Myocardial revascularization surgery may be indicated for the relief of symptoms and to reduce mortality. However, surgery is a costly procedure and the impact of the number of cardiovascular risk factors on the cost of the procedure has not been established.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To identify the impact of risk factors for coronary artery disease on myocardial revascularization surgery cost.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We selected 239 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery at the National Institute of Cardiology in the period from 01 January to 31 December 2013. We included patients aged over 30 years, with indication for the procedure. Patients undergoing combined procedures were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Seven patients had only one risk factor, 32 patients had two risk factors, 75 patients had 3 risk factors, 78 patients had four risk factors, 36 patients had 5 risk factors and 11 patients presented 6 risk factors. The total costs, on average, was R$ 14,143.22 in the group with 1 risk factor, R$ 18,380.40 in the group with 2 risk factors, R$ 21,229.51 in the group with 3 risk factors, R$ 24,620.86 in the group with 4 risk factors, R$ 21,337.92 in the group with 5 risk factors and R$ 36,098,35 in the group with 6 risk factors (p = 0.441).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>This study demonstrates that, in a public referral center for highly complex cardiology procedures, there was no significant correlation between the number of cardiovascular risk factors and hospitalization costs.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization / economics</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital Costs</kwd>
        <kwd>Unified Health System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of mortality and morbidity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In a national context, the prevalence of ischemic heart disease has increased in the past years, leading to an increase in hospitalizations and health costs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) is an expensive therapy, indicated to selected patients. Clinical conditions of patients prior to MRS can have an important influence on the procedure costs. However, there is little information regarding the impact of cardiovascular risk factors related to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) on MRS costs at a national level. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of risk factors on MRS costs in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was an observational, prospective, unicenter study. A total of 239 consecutive patients who had undergone MRS at the National Institute of Cardiology were selected. This is a public tertiary hospital that serves SUS users referred for high complexity cardiology procedures from 01 January 2013 to 31 December 2013.</p>
      <p>We included patients aged over 30 years, of both sexes, with indication for MRS and CAD confirmed by coronary angiography. Patients who had undergone MRS combined with other surgeries including valve surgeries, carotid endarterectomy, vascular surgeries were excluded. Systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, current or past smoking, sedentary lifestyle, chronic renal failure and obesity were considered risk factors for CAD. Hospitalization costs related to medications, laboratory tests, imaging tests, materials, and healthcare professionals, provided by the cost center, were collected from patients&#8217; medical records. We used the micro-costing method, in which each intervention performed was individually counted for the total hospitalization costs. The values used as basis of cost estimation were obtained from the Table of Procedures and Medications of SUS Managing System (SIGTAP).</p>
      <p>Exploratory analysis of the frequencies of categorical variables was performed. Continuous variables were presented as mean, median and other measures of central tendency, dispersion and data ordering, as appropriate. Categorical variables were analyzed by the chi-square test. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The SPSS 20.0 (IBM) was used for the analysis. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee (approval number 648089), and the study was performed according to the Helsinki declaration.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 239 patients presenting from 1 to 6 cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated. Seven patients had only one risk factor, 32 patients had two risk factors, 75 patients had three risk factors, 78 four risk factors, 35 had five risk factors and 11 patients had six risk factors.</p>
      <p>Patients&#8217; characteristics and definitions of cardiovascular risk factors are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients' characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Number of cardiovascular risk factors</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">1</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">3</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">4</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">5</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">6</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Demographic profile</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of patients /group</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">78</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, mean (&#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">62.6 (8.7)</td>
              <td align="center">63.6 (8.0)</td>
              <td align="center">62.0 (10.0)</td>
              <td align="center">62.0 (8.1)</td>
              <td align="center">59.3 (8.2)</td>
              <td align="center">59.3 (8.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.387</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male, n </td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">0.699</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Anthropometric data, mean (&#177; SD)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (Kg)</td>
              <td align="center">67.1 (10.0)</td>
              <td align="center">73.8 (16.4)</td>
              <td align="center">73.1 (11.9)</td>
              <td align="center">77.7 (13.1)</td>
              <td align="center">79.9 (15.4)</td>
              <td align="center">87.6 (15.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
              <td align="center">1.62 (0.09)</td>
              <td align="center">1.66 (0.10)</td>
              <td align="center">1.65 (0.10)</td>
              <td align="center">1.64 (0.08)</td>
              <td align="center">1.62 (0.06)</td>
              <td align="center">1.67 (0.12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.421</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">25.7 (3.3)</td>
              <td align="center">26.5 (4.0)</td>
              <td align="center">26.9 (3.8)</td>
              <td align="center">28.9 (4.2)</td>
              <td align="center">30.3 (5.4)</td>
              <td align="center">31.4 (4.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Cause of hospitalization, n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stable CAD without angina</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stable angina</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unstable angina</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.743</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Clinical history, n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension </td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
              <td align="center">78</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current smoking</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Past smoking</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">0.624</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary lifestyle</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous myocardial infarction</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">43</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">0.710</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous coronary angioplasty</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.479</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arrhythmia</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.930</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.615</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Carotid artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.495</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic kidney disease</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.087</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.299</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcoholism</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.869</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Illicit drug use</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.588</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous stroke</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.681</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypothyroidism</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.571</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Left ventricular function, n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mild dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">0.998</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Severe dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">0.999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Angiographic data, n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LCA lesions</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">0.112</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Three vessel disease</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">0.453</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hospitalization data</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Days of hospital stay</td>
              <td align="center">22.8</td>
              <td align="center">29.8</td>
              <td align="center">31.4</td>
              <td align="center">34.1</td>
              <td align="center">31.1</td>
              <td align="center">41.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.527</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Days of ICU stay</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">0.080</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration of ECC (minutes)</td>
              <td align="center">115</td>
              <td align="center">96</td>
              <td align="center">101</td>
              <td align="center">99</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
              <td align="center">93</td>
              <td align="center">0.102</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surgeries without ECC</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1 </td>
              <td align="center">0.695</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; CAD: Coronary artery disease; NSTEMI: non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction; ICU: intensive care unit; LCA: left coronary artery; ECC: extracorporeal circulation</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Definitions of cardiovascular risk factors</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="30%"/>
            <col width="70%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Risk factor</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Definition</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">Arterial pressure &#8805; 140x90 mmHg (measured by the physician)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">Fasting glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dL on more than one occasion or non-fasting glucose &#8805; 200 mmHg</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">LDL-cholesterol &#8805; 130 mg/dL or total cholesterol total &#8805; 200 mg/dL or Triglycerides &#8805; 150 mg/dL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current smoking</td>
              <td align="center">Self-reported use of any tobacco product within the last 30 days</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Past smoking</td>
              <td align="center">Self-reported use of any tobacco product in the past, and cessation at least 30 days before the study</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary lifestyle</td>
              <td align="center">Practice of physical activities for less than 150 minutes a week</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">CAD in first-degree relatives younger than 55 years (men) or 65 years (women)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic kidney disease</td>
              <td align="center">Glomerular filtration rate lower than 90 mL/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">Body mass index &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>LDL: Low density lipoprotein; CAD: coronary artery disease</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Patients with a higher number of comorbidities showed higher BMI as compared with patients with less risk factors (p &lt; 0.001). Mean age was not significantly different between the groups.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was variable among the subjects, and the most frequent ones were systemic arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia, found in 95.8% and 76.6% of patients, respectively. The prevalence of the risk factors analyzed in the study is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Average costs stratified by patients categorized by number of cardiovascular risk factors (in Brazilian reals)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0090-70098-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> displays hospitalization costs analyzed by the micro-costing approach, stratified as medications, laboratory tests, imaging tests, materials, professionals and common costs.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hospitalization costs (in Brazilian reals) by number of cardiovascular risk factors</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="7" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Number of cardiovascular risk factors</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">1</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">3</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">4</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">5</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">6</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Medications</td>
              <td align="center">1,809.58</td>
              <td align="center">3,358.82</td>
              <td align="center">4,372.45</td>
              <td align="center">5,461.54</td>
              <td align="center">4,090.17</td>
              <td align="center">7,661.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.946</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Laboratory tests</td>
              <td align="center">451.24</td>
              <td align="center">530.30</td>
              <td align="center">613.99</td>
              <td align="center">563.60</td>
              <td align="center">601.21</td>
              <td align="center">824.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.685</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complementary imaging tests</td>
              <td align="center">284.30</td>
              <td align="center">547.22</td>
              <td align="center">609.90</td>
              <td align="center">534.02</td>
              <td align="center">598.29</td>
              <td align="center">872.86</td>
              <td align="center">0.448</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Materials</td>
              <td align="center">2,170.45</td>
              <td align="center">2,181.64</td>
              <td align="center">2,535.56</td>
              <td align="center">2,616.95</td>
              <td align="center">2,213.19</td>
              <td align="center">3,279.91</td>
              <td align="center">0.600</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Professionals</td>
              <td align="center">5,835.67</td>
              <td align="center">7,346.73</td>
              <td align="center">7,996.76</td>
              <td align="center">9,137.31</td>
              <td align="center">8,276.91</td>
              <td align="center">12,874.42</td>
              <td align="center">0.393</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Common costs</td>
              <td align="center">3,591.97</td>
              <td align="center">4,415.69</td>
              <td align="center">5,100.86</td>
              <td align="center">6,307.44</td>
              <td align="center">5,558.16</td>
              <td align="center">10,585.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.186</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total costs</td>
              <td align="center">14,143.22</td>
              <td align="center">18,380.40</td>
              <td align="center">21,229.51</td>
              <td align="center">24,620.86</td>
              <td align="center">21,337.92</td>
              <td align="center">36,098.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.441</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The occurrence of complications during hospitalization was not significantly different between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Deaths were proportional to the number of subjects in each group, with no significant differences between the groups. The numbers of hospital days and ICU days were not different between the groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Complications during hospitalization by number of cardiovascular risk factors</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="7" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Number of cardiovascular risk factors </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">1</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">3</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">4</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">5</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">6</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Infectious complications</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0.763</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiovascular complications</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.984</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arrhythmias</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.329</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bleeding</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.664</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">General complications</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">0.317</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.998</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Results of this study represent the costs of MRS alone, encompassing the whole hospitalization period, in a referral hospital for cardiology diseases in the SUS.</p>
      <p>A number of studies have suggested that demographic characteristics of patients, including older age, female sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, number of coronaries involved, previous surgeries and high number of comorbidities, may significantly affect MRS hospital costs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, an analysis under this perspective has not been performed in Brazil yet.</p>
      <p>Patients of the present study showed a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and left coronary artery lesion as compared with patients of similar reports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In all categories, there was a direct relationship between costs and the number of risk factors, with no statistical significance though. Other studies have shown a positive correlation between cardiovascular risk factors and hospital costs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Nevertheless, there is evidence suggesting that local factors, such as the country and even the level of hospital complexity may influence the effects of cardiovascular risk factors on hospital costs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, no significant differences in demographic variables, cause of hospitalization, ventricular function or angiographic data were found between the groups. There were differences in the clinical history and comorbidities between the groups; these differences, though, were expected, since the characterization of the groups was based on the presence and the number of comorbidities.</p>
      <p>In addition, no differences were found with respect to patients&#8217; complications, which account for a considerable percentage of hospitalization costs, not only for the increase in the hospital or ICU stay, but also for the increased use of resources.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Nevertheless, other studies have reported a correlation between risk factors and complications during hospitalization,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> which may lead to higher hospital-related costs.</p>
      <p>Also, we found no significant differences in hospitalization data between the groups. This finding is relevant, since duration of hospital stay and ICU stay are strong determinants of total hospitalization costs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, the micro-costing method enabled a more accurate estimation of the hospitalization costs at patient level, including a more refined analysis of the costs related to medication, laboratory tests, complementary imaging tests, materials and professionals.</p>
      <p>Clinical scores used to assess complication and mortality risk in MRS, such as EuroSCORE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and the STS score,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> estimate the occurrence of events based on the presence of comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors. However, in this study involving patients with one to six risk factors, complications rates and costs were not different between the groups.</p>
      <p>One limitation of this study was the fact that the groups with the highest and the lowest numbers of risk factors were also the groups with the lowest number of patients, which may make the detection of significant differences between the groups difficult. In addition, the lack of significant differences may be due to the small number of patients in some groups.</p>
      <p>Our results may contribute to a better control of costs and optimization of resource allocation by public health managers. The use of the micro-costing approach places the costs of each patient as a priority, taking into account the costs of each intervention the patient receives during hospital stay.</p>
      <p>Further studies may use the micro-costing method to get a more detailed understanding of the costs of the MRS procedure in the public and in the private health systems.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Jo&#227;o Lu&#237;s Barbosa , from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia under the protocol number 648089. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 World Health Organization (WHO). The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva (Switzerland); 2008.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>The global burden of disease: 2004 update</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva (Switzerland)</publisher-loc>
          <year>2008</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <label>2</label>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto dos Fatores de Risco para Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana nos Gastos Hospitalares dos Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio no SUS</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thiers</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Antunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Felipe dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moutella</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Rangel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Orsi</surname>
            <given-names>Giulia Principe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feldman</surname>
            <given-names>Karen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nath&#225;lia Rodrigues da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jo&#227;o Luis Barbosa</bold>, Av: Embaixador Abelardo Bueno, 3250/BL 2/603. CEP: 22775040, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>joaoluis@cardiol.br</email>, <email>jlmedunirio@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Barbosa JL. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Barbosa JL, Cunha CFS, Moutella J, Orsi GP, Feldman K, Silva NR, Faria LF. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Barbosa JL, Thiers CA, Cunha CFS, Moutella J, Tura BR, Orsi GP, Feldman K, Silva NR, Faria LF. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Barbosa JL. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Barbosa JL. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barbosa JL, Thiers CA. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barbosa JL, Thiers CA, Tura BR. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Barbosa JL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p> As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam uma importante causa de mortalidade e morbidade. A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pode ser indicada para o al&#237;vio dos sintomas e para diminuir a mortalidade. Entretanto, a cirurgia &#233; um procedimento de custo elevado e n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido o impacto do n&#250;mero de fatores de risco cardiovasculares nos gastos do procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Identificar o impacto dos fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana nos gastos com a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos: </title>
          <p>Foram selecionados 239 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio isolada no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia no per&#237;odo entre 01 de Janeiro a 31 de Dezembro de 2013. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com idade superior a 30 anos e indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes submetidos a procedimentos combinados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Sete pacientes apresentaram apenas 1 fator de risco, 32 pacientes apresentaram 2 fatores de risco, 75 pacientes apresentaram 3 fatores de risco, 78 pacientes apresentaram 4 fatores de risco, 36 pacientes apresentaram 5 fatores de risco e 11 pacientes apresentaram 6 fatores de risco. O total dos gastos, em m&#233;dia, foi de R$ 14 143,22 no grupo com 1 fator de risco, R$ 18 380,40 no grupo com 2 fatores de risco, R$ 21 229,51 no grupo com 3 fatores de risco, R$ 24 620,86 no grupo com 4 fatores de risco, R$ 21 337,92 no grupo com 5 fatores de risco e R$ 36 098,35 no grupo com 6 fatores de risco (p = 0,441).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Este trabalho demonstra que, em uma unidade p&#250;blica de refer&#234;ncia para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos cardiol&#243;gicos de alta complexidade, n&#227;o houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco cardiovascular e os custos da interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica / economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Custos Hospitalares</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam uma importante causa de mortalidade e morbidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No cen&#225;rio nacional, a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o est&#225; aumentando ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos, levando a um aumento no n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e dos gastos com a sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) &#233; um tratamento indicado para pacientes selecionados e tem um elevado custo. As condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de do paciente no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio podem ter um importante papel nos gastos com este procedimento. Entretanto, s&#227;o escassas as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o impacto dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares relacionados ao desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) nos custos com a CRM no cen&#225;rio nacional. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; o de pesquisar o impacto dos fatores de risco nos custos da CRVM no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional, prospectivo, realizado em um &#250;nico centro. Foram selecionados 239 pacientes consecutivos submetidos &#224; CRM no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC), que &#233; um hospital p&#250;blico terci&#225;rio do SUS de refer&#234;ncia para procedimentos de alta complexidade em Cardiologia, no per&#237;odo entre 01 de Janeiro de 2013 e 31 de Dezembro de 2013.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com idade superior a 30 anos, de ambos os sexos, com DAC comprovada por coronariografia e com indica&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de CRM. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que realizaram a CRM associada a outros procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos tais como cirurgias valvares associadas, endarterectomia de car&#243;tidas, cirurgias vasculares, dentre outras.</p>
        <p>Foram considerados como fatores de risco para a DAC a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, o diabetes mellitus, a dislipidemia, o tabagismo atual ou pr&#233;vio, o sedentarismo, a hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, a insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e a obesidade.</p>
        <p>Foram contabilizados a partir de dados no prontu&#225;rio os gastos da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar relacionados aos medicamentos, exames laboratoriais, exames complementares de imagem, materiais, profissionais e outros gastos comuns rateados conforme os dados fornecidos pelos centros de custo. Utilizou-se a metodologia do microcusteio, pela qual as interven&#231;&#245;es &#224;s quais os pacientes foram submetidos s&#227;o contabilizadas individualmente, levando finalmente &#224; consolida&#231;&#227;o do custo total da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Os valores utilizados como base de c&#225;lculo dos gastos foram obtidos por meio de consulta ao Sistema de Gerenciamento da Tabela de Procedimentos e Medicamentos do SUS (SIGTAP).</p>
        <p>An&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria dos dados foi obtida com as medidas de frequ&#234;ncia para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a m&#233;dia, mediana e outras medidas de tend&#234;ncia central, de dispers&#227;o e ordenamento, quando pertinentes. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi conduzida com a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) ou com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, quando indicado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas com o teste do qui-quadrado. Foram considerados como significativos os valores de p &lt; 0,05 para os testes estat&#237;sticos. Foi utilizado o programa SPSS 20.0 (IBM). O presente estudo foi aprovado na Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa sob o n&#250;mero 648089 e est&#225; de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram observados 239 pacientes, que apresentaram entre 1 e 6 fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Sete pacientes apresentaram apenas um fator de risco, 32 pacientes apresentaram dois fatores de risco, 75 pacientes apresentaram tr&#234;s fatores de risco, 78 pacientes apresentaram quatro fatores de risco, 36 pacientes apresentaram cinco fatores de risco e 11 pacientes apresentaram seis fatores de risco.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes est&#227;o expostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> e as defini&#231;&#245;es dos fatores de risco cardiovascular est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="6" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#250;mero de fatores de risco cardiovascular</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">1</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">3</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">4</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">5</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">6</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Perfil demogr&#225;fico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de pacientes/grupo</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, m&#233;dia (&#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">62,6 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">63,6 (8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">62,0 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">62,0 (8,1)</td>
                <td align="center">59,3 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">59,3 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,387</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">0,699</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dados antropom&#233;tricos, m&#233;dia (&#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">67,1 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">73,8 (16,4)</td>
                <td align="center">73,1 (11,9)</td>
                <td align="center">77,7 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">79,9 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">87,6 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 (0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">1,66 (0,10)</td>
                <td align="center">1,65 (0,10)</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 (0,08)</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 (0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">1,67 (0,12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,421</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25,7 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">26,5 (4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">28,9 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">30,3 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">31,4 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Motivo da interna&#231;&#227;o, n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC est&#225;vel sem angina</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina est&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,743</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAMSSST</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAMCSST</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros motivos</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">0,624</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">0,710</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angioplastia coronariana pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,479</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arritmia</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,930</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,615</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,495</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,087</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,299</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etilismo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,869</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de drogas il&#237;citas</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,588</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVE pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,681</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipotireoidismo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,571</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o leve</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o grave</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dados angiogr&#225;ficos, n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Les&#227;o de TCE</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Les&#227;o trivascular</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,453</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a interna&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dias de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">22,8</td>
                <td align="center">29,8</td>
                <td align="center">31,4</td>
                <td align="center">34,1</td>
                <td align="center">31,1</td>
                <td align="center">41,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,527</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dias no CTI</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de CEC (minutos)</td>
                <td align="center">115</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">101</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">93</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgias sem CEC</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1 </td>
                <td align="center">0,695</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAMSSST: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST; IAMCSST: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST; AVE: Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TCE: Tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda; CEC: Circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; CTI: Centro de terapia intensiva</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es dos fatores de risco cardiovascular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="70%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Fator de risco</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Defini&#231;&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">Press&#227;o arterial &#8805; 140x90 mmHg aferida pelo m&#233;dico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">Mais de uma aferi&#231;&#227;o de glicemia em jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dL ou glicemia espor&#225;dica &#8805; 200 mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">LDL-colesterol &#8805; 130 mg/dL ou Colesterol total &#8805; 200 mg/dL ou Triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 150 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">Relato de ter fumado produtos do tabaco nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">Relato de ter fumado produtos do tabaco h&#225; mais de 30 dias</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">Realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividades f&#237;sicas por tempo inferior a 150 minutos por semana</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">DAC em familiares de primeiro grau antes dos 55 anos em homens e 65 anos em mulheres</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular inferior a 90 mL/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">&#205;ndice de massa corporal &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>LDL: Low density lipoprotein; DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os pacientes com maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades apresentaram um IMC mais elevado quando comparados com os pacientes com menos fatores de risco (p &lt; 0,001). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas na m&#233;dia de idade entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia vari&#225;vel dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, sendo mais frequentes a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e a dislipidemia, presentes em 95,8% e 76,6% dos casos, respectivamente. A preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco analisados est&#225; ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cardiovascular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0090-70098-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref> exibe os custos da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o observados na forma de microcusto, estratificados como medicamentos, exames laboratoriais, exames complementares de imagem, materiais, profissionais e custos comuns rateados.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gastos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref> relacionados &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o estratificados de acordo com o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco cardiovascular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#250;mero de fatores de risco cardiovascular</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">1</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">3</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">4</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">5</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">6</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medicamentos</td>
                <td align="center">1809,58</td>
                <td align="center">3358,82</td>
                <td align="center">4372,45</td>
                <td align="center">5461,54</td>
                <td align="center">4090,17</td>
                <td align="center">7661,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,946</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exames laboratoriais</td>
                <td align="center">451,24</td>
                <td align="center">530,30</td>
                <td align="center">613,99</td>
                <td align="center">563,60</td>
                <td align="center">601,21</td>
                <td align="center">824,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,685</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exames complementares de imagem</td>
                <td align="center">284,30</td>
                <td align="center">547,22</td>
                <td align="center">609,90</td>
                <td align="center">534,02</td>
                <td align="center">598,29</td>
                <td align="center">872,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,448</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Materiais</td>
                <td align="center">2170,45</td>
                <td align="center">2181,64</td>
                <td align="center">2535,56</td>
                <td align="center">2616,95</td>
                <td align="center">2213,19</td>
                <td align="center">3279,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,600</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Profissionais</td>
                <td align="center">5835,67</td>
                <td align="center">7346,73</td>
                <td align="center">7996,76</td>
                <td align="center">9.137,31</td>
                <td align="center">8.276,91</td>
                <td align="center">12874,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,393</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gastos comuns rateados</td>
                <td align="center">3591,97</td>
                <td align="center">4415,69</td>
                <td align="center">5100,86</td>
                <td align="center">6307,44</td>
                <td align="center">5558,16</td>
                <td align="center">10585,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,186</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total dos gastos</td>
                <td align="center">14143,22</td>
                <td align="center">18380,40</td>
                <td align="center">21229,51</td>
                <td align="center">24620,86</td>
                <td align="center">21337,92</td>
                <td align="center">36098,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,441</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>valores em real.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar n&#227;o apresentou uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos e est&#225; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por n&#250;mero de fatores de risco cardiovascular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#250;mero de fatores de risco cardiovascular</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">1</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">3</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">4</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">5</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">6</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0,763</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,984</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arritmias</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,329</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sangramento</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,664</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es em geral</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,317</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os &#243;bitos foram proporcionais ao n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos de cada grupo, n&#227;o apresentando diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos de pacientes.</p>
        <p>Os dias de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e de perman&#234;ncia no CTI foram semelhantes entre os grupos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados deste trabalho representam os custos da CRM isolada, compreendendo todo o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia em Cardiologia do SUS.</p>
        <p>Estudos na literatura indicam que v&#225;rias caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes, tais como a idade avan&#231;ada, sexo feminino, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, n&#250;mero de coron&#225;rias doentes, cirurgias pr&#233;vias e elevado n&#250;mero de comorbidades, podem interferir de modo relevante nos custos hospitalares da CRVM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> por&#233;m uma an&#225;lise dos gastos sob esta perspectiva ainda n&#227;o foi realizada no Brasil.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes do presente estudo apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia mais elevada de hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e les&#227;o de tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda quando comparados com os pacientes de outras publica&#231;&#245;es semelhantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os custos variaram, em todas as suas categorias, em rela&#231;&#227;o direta com o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco, por&#233;m este aumento n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Outros estudos correlacionaram a exist&#234;ncia de um maior n&#250;mero de fatores de risco cardiovasculares com um maior custo hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, existem evid&#234;ncias de que fatores locais tais como o pa&#237;s e at&#233; mesmo o grau de complexidade do hospital podem contribuir para que os fatores de risco cardiovasculares tenham impacto nos custos hospitalares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Observou-se, neste trabalho, que os grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e os motivos de interna&#231;&#227;o, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e os dados angiogr&#225;ficos. Algumas diferen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e &#224;s comorbidades foram encontradas, por&#233;m estes achados eram esperados, tendo em vista que a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos grupos foi baseada justamente na exist&#234;ncia e no n&#250;mero de comorbidades.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es, que representam uma parcela importante dos gastos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, seja pelo aumento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e perman&#234;ncia no CTI ou pelo aumento na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de insumos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as importantes entre os grupos. Entretanto, outros trabalhos correlacionam a exist&#234;ncia de alguns fatores de risco com a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> podendo resultar em custos de interna&#231;&#227;o maiores nestes pacientes.</p>
        <p>Os resultados referentes &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o importantes porque o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar e o tempo de perman&#234;ncia no CTI s&#227;o fortes determinantes do custo total da interna&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste trabalho, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo do microcusteio permitiu a contabiliza&#231;&#227;o mais precisa dos custos da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de cada paciente, permitindo tamb&#233;m uma an&#225;lise mais refinada dos gastos com medicamentos, exames laboratoriais, exames complementares de imagem, materiais e profissionais.</p>
        <p>Escores cl&#237;nicos para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade na CRM, tais como o EuroSCORE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e o STS score,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> apoiam-se em informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as comorbidades e fatores de risco cardiovascular com o objetivo de estimar eventos. Entretanto, neste estudo, com grupos variando entre um at&#233; seis fatores de risco, demonstrou que as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es e os custos entre os grupos n&#227;o foram diferentes.</p>
        <p>&#201; limita&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho o fato de que os grupos com maior e menor n&#250;mero de fatores de risco corresponder &#224;queles com o menor n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos, o que pode dificultar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes em alguns grupos pode ter contribu&#237;do para que n&#227;o fosse alcan&#231;ada uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>Os resultados deste trabalho podem contribuir para o melhor controle dos gastos e uma aloca&#231;&#227;o otimizada dos recursos da sa&#250;de pelos gestores p&#250;blicos. A realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo na forma de microcusteio permite estabelecer como prioridade os custos de cada paciente, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o os custos unit&#225;rios das diversas interven&#231;&#245;es &#224;s quais cada paciente &#233; submetido durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
        <p>Novos estudos poder&#227;o utilizar a metodologia do microcusteio, possibilitando um conhecimento mais detalhado dos custos da CRM nos sistemas p&#250;blico e privado de sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Jo&#227;o Lu&#237;s Barbosa pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 648089. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
