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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xGL9ss38yzdM3457fVBYtmC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000200087</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>EDITORIAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship between Social Factors and Cardiovascular Diseases</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Claudio Tinoco Mesquita</bold>, Professor da Universidade Federal Fluminense. Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares. Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro. Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225; 303, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>87</fpage>
      <lpage>89</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Socioeconomic Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <italic>&#8220;It&#8217;s a recession when your neighbor loses his job; it&#8217;s a depression when you lose your own.&#8221;</italic>
        </p>
        <p>&#8211; Harry Truman</p>
      </disp-quote>
    </p>
    <p>For decades, western countries have witnessed cardiovascular diseases leading the statistics for cause of death. In Brazil, diseases of the circulatory system (DCS) represent a major cause of death, accounting, in 2011, for 28.6% of all mortality causes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In a multinational endeavor, the reduction in the risk of premature death due to cardiovascular diseases has been defined as a United Nations Organization sustainable development goal for 2030.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Although DCS are the major cause of death worldwide, industrialized countries have shown a decline in death due to DCS. This reduction in cardiovascular mortality has also occurred in Brazil. Mansur &amp; Favarato<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> have shown that significant and constant reduction from 1980 to 2012, probably secondary to the easier diagnosis and treatment of systemic arterial hypertension, the main cardiovascular risk factor. Of the several actions that contributed to decrease cardiovascular mortality, the following stand out: cardiovascular prevention with better control of risk factors; access to new drugs to manage dyslipidemia and prevent myocardial infarction, such as aspirin; fighting smoking and sedentary lifestyle; and the most effective treatment of cardiovascular diseases already established, cardiovascular surgeries and percutaneous procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this issue of the <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</italic>, Soares et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> report on relevant and innovative data in cardiology: the relationship of cardiovascular mortality with macroeconomics indicators. Correlating gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc) data from several municipalities of the Rio de Janeiro state in recent decades with the reduction in mortality due to DCS, those authors have reported that the decline in mortality has been preceded by a GDPpc elevation, with a strong correlation between that indicator and the mortality rates. Those authors have concluded that the GDPpc variation associated strongly with the decline in mortality due to DCS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Although relevant, the association between social factors and cardiovascular diseases has been little studied. In 2015, the American Heart Association published a document aimed at raising awareness about the influence of social factors on the incidence, treatment and outcomes of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The World Health Organization defines the social components of health as &#8220;the circumstances under which individuals are born, grow, live, work and age, in addition to the systems used to cope with diseases&#8221;. Of the several social factors related to cardiovascular diseases, education stands out, and studies have shown that individuals with lower educational levels have greater prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, higher incidence of cardiovascular events and higher cardiovascular mortality rate regardless of other demographic factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A lower educational level is associated with several risk factors, such as higher sedentary lifestyle rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Other studies have pointed to the combination of emotional stress and low socioeconomic status in patients experiencing an episode of acute coronary syndrome as a determinant of greater vulnerability to subsequent anxiety and depression, factors associated with worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Andrade et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> have reported that certain social factors, such as the number of elderly people, the illiteracy rate and the human development index, contribute to mortality due to ischemic heart disease in Brazil. Those authors have found an inverse relationship between GDP and cardiovascular mortality, as well as a lower cardiovascular mortality rate in the most populous cities, which might have more resources to cope with acute complications of ischemic heart disease. It is worth noting that those authors have found a relationship of cardiovascular mortality with the distance between the patients&#8217; household and the healthcare centers, indicating that patients living on the periphery of larger cities have higher cardiovascular complication rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows worrisome data by illustrating the behavior of GDP in Brazil in recent decades.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Annual percentage variation of the gross domestic product (GDP) in Brazil between 1979 and 2016. Source: Funda&#231;&#227;o Get&#250;lio Vargas - National Account Center - several publications from 1947 to 1989; IBGE. Research Executive Board. National Account Coordination. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https:// agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br">https:// agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br</ext-link> (accessed on February 19, 2018).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0087-80007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>After a variable period of GDP growth, Brazil faced two consecutive years of GDP reduction, and the Rio de Janeiro state was particularly affected from the social viewpoint, with regression in several social development indicators, consequent to the significant crisis in the oil sector. Such data added to the increase in obesity and in the prevalence of diabetes in Brazil might have accounted for the interruption in the decline in cardiovascular mortality reported by Mansur &amp; Favarato<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> since 2010 in Brazil, contributing to the unprecedented increase in cardiovascular mortality after years of progressive drops. In the United States, a similar phenomenon has been recently observed and has raised adverse expectations regarding the cardiovascular mortality decline trajectory.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> We congratulate the authors on their study that evidences the importance of improving the population&#8217;s life conditions to reduce cardiovascular mortality. Public health managers should strive not to miss any opportunity in that area.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>
					</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Fatores Sociais e Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudio Tinoco Mesquita</bold>, Professor da Universidade Federal Fluminense. Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares. Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro. Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225; 303, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores Socioecon&#244;micos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>
            <italic>&#8220;It&#8217;s a recession when your neighbor loses his job; it&#8217;s a depression when you lose your own.&#8221;</italic>
          </p>
          <p>&#8211; Harry Truman</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>Os pa&#237;ses ocidentais observam as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares liderarem as estat&#237;sticas de causa de morte h&#225; d&#233;cadas. No Brasil, as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio (DAC) tamb&#233;m representam as principais causas de &#243;bitos, correspondendo a 28,6% de todas as causas de mortalidade no ano 2011.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Concretizando um esfor&#231;o multinacional, a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de morte prematura por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foi definida como uma das principais prioridades de desenvolvimento sustent&#225;vel das Organiza&#231;&#245;es das Na&#231;&#245;es Unidas at&#233; 2030.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> E, apesar de ainda serem as principais causas de mortalidade em todo o mundo, tem-se observado um decl&#237;nio da mortalidade por DAC nos pa&#237;ses industrializados. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade cardiovascular tamb&#233;m ocorreu no Brasil, sendo que Mansur e Favarato,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> mostram que essa redu&#231;&#227;o foi significativa e constante no per&#237;odo de 1980 a 2012, provavelmente secund&#225;ria &#224; maior facilidade no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento do principal fator de risco cardiovascular: a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Diversas a&#231;&#245;es contribuem para a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade cardiovascular, destacando-se a preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular com o melhor manejo de fatores de risco, o acesso a novos medicamentos que controlam a dislipidemia e evitam infartos do mioc&#225;rdio, como a aspirina, o combate ao tabagismo e ao sedentarismo, e o mais efetivo tratamento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares j&#225; estabelecidas, como &#233; o caso das cirurgias cardiovasculares e os procedimentos percut&#226;neos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Neste n&#250;mero do <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</italic>, Soares et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> v&#234;m apontar para dados importantes e pouco apreciados da cardiologia: a rela&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade cardiovascular com indicadores da macroeconomia. Tra&#231;ando uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre dados do Produto Interno Bruto per capita (PIBpc) dos diversos munic&#237;pios do Estado nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas com a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DAC, observa-se que a queda da mortalidade foi precedida por eleva&#231;&#227;o do PIBpc, com forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre o indicador e as taxas de mortalidade. Os autores concluem que a varia&#231;&#227;o evolutiva do PIBpc demonstrou forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o dos fatores sociais com as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#233; extremamente importante, por&#233;m ainda &#233; pouco estudada. Em 2015, a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> publicou um documento com o objetivo de aumentar a consci&#234;ncia sobre a influ&#234;ncia dos fatores sociais na incid&#234;ncia, no tratamento e nos desfechos das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de define os componentes sociais da sa&#250;de como as &#8220;circunst&#226;ncias em que os indiv&#237;duos nascem, crescem, vivem, trabalham e envelhecem, al&#233;m dos sistemas empregados para lidar com doen&#231;as&#8221;. Dentre os diversos fatores sociais ligados &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares destaca-se a educa&#231;&#227;o, com estudos demonstrando que as pessoas com menores n&#237;veis educacionais t&#234;m maior preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares e maior taxa de mortalidade cardiovascular independentemente de outros fatores demogr&#225;ficos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A menor escolaridade est&#225; ligada a diversos fatores de risco, inclusive a maiores taxas de sedentarismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Outros estudos apontam tamb&#233;m para a combina&#231;&#227;o do estresse emocional com baixo <italic>status</italic> econ&#244;mico-social em pacientes que experimentam epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda como determinantes para maior vulnerabilidade para ansiedade e depress&#227;o subsequente, fatores associados a pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Andrade et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> observaram que certos fatores sociais contribuem para a mortalidade por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o no Brasil, como o &#237;ndice de idosos, a taxa de analfabetismo e o &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento humano. Os autores encontraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o PIB e a mortalidade cardiovascular, assim como observaram menor mortalidade cardiovascular em cidades mais populosas, que provavelmente t&#234;m mais recursos para lidar com complica&#231;&#245;es agudas da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca. Interessantemente os autores encontraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a mortalidade cardiovascular e a dist&#226;ncia entre a resid&#234;ncia dos pacientes e os centros de sa&#250;de, indicando que os pacientes que residem nas periferias t&#234;m maiores taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Um dado preocupante pode ser inferido a partir do gr&#225;fico da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>, que ilustra o comportamento do PIB no Brasil nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo vari&#225;vel de crescimento do PIB, o nosso pa&#237;s enfrentou dois anos seguidos de retra&#231;&#227;o do PIB, sendo que o estado do Rio de Janeiro foi especialmente afetado do ponto de vista social com regress&#227;o de diversos indicadores de desenvolvimento social, tendo em vista a contribui&#231;&#227;o significativa da crise no setor petrol&#237;fero. Esses dados adicionados ao aumento da obesidade e ao crescimento da preval&#234;ncia de diabetes no Brasil podem se somar &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o da queda da mortalidade cardiovascular observada por Mansur e Favarato,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> a partir de 2010 no Brasil e contribuir para um in&#233;dito aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular ap&#243;s anos de progressivas quedas. Nos Estados Unidos, um fen&#244;meno similar tamb&#233;m foi recentemente observado e tem criado expectativas muito adversas quanto &#224; trajet&#243;ria de redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Congratulamos os autores pelo trabalho que atesta a import&#226;ncia da melhoria das condi&#231;&#245;es de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o para redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade cardiovascular. Todos os esfor&#231;os dos gestores de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica devem ser realizados para que n&#227;o tenhamos mais oportunidades perdidas nesta &#225;rea.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o percentual anual do produto interno bruto (PIB) no Brasil entre 1979 e 2016. Fonte: Funda&#231;&#227;o Get&#250;lio Vargas - Centro de Contas Nacionais - diversas publica&#231;&#245;es, per&#237;odo 1947 a 1989; IBGE. Diretoria de Pesquisas. Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Contas Nacionais. https://agenciadenoticias.ibge. gov.br. [Acesso em 2018 fev 19]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://seriestatisticas.ibge.gob.br/series.aspx?=produto-interno-bruto&amp;c&#243;digo=SCN52">https://seriestatisticas.ibge.gob.br/series.aspx?=produto-interno-bruto&amp;c&#243;digo=SCN52</ext-link>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0087-80007-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
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