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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Br7GzCfRTLwKJshgHBJynVh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000100071</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170096</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Improving Nuclear Medicine Practices in Cardiology in the Emerging Economies: Role of the International Atomic Energy Agency</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dondi</surname>
            <given-names>Maurizio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pascual</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paez</surname>
            <given-names>Diana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Sa&#250;de Humana</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Se&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Nuclear e Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Vienna</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AT">Austria</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Se&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Nuclear e Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem, Divis&#227;o de Sa&#250;de Humana, Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica, Vienna - Austria</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Adress: Maurizio Dondi,</bold> Via Laura Bassi Veratti, 53. Postal Code: 40137, Vienna - Austria E-mail: <email>mauriziodondi@yahoo.it</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Dondi M, Pascual T, Paez D. Acquisition of data: Dondi M. Writing of the manuscript: Dondi M. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Dondi M, Pascual T, Paez D. Supervision / as the major investigador: Paez D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jan-Feb</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>71</fpage>
      <lpage>78</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are particularly affected by cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), as more than 75% of all CVD deaths occur in these countries. Global prognostic figures are alarming, as an estimated 23.6 million people will die each year due to CVDs by 2030. For this reason, one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the agenda of the United Nations (UN) aims at reducing premature mortality due to Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) by 30% by 2030.</p>
        <p>Within the UN family, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has the mandate to promote safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies. The IAEA is strongly committed to accomplish the 2030 UN Agenda and through its Human Health Division, contribute to the attainment of SDGs. One of the key objectives of the Human Health Division is to support Member States to tackle the burden of CVDs through its subprogram of Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging. This is accomplished by supporting the establishment and strengthening of capabilities of Member States to provide appropriate and safe use of nuclear cardiology clinical applications. The support ranges from assisting countries in the planning and implementation stages, providing training, maintaining and improving quality of clinical practice, establishing quality management systems and advising on how to comply with international standards, as well as using the technology in an appropriate and safe manner. This review will cover the activities of the IAEA in promoting, implementing, and supporting nuclear applications in cardiology in LMICs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Nuclear Medicine</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardium/Radionuclide Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>International Agencies</kwd>
        <kwd>Nuclear Energy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In 2015 the United Nations (UN) adopted the &#8220;2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development&#8221; which includes seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aimed at ending poverty, fighting inequalities and tackling climate change. The SDGs address a range of social needs, including education, health, social protection, and job opportunities. SDG number 3 focuses on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages. This goal addresses all major health priorities, including Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) which account for an estimated 52% of all deaths among persons under the age of 70, commonly referred to as premature deaths. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent 38% of the NCD causes of death, followed by cancer with 27%.</p>
      <p>The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was founded in 1957 as the world&#8217;s &#8220;Atoms for Peace&#8221; organization within the UN family with the mandate to work with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies. The objectives of the IAEA&#8217;s dual mission - to promote and control the Atom - are defined in Article II of the IAEA Statute. &#8220;The Agency shall seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. It shall ensure, so far as it is able, that assistance provided by it or at its request or under its supervision or control is not used in such a way as to further any military purpose&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This mandate has a special emphasis on Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), defined by the World Bank ranking, which are the target Member States of the work of the IAEA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> towards the introduction and expansion of nuclear techniques in health care.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>The role of nuclear techniques in cardiology</title>
        <p>There has been a significant shift in the global disease burden in the past decades from communicable infectious diseases to NCDs. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 38 million people die each year as a consequence of NCDs. Cardiovascular diseases are the largest subgroup of NCDs, killing more than 17.5 million people annually, which account for 31% of all global deaths. More people die due to CVDs worldwide than any other single cause. The epidemic proportions of the global CVD burden go hand-in-hand with the upsurge in common risk factors, including obesity, diabetes, low physical activity and poor diet. LMICs face the highest burden of CVDs, as more than 75% of all CVD deaths occur in these countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>While in high-income countries the age-standardized death rates for CVDs from 1990 to 2013 declined by 43%, in LMICs declines in CVD mortality have not been as marked (&lt;11%). In addition, there is an upsurge number of people experiencing these diseases at younger and potentially more productive ages, thus limiting their contribution to the economic development of their countries. This is most likely due to an increased prevalence of risk factors, such as tobacco consumption, obesity and physical inactivity. Limited access to basic care for CVD, including management of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and acute events (myocardial infarction and stroke), gaps in access to medicines and technology, and limited or lack trained personnel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> may also contribute.</p>
        <p>Medical imaging has revolutionized health care in the past decades as it has enabled the delivery of individual, patient-tailored disease management. The diagnostic and prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in coronary artery disease (CAD) is very well established.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Nuclear techniques not only provide perfusion and functional data, which aid the management decision; they also provide information such as transient ischaemic dilation of the left ventricle (TID) after stress; right ventricular uptake; myocardial stunning, which can also support the decision-making process. MPI is also utilized from the health economics perspective as a gatekeeper to the more costly invasive procedures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and has led to a rapid use of MPI worldwide, with LMICs being no exception.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The work of the IAEA in nuclear cardiology</title>
        <p>Among other Agency&#8217;s programs, the one dedicated to Human Health is focused on enhancing the capabilities of IAEA Member States in addressing issues related to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of health problems, supporting the development and application of nuclear techniques in health care, within a framework of quality assurance. As part of the Human Health program, the subprogram in Nuclear Medicine has a special focus on supporting applications in cardiology. This task is accomplished by means of different activities ranging from clinical research to training and education.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coordinated Research Activities</title>
        <p>Research activities at the IAEA are carried out through the Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs), bringing together research institutes from both developing and developed Member States to collaborate on research topics of common interest. The research groups usually comprise 10 to 15 research institutions that work to acquire and disseminate new knowledge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Besides promotion of research through peer reviewed scientific publications, outputs from CRPs include establishment of networks and databases; development of devices/tools for diagnosis and testing; technology transfer through technical cooperation projects; Masters and PhD theses.</p>
        <p>Research takes place at those participating institutions that have been identified in the CRP&#8217;s research, technical and doctoral contracts and cost-free research agreements. The IAEA acts as the sponsoring and coordinating body, with an IAEA staff member, the project officer, assigned to lead each CRP.</p>
        <p>Since technology transfer is one of the main goals of the CRPs, they often address clinical topics already explored in high-income countries, where patients may have access to high level therapies and diagnostics. For this reason, they may not be representative of situations found in different settings, such as those of the emerging economies where financial resources are scant and access to top level therapies may not be guaranteed. In some cases, CRPs may lead to slightly different results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical research in nuclear cardiology: results from IAEA CRPs</title>
        <p>The use of MPI in asymptomatic diabetes, a growing epidemic particularly in the developing world due to the adoption of westernized living habits and foods, has been investigated in a CRP. According to an estimate from WHO, more than 400 million people are affected by type 2 diabetes, a number which almost quadrupled in the last 30 years. While other studies on MPI use in this specific clinical setting have already reported a similar incidence of ischemia in asymptomatic diabetics, as compared to non-diabetics with other risk factors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> results from the IAEA CRP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have shown that such a conclusion does not necessarily apply to populations from the developing world. Perhaps this is due to the lacking control of risk factors and management optimization. This should be considered an important finding: indeed clinical research from countries and high level centres, where patients get the best possible treatments, may have better outcomes. In addition, this CRP stimulated some countries, such as Cuba and Algeria, to carry out detailed study on this subject at national level.</p>
        <p>In another study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> the association between non-perfusion parameters and ischemia in gated-single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) MPI has been explored in order to assess whether abnormal left ventricular (LV) function at rest and intraventricular dyssynchrony were associated with inducible myocardial ischemia. This study found that baseline differences in LV volumes and degree of dyssynchrony are associated with inducible ischemia on stress testing in a gated-SPECT MPI and stress-induced ischemia increases the degree of intraventricular dyssynchrony.</p>
        <p>Gated-SPECT offers the unique opportunity to assess both myocardial perfusion and cardiac function in one single study. A potential limit, however, is that the delay between peak-stress injection and acquisition, typically between 45 and 60 min, may prevent the detection of transient post-ischemic LV dysfunction due to myocardial stunning in patients with CAD. The aim of a multicenter study supported by the IAEA was to determine whether early post-exercise imaging, i.e. within 15 min post-injection at peak stress, is more likely to detect LV stunning than imaging after the conventional 45-60 min, without adversely affecting image quality or perfusion information. Perfusion was quantitatively assessed, as well as LV ejection fraction (LVEF). Ischemia was assessed using summed differential scores, and stunning as the difference between rest and post-stress LVEF. Results from this CRP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> showed that both image quality and perfusion information were similar between the early and delayed post-stress studies. A strong association between LVEF and ischemia was also shown, which was stronger at early stress imaging than at conventional timing imaging in the ischemic compared to the non-ischemic population. It was thus concluded that early post-exercise imaging is feasible, and can potentially improve the detection of post-ischemic stunning without compromising image quality and perfusion data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In another CRP, an international multicenter study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> undertook a head-to-head comparison of the use of coronary CT angiography (CCTA) and MPI in patients with suspect CAD. The two modalities are often used as alternate studies, although they explore two different aspects of CAD. Indeed, CCTA detects the presence of anatomical disease and its extent, but provides limited information on the presence of ischemia. On the other hand, MPI offers functional data on the effects of possible coronary artery stenosis on myocardial perfusion, but not direct visualization of the atherosclerotic plaque. This randomized study investigated the downstream cascade of other tests triggered by either CCTA or MPI when used for the initial evaluation of possible CAD. This study showed that the MPI strategy may result in less downstream test utilization for clinical decision making, although with a small increase of radiation exposure.</p>
        <p>While the relation between the relatively small radiation exposures due to medical studies cannot be fully demonstrated, due to the lack of prospective studies on this topic,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> there is still a growing concern among the public. The reported increase in radiation exposure due to medical studies in the United States in the last decades could be attributed mainly to the increased use of computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine procedures,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and for the latter use of MPI. The IAEA also has a mandate to promote the safe use of radiation, therefore the consideration that little was known on the worldwide use of MPI protocols and strategies for effective dose (ED) reduction prompted an international study, titled &#8220;IAEA Nuclear Cardiology Protocols Cross-Sectional Study (INCAPS)&#8221;. This study collected detailed information on protocols used in 308 nuclear cardiology laboratories, voluntarily enrolled in 65 countries worldwide. Participating centers were requested to report on MPI studies performed for a single week in March-April 2013. A total of 7911 patients were reported. The level of individual patients&#8217; ED was related to a quality index (QI) based on eight best practices<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> previously identified by a panel of international experts. Results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> provided a better understanding of current practice and opportunities to identify areas to improve quality of care and to reduce disparities, which in turn would decrease the global radiation burden from MPI. Particularly relevant were findings on a wide variation, regionally, of ED.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> This study has also shown that the use of stress-only protocols, when clinically feasible, may contribute to a significant reduction of ED.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Education and Training</title>
        <p>Due to the multidisciplinary nature of nuclear cardiology, all members of the imaging team should be properly trained and prepared to produce high quality results with the potential to affect patient management in a reliable and significant way. In many developing countries, nuclear medicine practitioners have limited access to educational resources and often have few opportunities for peer-to-peer discussion. From a survey through the IAEA Nuclear Medicine Data Base (NUMDAB),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> it appears that out of the more than 600 centers censored worldwide, as many as 40% do not practice nuclear cardiology at all.</p>
        <p>Qualified practice of nuclear cardiology needs sound training and education to make it an effective tool to confront the increasing incidence of CVDs. Well aware of this, the IAEA has started several educational projects to support nuclear cardiology practitioners from countries with limited resources and let them raise the standard of their practice to international standards. Training in nuclear cardiology poses a special challenge since it involves two medical specialties at the same time.</p>
        <p>In the last 10 years, through the Technical Cooperation program, the Nuclear Medicine Section has supported training for more than 500 practitioners from IAEA Member States; either as fellows placed in selected training centers or as participants to regional training courses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Human Health Campus</title>
        <p>Attuned to the continuous evolution of the medical field as well as to the advancement and diversity of methods in delivering capacity building efforts in this digital age, the IAEA&#8217;s Division of Human Health has enhanced its program by incorporating online educational resources for health professionals into its repertoire of projects to further its commitment in addressing the needs of its Member States in the field of radiation medicine and nutrition. The Human Health Campus (HHC) (/<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.humanhealth.iaea.org">www.humanhealth.iaea.org</ext-link>) is the online educational resources initiative towards enhancing professional knowledge of health professionals.</p>
        <p>Launched in October 2010, the HHC serves as a &#8216;virtual campus&#8217; with over 250.000 regular users from more than 100 countries, this educational website maintains a high quality standard by providing up-to-date technical information. This information is provided in collaboration with medical societies and international health experts, while adhering to robust educational strategies and methods to achieve its goals.</p>
        <p>The HHC includes a comprehensive section on nuclear medicine that covers the entire spectrum of clinical practice, with a well-developed section on nuclear cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Here nuclear cardiology practitioners will find directions to:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Teaching cases</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Lectures from IAEA training courses and meetings</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Guidelines on interpretation and reporting</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>E-learning modules covering:</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p>- Basics of ECG Interpretation for Nuclear Cardiology Practice</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>- Eight Best Practices for Nuclear Cardiology</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>- Myocardial Perfusion Imaging</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>- Gallery of Cardiology Cases: Asymptomatic Patients</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>- Atlas of Myocardial Perfusion SPECT Studies</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Guidelines/Recommendations, Publications and Conferences</title>
        <p>The HHC offers links to the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC), which provides a variety of Imaging Guidelines for Nuclear Cardiology Procedures with the corresponding most recent date of approval or endorsement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The Human Health Series is a publication line with titles in nuclear cardiology that provide comprehensive overview of CVDs as a public health problem in developing countries and on the evidence behind appropriateness and justification of nuclear cardiology methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A more recent and revised publication provides a detailed analysis of all the steps involved in the delivery of nuclear cardiology services, aiming at supporting the implementation, homogenization and enhancement of MPI practice in those Member States where the technique is under development. The aim is also to help strengthen already existing nuclear cardiology practices, to facilitate their update to currently accepted standards in order to provide better quality services for the population. Clinical scenarios where patients are most likely to benefit from SPECT or positron emission tomography (PET) MPI are clearly identified.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Over the years, the IAEA has become a Continuous Medical Education (CME) provider<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and has recently implemented awarding of CME credits to selected live educational events, such as conferences and regional training courses intended for practicing medical professionals (including nuclear cardiologists). These are organized by the IAEA Division of Human Health under the stringent rules of the European Accreditation Council for CME of the <italic>Union Europ&#233;enne des Medecins Specialists</italic> (EACCME/UEMS) guidelines and processes. The awarding of CME credits is an essential component in the maintenance of professional certification in most Member States. The CME credits are recognized worldwide.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Webinars in Nuclear Cardiology</title>
        <p>Webinars - a live media presentation over the internet - allows the dissemination of content to many simultaneous listeners/viewers individually or in auditoriums around the world, thereby facilitating the access to even remote locations. Additionally, these webinars are recorded, allowing continuous access to the lectures at the time and place of most convenience to the user. Since 2013, the IAEA in cooperation with the ASNC initiated a series of complimentary webinars designed to provide the best practices in Nuclear Cardiology.</p>
        <p>Offered as part of a joint educational series between ASNC and IAEA, these live, interactive webinars allow participants to evaluate and assess their skills and improve their knowledge with regard to best practices in nuclear cardiology. Twenty-one webinars have been broadcasted live and the recorded versions are accessible on-demand and freely available at the HHC. Those webinars cover a wide spectrum of teaching points,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> from &#8220;Basic MPI&#8221; and &#8220;Coronary Anatomy and the Physician Basis of Hyperemia and Coronary Flow&#8221; to &#8220;Incorporating Clinical and ECG Findings in to the Interpretation and Reporting of MPI&#8221;. Attendance to every webinar event has always been in the range of 250-300 registered participants worldwide. In addition, in order to have a broader coverage some of the webinars have been broadcasted in Spanish and French and soon in Arabic.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>International Conferences</title>
        <p>The IAEA has organized two international conferences on Integrated Medical Imaging in Cardiology (IMIC 2013 and IMIC 2016), both of them in Vienna. IMIC 2013 was attended by 270 participants from 70 countries and IMIC 2016 gathered 350 professionals from 88 Member States; in addition, more than 1000 professionals took advantage of the live streaming. Notably, both conferences had the support of several professional organizations in the field of nuclear medicine, cardiology and radiology. After fulfilling the rigorous requirements of the EACCME/UEMS, the conferences were granted 25 European CME credits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality Assurance/Improvement &amp; Management</title>
        <p>Quality management systems are an essential need for continuously improving effectiveness and efficiency of nuclear medicine services, including nuclear cardiology, to achieve the expectations of quality policies, customer satisfaction and improve professionalism in the specialty. Regular quality audits and assessments are vital for modern nuclear medicine services, including clinical, technical, radiopharmaceutical, medical physics and radiation safety procedures. Launched in 2016, the Quality Management in Nuclear Medicine (QUANUM) program<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> is being implemented by the IAEA worldwide. In addition to the training of specialised multidisciplinary teams of auditors, more than 50 Quality Management Audits in Nuclear Medicine have been carried-out in 29 countries across the globe. Nuclear cardiology practice is no exception and a special attention from the IAEA is being given to its practice worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical audits</title>
        <p>As an outcome-based organization, the IAEA has recently launched a worldwide clinical audit on MPI practice in emerging economies. The aim is to assess the outcome of IAEA activities in NC, through the Technical Cooperation program,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> considering the substantial level of investment both financially and in human resources from the Nuclear Medicine Section. This project is based on submission of clinical studies from a core lab to share-point as DICOM files of stress/rest MPI studies, together with the relevant clinical and ECG information. Participating centers, enrolled on a voluntary basis, preferably amongst those whose staff attended IAEA training courses, are required to download those studies. Studies are then processed as per local practice and reported back to the core lab on pre-defined forms. After collecting results, the core lab calculates the average of all parameters, SD and the median, and displaying the results distribution for each study. Each centre is assigned a secret code only they know to identify their performance in relation to others. From the graphs, each centre will be able to identify its position in comparison to other centres and to the average values. This project is still undergoing and its results will be published shortly.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mobile App</title>
        <p>In September 2017 the IAEA developed, in cooperation with the Italian Society of Nuclear Medicine, a smart phone app NUCARD that contains a guide to the appropriate use of nuclear cardiology in different clinical scenarios. NUCARD app is available for google and Android systems.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Nuclear cardiology has proved to be an important component of the management of patients affected, or suspected of being affected, by ischemic heart disease. CVDs are rising all over the world, and emerging economies are predicted to bear the highest price in terms of cardiac deaths. Thus the nuclear cardiology area should respond to the challenge with innovations that can be easily put in practice, especially in developing countries. In line with its mission to foster applications of nuclear techniques in human health, over the decades the IAEA is enabling communities around the world to take advantage of the benefits that nuclear cardiology has to offer. The structured support provided has been focused in three main areas: education, research and quality, thus covering different aspects ranging from the planning, establishing and setting up nuclear cardiology facilities; implementation of streamline and emerging clinical applications to the appropriate use of nuclear cardiology techniques; quality management and clinical audits and clinical research.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The Authors are indebted to Jo&#227;o Vitola, MD, for his help for the Portuguese translation of the Abstract.</p>
    </ack>
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              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Nuclear Cardiology: are we using the right protocols and tracers the right way? Review</chapter-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiovasc Drugs</source>
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s40256-017-0230-7</pub-id>
          <comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Casas-Zamora JA, Kashyap R. The IAEA technical cooperation programme and nuclear medicine in the developing world: objectives, trends, and contributions. Semin Nucl Med. 2013;43(3):172-80. DDondi Andreo Developing nuclear medicine in 2006. doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Casas-Zamora</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kashyap</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The IAEA technical cooperation programme and nuclear medicine in the developing world: objectives, trends, and contributions</article-title>
          <source>Semin Nucl Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>172</fpage>
          <lpage>180</lpage>
          <comment>DDondi Andreo Developing nuclear medicine in 2006. doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.007</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como Melhorar as Pr&#225;ticas de Medicina Nuclear em Cardiologia nas Economias Emergentes: Papel da Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dondi</surname>
            <given-names>Maurizio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pascual</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paez</surname>
            <given-names>Diana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Se&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Nuclear e Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem, Divis&#227;o de Sa&#250;de Humana, Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica, Viena - &#193;ustria</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maurizio Dondi,</bold> Via Laura Bassi Veratti, 53. CEP: 40137, Viena - &#193;ustria E-mail: <email>mauriziodondi@yahoo.it</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Dondi M, Pascual T, Paez D. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Dondi M. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dondi M, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Dondi M, Pascual T, Paez D. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Paez D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs) representam 38% do total das doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DNTs), seguidas de c&#226;ncer com 27%. Os pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda (PBMRs) s&#227;o particularmente afetados pelas DCVs, j&#225; que mais de 75% de todas as mortes por DCV ocorrem nesses pa&#237;ses. Os dados progn&#243;sticos globais s&#227;o alarmantes, pois estima-se que 23,6 milh&#245;es de pessoas morrer&#227;o por ano devido a DCVs at&#233; 2030. Por esse motivo, a Agenda de Desenvolvimento Sustent&#225;vel das Na&#231;&#245;es Unidas, com seus Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent&#225;vel (ODSs), visa a reduzir a mortalidade precoce por DNT em 30% at&#233; 2030. Dentro da fam&#237;lia das Na&#231;&#245;es Unidas, a Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica (AIEA) est&#225; encarregada de promover o uso seguro e pac&#237;fico das tecnologias nucleares. A AIEA est&#225; fortemente empenhada em realizar a Agenda das Na&#231;&#245;es Unidas de 2030 e, atrav&#233;s da Divis&#227;o de Sa&#250;de Humana, contribuir para o sucesso dos ODSs. Um dos principais objetivos da Divis&#227;o de Sa&#250;de Humana &#233; apoiar os Estados Membros para enfrentar o &#244;nus das DCVs atrav&#233;s do seu subprograma de Medicina Nuclear e Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem. Isto &#233; conseguido apoiando o estabelecimento e o fortalecimento das capacidades dos Estados Membros para oferecer o uso apropriado e seguro de aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de cardiologia nuclear. O apoio consiste em ajudar os pa&#237;ses nos est&#225;gios de planejamento e implementa&#231;&#227;o, fornecendo treinamento, mantendo e melhorando a qualidade da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, estabelecendo sistemas de gerenciamento de qualidade e aconselhando sobre como cumprir os padr&#245;es internacionais, al&#233;m de usar a tecnologia de forma adequada e segura. Esta revis&#227;o abranger&#225; as atividades da AIEA para promover, implementar e apoiar aplica&#231;&#245;es nucleares em cardiologia em PBMRs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina Nuclear</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio/cintilografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ag&#234;ncias Internacionais</kwd>
        <kwd>Energia Nuclear</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em 2015, a Organiza&#231;&#227;o das Na&#231;&#245;es Unidas (ONU) adotou a &#8220;Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustent&#225;vel&#8221; que inclui 17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent&#225;vel (ODSs), visando a erradicar a pobreza e a combater as desigualdades e a mudan&#231;a clim&#225;tica. Os ODSs abrangem uma variedade de necessidades sociais, como educa&#231;&#227;o, sa&#250;de, prote&#231;&#227;o social e oportunidade de trabalho. O ODS n&#250;mero 3 se concentra em assegurar uma vida saud&#225;vel e promover o bem-estar para todos em todas as idades. Tal objetivo contempla todas as principais prioridades de sa&#250;de, incluindo doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DNTs), estimadas como respons&#225;veis por 52% de todas as mortes de indiv&#237;duos com menos de 70 anos de idade, comumente referidas como mortes prematuras. As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs) representam 38% das causas de morte por DNT, seguidas pelo c&#226;ncer, com 27%.</p>
        <p>A Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica (AIEA) foi fundada em 1957 como a organiza&#231;&#227;o mundial de &#8220;&#193;tomos para a Paz&#8221; vinculada &#224; ONU, ficando encarregada de trabalhar com seus Estados Membros e multiplicar parceiros pelo mundo para promover o uso seguro e pac&#237;fico das tecnologias nucleares. Os objetivos da dupla miss&#227;o da AIEA - para promover e controlar o &#193;tomo - s&#227;o definidos no Artigo II do Estatuto da AIEA. &#8220;A Ag&#234;ncia buscar&#225; acelerar e ampliar a contribui&#231;&#227;o da energia at&#244;mica para a paz, a sa&#250;de e a prosperidade no mundo. A AIEA deve assegurar, tanto quanto poss&#237;vel, que a assist&#234;ncia prestada por ela ou a seu pedido ou sob sua supervis&#227;o e controle n&#227;o seja usada para qualquer fim militar&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Tal miss&#227;o visa em especial os pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda (PBMRs), segundo a defini&#231;&#227;o do Banco Mundial, que s&#227;o os Estados Membros considerados no trabalho da AIEA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> para a introdu&#231;&#227;o e a expans&#227;o das t&#233;cnicas nucleares em cuidados de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>O papel das t&#233;cnicas nucleares em cardiologia</title>
          <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, a carga global de doen&#231;a mudou significativamente, passando das doen&#231;as transmiss&#237;veis infecciosas para as DNTs. De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), mais de 38 milh&#245;es de pessoas morrem a cada ano como consequ&#234;ncia das DNTs. As DCVs s&#227;o o maior subgrupo de DNTs, matando mais de 17,5 milh&#245;es de pessoas por ano, o que corresponde a 31% de todas as mortes globais. Mais pessoas morrem por DCV no mundo do que por qualquer outra causa. As propor&#231;&#245;es epid&#234;micas da carga global de DCV caminha lado a lado com o aumento dos fatores de risco comuns, como obesidade, diabetes, inatividade f&#237;sica e dieta deficiente. Os PBMRs enfrentam a maior carga de DCV, pois neles ocorrem mais de 75% das mortes por DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Enquanto nos pa&#237;ses de alta renda a taxa de mortalidade ajustada por idade por DCV diminuiu em 43% de 1990 a 2013, nos PBMRs, o decl&#237;nio na mortalidade por DCV n&#227;o foi t&#227;o acentuado (&lt; 11%). Al&#233;m disso, houve uma explos&#227;o no n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos afetados por DVCs em idades mais precoces e potencialmente mais produtivas, limitando, portanto, sua contribui&#231;&#227;o para o desenvolvimento econ&#244;mico de seus pa&#237;ses. &#201; prov&#225;vel que isso se deva &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco, como tabagismo, obesidade e inatividade f&#237;sica. Acesso limitado aos cuidados b&#225;sicos para DCV, como manejo de hipertens&#227;o, colesterol alto, diabetes e eventos agudos (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral), acesso deficiente a medicamentos e tecnologia, e limita&#231;&#227;o ou falta de pessoal treinado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> tamb&#233;m podem contribuir.</p>
          <p>Os exames m&#233;dicos por imagem revolucionaram a assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas ao permitirem o manejo de doen&#231;a individualizado e adaptado ao paciente. O valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o (CMP) na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225; bem estabelecido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> As t&#233;cnicas nucleares n&#227;o fornecem apenas dados de perfus&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o, que auxiliam na tomada de decis&#227;o quanto ao manejo; fornecem tamb&#233;m informa&#231;&#227;o como dilata&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica transit&#243;ria (DIT) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s estresse, capta&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e atordoamento mioc&#225;rdico, que tamb&#233;m auxiliam no processo de tomada de decis&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a CMP &#233; usada a partir da perspectiva da economia da sa&#250;de como um porteiro para os procedimentos invasivos mais onerosos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> o que determinou sua r&#225;pida dissemina&#231;&#227;o no mundo, inclusive nos PBMRs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>O trabalho da AIEA em cardiologia nuclear</title>
          <p>Entre outros programas da AIEA, aquele dedicado &#224; Sa&#250;de Humana tem por objetivo aprimorar as capacidades dos Estados Membros da AIEA para abordar quest&#245;es relacionadas a preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de problemas de sa&#250;de, auxiliando o desenvolvimento e a aplica&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas nucleares nos cuidados de sa&#250;de, num contexto de garantia de qualidade. Como parte do programa de Sa&#250;de Humana, o subprograma de Medicina Nuclear foca em especial nas aplica&#231;&#245;es em cardiologia. Tal tarefa &#233; realizada por meio de diferentes atividades, que variam desde pesquisa cl&#237;nica at&#233; treinamento e educa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atividades de Pesquisa Coordenada</title>
          <p>As atividades de pesquisa da AIEA s&#227;o desenvolvidas atrav&#233;s de Projetos de Pesquisa Coordenada (PPCs), que re&#250;nem institutos de pesquisa dos Estados Membros, tanto em desenvolvimento quanto desenvolvidos, para colaborar em t&#243;picos de interesse comum. Em geral, os grupos s&#227;o formados por 10 a 15 institui&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa que trabalham para adquirir e disseminar conhecimento novo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Al&#233;m da promo&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa atrav&#233;s de publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas revisadas pelos pares, os produtos dos PPCs incluem o estabelecimento de redes e bancos de dados, o desenvolvimento de dispositivos/ferramentas para diagn&#243;stico e teste, a transfer&#234;ncia de tecnologia atrav&#233;s de projetos de coopera&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica, e disserta&#231;&#245;es de mestrado e teses de doutorado.</p>
          <p>A pesquisa ocorre nas institui&#231;&#245;es participantes identificadas nos PPCs, contratos t&#233;cnicos e de doutorado, e acordos de pesquisa gratuitos. A AIEA atua como patrocinador e coordenador, tendo um membro da AIEA, o administrador do projeto, designado para liderar cada PPC.</p>
          <p>Como a transfer&#234;ncia de tecnologia &#233; um dos principais objetivos dos PPCs, em geral abordam t&#243;picos cl&#237;nicos j&#225; explorados em pa&#237;ses de alta renda, onde os pacientes podem ter acesso a terapias e diagn&#243;sticos de alto n&#237;vel. Por isso, podem n&#227;o ser representativos de situa&#231;&#245;es encontradas em diferentes cen&#225;rios, como as de economias emergentes, em que os recursos financeiros s&#227;o escassos e o acesso a terapias de alto n&#237;vel pode n&#227;o estar garantido. Em alguns casos, os PPCs podem levar a resultados ligeiramente diferentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pesquisa cl&#237;nica em cardiologia nuclear: resultados dos PPCs da AIEA</title>
          <p>O uso de CMP em diabetes assintom&#225;tico, uma epidemia crescente particularmente no mundo em desenvolvimento devido &#224; ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos de vida e alimentares ocidentalizados, foi investigado em um PPC. Conforme estimativa da OMS, mais de 400 milh&#245;es de pessoas s&#227;o afetadas por diabetes tipo 2, n&#250;mero esse que quase quadruplicou nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos. Enquanto outros estudos sobre o uso de CMP nesse contexto cl&#237;nico espec&#237;fico relataram uma incid&#234;ncia similar de isquemia em diab&#233;ticos assintom&#225;ticos, em compara&#231;&#227;o a n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos com outros fatores de risco,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> os resultados do PPC da AIEA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> mostraram que tal conclus&#227;o n&#227;o necessariamente se aplica a popula&#231;&#245;es do mundo em desenvolvimento. Talvez isso se deva &#224; falta de controle dos fatores de risco e da otimiza&#231;&#227;o do manejo. Um importante achado a se considerar: a pesquisa cl&#237;nica de pa&#237;ses e centros de alto n&#237;vel, onde os pacientes recebem o melhor tratamento poss&#237;vel, pode ter melhores resultados. Al&#233;m disso, esse PPC estimulou alguns pa&#237;ses, como Cuba e Arg&#233;lia, a conduzirem estudo detalhado nesse assunto em &#226;mbito nacional.</p>
          <p>Em outro estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> explorou-se a associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros de n&#227;o perfus&#227;o e isquemia em CMP com imagens tomogr&#225;ficas (tomografia computadorizada com emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico - SPECT) sincronizada com ECG (<italic>gated</italic>) para avaliar se havia associa&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (VE) anormal de repouso e da dissincronia intraventricular com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida. Tal estudo revelou que as diferen&#231;as basais no volume VE e no grau de dissincronia acham-se associadas com isquemia induzida no teste de estresse em uma <italic>gated</italic>-CMP-SPECT, sendo que a isquemia induzida por estresse aumenta o grau de dissincronia intraventricular.</p>
          <p>A <italic>gated</italic>-CMP-SPECT oferece uma oportunidade &#250;nica para se avaliar a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em um &#250;nico estudo. Um poss&#237;vel limite, entretanto, &#233; que o atraso entre inje&#231;&#227;o e aquisi&#231;&#227;o no pico do estresse, tipicamente entre 45 e 60 min, possa impedir a detec&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o VE transit&#243;ria p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mica devido a atordoamento mioc&#225;rdico em pacientes com DAC. O objetivo de um estudo multic&#234;ntrico com apoio da AIEA foi determinar se a aquisi&#231;&#227;o precoce de imagem ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio, i.e., nos 15 min ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o no pico do estresse, apresenta maior probabilidade de detectar atordoamento VE do que a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem ap&#243;s os 45-60 min convencionais, sem comprometer a qualidade da imagem ou a informa&#231;&#227;o sobre perfus&#227;o. A perfus&#227;o foi avaliada quantitativamente, assim como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE (FEVE). A isquemia foi avaliada usando-se a soma de escores diferenciados, sendo o atordoamento a diferen&#231;a entre a FEVE de repouso e aquela ap&#243;s estresse. Os resultados desse PPC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> mostraram que a qualidade da imagem e a informa&#231;&#227;o sobre perfus&#227;o foram similares nos estudos ap&#243;s estresse precoce e tardio. Observou-se ainda uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre FEVE e isquemia, que foi mais forte nas imagens de estresse precoce do que naquelas do tempo convencional ao se comparar popula&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;mica e n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. Concluiu-se, portanto, que a aquisi&#231;&#227;o precoce de imagem ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio &#233; vi&#225;vel e pode aprimorar a detec&#231;&#227;o de atordoamento p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mico sem comprometer a qualidade da imagem e a informa&#231;&#227;o sobre perfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Em outro PPC, um estudo multic&#234;ntrico internacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> realizou uma compara&#231;&#227;o cabe&#231;a a cabe&#231;a do uso de angiotomografia coronariana (ATC) e de CMP em pacientes com suspeita de DAC. As duas modalidades s&#227;o com frequ&#234;ncia usadas de modo alternado, embora explorem dois aspectos diferentes da DAC. Na verdade, a ATC detecta a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a anat&#244;mica e sua extens&#227;o, mas fornece informa&#231;&#227;o limitada quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de isquemia. Por outro lado, a CMP fornece dados funcionais sobre os efeitos de poss&#237;vel estenose coronariana na perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, mas n&#227;o permite a visualiza&#231;&#227;o direta da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. Esse estudo randomizado investigou o desencadeamento de uma cascata de outros exames a partir da ATC ou da CMP quando usadas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de poss&#237;vel DAC. Esse estudo mostrou que a estrat&#233;gia da CMP pode resultar em menor uso de testes para tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, embora com um pequeno aumento da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Embora a rela&#231;&#227;o com a relativamente pequena exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o decorrente dos exames m&#233;dicos n&#227;o possa ser totalmente demonstrada, devido &#224; falta de estudos prospectivos sobre o assunto,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> h&#225; crescente preocupa&#231;&#227;o entre a popula&#231;&#227;o. O aumento relatado na exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o por exames m&#233;dicos nos Estados Unidos nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas pode ser atribu&#237;do principalmente ao maior uso de tomografia computadorizada (TC), procedimentos de medicina nuclear,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e CMP. A AIEA est&#225; encarregada de promover o uso seguro da radia&#231;&#227;o; assim, a constata&#231;&#227;o de que pouco se sabia quanto ao uso no &#226;mbito mundial de protocolos e estrat&#233;gias de CMP para a redu&#231;&#227;o da dose efetiva (DE) incitou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um estudo internacional, intitulado &#8220;<italic>IAEA Nuclear Cardiology Protocols Cross-Sectional Study (INCAPS)</italic>&#8221;. Tal estudo coletou informa&#231;&#227;o detalhada sobre protocolos usados em 308 laborat&#243;rios de cardiologia nuclear, voluntariamente arrolados em 65 pa&#237;ses. Os centros participantes foram solicitados a informar sobre exames de CMP realizados durante uma &#250;nica semana em mar&#231;o-abril de 2013. Foi relatado um total de 7911 pacientes. O n&#237;vel de DE individual dos pacientes foi relacionado a um &#237;ndice de qualidade (IQ) baseado em oito melhores pr&#225;ticas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> previamente identificadas por um painel de especialistas internacionais. Os resultados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> melhoraram a compreens&#227;o da pr&#225;tica e as oportunidades atuais para identificar &#225;reas para aprimorar a qualidade do cuidado e reduzir disparidades, o que, por sua vez, reduziria a carga global de radia&#231;&#227;o por CMP. De particular relev&#226;ncia foram os achados sobre uma ampla varia&#231;&#227;o, regional, de DE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Tal estudo tamb&#233;m demonstrou que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de protocolos apenas de estresse, quando clinicamente vi&#225;vel, pode contribuir para uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o na DE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Educa&#231;&#227;o e Treinamento</title>
          <p>Devido &#224; natureza multidisciplinar da cardiologia nuclear, todos os membros da equipe de exame de imagem devem ser adequadamente treinados e preparados para produzir resultados de alta qualidade que podem afetar o manejo do paciente de maneira confi&#225;vel e significativa. Em muitos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, os praticantes da medicina nuclear t&#234;m limitado acesso aos recursos educacionais, tendo, com frequ&#234;ncia, poucas oportunidades para discuss&#227;o com seus pares. Segundo uma pesquisa no Banco de Dados de Medicina Nuclear (NUMDAB) da AIEA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> parece que dos mais de 600 centros censurados em &#226;mbito mundial, 40% n&#227;o praticam nada de cardiologia nuclear.</p>
          <p>A pr&#225;tica qualificada da cardiologia nuclear requer treinamento s&#243;lido e educa&#231;&#227;o para torn&#225;-la uma ferramenta efetiva no combate &#224; crescente incid&#234;ncia das DCVs. Ciente disso, a AIEA iniciou v&#225;rios projetos educacionais de apoio aos praticantes da cardiologia nuclear em pa&#237;ses com recursos limitados, de modo a elevar o n&#237;vel de sua pr&#225;tica a padr&#245;es internacionais. O treinamento em cardiologia nuclear representa um desafio especial, pois envolve duas especialidades m&#233;dicas ao mesmo tempo.</p>
          <p>Nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos, atrav&#233;s do programa de Coopera&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnica, o Setor de Medicina Nuclear auxiliou o treinamento de mais de 500 praticantes de Estados Membros da AIEA, tanto com sua aloca&#231;&#227;o em centros de treinamento selecionados como com sua participa&#231;&#227;o em cursos regionais de treinamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Campus de Sa&#250;de Humana</title>
          <p>Em sintonia com a cont&#237;nua evolu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea m&#233;dica, assim como com o avan&#231;o e a diversidade dos m&#233;todos para a promo&#231;&#227;o de desenvolvimento de esfor&#231;os nesta era digital, a Divis&#227;o de Sa&#250;de Humana da AIEA aprimorou seu programa com a incorpora&#231;&#227;o, em seu repert&#243;rio de projetos, de recursos educacionais <italic>online</italic> para profissionais de sa&#250;de a fim de promover seu compromisso na abordagem das necessidades dos seus Estados Membros nos campos de medicina nuclear e nutri&#231;&#227;o. O <italic>Campus</italic> de Sa&#250;de Humana (HHC) (/<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.humanhealth.iaea.org">www.humanhealth.iaea.org</ext-link>) &#233; uma iniciativa de recursos educacionais <italic>online</italic> que visa aprimorar o conhecimento dos profissionais de sa&#250;de.</p>
          <p>Lan&#231;ado em outubro de 2010, o HHC atua como um &#8216;<italic>campus</italic> virtual&#8217; com mais de 250.000 usu&#225;rios regulares de mais de 100 pa&#237;ses. Esse <italic>website</italic> educacional mant&#233;m padr&#227;o de alta qualidade, fornecendo informa&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica atualizada, que &#233; disponibilizada em colabora&#231;&#227;o com sociedades m&#233;dicas e especialistas em sa&#250;de internacionais, em conformidade com s&#243;lidas estrat&#233;gias e m&#233;todos educacionais para a obten&#231;&#227;o de seus objetivos.</p>
          <p>O HHC inclui uma ampla se&#231;&#227;o sobre medicina nuclear que cobre todo o espectro da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, com uma se&#231;&#227;o bem desenvolvida sobre cardiologia nuclear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A seguir, algumas orienta&#231;&#245;es para os praticantes da cardiologia nuclear:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Casos para ensino</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Palestras dos cursos e reuni&#245;es de treinamento da AIEA</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Diretrizes sobre interpreta&#231;&#227;o e laudos</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>M&#243;dulos de aprendizagem eletr&#244;nica sobre:</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Interpreta&#231;&#227;o B&#225;sica de ECG para a Pr&#225;tica de Cardiologia Nuclear</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Oito Melhores Pr&#225;ticas para Cardiologia Nuclear</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Cintilografia Mioc&#225;rdica de Perfus&#227;o</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Galeria de Casos de Cardiologia: Pacientes Assintom&#225;ticos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Atlas dos Exames de Cintilografia Mioc&#225;rdica de Perfus&#227;o-SPECT</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diretrizes/Recomenda&#231;&#245;es, Publica&#231;&#245;es e Confer&#234;ncias</title>
          <p>O HHC oferece <italic>links</italic> para a Sociedade Americana de Cardiologia Nuclear (ASNC), que disponibiliza uma variedade de Diretrizes de Imagem para Procedimentos de Cardiologia Nuclear com as respectivas datas mais recentes de aprova&#231;&#227;o ou endosso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A <italic>Human Health Series</italic> &#233; uma linha de publica&#231;&#227;o com t&#237;tulos em cardiologia nuclear que fornece n&#227;o apenas uma vis&#227;o geral abrangente sobre a DCV como problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, mas ainda a evid&#234;ncia subjacente &#224; adequa&#231;&#227;o e &#224; justificativa dos m&#233;todos de cardiologia nuclear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A publica&#231;&#227;o mais recente e revisada traz uma detalhada an&#225;lise de todos os passos envolvidos na presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de cardiologia nuclear, visando auxiliar a implementa&#231;&#227;o, a homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o e o aprimoramento da pr&#225;tica de CMP nos Estados Membros onde a t&#233;cnica est&#225; sendo desenvolvida. Tem ainda por objetivo auxiliar a consolidar as pr&#225;ticas de cardiologia nuclear j&#225; existentes, para facilitar sua atualiza&#231;&#227;o para padr&#245;es atualmente aceitos para prestar servi&#231;os de melhor qualidade &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o. Os cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos em que os pacientes t&#234;m mais chance de se beneficiar da CMP com SPECT ou tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitron (PET) foram claramente identificados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Ao longo dos anos, a AIEA tornou-se um provedor de Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Continuada (EMC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> tendo recentemente implementado a concess&#227;o de cr&#233;ditos de EMC para alguns eventos educacionais presenciais, como confer&#234;ncias e cursos regionais de treinamento destinados &#224; pr&#225;tica de profissionais m&#233;dicos (incluindo cardiologistas nucleares). Tais eventos s&#227;o organizados pela Divis&#227;o de Sa&#250;de Humana da AIEA em conformidade com as r&#237;gidas regras do Conselho Europeu de Acredita&#231;&#227;o para EMC de diretrizes e processos da <italic>Union Europ&#233;enne des Medecins Specialists</italic> (EACCME/UEMS). A concess&#227;o de cr&#233;ditos de EMC &#233; essencial para a manuten&#231;&#227;o de certifica&#231;&#227;o profissional na maioria dos Estados Membros. Os cr&#233;ditos de EMC t&#234;m reconhecimento mundial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title><italic>Webinars</italic> em Cardiologia Nuclear</title>
          <p><italic>Webinars</italic> - uma m&#237;dia de apresenta&#231;&#227;o ao vivo na internet - permitem a dissemina&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de conte&#250;do para v&#225;rios ouvintes/espectadores individualmente ou em audit&#243;rios em &#226;mbito mundial, facilitando, assim, o acesso a localiza&#231;&#245;es remotas. Al&#233;m disso, os <italic>webinars</italic> s&#227;o gravados, permitindo cont&#237;nuo acesso a palestras no momento e no local mais conveniente ao usu&#225;rio. Desde 2013, a AIEA em coopera&#231;&#227;o com a ASNC iniciou uma s&#233;rie de <italic>webinars</italic> de cortesia para promover as melhores pr&#225;ticas em cardiologia nuclear.</p>
          <p>Oferecidos como uma iniciativa educacional conjunta entre a ASNC e a AIEA, esses <italic>webinars</italic> interativos e ao vivo permitem aos participantes avaliar suas habilidades e aprimorar seu conhecimento referente &#224;s melhores pr&#225;ticas em cardiologia nuclear. Houve transmiss&#227;o ao vivo de 21 <italic>webinars</italic>, sendo suas vers&#245;es gravadas disponibilizadas mediante demanda e gratuitamente no HHC. Esses <italic>webinars</italic> abrangem um amplo espectro,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> desde &#8220;CMP b&#225;sica&#8221; e &#8220;Anatomia Coronariana e Base de Hiperemia e Fluxo Coronariano para o M&#233;dico&#8221; at&#233; &#8220;Incorpora&#231;&#227;o dos Achados Cl&#237;nicos e de ECG na Interpreta&#231;&#227;o e no Laudo da CMP&#8221;. O comparecimento a cada evento <italic>webinar</italic> sempre variou em torno de 250-300 inscritos em &#226;mbito mundial. Al&#233;m disso, para ampliar a cobertura, alguns <italic>webinars</italic> foram transmitidos em espanhol e franc&#234;s, e, muito breve, ser&#227;o em &#225;rabe.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Confer&#234;ncias Internacionais</title>
          <p>A AIEA organizou duas confer&#234;ncias internacionais sobre Exames M&#233;dicos de Imagem Integrados em Cardiologia (IMIC 2013 e IMIC 2016), ambas em Viena. A IMIC 2013 teve audi&#234;ncia de 270 participantes de 70 pa&#237;ses, e a IMIC 2016 juntou 350 profissionais de 88 Estados Membros, tendo mais de 1000 profissionais usufru&#237;do da transmiss&#227;o ao vivo. Importante notar que as duas confer&#234;ncias contaram com o apoio de v&#225;rias organiza&#231;&#245;es profissionais das &#225;reas de Medicina Nuclear, Cardiologia e Radiologia. Ap&#243;s atender aos rigorosos crit&#233;rios da EACCME/UEMS, atribu&#237;ram-se 25 cr&#233;ditos de EMC europeia &#224;s confer&#234;ncias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Garantia/Aprimoramento &amp; Manejo de Qualidade</title>
          <p>Sistemas de manejo de qualidade s&#227;o essenciais para o cont&#237;nuo aprimoramento da efetividade e da efici&#234;ncia dos servi&#231;os de Medicina Nuclear, incluindo cardiologia nuclear, para que se alcancem as expectativas das pol&#237;ticas de qualidade e satisfa&#231;&#227;o do cliente, e para melhorar o profissionalismo na especialidade. Auditorias e avalia&#231;&#245;es regulares de qualidade s&#227;o vitais para os modernos servi&#231;os de medicina nuclear, e incluem procedimentos cl&#237;nicos, t&#233;cnicas, radiof&#225;rmacos, f&#237;sica m&#233;dica e seguran&#231;a para radia&#231;&#227;o. Lan&#231;ado em 2016, o programa de Manejo de Qualidade em Medicina Nuclear (QUANUM, sigla em ingl&#234;s)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> est&#225; sendo implementado pela AIEA em &#226;mbito mundial. Al&#233;m disso, para o treinamento de equipes multidisciplinares de auditores especializados, mais de 50 auditorias em manejo de qualidade em Medicina Nuclear foram realizadas em 29 pa&#237;ses. A cardiologia nuclear n&#227;o &#233; exce&#231;&#227;o, e a AIEA est&#225; dando especial aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua pr&#225;tica em &#226;mbito mundial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Auditoria Cl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>Sendo uma organiza&#231;&#227;o que tem os resultados por base, a AIEA recentemente lan&#231;ou uma auditoria cl&#237;nica de abrang&#234;ncia mundial sobre a pr&#225;tica de CMP em economias emergentes. O objetivo &#233; avaliar os resultados das atividades da AIEA em cardiologia nuclear atrav&#233;s do Programa de Coopera&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> considerando o substancial n&#237;vel de investimento financeiro e em recursos humanos do setor de Medicina Nuclear. Esse projeto &#233; baseado na submiss&#227;o de estudos cl&#237;nicos a partir de um laborat&#243;rio central para uma plataforma de aplica&#231;&#227;o como um arquivo DICOM de exames de CMP de estresse/repouso, juntamente com a informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica relevante e dados de ECG. Os centros participantes, arrolados voluntariamente, de prefer&#234;ncia entre aqueles cujo pessoal participou de cursos de treinamento da AIEA, t&#234;m que baixar tais estudos, que s&#227;o ent&#227;o processados segundo as pr&#225;ticas locais e reportados de volta ao laborat&#243;rio central em formul&#225;rios pr&#233;-definidos. Ap&#243;s a coleta dos resultados, o laborat&#243;rio central calcula a m&#233;dia de todos os par&#226;metros, desvio-padr&#227;o e mediana, e apresenta a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para cada estudo. Para cada centro, atribui-se um c&#243;digo secreto, que &#233; do conhecimento apenas de cada um, para identificar seu desempenho em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais. A partir dos gr&#225;ficos, cada centro poder&#225; identificar sua posi&#231;&#227;o na compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais e os valores m&#233;dios. Esse projeto est&#225; em andamento e seus resultados ser&#227;o publicados em breve.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aplicativos M&#243;veis</title>
          <p>Em setembro de 2017, a AIEA desenvolveu, em coopera&#231;&#227;o com a Sociedade Italiana de Medicina Nuclear, o aplicativo NUCARD para celular, contendo um guia para o uso adequado da cardiologia nuclear em diferentes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos. O aplicativo NUCARD acha-se dispon&#237;vel para sistemas Google e Android.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A cardiologia nuclear provou ser importante para o manejo de pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica ou suspeita da mesma. As DCVs est&#227;o crescendo em todo o mundo, e h&#225; previs&#227;o de que as economias emergentes pagar&#227;o o maior pre&#231;o em termos de mortes card&#237;acas. Assim, a cardiologia nuclear deve responder ao desafio com inova&#231;&#245;es que possam ser facilmente postas em pr&#225;tica, em especial nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Alinhada com essa miss&#227;o para promover aplica&#231;&#245;es de t&#233;cnicas nucleares na sa&#250;de humana, ao longo de d&#233;cadas, a AIEA est&#225; capacitando comunidades pelo mundo afora para usufruir dos benef&#237;cios da cardiologia nuclear. O aux&#237;lio estruturado oferecido teve por foco tr&#234;s &#225;reas principais - educa&#231;&#227;o, pesquisa e qualidade -, cobrindo os diferentes aspectos: planejamento e estabelecimento de instala&#231;&#245;es de cardiologia nuclear; implementa&#231;&#227;o de aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas simplificadas e emergentes para o uso adequado de t&#233;cnicas de cardiologia nuclear; manejo de qualidade e auditoria cl&#237;nica e pesquisa cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores s&#227;o gratos ao Dr. Jo&#227;o Vitola por sua ajuda na tradu&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Abstract</italic> para o portugu&#234;s.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
