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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rKbGkJ3z9N3z6MBzvdQM9ss</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000100022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170091</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correlation Between Physical Activity and Clinical Variables in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Teresa Glaser</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Thays Fraga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maiochi</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa Sarda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Leo da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fattah</surname>
            <given-names>Tammuz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Jos&#233;</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina - ICSC, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFSC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Polydoro Ernani de S&#227;o Thiago</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Florian&#243;polis</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Polydoro Ernani de S&#227;o Thiago - HU/UFSC, - Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Sul de Santa Cataria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Palho&#231;a</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Cataria - Unisul, Palho&#231;a, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Teresa Glaser Carvalho</bold> Rod. Haroldo Soares Glavan, 929 casa 24. Postal Code: 88050-005, Cacup&#233;, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil. E-mail: <email>dra.anacarvalho@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Carvalho ATG, Duarte TF, Maiochi AS, Moreira DM, Silva RL. Acquisition of data: Carvalho ATG, Duarte TF, Maiochi AS, Silva RL, Fattah T. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Moreira DM, Silva RL, Fattah T. Statistical analysis: Moreira DM. Writing of the manuscript: Carvalho ATG, Duarte TF, Maiochi AS, Moreira DM, Silva RL, Fattah T. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Moreira DM, Silva RL, Fattah T. Supervision / as the major investigador: Moreira DM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jan-Feb</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>22</fpage>
      <lpage>25</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Physical activity reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, one of the leading causes of death in the world.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study intends to correlate physical activity and clinical variables of the patients hospitalized in public hospitals of Santa Catarina after the first acute myocardial infarction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The selected patients answered a questionnaire on different clinical variables. Physical activity was measured using the Baecke's questionnaire. Data were tabulated and analyzed using the SPSS 13.0 for Windows software. Normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Correlations between two quantitative variables were evaluated by Pearson's correlation. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The study showed a weak positive correlation between the Baecke score and years of schooling (r = 0.361; p = 0.001). There was a weak negative correlation between the Baecke score and the PHQ9 depression score (r = -0.252; p = 0.009). The study also showed a weak negative correlation between the PHQ9 depression score and the Mini Mental score (r = -0.258; p = 0.007), as well as a weak negative correlation between PHQ9 and schooling years with (r = -0.199, p = 0.039).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>There is a positive correlation between physical activity and years of schooling in hospitalized patients with first acute myocardial infarction. Negative correlations were found between physical activity and depression, between depression and the Mini-Mental State Examination, and between depression and years of schooling in these patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Fitness</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Myocardial ischemia is the initial step in the development of acute myocardial infarction, and results from an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. It is mainly caused by coronary artery disease, which is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies suggest that changes in lifestyle are of paramount importance for individuals of both sexes and all ages, from all geographic regions, and belonging to the main ethnic groups. Practice of moderate physical activity should be one of the priorities in the prevention of coronary artery disease in all populations worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown the benefits of physical activities in the reduction of the risks of coronary disease. Sedentary lifestyle is an independent risk factor for acute myocardial infarction, and is directly related to low HDL-cholesterol levels, weight gain, increase in blood pressure and in coagulation factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There is evidence indicating a dose-dependent, inverse relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular events. Aerobic physical activity from moderate-to-vigorous intensity is recommended, on average, from three to four times a week, with 40-minute duration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study aims to correlate physical activity, measured by the Baecke questionnaire, with other clinical variables in inpatients after a first acute myocardial infarction at public hospitals in Santa Catarina, Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was an analysis of Catarina Heart Study, a cohort, prospective study that intends to evaluate 1,426 patients by the year 2020. A convenience sample of consecutive patients, attending public hospitals in Santa Catarina, diagnosed with first acute myocardial infarction, answered a questionnaire on clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and angiographic variables between July and December 2016.</p>
      <p>Physical activity was assessed by the Baecke questionnaire, composed of 16 questions that encompassed three scores of habitual physical activity in the last 12 months: score of occupational physical activity (eight questions), score of physical activity during leisure time (four questions), and score of leisure- or transport-related physical activity (four questions). In this study, we used the scores of physical activity during leisure time, and the score of leisure- or transport-related physical activity, validated for the Brazilian population; the sum of these two scores yielded the total score.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Depression was assessed by the PHQ9, consisting of a nine-question questionnaire that evaluates the presence of each of the symptoms of major depression, described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). The nine symptoms were depressed mood, anhedonia, sleeping problems, tiredness or loss of energy, appetite or weight change, psychomotor agitation or retardation, suicidal ideation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were the following: age older than 18 years, precordial pain suggestive of acute myocardial infarction associated with new ST elevation at the J-point in two contiguous leads of &gt; 0.1 mV in all leads other than leads V2-V3. For leads V2-V3, the following cut points were apply: &#8805; 0.2 mV in men &#8805; 40 years, &#8805; 0.25 mV in men &lt; 40 years, or &#8805; 0.15 mV in women; or presence of precordial pain suggestive of acute myocardial infarction associated with elevation or troponin I or CK-MB above the 99th percentile of normal. Exclusion criteria included previous acute myocardial infarction, and disagreement of consent form and terms.</p>
      <p>The primary outcome of the study was to assess the physical activity of inpatients with first infarction using the Baecke score, and its correlation with years of schooling. Secondary outcomes were the correlation of physical activity with depressive moods, evaluated by the PHQ9; the correlation of physical activity with mental state using the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the relation of depressive moods with years of schooling and the Mini-Mental State Examination.</p>
      <p>In conformity with the 466/2012 resolution of the Brazilian National Health Council, all patients signed the informed consent form. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the institutions participating in the study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Statistical analysis</title>
      <p>A minimum sample size of 92 patients was calculated for a 0.3 correlation, power of 90% and alpha of 0.05. Data were tabulated and analyzed using the SPSS 13.0 software for Windows. Normality test was performed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Quantitative variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute number and percentage. Correlations between two quantitative variables were evaluated by the Pearson Correlation. A p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 108 patients were assessed from July 2016 to December 2016, with mean age of 59.3 &#177; 11.6 years. Seventy-five patients (69.4%) were men. Fifty-one (47.2%) patients had ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and 57 (52.7%) patients had non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. The classical risk factors for coronary artery disease and potential risk factors in the study population are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Risk factors</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Values</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">59.3 &#177; 11.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">75 (69.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">62 (57.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">24 (22.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">35 ( 32.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">34 (31.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of coronary artery disease <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">44 (40.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Variables analyzed</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Baecke score <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4.9 &#177; 1.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PHQ 9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">6.9 &#177; 6.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mini-mental <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">24.1 &#177; 4.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Years of schooling<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 4.3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>mean &#177; standard deviation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>N (%);</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A weak, positive correlation between Baeck score and years of schooling was found (r = 0.361, p = 0.001).</p>
      <p>The analyses revealed a weak negative correlation between Baecke&#8217;s and PHQ9 depression scores (r = -0.252, p = 0.009). The study also showed a weak negative correlation between PHQ9 depression score and the Mini-Mental State Examination (r = -0.258, p = 0.007), as well as a negative correlation of PHQ9 score with years of schooling (r = -0.199; p = 0.039).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study showed a weak, positive correlation between physical activity and years of schooling. These data make this study original, since there were few studies in the literature correlating these variables in hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction. A longitudinal study carried out in Greece and published in 2016 evaluated the association between educational status in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome and the prognosis of these patients. All-cause mortality and recurrent coronary events were higher in patients with lower education level. This study also showed that patients with higher education level were more physically active.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Results of the present study indicate a weak negative correlation between physical activity and depression in inpatients with infarction. These results are in agreement with those of previous studies correlating these variables in other populations. Recent studies have suggested that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is inversely associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The correlation between physical activity and depression was also studied in other populations. In patients with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease, for example, physical activity also showed a negative correlation with depressive symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In patients with major depression, sedentary habits were shown to be independent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and early mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, a weak negative correlation was found between depression scores and the Mini-Mental State Examination. A similar study conducted in the USA with 116 heart failure patients also showed a correlation between depression and cognitive dysfunction in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This original study has some limitations that should be considered. The sample size of the study was small, although it had sufficient power to show significant correlations between these variables; these correlations did not prove a cause-effect relationship and may be just associations. Besides, the significant results may result from mere chance. These limitations, however, do not invalidate our findings, which gives a contribution to the Brazilian and international literature on cardiology.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>There is a positive correlation between physical activity and years of schooling in hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction in Santa Catarina.</p>
      <p>There is a negative correlation between physical activity and depression in these patients, and a negative correlation between depression and years of schooling, and between depression and Mini-Mental State Examination.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ana Teresa Glaser Carvalho, from Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina under the protocol number N&#186; 1.519.838, CAAE 55450816.0.1001.0113. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre Atividade F&#237;sica e Vari&#225;veis Cl&#237;nicas de Pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Teresa Glaser</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Thays Fraga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maiochi</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa Sarda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Leo da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fattah</surname>
            <given-names>Tammuz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina - ICSC, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Polydoro Ernani de S&#227;o Thiago - HU/UFSC, - Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Cataria - Unisul, Palho&#231;a, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Teresa Glaser Carvalho</bold>, Rod. Haroldo Soares Glavan, 929 casa 24. CEP: 88050-005, Cacup&#233;, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil. E-mail: <email>dra.anacarvalho@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Carvalho ATG, Duarte TF, Maiochi AS, Moreira DM, Silva RL. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Carvalho ATG, Duarte TF, Maiochi AS, Silva RL, Fattah T. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Moreira DM, Silva RL, Fattah T. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Moreira DM. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Carvalho ATG, Duarte TF, Maiochi AS, Moreira DM, Silva RL, Fattah T. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Moreira DM, Silva RL, Fattah T. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Moreira DM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A atividade f&#237;sica reduz o risco de doen&#231;a coronariana, uma das principais causas de morte no mundo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo pretende correlacionar as atividades f&#237;sicas com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas de pacientes internados em hospitais p&#250;blicos de Santa Catarina ap&#243;s o primeiro infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Os pacientes selecionados foram submetidos a question&#225;rio que engloba diferentes vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas. A atividade f&#237;sica foi mensurada atrav&#233;s do Escore de Baecke. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados e analisados atrav&#233;s do software SPSS 13.0 for Windows. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da normalidade foi realizada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi avaliada pela Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Foram considerados significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O estudo evidenciou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva fraca entre o escore de Baecke e anos de escolaridade com r = 0,361 (p = 0,001). Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa fraca entre o escore de Baecke e o escore de depress&#227;o PHQ9 com r = -0,252 (p = 0,009). O estudo tamb&#233;m apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o negativa fraca entre o escore de depress&#227;o PHQ9 e o Mini Mental com r = -0,258 (p = 0,007), assim como uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa fraca entre o PHQ9 e os anos de escolaridade com r = -0,199 (p = 0,039).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre atividade f&#237;sica e anos de escolaridade em pacientes internados com o primeiro infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. H&#225; tamb&#233;m uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre atividade f&#237;sica e depress&#227;o nesses pacientes, assim como uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre depress&#227;o e o Mini-Mental, e depress&#227;o e anos de escolaridade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana / preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#233; o passo inicial para o desenvolvimento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, e resulta de um desequil&#237;brio entre a oferta e a demanda de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio. &#201; provocada, em sua maioria, por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, a qual, por sua vez, &#233; a principal causa de morte e morbidade em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos sugerem que a modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida &#233; de substancial import&#226;ncia, em indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos e de todas as idades, de todas as regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas do mundo, e pertencentes aos principais grupos &#233;tnicos. Realizar atividade f&#237;sica moderada deve estar entre as prioridades na preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria em todas as popula&#231;&#245;es em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversos estudos j&#225; demonstraram benef&#237;cio da atividade f&#237;sica na redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de doen&#231;a coronariana. O sedentarismo &#233; fator de risco independente para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, e est&#225; diretamente relacionado a n&#237;veis baixos de colesterol HDL, aumento de peso, aumento da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e tamb&#233;m de alguns fatores da coagula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias apontam uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa dose dependente entre atividade f&#237;sica e taxa de eventos cardiovasculalares. Atividade f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica de moderada a grande intensidade &#233; recomendada em m&#233;dia tr&#234;s a quatro vezes por semana, com dura&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 40 minutos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo pretende correlacionar as atividades f&#237;sicas dos pacientes, mensurada pelo escore de Baecke, com outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas de pacientes internados em hospitais da rede p&#250;blica de Santa Catarina ap&#243;s o primeiro infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de uma an&#225;lise do Catarina Heart Study, um estudo de Coorte prospectivo que pretende avaliar 1426 pacientes at&#233; o ano 2020. Os pacientes selecionados, por amostra consecutiva por conveni&#234;ncia, foram atendidos em hospitais da rede p&#250;blica de Santa Catarina, com diagn&#243;stico de primeiro infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e foram submetidos a question&#225;rio que engloba diferentes vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e angiogr&#225;ficas no per&#237;odo de julho de 2016 a dezembro de 2016.</p>
        <p>A atividade f&#237;sica foi mensurada pelo Escore de Baecke, que consiste em um question&#225;rio composto de 16 quest&#245;es que abrangem tr&#234;s escores da atividade f&#237;sica habitual dos &#250;ltimos 12 meses: escore de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos ocupacionais com oito quest&#245;es, escore de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos no lazer com quatro quest&#245;es e escore de atividades f&#237;sicas de lazer e locomo&#231;&#227;o, com quatro quest&#245;es. Neste trabalho, foram utilizados os escores de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico no lazer e de atividades f&#237;sicas de lazer e locomo&#231;&#227;o validados para o Brasil, sendo escore total considerado como a soma destes dois.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A depress&#227;o foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do PHQ9, que consiste em um question&#225;rio composto por nove perguntas que avaliam a presen&#231;a de cada um dos sintomas para o epis&#243;dio de depress&#227;o maior, descritos no Manual Diagn&#243;stico e Estat&#237;stico dos Transtornos Mentais (DSM-IV). Os nove sintomas constituem humor deprimido, anedonia, problemas com o sono, cansa&#231;o ou falta de energia, mudan&#231;a de apetite ou peso, sentir-se lento ou inquieto e pensamentos suicidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: Idade superior a 18 anos; presen&#231;a de dor precordial sugestiva de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio associada a eletrocardiograma com nova eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no ponto J em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas com os limites: &#8805; 0,1 mv em todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es al&#233;m das deriva&#231;&#245;es V2-V3. Para essas, aplicaram-se os seguintes limites: &#8805; 0,2 mv nos homens &#8805; 40 anos; &#8805; 0,25 mv nos homens &lt; 40 anos e &#8805; 0,15 mV nas mulheres; ou presen&#231;a de dor precordial sugestiva de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina I ou CK-MB acima do percentil 99 do limite superior de refer&#234;ncia. Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e discord&#226;ncia dos Termos de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        <p>O estudo tem como desfecho prim&#225;rio avaliar a atividade f&#237;sica dos pacientes internados com o primeiro infarto, pelo escore de Baecke, e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com anos de escolaridade. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios corresponderam &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica com estados depressivos, avaliados pelo PHQ9, correla&#231;&#227;o entre atividade f&#237;sica e avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado mental, atrav&#233;s do minimental e avalia&#231;&#227;o dos estados depressivos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos anos de escolaridade e Mini Mental.</p>
        <p>Em conformidade com a resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. O estudo foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos das institui&#231;&#245;es envolvidas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, uma amostra m&#237;nima de 92 pacientes foi calculada para encontrar uma correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,3 com poder de 90% e alfa de 0,05. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados e analisados pelo software SPSS 13.0 for Windows. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da normalidade foi realizada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n&#250;mero absoluto e percentual. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi avaliada atrav&#233;s da Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Foram considerados significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados 108 pacientes no per&#237;odo de julho de 2016 a dezembro de 2016, com idade m&#233;dia de 59,3 &#177; 11,6 anos, sendo que 75 (69,4%) pertenciam ao sexo masculino. Do total de infartos, 51 (47,2%) foram infartos com supra de segmento ST, e 57 (52,7%) foram infartos sem supra de segmento ST e 57 (52,7%) foram infartos sem supra de segmento ST. Os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para doen&#231;a coronariana e os potencias fatores de risco da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Fatores de risco</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valores</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade em anos <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">59,3 &#177; 11,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">75 (69,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">62 (57,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">24 (22,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">35 ( 32,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">34 (31,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">44 (40,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis estudadas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore de Baecke <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 1,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PHQ 9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 &#177; 6,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mini mental <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">24,1 &#177; 4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anos de escolaridade <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 4,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>N (%);</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O estudo evidenciou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva fraca entre o escore de Baecke e anos de escolaridade com r = 0,361 (p = 0,001).</p>
        <p>Nas an&#225;lises, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa fraca entre o escore de Baecke e o escore de depress&#227;o PHQ9 com r = -0,252 (p = 0,009). O estudo tamb&#233;m apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o negativa fraca entre o escore de depress&#227;o PHQ9 e o Mini Mental com r = -0,258 (p = 0,007), assim como uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o PHQ9 e os anos de escolaridade com r = -0,199 (p = 0,039).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo evidencia uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva fraca entre atividade f&#237;sica e anos de escolaridade. Tal informa&#231;&#227;o confere originalidade ao estudo, pois havia poucos dados na literatura que correlacionassem essas vari&#225;veis em pacientes internados com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Um estudo grego longitudinal, publicado em 2016, analisou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o status educacional de pacientes internados com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda em hospitais gregos e o progn&#243;stico desses pacientes. A mortalidade por todas as causas foi maior no grupo de menor escolaridade, assim como eventos coronarianos recorrentes. Esse mesmo estudo tamb&#233;m demonstrou que paciente de maior escolaridade eram mais fisicamente ativos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Resultados do presente estudo apontam para uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre atividade f&#237;sica e depress&#227;o em pacientes internados com infarto. Tais resultados s&#227;o concordantes com outros estudos anteriores que correlacionaram essas vari&#225;veis em outras popula&#231;&#245;es. Estudos recentes apontam que a atividade f&#237;sica de volume moderado a intenso &#233; inversamente associada &#224; ansiedade e a sintomas depressivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A correla&#231;&#227;o entre atividade f&#237;sica e depress&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi estudada em outras popula&#231;&#245;es. Em pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Alzheimer, por exemplo, a atividade f&#237;sica tamb&#233;m mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com sintomas depressivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Em pacientes com depress&#227;o maior, h&#225;bitos sedent&#225;rios revelaram-se como fatores de risco independentes para doen&#231;a cardiovascular e mortalidade precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa fraca dos escores de depress&#227;o com a avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado mental pelo Mini-mental. Estudo semelhante foi realizado nos Estados Unidos incluindo 116 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e tamb&#233;m demonstrou correla&#231;&#227;o entre depress&#227;o e deteriora&#231;&#227;o cognitiva nestes pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar da originalidade do estudo, este apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. O tamanho da amostra &#233; pequeno, embora exista poder suficiente para mostrar correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre as vari&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, as correla&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o comprovam rela&#231;&#227;o de causa-efeito, podendo corresponder somente a associa&#231;&#245;es. Os resultados significativos podem ser somente fruto do acaso. Estas limita&#231;&#245;es, entretanto, n&#227;o invalidam os achados deste estudo, que oferecem a sua contribui&#231;&#227;o para a cardiologia brasileira e internacional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>H&#225; uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre atividade f&#237;sica e anos de escolaridade em pacientes internados com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em Santa Catarina.</p>
        <p>Existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre atividade f&#237;sica e depress&#227;o nestes pacientes, uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre depress&#227;o e anos de escolaridade assim como entre depress&#227;o e Mini Mental.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de conclus&#227;o de resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica de Ana Teresa Glaser Carvalho pela Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina sob o parecer N&#186; 1.519.838, CAAE 55450816.0.1001.0113. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
