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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kgwJLv9WRZk64sN6F5vCC9S</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000100012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170085</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognosis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Severe Heart Failure according to Functional Classification Scales in Childhood</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima Derlene da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tonelli</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique de Assis Fonseca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Furletti M</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castilho</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Regina Tolentino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meira</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Maria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: F&#225;tima Derlene da Rocha Ara&#250;jo</bold>, Rua Indiana, 789, Ap 301. Postal Code: 30460350, Jardim Am&#233;rica, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fatima.derlene@hotmail.com</email>, <email>cleverpsi@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Meira ZMA, Araujo FDR. Acquisition of data: Araujo FDR, Tonelli HAF, Guimaraes AFM, Castilho SRT. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Araujo FDR, Silva RMFL, Meira ZMA. Statistical analysis: Silva RMFL, Araujo FDR. Writing of the manuscript: Araujo FDR, Meira ZMA. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Araujo FDR, Meira ZMA. Supervision / as the major investigador: Meira ZMA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jan-Feb</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>12</fpage>
      <lpage>21</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure is the main manifestation of dilated cardiomyopathy in childhood, and the systematic evaluation of signs and symptoms allows monitoring the treatment outcome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the use of three functional classification scales of heart failure in children and adolescents with dilated cardiomyopathy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Longitudinal and observational study including patients from zero to 18 years with dilated cardiomyopathy and severe initial heart failure. All of them were followed up using the New York Heart Association (NYHA), The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index (The NYU PHFI) and Ross version 2012 scales. Statistical analyzes were done using Statistical Package for Social Science, version 14.0, with Mann-Whitney test, Chi-Square test or Fisher's test, application of the Operating Characteristic Curve, Wilcoxon test and Kappa coefficient for comparison of scales and Kaplan-Meier curve for survival evaluation. The level of significance adopted was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 57 patients, aged from 1 to 200 months (mean of 48.7 &#177; 55.9) and follow-up of 6 to 209 months (mean of 63.6 &#177; 48.4) were included. There was substantial agreement between the Ross 2012 scales, The NYU PHFI and NYHA (Kappa = 0.71 and 0.82, respectively). Paired analysis by the Wilcoxon test, comparing the scales before and after treatment, was significant (p &lt; 0.0001). The greatest survival was found in patients with class I/II by NYHA or scores lower than 11 points in the others.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The use of functional assessment scales of heart failure proved to be useful in the follow-up and evaluation of the therapeutic response and there was no difference between them. Patients who remained in functional classification III or IV NYHA or scores &#8805; 11 in Ross 2012 or The NYU PHFI had worse prognosis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Scales</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the main type of cardiomyopathy that occurs in childhood, characterized by ventricular dilatation and impaired myocardial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Heart failure (HF) is its main manifestation, being the initial symptom in approximately 70 to 90% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The HF degree is related to the prognosis;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> however, there are specific characteristics of its clinical spectrum according to each age range, which makes it difficult to carry out its objective quantification through scales or scores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Additionally, obtaining information depends on the reporting by the parents or guardians. In the adult population, applying these assessment tools is facilitated by the homogeneity of symptom manifestations and the possibility of the patient's own reporting. The evolution assessment is very important, since drug-treatment refractory disease may indicate the need for other interventions, including heart transplantation.</p>
      <p>Currently, the scales available for assessing HF severity in childhood and adolescence are the New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification (FC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index (The NYU PHFI) score,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and the Ross scales (version 1992<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> modified by L&#228;er et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in 2002 and the 2012 version).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The NYHA classification, widely used in adults, is reported to be useful to quantify HF in older children and adolescents. The 1992 version of the Ross scale is an adaptation of the NYHA scale for the pediatric age group, with the 2012 version being the most comprehensive one, which includes data from physical assessment and complementary examinations. Similarly, The NYU PHFI, in addition to including these data, also adds the types of medications used. Both are scores that correspond to the total sum of each scored item.</p>
      <p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the evolution of children and adolescents with severe HF as the initial presentation of DCM, using the HF functional classification scales (<italic>NYHA</italic>, The NYU PHFI and Ross scale, version 2012).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a longitudinal and observational study, which included patients undergoing treatment by the same team since 1999 and, prospectively, those admitted from January 2010 to December 2015. Children and adolescents under 18 years of age with a diagnosis of DCM|, whose manifestation was severe acute HF (FC III or IV of the NYHA) were included in the study. Patients with myocardial dysfunction due to sepsis, primary pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart diseases, primary arrhythmias, neuromuscular diseases, rheumatic valvulopathy and ischemic processes were excluded.</p>
      <p>All patients were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at the diagnosis, due to the HF severity. After hospital discharge, they were referred for outpatient treatment. All of them were followed by the same professionals during the entire treatment period and submitted to a chronic HF treatment strategy, according to data in the literature and service clinical protocol.</p>
      <p>The tool used to evaluate treatment response were the three HF FC scales (NYHA, The NYU PHFI and Ross 2012). The scales were applied in the original versions by a researcher blinded to the patients' clinical evolution. Symptom-related data were reported by parents or guardians in the case of children under 12 years of age and by the patients themselves who were older than 12 years. Laboratory and complementary test results were obtained from direct consultation of patients' medical records. This study was approved by the institutional Research Ethics Committee.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software, version 14.0, was used for data analysis. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies or percentages and compared with the Chi-square or Fisher's test, as appropriate. Quantitative variables were described as means &#177; standard deviation. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the variables between the scales (non-parametric distribution), and a normality test was not performed. The Wilcoxon test was applied for the paired analysis of the FC scales of HF before and after treatment.</p>
        <p>The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed based on the NYHA FC III in relation to the total scores in the Ross 2012 and The NYU PHFI scales. The area under the curve was calculated and the best cutoff point was defined in the NYU PHFI and Ross scales that corresponded to NYHA FC III. A Kaplan-Meier curve was constructed to evaluate the death-free or transplant-free survival according to the calculated scores, and a log-rank test was used to compare the curves. The level of significance was set at 5%. The Kappa statistic was used to evaluate the agreement between the Ross 2012 and NYHA scores at the diagnosis and after complete therapy of HF. For the interpretation, we considered the classification according to Landis and Kock,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> namely: 15 &lt; 0, without agreement; 0-0,19, poor agreement; 0.20-0.39, reasonable agreement; 0.40-0.59, moderate agreement; 0.60-0.79, high agreement; 0.80-0.99, almost perfect agreement; 1, perfect agreement.</p>
        <p>To compare the Ross 2012 scale with NYHA, Ross et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> categorization was used, which considered FC I (zero to 5 points), FC II (6 to 10 points), FC III (11 to 15 points), and FC IV (16 to 20 points).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 57 patients were studied, 60% of which were females. The age of the diagnosis ranged from 1 to 200 months (mean of 48.7 &#177; 55.9 months), with 57% being younger than 2 years of age. Time of follow-up ranged from 6 to 209 months (mean 63.6 &#177; 48.4 months). The clinical and demographic characteristics of the population are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy who presented with acute heart failure (functional classes III and IV of the New York Heart Association) on admission to the intensive care unit</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Patients n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age, months</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0-60</td>
              <td align="center">38 (66.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">61-120</td>
              <td align="center">11 (19.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 121</td>
              <td align="center">8 (14.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender</td>
              <td align="center">34 (60.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Skin color/ethnicity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caucasian</td>
              <td align="center">6 (10.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black or mixed-race</td>
              <td align="center">51 (89.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inotropic use</td>
              <td align="center">44 (77.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Endotracheal intubation</td>
              <td align="center">27 (47.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gamma globulin use</td>
              <td align="center">8 (14.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac arrest event</td>
              <td align="center">7 (12.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiogenic shock</td>
              <td align="center">30 (52.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Blood transfusion</td>
              <td align="center">21 (36.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Consanguinity</td>
              <td align="center">5 (8.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous viral disease report</td>
              <td align="center">9 (15.6)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A history of viral disease preceding the diagnosis up to 3 months was reported in nine patients (15.6%), with only one patient reporting the disease in the gastrointestinal tract. Respiratory symptoms were the most commonly reported by family members as the initial clinical picture (88%), and in 80% of infants the diagnosis at hospitalization was bronchopneumonia.</p>
      <p>In adolescents, the prevailing initial symptoms were precordial pain, exercise intolerance, fatigue, and abdominal pain. Of the total of 57 patients, only one patient had ascites at the diagnosis, but nine (16%) patients had this symptom during evolution. Ascites was related to some degree of right ventricular dysfunction, and all patients who had ascites died or required heart transplantation.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of dilated cardiomyopathy etiology</title>
        <p>The cause of DCM was identified in 36 (79%) patients. The most common causes were myocarditis and DCM induced by anthracyclines. The highest frequency of myocarditis was found in children younger than 2 years (76.5%), while those induced by anthracyclines was observed in children older than 5 years (66.7%). Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy was identified in five patients (8%) in the echocardiographic or magnetic resonance imaging study. Cardiac catheterization was performed in 14 patients to investigate coronary anomalies, and no coronary abnormalities were found. The distribution of patients, according to the causes and age range of DCM, is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy by age group according to the etiological diagnosis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Etiology</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Age range (months)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">0-12</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">13-60</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">61-120</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&#8805; 121</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Myocarditis</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idiopathic</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anthracyclines</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventricular noncompaction</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitochondriopathy</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Genetic syndromes</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Familial</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequency distribution of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, according to the etiological diagnosis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0012-70085-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Functional class categorization according to the scales</title>
        <p>At admission to the intensive care unit, 61.4% of patients were in NYHA FC III and 38.6% in FC IV. The ROC curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.90 (95% confidence Interval - 95%CI: 0.829-0.979, p &lt; 0.0001) and 0.89 (95%CI: 0.801-0.971; p &lt; 0.0001) for the Ross 2012 and The NYU PHFI scales, respectively. The best cutoff point for NYHA FC III was the 11.5 score for the Ross 2012 scale (100% of sensitivity and 86% of specificity) and 10.5 for The NYU PHFI (100% of sensitivity and 76% of specificity).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve for evaluation of the functional classification scales of heart failure (Ross version 2012 and The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index (NYU PHFI in relation to the New York Heart Association) in initial clinical presentation of dilated cardiomyopathy AUC: area under the curve; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0012-70085-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the agreement evaluation of the Ross 2012 and NYHA scores, the Kappa coefficient was 0.67 (95%CI: 0.570-0.770; p &lt; 0.0001) for the calculated score at the diagnosis of the patients and 0.71 (95%CI: 0.702-0.79, p &lt; 0.0001) for the score after HF treatment optimization.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evolution of patients according to the functional classification</title>
        <p>The initial categorization of the patients according to the FC scales of HF carried out at admission to the ICU showed 35 patients (61.4%) in NYHA FC III and 22 patients (38.6%) in FC IV, with scores at the Ross 2012 scale ranging from 10 to 20 points (mean of 14.7 &#177; 3.05 points) and by the NYU PHFI, ranging from 10 to 24 points (mean of 16 &#177; 4.5 points).</p>
        <p>After treatment optimization for HF, it was observed that 16 patients did not show a satisfactory response and died or were submitted to heart transplantation. Considering evaluation through the scales, it was verified that four (7%) patients did not show FC improvement according to the NYHA, 11 (19.1%) according to Ross 2012 scale and 15 (26.3%) according to The NYU PHFI.</p>
        <p>Time until symptom improvement ranged from 1 to 48 months (mean of 10.2 &#177; 9.8 months). Paired analysis by the Wilcoxon test, comparing scales before and after treatment, was significant (p &lt; 0.0001). Patient evolution, according to the classification by the three scales at the diagnosis and after the treatment optimization, is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of patients according to the heart failure functional classification (Ross scale version 2012 and The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index (NYU PHFI) in relation to the New York Heart Association) at the the diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy and at the end of the follow-up period.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0012-70085-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>An association between HF severity demonstrated by the three scales and patient evolution was also observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). Patients who remained in NYHA FC III or IV or with a score equal to or greater than 11 in the other scales showed worse evolution, considering death or need for heart transplantation (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolution analysis of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, according to the heart failure functional classification, at the end of the follow&#8209;up period.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0012-70085-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Similar result was obtained in the Kaplan-Meier survival curve plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). Patients who remained in NYHA FC III or IV or with a score of 11 points or higher in the Ross 2012 and NYU PHFI scales had lower death-free or heart transplantation-free survival (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the events of death or heart transplantation of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, according to the Ross 2012 version, The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index (NYU PHFI) and the New York Heart Association (NYHA) scales.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0012-70085-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>It was observed that 16 (28%) patients, after complete HF treatment, were asymptomatic at rest and at mild and moderate exertion, although they persisted with Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) &lt; 35%. There was association between HF severity and LVEF &lt; 35% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>) when the Ross 2012 and the NYU PHFI scores were equal to or greater than 11 points (p &lt; 0.0001). However, this association was not observed for the NYHA scale (p = 0.232).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of children and adolescents with dilated cardiomyopathy, according to left ventricular ejection fraction and heart failure functional class, at the end of the follow-up period. NYHA: New York Heart Association; NYU PHFI: The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0012-70085-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The etiology of DCM is diverse, and current diagnostic methods make it possible to improve the etiological diagnosis, but most (about two thirds) remain idiopathic. However, in this study, the probable cause was identified in 79% of the patients. In a study that included 1,426 children, the frequency of identification of DCM etiology was obtained in only 31%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Another, which followed 83 patients after the first hospitalization for DCM, obtained a rate of 39% of idiopathic cardiomyopathy and causal identification in 61% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> These differences can probably be explained by the sample size and by the assessed age group, when the probable causative factor is more recent and more easily recalled.</p>
      <p>HF is a common event in DCM presentation and, very often, of great severity at the initial presentation. In a study with 142 children, it was observed that 24.5% and 58.5% were admitted with an initial manifestation of HF in NYHA FC III and IV, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Of these, 30.5% died, whereas, when the initial presentation was FC IV, the relative risk of death was 2.15 (95%CI: 1.73-2.67). The present study included only those patients with severe initial presentation (FC III or IV). This decision was important, since it homogenized the initial severity, minimizing the evolution classification bias. We are not aware of a similar study in the literature.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have shown that the persistence of HF severity during treatment is associated with poor prognosis in patients with DCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> This study also showed that HF severity detected by any of the three scales was associated with death or need for heart transplantation.</p>
      <p>HF symptoms vary according to the age group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In young infants, symptoms may be nonspecific, such as sweating and dyspnea on feeding, tachypnea, tachycardia, irritability and low weight gain. In older children, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, ascites, peripheral edema and exercise intolerance are the most frequent symptoms. Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia and postprandial abdominal pain can also be present at any age and are explained by mesenteric ischemia secondary to low systemic output.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> This diversity and the peculiarities of manifestations according to age make it difficult to systematize the evaluation, which is more easily applicable to the adult population.</p>
      <p>The estimate of children's and adolescents' functional capacity is crucial for the evaluation of both the therapeutic response and the prognosis. However, the objective categorization, through the ergospirometry tests with oxygen consumption measurement, is not always available and accessible to all age groups. Reference values are available for the adult population,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> but they are not well established for the pediatric population. On the other hand, a study showed that the objective values of the cardiopulmonary test were not correlated with the functional class assessed by the medical team.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Similarly, in adults, cardiopulmonary exercise testing is a part of the decision-making process for heart transplantation waiting lists. However, the experience using cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a prognostic tool in children is still limited.</p>
      <p>The study by Guimar&#227;es et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> provided evidence to support the use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing to stratify DCM risk in older children. Similar results were obtained by Giardini et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> when they demonstrated that these tests were feasible in outpatient children with DCM and height greater than 120 cm and when they correlated it with the outcome of death or heart transplantation.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the scales, despite being subjective assessment methods, based on patient or family information, are still of universal use and easy to apply. Cardiopulmonary tests are reserved for older children and are available at referral centers.</p>
      <p>The Ross scale, of which first version dates from 1992, is described as the most adequate one for use in younger children and represents the adaptation of the NYHA scale data to the symptoms in children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Subsequently, this Ross classification was modified to be adapted to the peculiarities of each age group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The latest version of the Ross scale, published in 2012, is wide-ranging and difficult to use routinely.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> It assigns scores according to the classification of clinical findings, physical examination, laboratory and complementary exams, and can add up from zero to 20 points. Similar to the NYHA scale, the Ross 2012 scale can also be categorized into classes from I to IV, according to the score ranges. A similar methodology is also used in the The NYHPHFI scale, which results in a score from zero to 30. Clinical indicators, findings of complementary tests, therapeutic regimens and the type of ventricular pathophysiology are scored, not considering the age group distinction.</p>
      <p>The Ross 2012 and The NYU PHFI scores are attempts to minimize symptom subjectivity as reported by the patient, using a combination of the latter with abnormal findings of the physical examination, results of complementary and laboratory tests, or types of drugs used. These modifications make it difficult to use these scales in daily practice. The reality of the care of these patients in our environment still does not allow the use of such difficult tools.</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that NYHA FC, in addition to being the best-known scale, is also the one that is easier to apply. Tavares et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> developed a version of the NYHA classification for the symptoms in the pediatric range and created a graphical representation of the four functional classes. Through this visual method, the perception of the children and their caregivers can be obtained, in addition to the categorization carried out by the medical team.</p>
      <p>Although several parameters of the echocardiographic analysis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> especially LVEF, are associated with prognosis, this study found that almost one third of the patients (16 patients/28%) showed HF symptom improvement after treatment, although they persisted with LVEF &#8804; 35%. For this group of patients, the Ross 2012 and The NYU PHFI scales continued to show high scores, as they add points for medications and echocardiographic findings, such as LVEF. For this group, the NYHA scale correlated better with functional capacity.</p>
      <p>The present study demonstrated that the three scales used to classify HF in children were useful for HF severity evolution assessment in this population. There were small differences between the scales, probably due to the parameters used in the score, but there was no statistical significance. The NYHA scale considers only the clinical symptoms. The Ross scale version 2012 associates symptom data, physical and complementary examinations. The NYU PHFI scale includes scores for the type of drug used, as well as the presence of signs and symptoms.</p>
      <p>Even though DCM is not very prevalent in children, it has a worse prognosis in relation to the adult population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Studies of methods that allow DCM evolution follow-up and its response to treatment contribute to a greater knowledge of the disease, as well as to the increased survival of these patients. There are no other studies in the literature describing the use of scales for the evolution assessment of children and adolescents with DCM. This study is a pioneer in demonstrating the behavior of a high-risk population due to the initial disease severity, by using HF functional class assessment scales. It collaborates by verifying that both the more complex scales (Ross 2012 and The NYU PHFI) and the best known (NYHA) scale can be used for patient evolution assessment. It is recommended that patients who remain symptomatic after HF treatment optimization should also be assessed regarding the scores on the other scales. Thus, a more complete prognosis estimate can be attained.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>All assessed scales were adequate for follow-up, evaluation of therapeutic response and prognostic estimate of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure undergoing treatment. Patients who, after optimized treatment for heart failure, remained in NYHA functional class III or IV, or with a score equal to or greater than 11 at Ross 2012 or The NYU PHFI, had a worse prognosis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study limitations</bold>
        </p>
        <p>The limitations are related to sample size, disease etiological diversity, wide-ranging affected age group and inclusion of retrospective data. These reflect the difficulties previously reported by other authors regarding the follow-up of cohorts of patients with severe and low-prevalence diseases.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by F&#225;tima Derlene da Rocha Ara&#250;jo, from Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Minas Gerais under the protocol number CAAE - 11280413300005149. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Progn&#243;stico da Cardiomiopatia Dilatada com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Grave de Acordo com Escalas de Classifica&#231;&#227;o Funcional na Inf&#226;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima Derlene da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tonelli</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique de Assis Fonseca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Furletti M</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castilho</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Regina Tolentino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meira</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Maria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: F&#225;tima Derlene da Rocha Ara&#250;jo</bold>, Rua Indiana, 789, Ap 301. CEP: 30460350, Jardim Am&#233;rica, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fatima.derlene@hotmail.com</email>, <email>cleverpsi@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Meira ZMA, Araujo FDR. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Araujo FDR, Tonelli HAF, Guimaraes AFM, Castilho SRT.An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Araujo FDR, Silva RMFL, Meira ZMA. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva RMFL, Araujo FDR. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Araujo FDR, Meira ZMA. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Araujo FDR, Meira ZMA. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Meira ZMA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; principal manifesta&#231;&#227;o da cardiomiopatia dilatada na inf&#226;ncia, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o sistematizada dos sinais e sintomas permite acompanhar o resultado do tratamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o uso de tr&#234;s escalas de classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na evolu&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com cardiomiopatia dilatada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo longitudinal e observacional incluindo pacientes de zero a 18 anos com cardiomiopatia dilatada e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca inicial grave. Todos foram acompanhados por meio das escalas <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), <italic>The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index</italic> (The NYU PHFI) e Ross vers&#227;o 2012. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas com uso do <italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic>, vers&#227;o 14.0, com teste de Mann-Whitney, teste qui quadrado ou de Fisher, aplica&#231;&#227;o da Curva Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o, teste de Wilcoxon e coeficiente de Kappa, para compara&#231;&#227;o das escalas, e curva Kaplan-Meier, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 57 pacientes, com idade de 1 a 200 meses (m&#233;dia de 48,7 &#177; 55,9) e seguimento de 6 a 209 meses (m&#233;dia de 63,6 &#177; 48,4). Houve substancial concord&#226;ncia das escalas Ross 2012 e The NYU PHFI com a NYHA (Kappa = 0,71 e 0,82, respectivamente). A an&#225;lise pareada pelo teste de Wilcoxon, comparando as escalas antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento, foi significativa (p &lt; 0,0001). A sobrevida maior foi encontrada nos pacientes com classes I/II pela NYHA ou pontua&#231;&#227;o menor que 11 pontos nas outras.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O uso das escalas de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca se mostrou &#250;til no seguimento e na avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta terap&#234;utica. Pacientes que permaneceram em classes funcionais III ou IV de NYHA, ou com pontua&#231;&#227;o igual ou maior que 11 na Ross 2012 ou na The NYU PHFI tiveram pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Escalas</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescentes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Cardiomiopatia Dilatada (CMD) &#233; o principal tipo de cardiomiopatia na inf&#226;ncia, caracterizando-se pela dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e pelo comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; sua principal manifesta&#231;&#227;o, sendo o sintoma inicial em cerca de 70 a 90% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O grau de IC relaciona-se ao progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No entanto, existem particularidades de seu espectro cl&#237;nico, de acordo com cada faixa et&#225;ria, o que dificulta a quantifica&#231;&#227;o objetiva por meio de escalas ou escores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Al&#233;m disto, a obten&#231;&#227;o da informa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; vinculada ao relato dos pais ou respons&#225;veis. Na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, a aplica&#231;&#227;o destes instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233; facilitada pela homogeinidade da manifesta&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e pela possibilidade do relato do pr&#243;prio paciente. A avalia&#231;&#227;o evolutiva &#233; muito importante, pois a refratariedade ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico pode indicar necessidade de outras interve&#231;&#245;es, inclusive do transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>Na atualidade, as escalas dispon&#237;veis para avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da IC na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia s&#227;o a Classifica&#231;&#227;o Funcional (CF) da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> o escore <italic>The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index</italic> (The NYU PHFI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e as escalas de Ross (vers&#227;o 1992,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> vers&#227;o modificada por L&#228;er et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> em 2002 e vers&#227;o 2012).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA, muito utilizada em adultos, &#233; relatada como sendo &#250;til para quantificar IC em crian&#231;as mais velhas e adolescentes. A escala de Ross vers&#227;o 1992 &#233; uma adequa&#231;&#227;o da escala NYHA para a faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica, sendo a vers&#227;o 2012 a mais completa, que inclui dados do exame f&#237;sico e de exames complementares. Da mesma forma, a The NYU PHFI, al&#233;m de incluir estes dados, adiciona tipo de medicamentos em uso. Ambas, s&#227;o escores que correspondem a soma total de cada item pontuado.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com IC grave como apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial de CMD, com o emprego de escalas de CF da IC (<italic>NYHA</italic>, The NYU PHFI e Ross vers&#227;o 2012).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo longitudinal e observacional, que incluiu pacientes em tratamento pela mesma equipe desde 1999 e, prospectivamente, os admitidos no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2015. Foram inclu&#237;das crian&#231;as e adolescentes com idade inferior a 18 anos e diagn&#243;stico de CMD, cuja manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial foi de IC aguda grave (CF III ou IV NYHA). Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por sepse, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar prim&#225;ria, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, arritmias prim&#225;rias, doen&#231;as neuromusculares, valvopatia reum&#225;tica e processos isqu&#234;micos.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), ao diagn&#243;stico, devido &#224; gravidade da IC. Ap&#243;s alta hospitalar, eles foram encaminhados para tratamento ambulatorial. Todos foram seguidos pelos mesmos examinadores durante todo o per&#237;odo e submetidos a uma estrat&#233;gia de tratamento da IC cr&#244;nica, de acordo com dados vigentes na literatura e protocolo cl&#237;nico do servi&#231;o.</p>
        <p>O instrumento utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta ao tratamento foram tr&#234;s escalas de CF da IC (NYHA, The NYU PHFI e Ross 2012). As escalas foram aplicadas na vers&#227;o original por um pesquisador cego em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Os dados relativos aos sintomas foram informados pelos pais ou respons&#225;veis, no caso de crian&#231;as menores de 12 anos, e pelos pr&#243;prios pacientes se maiores que esta idade. Os resultados de an&#225;lises laboratoriais e de exames complementares foram obtidos por consulta direta no prontu&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos dados foi utilizado o programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic> (SPSS). vers&#227;o 14.0. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias ou porcentagens e comparadas com testes qui quadrado ou de Fisher, quando apropriado. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney para comparar as vari&#225;veis entre as escalas (distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica), n&#227;o sendo realizado teste de normalidade. Para a an&#225;lise pareada das escalas de CF da IC antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento, foi aplicado o teste de Wilcoxon. Foi constru&#237;da a Curva Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o (ROC), tendo como base a CF III de NYHA em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; pontua&#231;&#227;o total nas escalas de Ross 2012 e The NYU PHFI. Foi calculada a &#225;rea sob a curva e definido o melhor ponto de corte da pontua&#231;&#227;o nas escalas The NYU PHFI e Ross que correspondesse &#224; CF III de NYHA. Foi constru&#237;da uma curva de Kaplan-Meier para avaliar a sobrevida livre de &#243;bito ou transplante, de acordo com os escores calculados, e foi aplicado teste <italic>log-rank</italic> para compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%. A estat&#237;stica Kappa foi utilizada para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre as classifica&#231;&#227;o Ross 2012 e a escala NYHA, ao diagn&#243;stico e ap&#243;s terap&#234;utica completa da IC. Para interpreta&#231;&#227;o, considerou-se a classifica&#231;&#227;o, segundo Landis e Kock,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> a saber: 15 &lt; 0, sem concord&#226;ncia; 0-0,19, concord&#226;ncia pobre; 0,20-0,39, concord&#226;ncia razo&#225;vel; 0,40-0,59, concord&#226;ncia moderada; 0,60-0,79, concord&#226;ncia alta; 0,80-0,99, concord&#226;ncia quase perfeita; 1, concord&#226;ncia perfeita. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o da escala Ross 2012 com a NYHA, foi utilizada a categoriza&#231;&#227;o por pontos proposta pelo pr&#243;prio Ross et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> que considerou CF I (zero a 5 pontos), CF II (6 a 10 pontos), CF III (11 a 15 pontos) e CF IV (16 a 20 pontos).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram estudados 57 pacientes, sendo 60% do sexo feminino. A idade do diagn&#243;stico variou de 1 a 200 meses (m&#233;dia de 48,7 &#177; 55,9 meses), sendo que 57% tinham menos de 2 anos de idade. O tempo de seguimento variou de 6 a 209 meses (m&#233;dia de 63,6 &#177; 48,4 meses). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada que apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda (classes funcionais III e IV da New York Heart Association) &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Pacientes n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade, meses</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0-60</td>
                <td align="center">38 (66,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">61-120</td>
                <td align="center">11 (19,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 121</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">34 (60,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cor/etnia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negra ou parda</td>
                <td align="center">51 (89,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de inotr&#243;picos</td>
                <td align="center">44 (77,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intuba&#231;&#227;o endotraqueal</td>
                <td align="center">27 (47,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de gamaglobulina</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Evento de parada card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">7 (12,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                <td align="center">30 (52,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemotransfus&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">21 (36,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consaguinidade</td>
                <td align="center">5 (8,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Relato de doen&#231;a viral pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">9 (15,6)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a viral precedendo at&#233; 3 meses o diagn&#243;stico foi relatada em nove pacientes (15,6%), sendo que em apenas um foi em trato gastrintestinal. Os sintomas respirat&#243;rios foram os mais comumente relatados pelos familiares como marco inicial do quadro cl&#237;nico (88%), sendo que, em 80% dos lactentes, o diagn&#243;stico de encaminhamento &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o foi broncopneumonia. Nos adolescentes, os sintomas iniciais predominantes foram dor precordial, intoler&#226;ncia aos exerc&#237;cios, fadiga e dor abdominal. Do total dos 57 pacientes, apenas um paciente exibiu ascite ao diagn&#243;stico, mas, ao longo da evolu&#231;&#227;o, nove (16%) pacientes apresentaram este sinal. A ascite esteve relacionada a algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, e todos que a apresentaram evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito ou para transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da etiologia da cardiomiopatia dilatada</title>
          <p>A causa da CMD foi identificada em 36 (79%) pacientes. As causas mais comuns foram miocardite e CMD induzida pelo uso de antrac&#237;clicos. A maior frequ&#234;ncia de miocardite foi encontrada nos menores de 2 anos (76,5%), enquanto as induzidas pelo uso de antrac&#237;clicos nos maiores de 5 anos (66,7%). A cardiomiopatia por n&#227;o compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi identificada em cinco pacientes (8%) no estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico ou na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. O cateterismo card&#237;aco foi realizado em 14 pacientes para pesquisa de anomalias coronarianas, e nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o coronariana foi constatada. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, de acordo com as causas e faixa et&#225;ria da CMD, encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada por faixa et&#225;ria de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Etiologia</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Faixa de idade (meses)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">0-12</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">13-60</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">61-120</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&#8805; 121</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Miocardite</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antrac&#237;clicos</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o compacta&#231;&#227;o ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mitocondriopatia</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Familiar</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia dos pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0012-70085-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Categoriza&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional de acordo com as escalas</title>
          <p>&#192; admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva, 61,4% dos pacientes estavam em CF III e 38,6% em CF IV de NYHA. A curva ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>) mostrou &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,90 (Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% &#8722; IC95%: 0,829-0,979; p &lt; 0,0001) e 0,89 (IC95%: 0,801-0,971; p &lt; 0,0001) para as escalas Ross 2012 e The NYU PHFI, respectivamente. O melhor ponto de corte em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; CF III de NYHA foi a pontua&#231;&#227;o de 11,5 para a escala de Ross 2012 (sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 86%) e de 10,5 pontos para a The NYU PHFI (sensibilidade 100% e especificidade 76%).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva ROC para avalia&#231;&#227;o das escalas de classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (Ross vers&#227;o 2012 e The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index &#8722; NYU PHFI em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; New York Heart Association) em apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial da cardiomiopatia dilatada ASC: &#225;rea sob a curva; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0012-70085-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de concord&#226;ncia do escore Ross 2012 e das CF NYHA, o coeficiente de Kappa foi 0,67 (IC95%: 0,570-0,770; p &lt; 0,0001) para a pontua&#231;&#227;o calculada ao diagn&#243;stico dos pacientes e 0,71 (IC95%: 0,702-0,79; p &lt; 0,0001) para a pontua&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento da IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional</title>
          <p>A categoriza&#231;&#227;o inicial dos pacientes de acordo com as escalas de CF da IC realizada &#224; admiss&#227;o na UTI mostrou 35 pacientes (61,4%) em CF III e 22 pacientes (38,6%) em CF IV de NYHA, com pontua&#231;&#227;o pela escala de Ross 2012 variando de 10 a 20 pontos (m&#233;dia de 14,7 &#177; 3,05 pontos) e, pela The NYU PHFI, variando de 10 a 24 pontos (m&#233;dia de m&#233;dia 16 &#177; 4,5 pontos).</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica para IC, observou-se que 16 pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram resposta satisfat&#243;ria e evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito ou foram submetidos ao transplante card&#237;aco. Tendo em vista a avalia&#231;&#227;o pelas escalas, constatou-se que quatro (7%) pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram melhora de CF pela NYHA, 11 (19,1%) pela Ross 2012 e 15 (26,3%) pela The NYU PHFI.</p>
          <p>O tempo de melhora dos sintomas variou de 1 a 48 meses (m&#233;dia de 10,2 &#177; 9,8 meses). A an&#225;lise pareada pelo teste de Wilcoxon, comparando as escalas antes a ap&#243;s o tratamento, foi significativa (p &lt; 0,0001). A evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o pelas tr&#234;s escalas ao diagn&#243;stico e ap&#243;s a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica, encontra-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (Ross vers&#227;o 2012 e The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index &#8722; NYU PHFI em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; New York Heart Association) ao diagn&#243;stico da cardiomiopatia dilatada e ao final do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0012-70085-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Observou-se, ainda, associa&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da IC retratada pelas tr&#234;s escalas com a evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>). Os pacientes que permaneceram em CF III ou IV de NYHA ou com pontua&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a 11 nas demais apresentaram pior evolu&#231;&#227;o, considerando-se &#243;bito ou necessidade de transplante card&#237;aco (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise evolutiva dos pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ao final do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0012-70085-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Resultado semelhante foi obtido, no tra&#231;ado da curva de sobrevida Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>). Os pacientes que permaneceram em CF III ou IV de NYHA ou com escore de pontua&#231;&#227;o igual ou maior que 11 pontos nas escalas Ross 2012 e na The NYU PHFI, apresentaram menor sobrevida livre de &#243;bito ou transplante card&#237;aco (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva de sobrevida Kaplan-Meier para os eventos de &#243;bito ou transplante card&#237;aco dos pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, de acordo com as escalas Ross vers&#227;o 2012, The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index (NYU PHFI) e New York Heart Association (NYHA).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0012-70085-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Observou-se que 16 (28%) pacientes, ap&#243;s o tratamento completo da IC, ficaram assintom&#225;ticos em repouso e aos leves e moderados esfor&#231;os, embora persistissem com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 35%. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da IC com FEVE &lt; 35% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>) quando a pontua&#231;&#227;o nas escalas Ross 2012 e The NYU PHFI foi igual ou maior que 11 pontos (p &lt; 0,0001). Entretanto, esta associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi observada para a escala NYHA (p = 0, 232).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as e adolescentes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, de acordo com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ao final do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. NYHA: New York Heart Association; NYU PHFI: The New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0012-70085-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A etiologia da CMD &#233; variada, e os m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos atuais possibilitam a amplia&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico, mas a maioria (cerca de dois ter&#231;os) permanece como idiop&#225;tica. Entretanto, neste estudo, a prov&#225;vel causa foi identificada em 79% dos pacientes. Em estudo que incluiu 1.426 crian&#231;as, a frequ&#234;ncia de identifica&#231;&#227;o de etiologia da CMD foi obtida em apenas 31%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Outro, que acompanhou 83 pacientes ap&#243;s a primeira interna&#231;&#227;o por CMD, obteve taxa de 39% de cardiomiopatia idiop&#225;tica e identifica&#231;&#227;o causal em 61% desta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Provavelmente, estas diferen&#231;as possam ser explicadas pelo tamanho da amostra e pela faixa et&#225;ria avaliada, quando o prov&#225;vel fator causal &#233; mais recente e mais facilmente lembrado.</p>
        <p>A IC &#233; um evento comum na apresenta&#231;&#227;o da CMD e muito frequentemente de grande gravidade &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial. Em estudo com 142 crian&#231;as, observou-se que 24,5% e 58,5% foram admitidas com manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial de IC em CF III e IV pela NYHA, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Destas, 30,5% evolu&#237;ram para o &#243;bito, sendo que, quando a apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial era CF IV, o risco relativo de &#243;bito era de 2,15 (IC95% 1,73-2,67). O presente estudo incluiu apenas os pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial grave (CF III ou IV). Esta decis&#227;o foi importante, pois uniformizou a gravidade inicial, minimizando o vi&#233;s de classifica&#231;&#227;o evolutiva. N&#227;o temos conhecimento de estudo semelhante na literatura.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios j&#225; mostraram que a persist&#234;ncia de gravidade da IC no decorrer do tratamento est&#225; associada a pior progn&#243;stico nos pacientes com CMD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Este estudo tamb&#233;m comprovou que a gravidade da IC detectada por qualquer das tr&#234;s escalas esteve associada &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o para &#243;bito ou necessidade de transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>A sintomatologia da IC varia de acordo com a faixa et&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Nos lactentes jovens, os sintomas podem ser inespec&#237;ficos, como sudorese e dispneias &#224;s mamadas, taquipneia, taquicardia, irritabilidade e baixo ganho p&#244;ndero-estatural. J&#225; nas crian&#231;as mais velhas, dispneia, ortopneia, dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna, ascite, edema perif&#233;rico e intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio s&#227;o os sintomas mais frequentes. Sintomas como n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos, anorexia e dor abdominal p&#243;s-prandial tamb&#233;m podem estar presentes em qualquer idade e s&#227;o explicados pela isquemia mesent&#233;rica secund&#225;ria ao baixo d&#233;bito sist&#234;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Esta diversidade e as peculiaridades da manifesta&#231;&#227;o por idade dificultam a sistematiza&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o, mais facilmente aplic&#225;vel &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o adulta.</p>
        <p>A estimativa da capacidade funcional da crian&#231;a e do adolescente &#233; fundamental para a avalia&#231;&#227;o, tanto da resposta terap&#234;utica, quanto do progn&#243;stico. Entretanto, a categoriza&#231;&#227;o objetiva, por meio dos testes ergoespirom&#233;tricos, com medida do consumo de oxig&#234;nio, nem sempre est&#225; dispon&#237;vel e acess&#237;vel a todas as faixas de idade. H&#225; disponibilidade de valores de refer&#234;ncia para a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> o que n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecido para a faixa pedi&#225;trica. Por outro lado, estudo demonstrou que os valores objetivos do teste cardiopulmonar n&#227;o estiveram correlacionados com a classe funcional avaliada pela equipe m&#233;dica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Da mesma forma, em adultos, o teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar &#233; uma parte integrante do processo de tomada de decis&#227;o para listagem de transplantes card&#237;acos. No entanto, a experi&#234;ncia com o uso do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar como ferramenta de progn&#243;stico em crian&#231;as &#233; ainda limitada. O estudo de Guimar&#227;es et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> forneceu evid&#234;ncias no suporte para o uso de teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de CMD em crian&#231;as maiores. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos por Giardini et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> ao demonstrarem que estes testes foram vi&#225;veis em crian&#231;as ambulatorias com CMD e altura maior que 120 cm e correlacionarem com o desfecho de &#243;bito ou transaplante card&#237;aco. Deste modo, as escalas, apesar de serem m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva, baseadas em informa&#231;&#245;es do paciente ou da fam&#237;lia, ainda s&#227;o de uso universal e de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o. Os testes cardiopulmonares s&#227;o reservados para crian&#231;as maiores e disponibilizados em centros de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>A escala de Ross, cuja primeira vers&#227;o &#233; de 1992, &#233; descrita como a mais adequada para uso em crian&#231;as menores e representa a adapta&#231;&#227;o dos dados da escala de NYHA para os sintomas na crian&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Posteriormente, esta classifica&#231;&#227;o de Ross sofreu modifica&#231;&#245;es para ser adaptada &#224;s peculiaridades de cada faixa et&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A &#250;ltima vers&#227;o da escala de Ross, publicada em 2012, &#233; extensa e laboriosa para o uso rotineiro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Ela atribui pontos de acordo com a gradua&#231;&#227;o dos achados cl&#237;nicos, do exame f&#237;sico, dos exames laboratoriais e complementares, podendo somar zero a 20 pontos. Semelhantemente &#224; escala NYHA, a escala de Ross 2012 tamb&#233;m pode ser categorizada em classes de I a IV, de acordo com as faixas de pontua&#231;&#227;o. Metodologia semelhante tamb&#233;m &#233; utilizada na escala The NYHPHFI, que confere escore de pontos de zero a 30. S&#227;o pontuados os indicadores cl&#237;nicos, achados de exames complementares, esquemas terap&#234;uticos e o tipo de fisiopatologia ventricular, n&#227;o considerando a distin&#231;&#227;o de faixas et&#225;rias.</p>
        <p>Os escores Ross 2012 e The NYU PHFI s&#227;o tentativas de minimizar a subjetividade dos sintomas relatados pelo paciente, utilizando a combina&#231;&#227;o destes com achados anormais do exame f&#237;sico, resultados de exames complementares e laboratoriais, ou os tipos de medica&#231;&#227;o em uso. Estas modifica&#231;&#245;es dificultam o uso destas escalas na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. A realidade do atendimento desses pacientes, no nosso meio, ainda n&#227;o permite o uso de instrumentos t&#227;o laboriosos.</p>
        <p>Ressalta-se que a CF de NYHA, al&#233;m de ser a mais conhecida, &#233; a de mais f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o. Tavares et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> elaboraram uma vers&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA para os sintomas da faixa pedi&#225;trica e construiram uma representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica das quatro classes funcionais. Por meio deste m&#233;todo visual, pode-se obter a percep&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as e seus respons&#225;veis, al&#233;m da categoriza&#231;&#227;o realizada pela equipe m&#233;dica.</p>
        <p>Embora v&#225;rios par&#226;metros da an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> especialmente a FEVE, estejam relacionados ao progn&#243;stico, este estudo constatou que quase um ter&#231;o dos pacientes (16 pacientes/28%) apresentou melhora dos sintomas de IC ap&#243;s o tratamento, embora mantivessem FEVE &#8804; 35%. Para este grupo de pacientes, as escalas Ross 2012 e a The NYU PHFI continuaram denotando pontua&#231;&#245;es elevadas, pois elas conferem pontos &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es e a resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, como a FEVE. Para este grupo, a escala NYHA correlacionou-se melhor com a capacidade funcional.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que as tr&#234;s escalas empregadas para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da IC na crian&#231;a foram &#250;teis para a avalia&#231;&#227;o evolutiva da gravidade da IC nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Houve pequenas diferen&#231;as entre elas e estas provavelmente se devem aos par&#226;metros utilizados na pontua&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A escala NYHA leva em conta apenas a sintomatologia cl&#237;nica. A escala de Ross vers&#227;o 2012 associa dados de sintomas, exame f&#237;sico e exames complementares. Destaca-se ainda que a escala The NYU PHFI inclui pontua&#231;&#227;o para o tipo de f&#225;rmaco utilizado, al&#233;m da presen&#231;a dos sinais e sintomas.</p>
        <p>A CMD, embora seja uma doen&#231;a pouco prevalente na popula&#231;&#227;o infantil, apresenta pior progn&#243;stico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Estudos de m&#233;todos que possibilitem o acompanhamento evolutivo CMD e sua resposta ao tratamento contribuem para o maior conhecimento da doen&#231;a, bem como para o aumento da sobrevida desses pacientes. N&#227;o h&#225;, na literatura, outros estudos que descrevam o emprego de escalas na abordagem evolutiva de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CMD. Este estudo &#233; pioneiro em demonstrar o comportamento de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de risco alto devido &#224; gravidade inicial da doen&#231;a, por meio do uso de escalas de avalia&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional da IC. Ele colabora ao constatar que tanto as escalas mais complexas (Ross 2012 e The NYU PHFI) quanto a mais conhecida (NYHA) podem ser usadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o evolutiva. Recomenda-se que os pacientes que persistirem sintom&#225;ticos ap&#243;s a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento da IC sejam tamb&#233;m avaliados quanto &#224; pontua&#231;&#227;o nas outras escalas. Desta forma, pode-se realizar estimativa mais completa quanto ao progn&#243;stico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Todas as escalas avaliadas mostraram-se adequadas para o seguimento, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta terap&#234;utica e a estimativa progn&#243;stica dos pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em tratamento. Pacientes que, ap&#243;s o tratamento otimizado da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, permaneceram em classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional III ou IV de NYHA, ou com pontua&#231;&#227;o igual ou maior que 11 na Ross 2012 ou na The NYU PHFI tiveram pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
          </p>
          <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o relacionadas ao tamanho da amostra, diversidade etiol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a, ampla faixa de idade acometida e inclus&#227;o de dados retrospectivos. Reflete a dificuldade j&#225; relatada por outros autores no acompanhamento de coortes de pacientes com doen&#231;as graves e pouco prevalentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de F&#225;tima Derlene da Rocha Araujo pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE - 11280413300005149. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
