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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZyvRR5CQNyRbpyXjpN84RHG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170056</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Climacteric Women with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Jorgileia Braga de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Cristina Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Philippe Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meireles</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Valneide Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Pav&#227;o Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilma Karlla dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Jozelia Diniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Josete Costa dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, MA - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jorgileia Braga de Melo</bold>, Rua Miragem do Sol, Ed. Dom Carlos, apto 102. Postal Code: 65075-760, Renascen&#231;a II, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>jleiamelo@gmail.com</email>; <email>tpavaorocha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Melo JB, Figueiredo Neto JA. Acquisition of data: Melo JB, Campos RCA, Carvalho PC, Andrade MVG, Rocha TPO, Farias WKS, Moraes MJD, Santos JC, Meireles MF. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Melo JB, Figueiredo Neto JA. Statistical analysis: Melo JB. Obtaining financing: Campos RCA. Writing of the manuscript: Melo JB, Carvalho PC, Meireles MF. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Melo JB, Campos RCA, Carvalho PC, Figueiredo Neto JA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jan-Feb</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>04</fpage>
      <lpage>11</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in women occurs during the climacteric period, especially after menopause.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to identify risk factors among climacteric women with and without coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study was performed in the Catheterization Laboratory at the Federal University Hospital of Maranh&#227;o, in the Northeast region of Brazil, between March 2012 and July 2013. We included 31 climacteric women who went to the care center for cardiac catheterization. They were divided into groups after catheterization results: Group I (with DAC) and Group II (without CAD). Statistical analysis: Categorical variables were described by means of frequencies and percentages, numerical variables by mean &#177; standard deviation or median (Quartile.3 - Quartile.1); the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the normality of quantitative data. Fisher's exact test was used for categorical data comparisons. For continuous data, we used Student's test or the Mann-Whitney for unpaired samples; statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We evaluated groups with CAD (n = 13) and without CAD (n = 18). The results showed a mean age between the groups of 57.92 &#177; 5.15 and 51.72 &#177; 4.63 years, respectively. Among the cardiovascular risk factors, the most prevalent among women with CAD were menopause (84.62%), systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) (69.23%) and sedentary life style (69.23%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>We concluded that, in addition to menopause itself, SAH and sedentary lifestyle were the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors among women with CAD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Climacteric</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentary Lifestyle.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The increase of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) incidence in females, especially in the climacteric period, is related to hormonal, circulatory, and blood alterations that occur in women. These alterations are notoriously implicated in the genesis and progression of cardiovascular disease, which, in turn, constitutes the main cause of mortality among the middle-age population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In the female aging process, alterations occur in the metabolic profile which modify adipose tissue composition and distribution, thus favoring weight gain and the progression of possible atherosclerotic processes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Among the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are: age, obesity, smoking, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), family history, stress, and a sedentary lifestyle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The body's exposure to these cardiovascular risk factors favors the development of the endothelial dysfunction process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Early detection of cardiovascular risk factors in climacteric women helps reduce morbidity and mortality in this group. Thus, the objective of the present study was to identify cardiovascular risk factors among climacteric women with or without CAD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a cross-sectional analytical study carried out in the Catheterization Laboratory of the University Hospital Presidente Dutra (HUPD), from the Federal University <italic>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</italic>, in Brazil. It is an intervention and imaging diagnosis unit that is linked to the Cardiovascular Surgical Service of HUPD. Data were collected between March 2012 and July 2013, starting from the moment the patients checked in for cardiac catheterization. These exams had been previously booked by the patients who had a referral, as is required by the Catheterization Lab.</p>
      <p>The selection took place consecutively, from the moment the patients checked in for their elective cardiac catheterization.</p>
      <p>We included all climacteric patients, between 40 and 65 years of age (period of menopausal manifestation),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> who underwent cardiac catheterization at the catheterization lab. All patients received information about the research and signed a free consent form approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of The Federal University of Maranh&#227;o (HUUFMA). Exclusion criteria included: patients on statins; those who underwent coronary angioplasty or myocardial revascularization; and previous history of acute myocardial infarction. We also excluded patients who refused to participate in the research, and those who, for different reasons, withdrew from the research protocol.</p>
      <p>Once the sample was defined, the patients were divided into groups according to cardiac catheterization results: Group I - with CAD; and Group II - without CAD. CAD was defined as the presence of obstruction in the coronary arteries demonstrated by cardiac catheterization. Patients were considered menopausal when their last period had occurred 12 months or longer before the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> None of the patients included in this study were on hormone therapy. Socio-demographic variables were: age; self-declared skin color; level of education; and household income.</p>
      <p>We analysed the following variables, which are considered cardiovascular risk factors according to the I Brazilian Guideline for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases in Climacteric Women:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> SAH, dyslipidemia, and DM (based on previous medical diagnosis); and blood pressure (BP), physical activity; smoking; alcoholism; weight, height; body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) (data from the Protocol-Chart).</p>
      <p>For biochemical exams, we adopted the following reference values, considered within normality for the lipid profile: total cholesterol below 200 mg/dl; high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) above 50 mg/dl; low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) below 130 mg/dl; triglycerides below 150 mg/dl; and fasting blood sugar levels below 100 mg/dl.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On the same day catheterization was performed, we measured the patients' BP, took anthropometric measurements, and collected blood at a 12-hour fasting period, all at the same time, in this sequence, between 7 a.m. and 9 a.m.</p>
      <p>Processing of blood samples for serum extraction was performed with samples kept at room temperature for 20 minutes (between 18 and 24&#186; C, mean of 22&#186; C) and later centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm. All exams were analysed at the laboratory at HUUFMA.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were described through frequencies and percentages, and numeric ones through mean &#177; standard deviation or median (Quartile.3 - Quartile.1), depending on normality. The Shapiro-Wilk test was chosen to verify the normality of quantitative data. To compare categorical data, we used Fisher's Exact test, and for continuous data, we used Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney for unpaired samples, depending on normality.</p>
        <p>Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05, and statistical analyses were performed with the software Data Analysis and Statistical Software (STATA&#174;) version 12.0.</p>
        <p>The present study represents a substudy of a more comprehensive research called "Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Climacteric Women", which has the approval of the Research Ethics Committee from [xxx omitted by revisers], under protocol number 182/11, in accordance with Resolution 196/96 and its complementary from The National Health Council of Brazil (CNS/MS).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We evaluated 31 climacteric women divided into 2 groups: Group I - with CAD (n = 13), and Group II - without CAD (n = 18). Mean age was 57.92 &#177; 5.17 and 51.72 &#177; 4.63, respectively, varying between 44 and 63 years of age, with statistical significance (p = 0.001). Socio-demographic data in the general group showed a higher frequency of brown women (70.97%); with &gt; 8 years of education (51.61%); with a household income &#8804; two monthly minimum wages (58.06%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sociodemographic characteristics of climacteric women with or without CAD - HUUFMA, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, Brazil, 2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col width="29%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sociodemographic characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">General</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">CAD</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">P-value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Present</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Absent</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Age (Mean &#177; Standard deviation)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">54.32 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">57.92 &#177; 5.17</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">51.72&#177;4.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Level of education (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">48.39</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">46.15</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">50.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.833<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">&gt; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">51.61</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">53.85</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">50.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Self-declared skin color (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">19.35</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">23.08</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">16.67</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.443<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center"> 9.68</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">16.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Brown</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">70.97</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">76.92</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">66.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Household income (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 2 Monthly minimum wage</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">58.06</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">76.92</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">44.44</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.074<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">&gt; 2 Monthly minimum wage</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">41.94</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">23.08</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">55.56</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student's t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Chi-square test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Fisher's exact test; CAD: coronary artery disease; HUUFMA: Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the presence of cardiovascular risk factors with a medical diagnosis established before data collection for the study, results showed, in Group I, a higher prevalence of SAH (69.23%), followed by DM (23.08%), and high cholesterol (15.38%). We observed elevated percentages of women who claimed they did not consume alcohol or smoke in both groups. We also saw that 69.23% of women with CAD and 61.11% of women without CAD did not practice daily physical activities (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Climacteric women with and without CAD regarding cardiovascular risk factors - HUUFMA. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, Brazil, 2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col width="29%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">General</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">CAD</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">P-value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Present</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Absent</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">SAH</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">32.26</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">30.77</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">33.33</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.880<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">67.74</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">69.23</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">66.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">87.10</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">76.92</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">94.44</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.151<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">12.90</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">23.08</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">5.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">High Cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">70.97</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">84.63</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">61.11</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.155<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">29.03</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">15.38</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">38.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Alcoholism</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">87.10</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">92.31</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">83.33</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.621<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">12.90</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">7.69</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">16.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Current smoking</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">96.77</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">92.31</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.232<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">3.23</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">7.69</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Physical activity</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">64.52</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">69.23</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">61.11</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.641<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">35.48</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">30.77</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">38.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Menopause</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">25.81</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">15.38</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">33.33</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.260<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">74.19</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">84.62</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">66.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">BMI (Mean &#177; Standard Deviation)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">27.57 &#177; 4.55</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">28.04 &#177; 4.31</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">27.24 &#177; 4.81</td>
              <td align="center">0.636<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">WC (Median; Q3 - Q1)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">88 (101 - 86)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">88 (101 - 88)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">88 (92 - 85)</td>
              <td align="center">0.348<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">SBP (Median; Q3 - Q1)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">135 (170 - 120)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">135 (180 - 125)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">135 (160 - 120)</td>
              <td align="center">0.400<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">DBP (Mean &#177; Standard Deviation)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">84.74 &#177; 11.27</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">84.23 &#177; 11.87</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">85.11 &#177; 11.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.834<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Fisher's exact test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Student's t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney; CAD: coronary artery disease; HUUFMA: Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the climacteric period in women with and without CAD, menopause was present among both groups, with 84.62% and 66.67%, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Patients with CAD presented higher BMI and WC in comparison to those without CAD; in general, the women presented alterations of these measurements, with means of 27.57% &#177; 4.55 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and 91.00 &#177; 10.28 cm, respectively. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was altered in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>With regards to values of lab variables, among women with and without CAD, the means of fasting blood sugar levels, total cholesterol and triglycerides were higher in Group I. However, HDL-c and LDL-c results were similar in both groups, with HDL-c below normality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Climacteric women with and without CAD regarding laboratory variables - HUUFMA. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, Brazil, 2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">General</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">CAD</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">P-value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Present</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Absent</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mean &#177; SD / Median (Q3-Q1)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mean &#177; SD / Median (Q3-Q1)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mean &#177; SD / Median (Q3-Q1)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fasting Blood Sugar</td>
              <td align="center">97 (120 - 90)</td>
              <td align="center">102 (155 - 95)</td>
              <td align="center">94 (103 - 89)</td>
              <td align="center">0.057<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total Cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">205.45 &#177; 43.56</td>
              <td align="center">205.38 &#177; 46.57</td>
              <td align="center">200.33 &#177; 42.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.756<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides</td>
              <td align="center">133 (182 - 75)</td>
              <td align="center">149 (189 - 119)</td>
              <td align="center">116 (150 - 68)</td>
              <td align="center">0.466<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">48.54 &#177; 11.77</td>
              <td align="center">48.07 &#177; 9.84</td>
              <td align="center">48.88 &#177; 13.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.853<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">126.16 &#177; 3.34</td>
              <td align="center">127.30 &#177; 44.87</td>
              <td align="center">125.33 &#177; 32.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.887<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Student's t test. All values expressed in mg /dl; CAD: coronary artery disease; HUUFMA: Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study, the golden standard was the identification of climacteric women diagnosed with CAD during the data collection period of the study, after cardiac catheterization.</p>
      <p>In addition to menopause, other cardiovascular risk factors were present among women with and without CAD, the most prevalent of which were sedentary life-styles and SAH. Studies that included women suggest an association between endothelial dysfunction and several cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of SAH progressively increases with age, and this process occurs in women, especially at the beginning of the post-menopausal stage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A sedentary life-style, reported by the patients themselves, was quite evident among the women of both groups. Studies suggest that regular daily physical activity has a positive effect on the endothelium and can attenuate vasodilatation, thus preserving nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, which results in a healthier natural aging process for women. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Physical exercise can also attenuate the appearance of comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Diabetic women are 3 to 7 times more likely to develop CAD than those without diabetes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>These factors increase oxidative stress, compromising endothelial cells - this initial compromise is only functional, caused by the local inflammatory process. As time goes by, structural alterations take place in the vessels, and those lesions will facilitate thromboembolic phenomena, clinically presented as myocardial infarction, stroke, and other ischemic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the climacteric period, most women who participated in this study were already post-menopausal (Groups I and II), and had been for over five years (late menopause), which suggests that among these women, the menopausal state may indicate an independent cardiovascular risk. During the climacteric period, women go through a gradual transition process of physiological changes, probably due to a decrease in estrogen, which leads to more long-lasting changes in the post-menopausal period. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> This hormonal change seems to present a direct effect on vasculature, considering estrogens protect the endothelium against atheromatous plaque.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We found that, in women with CAD, alterations in the levels of fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL-c were more evident; however, mean levels of LDL-c remained within normality. Menopause by itself seems to cause an increase in total cholesterol, LDL-c and triglyceride levels, which also happens throughout the aging process, especially in women. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> These factors also highlight the importance of LDL-c as a cardiovascular risk factor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies consider that total cholesterol and LDL-c continue to increase in women until the age of 70.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Gonadal failure in the post-menopausal climacteric may be related to the elevation of total cholesterol and LDL-c levels, due to a decrease in the hepatic activity of 7-&#945;-hydroxylase, with a reduction of biliary acid synthesis and, therefore, a decrease in cholesterol excretion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Galv&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> found an association between triglycerides and endothelial dysfunction, suggesting that triglycerides play an important role in endothelial dysfunction: they found that elevated levels of triglycerides cause an increase in lipolysis with a consequent increase of inflammatory markers, such as ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein (us-CRP) and interleukin 6, which leads to endothelial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is interesting to highlight that HDL-c levels, in general, were altered among climacteric women, with values below 50 mg/dl. Such results corroborate other studies that also found reduced values of HDL-c in women in the same age group as those in our study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Studies suggest that the protective effect of HDL-c may be decreasing in women in menopausal transition. Thus, it is possible that increased levels of HDL-c have a cardioprotective effect, while increased levels of LDL-c are associated to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In general, the women presented a slightly altered SBP. This finding is acceptable for the stage in which those patients are, considering an increased BP in climacteric women may be related to weight gain and/or hormonal alterations, especially after menopausal transtions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> It is noteworthy that BP measurements were taken on the day of cardiac catheterization, which may also have contributed to this finding, considering their emotional state at that time.</p>
      <p>Post-menopausal women, in addition to a weight gaining tendency, are also susceptible to lipid metabolism alterations, which may be related to the reduction of estrogen and consequent elevation of total cholesterol, lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels, which results in a lipid profile that is highly favorable to atherogenesis, especially when associated to DM and hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In both groups of climacteric women, alterations were found in the WC and BMI. Both measurements represent the distribution of body fat deposition, especially abdominal fat. The increase of fat among women is expected, and it is more present in post-menopausal individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> That increases the risk for cardiovascular events, especially in women with central obesity. Metabolic effects on menopausal women can also contribute to the development of atherosclerosis favored by endothelial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This accumulation of fat, also known as central, visceral, or android obesity, has been recognized as a cardiovascular risk factor and it is more important than total body fat - that may be justified by the higher production of cytokines by visceral fat, when compared to its production by peripheral fat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Suwaid et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> have demonstrated that obesity may be independently associated to endothelial dysfunction in patients with normal coronary angiography or in those with mild CAD.</p>
      <p>The limitations of our study include the identification of several women already medically diagnosed with CAD and on statins before the beginning of data collection for this study. We propose further studies in this area, especially multicenter studies with larger samples.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We have concluded that, in addition to menopause itself, SAH and a sedentary life-style were the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors among women with CAD.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Jorgileia Braga de Melo, from Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o under the protocol number 005900/2011-00. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 De Lorenzi DR, Basso E, Fagundes PO, Saciloto B. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among climacteric women. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(8):479-84.</mixed-citation>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Basso</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fagundes</surname>
              <given-names>PO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saciloto</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of overweight and obesity among climacteric women</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>479</fpage>
          <lpage>484</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA. 1999;282(16):1523-9.</mixed-citation>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spadano</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coakley</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Field</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colditz</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dietz</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>282</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1523</fpage>
          <lpage>1529</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores de Risco Cardiovasculares em Mulheres Climat&#233;ricas com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Jorgileia Braga de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Cristina Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Philippe Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meireles</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Valneide Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Pav&#227;o Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilma Karlla dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Jozelia Diniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Josete Costa dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, MA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jorgileia Braga de Melo</bold>, Rua Miragem do Sol, Ed. Dom Carlos, apto 102. CEP: 65075-760, Renascen&#231;a II, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>jleiamelo@gmail.com</email>; <email>tpavaorocha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Melo JB, Figueiredo Neto JA. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Melo JB, Campos RCA, Carvalho PC, Andrade MVG, Rocha TPO, Farias WKS, Moraes MJD, Santos JC, Meireles MF. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Melo JB, Figueiredo Neto JA. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Melo JB. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Campos RCA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Melo JB, Carvalho PC, Meireles MF. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Melo JB, Campos RCA, Carvalho PC, Figueiredo Neto JA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>O aumento da incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em mulheres ocorre durante o per&#237;odo do climat&#233;rio, especialmente ap&#243;s a menopausa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores de risco cardiovasculares entre as mulheres climat&#233;ricas com e sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado no Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2012 a julho de 2013. Foram inclu&#237;das 31 mulheres climat&#233;ricas que compareceram ao setor para realiza&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo card&#237;aco, separadas em grupos ap&#243;s resultados do cateterismo, Grupo I (com DAC) e Grupo II (sem DAC). An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagem, as num&#233;ricas por meio de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (Quartil.3 - Quartil.1); o teste Shapiro-Wilk para verificar a normalidade dos dados quantitativos, o teste Exato de Fisher para compara&#231;&#245;es de dados categ&#243;ricos; para dados cont&#237;nuos o Test-T para amostras n&#227;o pareadas ou o Mann-Whitney; foi considerado estatisticamente significativo o valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Avaliaram-se grupos com DAC (n = 13) e sem DAC (n = 18), os resultados apontaram m&#233;dia de idade entre os grupos de 57,92 &#177; 5,15 e 51,72 &#177; 4,63 anos, respectivamente; dentre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares, os mais prevalentes entre as mulheres com DAC foram: a menopausa (84,62%), a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) (69,23%) e o sedentarismo (69,23).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Concluiu-se que, al&#233;m da menopausa propriamente dita, a HAS e o sedentarismo foram os fatores de risco cardiovasculares mais prevalentes entre as mulheres com DAC. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>Climat&#233;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida Sedent&#225;rio.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O aumento na incid&#234;ncia de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC) na popula&#231;&#227;o do sexo feminino, principalmente no per&#237;odo do climat&#233;rio, est&#225; relacionado &#224;s modifica&#231;&#245;es hormonais, circulat&#243;rias e sangu&#237;neas que ocorrem na mulher. Essas modifica&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o reconhecidamente implicadas na g&#234;nese e progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a cardiovascular que, por sua vez, constitui a principal causa de mortalidade entre a popula&#231;&#227;o de meia-idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No processo de envelhecimento das mulheres, ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil metab&#243;lico que resultam em modifica&#231;&#245;es na composi&#231;&#227;o e distribui&#231;&#227;o do tecido adiposo, favorecendo tanto o aumento ponderal, como tamb&#233;m a progress&#227;o de eventuais processos ateroscler&#243;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dentre os principais fatores de risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares est&#227;o: idade, obesidade, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), dislipidemias, diabetes mellitus (DM), hist&#243;rico familiar, estresse e sedentarismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A exposi&#231;&#227;o do organismo &#224; presen&#231;a desses fatores de risco cardiovasculares favorece o desenvolvimento do processo de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares em mulheres climat&#233;ricas contribui para reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade neste grupo. Diante do exposto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar fatores de risco cardiovasculares entre as mulheres climat&#233;ricas com e sem DAC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal e anal&#237;tico realizado no Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Presidente Dutra (HUPD), da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o-Brasil. &#201; uma unidade de interven&#231;&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico por imagem vinculada ao Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do HUPD. Os dados foram coletados no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2012 a julho de 2013, a partir do momento em que as pacientes compareciam para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo card&#237;aco. Esses exames foram agendados previamente pelas pr&#243;prias pacientes, que j&#225; possu&#237;am solicita&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, conforme demanda do Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
        <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o se deu, consecutivamente, a partir do momento em que a paciente dava entrada no setor para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo card&#237;aco eletivo.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;das todas as pacientes climat&#233;ricas, com idade entre 40 e 65 anos, per&#237;odo considerado de manifesta&#231;&#227;o do climat&#233;rio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> atendidas no servi&#231;o de hemodin&#226;mica para realiza&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo card&#237;aco, ap&#243;s informa&#231;&#245;es e esclarecimentos acerca da pesquisa e antes de assinarem o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o-Brasil (HUUFMA). Consideraram-se os seguintes crit&#233;rios de n&#227;o inclus&#227;o: pacientes que estivessem em uso de estatinas; aquelas submetidas a angioplastia coronariana ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, ou com hist&#243;ria de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio. Foram exclu&#237;das, tamb&#233;m, as pacientes que n&#227;o autorizaram sua participa&#231;&#227;o na pesquisa e aquelas que, por motivos diversos, abandonaram o protocolo da pesquisa.</p>
        <p>Definida a amostra, as pacientes foram divididas em grupos de acordo com o resultado do cateterismo card&#237;aco: Grupo I - com DAC e Grupo II - sem DAC. Foi considerada como DAC a presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias demonstrada pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco. As pacientes foram caracterizadas na menopausa, quando a &#250;ltima menstrua&#231;&#227;o havia ocorrido h&#225; 12 ou mais meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Nenhuma das pacientes inclu&#237;das neste estudo estava em uso de terapia hormonal.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas abordadas foram: idade; cor da pele autodeclarada; escolaridade e renda familiar.</p>
        <p>Foram analisadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis consideradas como fatores de risco cardiovasculares segundo a I Diretriz Brasileira sobre Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares em Mulheres Climat&#233;ricas:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> HAS, dislipidemia e DM, estes j&#225; com diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio; press&#227;o arterial (PA); atividade f&#237;sica; tabagismo; etilismo; peso; estatura; &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA), dados contidos na Ficha-Protocolo.</p>
        <p>Para os exames bioqu&#237;micos, adotaram-se os seguintes valores de refer&#234;ncia considerados dentro da normalidade para o perfil lip&#237;dico: colesterol total abaixo de 200 mg/dl; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c) acima de 50 mg/dl; lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) abaixo de 130 mg/dl; triglicer&#237;deos abaixo de 150 mg/dl e glicemia em jejum abaixo de 100 mg/dl.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As pacientes foram submetidas, tamb&#233;m no mesmo dia do cateterismo card&#237;aco, &#224; medida de PA, &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o de medidas antropom&#233;tricas e &#224; coleta de sangue em jejum de 12 horas, tudo em um mesmo momento e nesta mesma sequ&#234;ncia, sempre das 7h &#224;s 9h.</p>
        <p>O processamento das amostras sangu&#237;neas para extra&#231;&#227;o do soro foi realizado com a manuten&#231;&#227;o das amostras por 20 minutos em temperatura ambiente (18 a 24&#186; C, m&#233;dia de 22&#186; C) e posterior centrifuga&#231;&#227;o por 10 minutos a 3000 rpm. Todos os exames foram analisados no laborat&#243;rio do HUUFMA.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagem, e as num&#233;ricas por meio de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (Quartil.3 - Quartil.1), conforme a normalidade.</p>
          <p>O teste utilizado para verificar a normalidade dos dados quantitativos foi o teste Shapiro-Wilk. Para compara&#231;&#245;es de dados categ&#243;ricos foram utilizados o teste Exato de Fisher, e para dados cont&#237;nuos foram utilizados o Test-T para amostras n&#227;o pareadas ou o Mann-Whitney, conforme a normalidade.</p>
          <p>Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo o valor de p &lt; 0,05, e as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o programa <italic>Data Analysis and Statistical Software</italic> (STATA&#174;) vers&#227;o 12.0.</p>
          <p>O presente estudo representa um subestudo de uma pesquisa mais ampla intitulada "Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial e Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Risco cardiovascular em Mulheres Climat&#233;ricas", a qual possui aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do [xxx omitido pela revis&#227;o], sob parecer n&#186; 182/11, obedecendo &#224; Resolu&#231;&#227;o196/96 e suas complementares do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de (CNS/MS).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram avaliadas 31 mulheres climat&#233;ricas divididas em 2 grupos: DAC presente (n = 13) representando o grupo I e DAC ausente (n = 18) o grupo II; com m&#233;dia de idade de 57,92 &#177; 5,17 e 51,72 &#177; 4,63 anos, respectivamente, variando entre 44 e 63 anos; com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,001). Os dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos no grupo geral demonstraram maior frequ&#234;ncia de mulheres pardas (70,97%); com mais de 8 anos de escolaridade (51,61%); e com renda familiar menor ou igual a dois sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (58,06%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas das mulheres climat&#233;ricas com e sem DAC - HUUFMA. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, 2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="29%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Geral</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">DAC</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">P-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Presente</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Ausente</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Idade (M&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">54,32 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">57,92 &#177; 5,17</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">51,72&#177;4,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Escolaridade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">48,39</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">46,15</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">50,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,833<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">&gt; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">51,61</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">53,85</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">50,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Cor autodeclarada (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">19,35</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">23,08</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">16,67</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,443<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Preta</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center"> 9,68</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">16,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Parda</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">70,97</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">76,92</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">66,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Renda Familiar (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 2 Sal&#225;rio M&#237;nimo</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">58,06</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">76,92</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">44,44</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,074<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">&gt; 2 Sal&#225;rio M&#237;nimo</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">41,94</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">23,08</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">55,56</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Qui-quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Exato de Fisher; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HUUFMA: Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovasculares j&#225; com diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico estabelecido antes da coleta de dados do estudo, os resultados apontaram, no grupo de mulheres com DAC, maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS, com 69,23%, seguida de DM com 23,08% e de colesterol alto com 15,38%. Observou-se percentuais elevados, em ambos os grupos, de mulheres climat&#233;ricas que declararam n&#227;o consumir bebida alco&#243;lica e tabaco. Observou-se tamb&#233;m que 69,23% das mulheres com DAC e 61,11% daquelas sem DAC n&#227;o praticavam atividade f&#237;sica di&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mulheres climat&#233;ricas com e sem DAC quanto aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares - HUUFMA. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, 2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="29%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Geral</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">DAC</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">P-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Presente</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Ausente</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">32,26</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">30,77</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,880<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">67,74</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">69,23</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">66,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">87,10</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">76,92</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">94,44</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,151<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">12,90</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">23,08</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">5,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Colesterol Alto</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">70,97</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">84,63</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">61,11</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,155<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">29,03</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">15,38</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">38,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Etilismo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">87,10</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">92,31</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">83,33</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,621<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">12,90</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">7,69</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">16,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">96,77</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">92,31</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,232<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3,23</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">7,69</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Atividade F&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">64,52</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">69,23</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">61,11</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,641<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">35,48</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">30,77</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">38,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Menopausa</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">25,81</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">15,38</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,260<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">74,19</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">84,62</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">66,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">IMC (M&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">27,57 &#177; 4,55</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">28,04 &#177; 4,31</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">27,24 &#177; 4,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,636<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">CA (Mediana; Q3 - Q1)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">88 (101 - 86)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">88 (101 - 88)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">88 (92 - 85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,348<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">PAS (Mediana; Q3 - Q1)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">135 (170 - 120)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">135 (180 - 125)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">135 (160 - 120)</td>
                <td align="center">0,400<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">PAD (M&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">84,74 &#177; 11,27</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">84,23 &#177; 11,87</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">85,11 &#177; 11,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,834<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Exato de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HUUFMA: Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto ao per&#237;odo do climat&#233;rio nas mulheres com e sem DAC, a menopausa esteve presente entre os dois grupos, com 84,62% e 66,67%, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>As pacientes com DAC apresentaram IMC e CA superiores quando comparadas &#224;quelas sem DAC; no geral, as mulheres apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es dessas medidas, com m&#233;dias de 27,57 &#177; 4,55 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 91,00 &#177; 10,28 cm, respectivamente. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) esteve alterada tanto no grupo I quanto no II (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>No que se refere aos valores das vari&#225;veis laboratoriais, entre as mulheres com e sem DAC, as m&#233;dias dos n&#237;veis de glicemia em jejum, do colesterol total e triglicer&#237;deos apresentaram-se maiores no Grupo com DAC. J&#225; as m&#233;dias dos resultados do HDL-c e LDL-c estiveram aproximadas nos dois grupos; com o HDL-c abaixo da normalidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mulheres climat&#233;ricas com e sem DAC quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis laboratoriais - HUUFMA. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, 2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Geral</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">DAC</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">P-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Presente</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Ausente</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">M&#233;dia &#177; DP / Mediana (Q3-Q1)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">M&#233;dia &#177; DP / Mediana (Q3-Q1)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">M&#233;dia &#177; DP / Mediana (Q3-Q1)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia em Jejum</td>
                <td align="center">97 (120 - 90)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (155 - 95)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (103 - 89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,057<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol Total</td>
                <td align="center">205,45 &#177; 43,56</td>
                <td align="center">205,38 &#177; 46,57</td>
                <td align="center">200,33 &#177; 42,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,756<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center">133 (182 - 75)</td>
                <td align="center">149 (189 - 119)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (150 - 68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,466<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">48,54 &#177; 11,77</td>
                <td align="center">48,07 &#177; 9,84</td>
                <td align="center">48,88 &#177; 13,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,853<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">126,16 &#177; 3,34</td>
                <td align="center">127,30 &#177; 44,87</td>
                <td align="center">125,33 &#177; 32,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,887<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student. Todos os valores dados em mg /dl; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HUUFMA: Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o; HDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, teve-se como padr&#227;o ouro a identifica&#231;&#227;o das mulheres climat&#233;ricas diagnosticadas com DAC no per&#237;odo de coleta de dados do estudo feita ap&#243;s o cateterismo card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da menopausa, estiveram presentes outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares entre as mulheres com e sem DAC; sendo os mais prevalentes o sedentarismo e a HAS. Estudos envolvendo mulheres sugerem associa&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial com diversos fatores de risco cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HAS aumenta progressivamente com a idade, este processo acontece nas mulheres principalmente no in&#237;cio da fase p&#243;s-menopausa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O sedentarismo, relatado pelas pr&#243;prias pacientes, foi bastante evidente entre as mulheres de ambos os grupos. Estudos sugerem que a atividade f&#237;sica di&#225;ria e regular possui efeito positivo sobre o endot&#233;lio, podendo atenuar a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, preservando a biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) e resultando no envelhecimento natural mais saud&#225;vel para as mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tamb&#233;m pode atenuar o aparecimento de comorbidades como DM e hipertens&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O DM confere um risco 3 a 7 vezes maior de DAC para as mulheres diab&#233;ticas, quando comparadas &#224;s n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Esses fatores aumentam o estresse oxidativo comprometendo as c&#233;lulas endoteliais, este comprometimento inicial &#233; apenas funcional, decorrente do processo inflamat&#243;rio local; com o passar do tempo, v&#227;o acontecendo altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais nos vasos, e essas les&#245;es facilitar&#227;o os fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos apresentados clinicamente como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e outros eventos isqu&#234;micos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No que tange ao per&#237;odo do climat&#233;rio, a maioria das mulheres deste estudo j&#225; estava na p&#243;s-menopausa, tanto as do grupo I quanto as do grupo II, e por um per&#237;odo de mais de cinco anos (menopausa tardia), sugerindo que entre essas mulheres, o estado menopausal pode indicar risco cardiovascular independente. No climat&#233;rio, observa-se que as mulheres passam por um processo de transi&#231;&#227;o gradual de mudan&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas, provavelmente devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do estrog&#234;nio, o que resulta em mudan&#231;as mais duradouras no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Essa mudan&#231;a hormonal parece apresentar um efeito direto sobre a vasculatura, considerando-se que os estrog&#234;nios conferem prote&#231;&#227;o ao endot&#233;lio contra a placa ateromatosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Observou-se que nas mulheres com DAC foram mais evidentes as altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de glicemia em jejum, colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos e HDL-c, no entanto, a m&#233;dia dos n&#237;veis de LDL-c permaneceram dentro da normalidade. A menopausa, por si s&#243;, parece resultar no aumento do colesterol total, n&#237;veis de LDL-c e triglicer&#237;deos, tamb&#233;m observados no decorrer da idade do indiv&#237;duo, especialmente das mulheres,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> ressaltando-se a import&#226;ncia do LDL-c como fator de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos consideram que o colesterol total e LDL-c continuam a aumentar nas mulheres at&#233; os 70 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A fal&#234;ncia gonadal no climat&#233;rio p&#243;s-menopausal pode estar relacionada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total e LDL-c, devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade hep&#225;tica da 7-&#945;-hidroxilase, com redu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de &#225;cidos biliares e, consequentemente, diminui&#231;&#227;o da excre&#231;&#227;o de colesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Galv&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre triglicer&#237;deos e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, sugerindo que os triglicer&#237;deos t&#234;m um papel importante na disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial; &#233; visto que n&#237;veis aumentados de triglicer&#237;deos provocam o aumento da lip&#243;lise com consequente aumento de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como a prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-US) e Interleucina 6, levando &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Interessante enfatizar que os n&#237;veis de HDL-c, de modo geral, estiveram alterados, entre as mulheres climat&#233;ricas, com valores abaixo de 50 mg/dl. Tais resultados corroboram outros estudos que tamb&#233;m encontraram valores reduzidos de HDL-c em mulheres na faixa et&#225;ria semelhante &#224; do nosso estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Estudos sugerem que o efeito protetor de HDL-c pode estar diminu&#237;do em mulheres em transi&#231;&#227;o da menopausa, sendo aceit&#225;vel que n&#237;veis aumentados de HDL-c possuem efeito cardioprotetor, enquanto n&#237;veis mais aumentados de LDL-c est&#227;o associados a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No geral, as mulheres estavam com a PAS levemente alterada. Esse achado &#233; aceit&#225;vel para a fase na qual elas se encontram, uma vez que o aumento da PA nas mulheres climat&#233;ricas pode, possivelmente, relacionar-se ao ganho de peso e/ou a altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais, principalmente ap&#243;s a transi&#231;&#227;o da menopausa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Vale lembrar que as medidas da PA foram aferidas no dia do cateterismo card&#237;aco, o que pode tamb&#233;m ter contribu&#237;do para esse achado devido &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o emocional em que elas se encontravam.</p>
        <p>As mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, al&#233;m da tend&#234;ncia ao ganho de peso, tamb&#233;m est&#227;o suscept&#237;veis a apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo lip&#237;dico, que podem estar relacionadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio com consequente eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;nas e triglicer&#237;deos acarretando, a essa popula&#231;&#227;o, um perfil lip&#237;dico altamente favor&#225;vel &#224; aterog&#234;nese, principalmente quando associada &#224; DM e hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nos dois grupos de mulheres climat&#233;ricas, constataram-se altera&#231;&#245;es na CA e no IMC. As duas medidas representam a distribui&#231;&#227;o da deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal, especialmente a abdominal. O aumento da gordura entre as mulheres j&#225; &#233; esperado, sendo este mais presente nas p&#243;s-menopausadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Relata-se que o risco de eventos cardiovasculares aumenta, principalmente, em mulheres com obesidade central; destacando que os efeitos metab&#243;licos na mulher na menopausa podem contribuir, tamb&#233;m, para o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose favorecida pela disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Esse ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal &#233; tamb&#233;m conhecido como obesidade central, visceral ou andr&#243;ide e tem sido reconhecido como fator de risco cardiovascular, sendo mais importante do que a gordura corporal total; pode ser justificada pela maior produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pela gordura visceral, quando comparada &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o pela gordura perif&#233;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al Suwaidi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> demonstraram que a obesidade pode estar independentemente associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes com angiografia de coron&#225;rias normais ou naqueles com DAC leve.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo teve como limita&#231;&#227;o a identifica&#231;&#227;o de muitas mulheres j&#225; com diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de DAC e em uso de estatinas antes do in&#237;cio da coleta de dados desta pesquisa. Prop&#245;e-se mais estudos nessa &#225;rea, principalmente em multic&#234;ntricos, com grupos maiores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Conclui-se que, al&#233;m da menopausa propriamente dita, a HAS e o sedentarismo foram os fatores de risco cardiovasculares mais prevalentes entre as mulheres com DAC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Jorgileia Braga de Melo pela Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 005900/2011-00. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
