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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">g37FGrYhmnCDm6kfctpLkpp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000100001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiology and Sustainable Development</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Setor de Radiologia - Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear e Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Claudio Tinoco Mesquita</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Setor de Radiologia - Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear. Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code: 24033-900, segundo andar, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jan-Feb</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>3</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Symptom Assessment / trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Nuclear Medicine / trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>&#8220;Be the change you wish to see in the world&#8221;</p>
        <attrib>
          <italic>Mahatma Gandhi</italic>
        </attrib>
      </disp-quote>
    </p>
    <p>Brazil is one of the major economies of the planet, with a territory of continental extension (fifth greatest) and a population over 200 million inhabitants. Nevertheless, Brazil has a huge social inequality, evidenced by its health indicators. Ribeiro et al. have reported that cardiovascular diseases account for 31% of all deaths, most of which resulting from ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The United Nations (UN) implemented the &#8220;2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development&#8221; that includes the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), aimed at eradicating poverty as well as fighting inequalities and climate change. One of the most challenging objectives of that agenda is to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. A reduction in the relative risk of early death secondary to cardiovascular diseases is top priority for the year 2030.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> By achieving the SDG, we will be able to prevent 10 million of the 20 million deaths of individuals aged 0 to 49 years expected by 2030. Brazil plays an important role among the nations that successfully fight cardiovascular death, with a 30% to 40% reduction in 20 years, which is comparable to that observed in the United States of America.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>There are several actions to prevent cardiovascular mortality, such as avoiding the development of cardiovascular diseases and their complications by adopting a healthy diet, reducing smoking, practicing regular physical activity, controlling blood pressure, blood lipids and blood sugar, fighting obesity and reducing environmental pollution. Magalh&#227;es has recently emphasized the importance of the initiative of the national societies of cardiology to attain the SDG, showing the need for adopting more aggressive actions to reduce serum lipid levels in patients at cardiovascular risk,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> which has been consolidated in the last version of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines for Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Another important measure to prevent mortality is the correct detection of cardiovascular diseases or their management, if already present. The clinical assessment accuracy added to the arsenal of complementary tests available is essential to detect several conditions that lead to premature deaths. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is the most often used non-invasive imaging technique to assess coronary artery disease, providing information that allows the diagnosis and risk stratification of cardiovascular adverse events. Most importantly, data derived from that technique contribute to the therapeutic decision making, allowing high-risk patients to undergo revascularization and avoiding wastage with invasive procedures in patients at low risk for adverse events. The proper use of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy contributes to improve cardiovascular disease management, which requires coordinated efforts. The review article by Dondi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> published in this issue of the <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</italic>, shows how the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which is part of the family of the UN agencies, is contributing to improve the peaceful use of nuclear energy, especially in the health area. The IAEA collaborates with the SDG in the medical area, especially in nuclear medicine, through a large repertoire of actions, such as trainings and presential courses, online learning tools, coordinated nuclear research, apps for the use of adequacy criteria to request complementary tests, and quality improvement tools, such as the Quality Management Audits in Nuclear Medicine (QUANUM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The QUANUM are part of a process of internal and external assessment of nuclear medicine practices, deemed essential to disseminate the culture of quality and safety, as well as to implement quality tools in nuclear medicine services, which perform several diagnostic tests in patients with cardiovascular diseases, being able to contribute to reduce mortality.</p>
    <p>An example of the impact of QUANUM on a nuclear medicine service is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, which illustrates the results of the conformity levels achieved at the Ant&#244;nio Pedro Hospital of the Fluminense Federal University. After the initial audit visit in 2013, several recommendations were made to improve the procedures and facility at the institution, which could be assessed in the 2017 audit follow-up. Of the recommendations met, we highlight the improvement in the radioprotection and internal management protocols of the sector. Of the expected results from that improvement, we observed an increase in the number of tests performed and a reduction in the time to deliver the reports to the patients.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radar graphs comparing the conformity level of the QUANUM external audits carried out at the nuclear medicine service of a universityaffiliated hospital by comparing the first and second visits of the auditors. Note the improvement in the radioprotection and human resources requirements. 1. Strategies: Policies and strategies; 2. Adm&amp;Man: Administration and management; 3. Hum Res: Human resources; 4. Radiat Reg: Radiation regulation; 5. Patient R Prot: Patient&#8217;s radioprotection; 6. QA System: Quality assessment system; 7. Equip QA/QC: Equipment quality control; 8. IT Syst: Information technology system; 9. Clin Serv: Services of clinical diagnosis with radionuclides; 12. Ther Serv: Services of therapy with radionuclides; 14. RP level 1: Radiopharmacy level 1; 15. RP level 2: Radiopharmacy level 2; 16. RP level 3: Radiopharmacy level 3; 17. H&amp;T Markers: Radioimmunoassay.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0001-70101-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A significant factor in health sustainability is the wastage of resources. Effort has been made in several areas, such as using protocols to properly indicate tests. In nuclear medicine, an initiative by Santos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> from the Brazilian National Institute of Cardiology, to assess the economic impact of the inappropriate request of myocardial scintigraphy has shown the importance of undertaking effort in the area. Analyzing the requests of myocardial scintigraphy at that institute, those authors found 12% of inappropriate requests, corresponding to 18.6% of the nuclear medicine sector budget. Avoiding inappropriate tests reduces wastage of resources, prevents unnecessary radiation exposure and increases the availability of the tests for patients with proper indications, strongly contributing to attaining the IAEA objectives to reach the SDG.</p>
    <p>Finally, the study by Dondi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> shows the path several agencies and specialty societies have coordinately taken to provide the population with more equality in health. Disseminating the precepts of the SDG and stimulating the leaders in cardiology to take on their role in conducting those initiatives are paramount to achieve the desired sustainable development.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Cardiologia e o Desenvolvimento Sustent&#225;vel</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Setor de Radiologia - Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear e Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudio Tinoco Mesquita</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Setor de Radiologia - Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear. Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24033-900, segundo andar, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Sintomas / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina Nuclear / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>&#8220;Temos de nos tornar a mudan&#231;a que queremos ver&#8221;</p>
          <attrib>
            <italic>Mahatma Gandhi</italic>
          </attrib>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>O Brasil &#233; uma das maiores economias do planeta, com uma extens&#227;o territorial de propor&#231;&#245;es continentais (quinta maior) e uma popula&#231;&#227;o que supera 200 milh&#245;es de habitantes. Apesar disso, o Brasil &#233; um pa&#237;s com uma profunda desigualdade social que se reflete nos seus indicadores de sa&#250;de. Ribeiro et al. apontam que as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 31% de todas as mortes, sendo que a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o e a doen&#231;a cerebrovascular respondem pela maioria desses &#243;bitos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o das Na&#231;&#245;es Unidas (ONU) implementou a &#8220;Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustent&#225;vel&#8221; que inclui 17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent&#225;vel (ODS), visando a erradicar a pobreza e a combater as desigualdades e a mudan&#231;a clim&#225;tica. Assegurar uma vida saud&#225;vel e promover o bem-estar para todos em todas as idades &#233; um dos objetivos mais desafiadores dessa agenda adotada pela ONU. Uma redu&#231;&#227;o do risco relativo de morte prematura secund&#225;ria a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares est&#225; listada no topo das prioridades para o ano 2030.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Alcan&#231;ados os ODS, poderemos evitar 10 milh&#245;es dos 20 milh&#245;es de &#243;bitos esperados em 2030 que ocorrer&#227;o em pessoas entre 0 e 49 anos. O Brasil figura com destaque no painel de na&#231;&#245;es que est&#227;o tendo sucesso no combate &#224;s mortes cardiovasculares, sendo apontada uma redu&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo de 20 anos entre 30% e 40%, que &#233; compar&#225;vel &#224; observada nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Muitas s&#227;o as poss&#237;veis vertentes de a&#231;&#227;o na preven&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade cardiovascular, sendo not&#243;rios os efeitos da preven&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e suas complica&#231;&#245;es adotando alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, reduzindo o tabagismo, implementando atividade f&#237;sica regular, controlando adequadamente a press&#227;o arterial, os lip&#237;deos sangu&#237;neos e a glicemia, assim como combatendo a obesidade e reduzindo a polui&#231;&#227;o ambiental. Iniciativas das sociedades nacionais de cardiologia s&#227;o importantes para os ODS, conforme Magalh&#227;es recentemente enfatizou, demonstrando a necessidade de adotarmos uma conduta mais agressiva na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de lip&#237;deos s&#233;ricos dos pacientes com risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> vis&#227;o essa que est&#225; consolidada na &#250;ltima vers&#227;o da Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Uma outra forma muito importante de preven&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade &#233; a correta detec&#231;&#227;o e o manejo das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, uma vez que j&#225; estejam presentes. A acur&#225;cia da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica somada ao armament&#225;rio de exames complementares dispon&#237;veis &#233; chave para a detec&#231;&#227;o de um n&#250;mero de condi&#231;&#245;es que levam a mortes prematuras. O exame de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; a t&#233;cnica n&#227;o invasiva de imagem mais frequentemente solicitada para avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e prov&#234; informa&#231;&#245;es que permitem diagnosticar e estratificar o risco de eventos cardiovasculares adversos. Mais importantemente, as informa&#231;&#245;es derivadas dessa t&#233;cnica contribuem para a tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica permitindo revasculariza&#231;&#245;es em pacientes de alto risco e evitando desperd&#237;cio com procedimentos invasivos em pacientes de baixo risco para eventos adversos. A sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o apropriada contribui para melhorar o manejo da doen&#231;a cardiovascular e para que isso ocorra esfor&#231;os coordenados devem ser empreendidos. Nesse sentido, o artigo de revis&#227;o de Dondi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> publicado neste n&#250;mero do <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</italic>, vem demonstrar como a Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica (AIEA), que faz parte da fam&#237;lia de ag&#234;ncias da ONU, vem contribuindo para o aprimoramento do uso pac&#237;fico da energia nuclear, em especial na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de. A AIEA contribui para os ODS na &#225;rea m&#233;dica, em especial na &#225;rea de medicina nuclear, atrav&#233;s de amplo repert&#243;rio de a&#231;&#245;es, como treinamentos e cursos presenciais, ferramentas <italic>online</italic> de aprendizagem, pesquisas coordenadas na &#225;rea nuclear, aplicativos para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o para solicita&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares e ferramentas para melhoria da qualidade, como auditorias de qualidade QUANUM (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>Quality Management Audits in Nuclear Medicine</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> As auditorias QUANUM s&#227;o parte de um processo de avalia&#231;&#227;o interna e externa das pr&#225;ticas em um servi&#231;o de medicina nuclear e s&#227;o consideradas essenciais na dissemina&#231;&#227;o da cultura da qualidade e seguran&#231;a e na implementa&#231;&#227;o de ferramentas de qualidade em servi&#231;os de medicina nuclear, que realizam diversos exames diagn&#243;sticos em pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, podendo contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade.</p>
      <p>Um exemplo do impacto da auditoria QUANUM em um servi&#231;o de medicina nuclear pode ser visto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>, que ilustra os resultados dos n&#237;veis de conformidade alcan&#231;ados no servi&#231;o do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro da Universidade Federal Fluminense. Ap&#243;s a visita inicial de auditoria realizada em 2013, diversas recomenda&#231;&#245;es foram dadas para melhoria nos procedimentos e nas instala&#231;&#245;es da institui&#231;&#227;o, que puderam ser avaliadas na auditoria de acompanhamento em 2017. Entre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atendidas, destacamos as melhorias nos protocolos de radioprote&#231;&#227;o e da gest&#227;o interna do setor. Entre os resultados esperados dessas melhorias, conseguimos constatar aumento do n&#250;mero de exames realizados e redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo para entrega dos resultados aos pacientes.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;ficos radar de compara&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de conformidade das auditorias externas QUANUM realizadas no servi&#231;o de medicina nuclear de um hospital universit&#225;rio comparando a primeira e a segunda visita dos auditores. Observar as melhorias nos requisitos de radioprote&#231;&#227;o e recursos humanos. Legenda: 1. Estrat&#233;gias: pol&#237;ticas e estrat&#233;gias; 2. Adm&amp;Ger: Administra&#231;&#227;o e gerenciamento; 3. Rec Hum: Recursos humanos; 4. Reg Rad: Regula&#231;&#227;o da Radia&#231;&#227;o; 5. RP Pte: Radioprote&#231;&#227;o do paciente; 6. Sist QA: Sistema de avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade; 7. Cont QA Equip: Controle de qualidade dos equipamentos; 8. Sist TI: Sistema de tecnologia da informa&#231;&#227;o; 9. Serv Cl&#237;n Diag: Servi&#231;os cl&#237;nicos de diagn&#243;stico com radionucl&#237;deos; 12. Serv Ter Rad: Servi&#231;o de terapia com radionucl&#237;deos; 14. RF n&#237;vel 1: Radiofarm&#225;cia n&#237;vel 1; 15. RF n&#237;vel 2: Radiofarm&#225;cia n&#237;vel 2; 16. RF n&#237;vel 3: Radiofarm&#225;cia n&#237;vel 3; 17. RIME: radioimunoensaio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-01-0001-70101-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Um fator significativo na sustentabilidade da sa&#250;de &#233; o desperd&#237;cio de recursos. Esfor&#231;os t&#234;m sido empreendidos em diversas &#225;reas, sendo uma delas a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames dentro de protocolos de indica&#231;&#245;es adequadas. Na &#225;rea de medicina nuclear, uma iniciativa de Santos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia do Brasil, na avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto econ&#244;mico das solicita&#231;&#245;es inadequadas de cintilografias mioc&#225;rdicas mostra-nos a import&#226;ncia do empreendimento de esfor&#231;os na &#225;rea. Analisando as solicita&#231;&#245;es de cintilografias mioc&#225;rdicas da institui&#231;&#227;o, os autores encontraram 12% de pedidos inapropriados, que correspondem a 18,6% do or&#231;amento dedicado ao setor de medicina nuclear. Evitar exames inapropriados reduz o desperd&#237;cio, evita a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o desnecess&#225;ria e aumenta a disponibilidade de exames para pacientes com indica&#231;&#245;es apropriadas para os exames, o que contribui fortemente com os objetivos da AIEA para alcan&#231;armos os ODS.</p>
      <p>Enfim, a leitura do artigo de Dondi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> mostra-nos o caminho que as diversas ag&#234;ncias e sociedades t&#234;m tomado de modo coordenado para que alcancemos uma sa&#250;de mais equ&#226;nime para a popula&#231;&#227;o. A dissemina&#231;&#227;o dos preceitos dos ODS e o est&#237;mulo para que as lideran&#231;as na &#225;rea da cardiologia assumam o seu papel na condu&#231;&#227;o dessas iniciativas &#233; essencial para que tenhamos o t&#227;o desejado Desenvolvimento Sustent&#225;vel.</p>
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  </sub-article>
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