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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rcZqqqRnDhrDdk7twxHjLsq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000600550</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170077</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Familial Hypercholesterolemia: the Importance of Early Diagnosis and Management</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Flavia Cassini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Iliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral de Nova Igua&#231;u</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica Hospital Geral de Nova Igua&#231;u, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral de Nova Igua&#231;u</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica do Hospital Geral de Nova Igua&#231;u, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Flavia Cassini Cunha</bold>, Rua Senador Vergueiro 93 ap 1201. Postal Code: 22230-000. Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>flaviacassini@hotmail.com</email>; <email>afcassini@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Acquisition of data: Menezes IRR, Cunha AFC. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Menezes IRR, Cunha AFC. Writing of the manuscript: Menezes IRR, Cunha AFC. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Menezes IRR, Cunha AFC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Nov-Dec</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>550</fpage>
      <lpage>553</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Peripheral Arterial Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Ankle Brachial Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease, a genetic disease of lipoprotein metabolism, mainly due to a defect in the LDLR gene encoding the LDL receptor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The diagnosis is established by clinical and laboratory criteria and should always be a diagnostic hypothesis in patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) levels greater than 190 mg/dL; and can be confirmed by genetic tests that determine the mutation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Some diagnostic criteria have been proposed in an attempt to standardize and formalize the diagnosis of FH, such as the <italic>Dutch Lipid Clinic Network</italic> (Dutch MEDPED).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This calculates a patient score based on anamnesis data and physical and laboratory tests such as elevated rates of LDLc; characteristics such as tendinous xanthomas and corneal arch; family history of hypercholesterolemia and/or early coronary artery disease (man &lt; 55 years and woman &lt; 60 years) and identification of genetic mutations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The score determines the probability of an FH diagnosis as possible, probable or definitive FH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The most common mutation related to FH is in the gene encoding the LDL receptor, resulting in LDL receptors with functional reductions in their ability to remove LDLc from the circulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> There are two distinct phenotypes: the homozygous form, where two defective genes are inherited and LDL receptors have no functionality; a rare form,1 in 1 million individuals and in this case are observed LDL levels &gt; 650 mg/dL; and the heterozygous form, where a gene defective to the LDL receptor is inherited from one parent and a normal gene from the other.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The absence of a functional gene causes an increase in the plasma level of LDLc; most frequently affects 1 in 500 individuals with LDL levels &gt; 200 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The homozygous form tends to present cardiovascular involvement already in childhood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The mutation may also be secondary to defects in the APOB gene encoding apolipoprotein B100, or by functional gain mutations in the pro-protein convertase subutilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK) gene. -9).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In patients with heterozygous FH the LDL particles circulate longer, being more subject to oxidation and chemical transformations that result in high uptake of LDL modified by macrophages, triggering pro-atherogenic mechanisms, causing atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and arterial disease peripheral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The nutritional therapies, medication, and regular physical exercises help to control LDL levels and to prevent cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> It is recommended to reduce the intake of foods rich in cholesterol and saturated fatty acids.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Pharmacological therapy is performed with high-potency statins, such as Atorvastatin (10-80 mg) and Rosuvastatin (10-40mg), in order to obtain a reduction of more than 50% of the baseline level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In patients with intolerant to statin therapy, other hypolipidemic agents, such as ezetimibe, niacin or cholestyramine may be used; and may be also combined with each others in patients who are poorly responding to single statin therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Drug therapy should be individually prescribed and maintained in the long term, with regular medical follow-up always evaluating liver (TGO/TGP) and muscular (CPK) enzymes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Lipid profile screening is recommended in all individuals over 10 years of age and in all first degree relatives of individuals diagnosed as having FH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In the presence of risk factors, clinical signs of FH or atherosclerotic disease, the lipid profile should be considered from 02 years old on.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this report, we describe the case of a patient in the fourth decade of life with Familial Hypercholesterolemia, who was successfully treated with high-potency statin.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>A 31-year-old female patient from Rio de Janeiro sought outpatient care in March/ 2015 at the General Hospital of Nova Igua&#231;u with a history of hypercholesterolemia since the age of 16, but had never taken any medication and only had a diet without laboratory improvement. She used to do regular high-intensity physical activity 05 times/week since the was 18 years old. Family history of hypercholesterolemia (Total Cholesterol &gt; 290 mg/dL) in two first-degree relatives (mother and sibling). Maternal grandfather died of AMI before 50 years. Patient presented a February/2015 laboratory test with lipidogram results: CT: 385 mg/dL; HDLc: 86 mg/dL; LDLc: 252 mg/dL and Triglycerides: 92 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>Physical examination at the first consultation: Abdominal Waist: 72 cm, Weight: 66 kg, Height: 1.68 m, BMI: 23 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, BP: 110/70 mmHg, HR: 68 bpm. Presence of tendinous xanthoma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Corneal arch absent. No changes in cardiovascular, respiratory and abdominal examination. Electrocardiogram performed at the 1st consultation without alterations. Laboratory tests were requested to assess dyslipidemia and imaging tests. According to the criteria of Dutch MEDPED the patient has 13 points (Relative of 1st degree TC &gt; 290 mg/dL - 2 points, tendinous xanthoma - 6 points, LDLc 252 mg/dL - 5 points), being considered as definitive diagnosis of FH.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Xanthoma in the calcaneus.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0550-70077-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Atorvastatin 20mg was started at the first visit, but the patient irregularly used it and returned to the doctor's office after three months with the results of laboratory and imaging tests: Carotid echocardiography and abdominal USG. These tests didn't show significant alterations. Atorvastatin was prescribed at 40 mg and reassessment scheduled for three months. Patient returned in September/15 with laboratory tests, showing a decrease of Total Cholesterol and LDLc levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) and unchanged hepatic and muscular enzymes (TGP 19U/L, TGO 23U/L, CPK 117U/L); and exercise test without alterations.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evolution of total cholesterol and LDLc values.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0550-70077-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Lipidogram was requested to first-degree relatives with the following results: Mother - TC: 205 mg/dL and LDLc 125 mg/dL and Brother - TC: 193 mg/dL and LDLc 89 mg/dL; Both on statin therapy for more than two years. Brother has tendinous xanthoma. Genetic testing without possibility of accomplishment in public health service until the moment.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The findings described in literature show that FH is a worldwide health problem, with a high risk of early cardiovascular diseases. Early identification of disease carriers contributes to the reduction of morbimortality, through appropriate guidelines and necessary therapeutic measures. The heterozygous form affects one in 500 individuals, corresponding in Brazil to 400,000 people with HF. The described patient was classified as a definitive diagnosis of FH by the Dutch MEDPED criterion, although this has not yet been validated for the Brazilian population. The reported case showed the good result with the use of high-potency statin and the importance of regular medical follow-up. It should be noted that the homozygous form is severe and affects children as early as the first decade of life, so early diagnosis can ensure that these children have the same life expectancy as the general population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <mixed-citation>1 Santos RD, Gagliardi ACM, Xavier HZ, Casella Fo A, Araujo DB, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. I Diretriz brasileira de hipercoleterolemia familar (HF). Arq Bras Cardiol.2012;99(2 Supl 2):1-28. Doi:org/10.5935/1bc.20140097.</mixed-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipercolesterolemia Familiar: a Import&#226;ncia do Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento Precoces</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Flavia Cassini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Iliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica Hospital Geral de Nova Igua&#231;u, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica do Hospital Geral de Nova Igua&#231;u, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Flavia Cassini Cunha</bold> Rua Senador Vergueiro 93 ap 1201. CEP: 22230-000. Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>flaviacassini@hotmail.com</email>; <email>afcassini@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Menezes IRR, Cunha AFC. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Menezes IRR, Cunha AFC. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Menezes IRR, Cunha AFC. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Menezes IRR, Cunha AFC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Indice Tornozelo-Bra&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia Tipo II</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Hipercolesterolemia Familiar (HF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a heredit&#225;ria autoss&#244;mica dominante, sendo uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica do metabolismo das lipoprote&#237;nas, principalmente por defeito do gene LDLR que codifica o receptor de LDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O diagn&#243;stico &#233; estabelecido por crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais devendo sempre ser hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica em pacientes com n&#237;veis de colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDLc) superiores a 190mg/dL; e pode ser confirmado por testes gen&#233;ticos que determinam a muta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Alguns crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos t&#234;m sido propostos na tentativa de uniformizar e formalizar o diagn&#243;stico de HF, como por exemplo, os da <italic>Dutch Lipid Clinic Network</italic> (<italic>Dutch</italic> MEDPED).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste calcula-se uma pontua&#231;&#227;o para o paciente baseado em dados de anamnese e exames f&#237;sico e laboratoriais tais como taxas elevadas de LDLc; caracter&#237;sticas como xantomas tendinosos e arco corneano; hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e familiar de hipercolesterolemia e/ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana precoce (homem &lt; 55 anos e mulher &lt; 60 anos) e identifica&#231;&#227;o de muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A pontua&#231;&#227;o determina a probabilidade de um Diagn&#243;stico HF como HF poss&#237;vel, prov&#225;vel ou definitivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A muta&#231;&#227;o mais comum relacionada &#224; HF est&#225; no gene que codifica o receptor da LDL, resultando em receptores de LDL com redu&#231;&#245;es funcionais em sua capacidade de remover LDLc da circula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Existem dois fen&#243;tipos distintos: a forma homozig&#243;tica, onde s&#227;o herdados dois genes defeituosos e os receptores de LDL n&#227;o tem funcionalidade; forma rara, 1 em 1 milh&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos e observam-se n&#237;veis de LDLc &gt; 650 mg/dL; e a forma heterozig&#243;tica, onde um gene defeituoso para o receptor de LDL &#233; herdado de um dos pais e um gene normal, do outro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A aus&#234;ncia de um gene funcional causa aumento no n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de LDLc; forma mais frequente, acomete 1 em 500 indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis de LDLc &gt;200mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A forma homozig&#243;tica tende a apresentar acometimento cardiovascular j&#225; na inf&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A muta&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode ser secund&#225;ria a defeitos no gene APOB que codifica a apolipoprote&#237;na B100, ou por muta&#231;&#245;es com ganho de fun&#231;&#227;o no gene pr&#243;-prote&#237;na convertase subutilisina/kexina tipo 9 (PCSK-9)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Nos pacientes com HF heterozig&#243;tica as part&#237;culas de LDL circulam por mais tempo, estando mais sujeitas a oxida&#231;&#227;o e transforma&#231;&#245;es qu&#237;micas que resultam na alta capta&#231;&#227;o de LDL modificado por macr&#243;fagos, deflagrando mecanismos pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nicos, tendo como consequ&#234;ncia aterosclerose, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As terapias nutricionais, medicamentosa e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos regulares auxiliam no controle dos n&#237;veis de LDL e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Recomenda-se diminui&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de alimentos ricos em colesterol e &#225;cidos graxos saturados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A terapia farmacol&#243;gica &#233; feita com estatinas de alta pot&#234;ncia, como Atorvastatina (10-80mg) e Rosuvastatina (10-40 mg), visando obter redu&#231;&#227;o maior que 50% do n&#237;vel basal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Em pacientes intolerantes a estatina poder&#225; ser feito terapia com outros hipolipemiantes, como ezetimiba, niacina ou colestiramina; as quais tamb&#233;m poder&#227;o ser combinadas entre si, em pacientes maus respondedores a terapia isolada com estatinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A terapia medicamentosa dever&#225; ser prescrita individualmente e ser mantida em longo prazo, com seguimento m&#233;dico regular, com avalia&#231;&#227;o de enzimas hep&#225;ticas (TGO/TGP) e musculares (CPK).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> &#201; recomendado rastreio com perfil lip&#237;dico em todos os indiv&#237;duos acima de 10 anos de idade e em todos os parentes de primeiro grau dos indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados como portadores de HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco, sinais cl&#237;nicos de HF ou doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, o perfil lip&#237;dico deve ser considerado a partir de 02 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste relato, descreve-se o caso de paciente na quarta d&#233;cada de vida com Hipercolesterolemia Familiar, que foi submetida a tratamento, com &#234;xito, com estatina de alta pot&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do Caso</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 31 anos, natural do Rio de Janeiro, procurou atendimento ambulatorial em mar&#231;o/2015 no Hospital Geral de Nova Igua&#231;u com hist&#243;ria de hipercolesterolemia desde os 16 anos, por&#233;m nunca havia tomado nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o e fazia apenas dieta sem melhora laboratorial e atividade f&#237;sica regular assistida de alta intensidade 05 vezes/semana desde os 18 anos. Hist&#243;ria familiar de hipercolesterolemia (Colesterol Total &gt; 290 mg/dL) em dois familiares de primeiro grau (m&#227;e e irm&#227;o). Av&#244; materno falecido de IAM antes de 50 anos. Paciente apresentou exame laboratorial de fevereiro/2015 com resultados de lipidograma: CT: 385 mg/dL; HDLc: 86 mg/dL; LDLc: 252 mg/dL e Triglicer&#237;deos: 92mg/dL.</p>
        <p>Exame f&#237;sico na primeira consulta: Cintura abdominal: 72 cm, Peso: 66 kg, Altura: 1,68 m, IMC: 23 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, PA: 110/70 mmHg, FC: 68 bpm. Presen&#231;a de xantoma em calcanhares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Arco corneano ausente. Sem altera&#231;&#245;es no exame cardiovascular, respirat&#243;rio e abdominal. Eletrocardiograma realizado na 1&#170; consulta sem altera&#231;&#245;es. Foram solicitados exames laboratoriais para avalia&#231;&#227;o de dislipidemia e exames de imagem. De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de <italic>Dutch</italic> MEDPED a paciente soma 13 pontos (Parente de 1&#186; grau CT &gt; 290 mg/dL - 2 pontos, Xantoma tendinoso - 6pontos, LDLc 252 mg/dL - 5 pontos), sendo considerada como diagn&#243;stico definitivo de HF.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Xantoma em calc&#226;neo</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0550-70077-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Foi iniciado Atorvastatina 20mg na primeira consulta, por&#233;m a paciente fez uso irregular e retornou ao consult&#243;rio ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses com resultado de exames laboratoriais e exames de imagem: EcoDoppler de Car&#243;tidas e USG de abdome, sendo esses exames sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. Foi prescrito Atorvastatina na dose 40 mg e reavalia&#231;&#227;o em tr&#234;s meses. Paciente retorna em setembro/15 com exames laboratoriais, apresentando queda dos n&#237;veis de Colesterol Total e LDLc (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>) e enzimas hep&#225;ticas e musculares sem altera&#231;&#245;es (TGP 19 U/L, TGO 23 U/L, CPK 117 U/L); e teste ergom&#233;trico sem altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de colesterol total e LDLc.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0550-70077-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Foi solicitado lipidograma aos parentes de primeiro grau com os seguintes resultados: M&#227;e - CT: 205 mg/dL e LDLc 125 mg/dL e Irm&#227;o- CT: 193 mg/dL e LDLc 89 mg/dL; ambos em tratamento com estatina h&#225; mais de dois anos. Irm&#227;o apresenta xantoma tendinoso. Teste gen&#233;tico sem possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o em servi&#231;o p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de at&#233; o momento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os achados descritos na literatura mostram que a HF &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de mundial, com elevado risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares precoces. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce dos portadores da doen&#231;a contribui para a redu&#231;&#227;o de morbimortalidade, atrav&#233;s de orienta&#231;&#245;es adequadas e medidas terap&#234;uticas necess&#225;rias. A forma heterozig&#243;tica afeta um em cada 500 indiv&#237;duos, o que corresponde no Brasil a 400 mil pessoas portadoras de HF. A paciente descrita foi classificada como diagn&#243;stico definitivo de HF pelo crit&#233;rio de <italic>Dutch</italic> MEDPED embora este ainda n&#227;o esteja validado para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. O caso relatado mostrou o bom resultado com uso de estatina de alta pot&#234;ncia e a import&#226;ncia do acompanhamento m&#233;dico regular. Cumpre ressaltar que a forma homozig&#243;tica, &#233; grave e afeta crian&#231;as j&#225; na primeira d&#233;cada de vida, desta forma, o diagn&#243;stico precoce pode garantir que estas crian&#231;as tenham a mesma expectativa de vida que a popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
