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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">chypBtV4JYLLX5ffNyTWBxB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000600545</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170079</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tachycardiomyopathy and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Case Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Adelaide</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Marlene</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gama</surname>
            <given-names>Vasco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Espinho</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia, Espinho - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Joana Malheiro</bold> Rua de Grijo, 100, 4E. Postal Code: 4150. Lordelo do Ouro, Porto - Portugal. E-mail: <email>joana.norb@gmail.com</email>; <email>06725@chvng.min-saude.pt</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Malheiro J, Caeiro D. Acquisition of data: Malheiro J, Almeida J, Dias A, Fonseca M. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Malheiro J, Caeiro D. Writing of the manuscript: Malheiro J. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Almeida J, Caeiro D, Dias A, Fonseca M, Gama V.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Nov-Dec</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>545</fpage>
      <lpage>549</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiogenic</kwd>
        <kwd>Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Tachycardiomyopathy (TCM) is a rare, but potentially reversible cause of cardiomyopathy and cardiogenic shock. It is defined by a global left ventricular systolic dysfunction secondary to persistent tachyarrhythmia, with partial (in patients with previous structural disease), or total recovery (in patients without previous structural disease) after cardiac rhythm normalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The most commonly implicated arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation. The hemodynamic changes that characterize the patient with TCM include: increase in ventricular telediastolic and telesystolic volumes, global hypokinesis, increase in ventricular and pulmonary artery filling pressures, and, finally, decrease in ejection fraction (EF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> It manifests clinically by congestive heart failure, and, in some cases, it may develop into cardiogenic shock. There are no specific methods to identify the presence of TCM. The diagnosis is usually attained retrospectively with normalization or improvement of left ventricular dysfunction, through tachyarrhythmia reversion or control. The most frequent complications of TCM are embolic events, complications due to the evolution of arrhythmia severity with degeneration to Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)/Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) and cardiogenic shock.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The treatment includes measures of hemodynamic support, frequency control, and reversion to sinus rhythm, when possible.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is a mechanical device that ensures blood oxygenation and perfusion of the main organs for prolonged periods of time in patients with lung and/or heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The use of this device allows the patient to remain alive and hemodynamically stable, working as a bridge to eventual recovery, transplantation, decision-making or even as a "bridge to another bridge" (for instance, as a bridge to left ventricular assist device - LVAD - as target therapeutics).</p>
      <p>In cardiogenic shock of potentially reversible etiology, this measure can be lifesaving, as it temporarily assumes cardiac function during the refractory, intrinsic, and reversible phase of cardiogenic shock until patient recovery, minimizing the myocardial effort, improving organ perfusion, and preserving renal function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The authors describe a case of a patient with cardiogenic shock secondary to TCM where the use of ECMO was very important in her evolution.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical Case</title>
        <p>The patient was a 54-year-old female patient with a history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and rheumatic mitral stenosis. On May 5, 2015, she was submitted to a mitral mechanical valve implantation (St. Jude, n. 29) without complications and the echocardiogram at hospital discharge showed a normal-functioning prosthesis, in addition to preserved biventricular function. The patient came to the emergency department on July 6, 2015, due to history of approximately one month of palpitations and progressive worsening of the normal pattern of dyspnea, with complaints of dyspnea with minimal exertion (it usually was with moderate exertion), orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. She also reported antihypertensive drug discontinuation at the first postoperative month due to symptomatic hypotension (lipothymia). She denied chest pain and recent history of infection.</p>
        <p>At admission to the emergency department, she showed signs of low output with compensated lactic acidosis (lactate levels of 6.5 mmol/L) in arterial blood gases. Analytically, she also showed normocytic/normochromic anemia (Hgb 11.6 g/dL), troponin-T elevation (1.96 ng/mL) and supra-therapeutic International Normalized Ratio (INR) (6.0). The electrocardiogram disclosed atrial fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Response (RVR) and the echocardiogram showed a mechanical prosthesis with normal function without regurgitation, moderate tricuspid regurgitation and global hypokinesis of the left ventricle and right ventricle, with severe depression of biventricular systolic function (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic echocardiography performed at admission disclosed global hypokinesis of the left and right ventricles, with severe decrease in biventricular systolic function.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0545-70079-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Due to suspected worsening of the systolic function associated with atrial fibrillation with RVR, an attempt was made to carry out chemical cardioversion with amiodarone and, subsequently, electrical cardioversion (100 J), which was successful. After the electrical cardioversion, she had several episodes of VT, one of which required cardioversion due to loss of consciousness and, subsequently, an episode of VF, which was successfully defibrillated. Due to the electrical instability and possible need for ventricular support, she was transferred to the Coronary Intensive Care Unit. On admission to the unit, she was started on dobutamine, with good hemodynamic and gasometric response, with subsequent recurrence of electrical instability, and cardiopulmonary arrest in FV, which was successfully defibrillated. As she did not tolerate dobutamine, and given the context of refractory cardiogenic shock, it was decided to initiate hemodynamic support with Venoarterial ECMO (CARDIOHELP System&#174; of Maquet), as well as invasive mechanical ventilation.</p>
        <p>Venous drainage cannulas were implanted using the Seldinger technique, through the right common femoral vein (25 F catheter) and an arterial cannula through the right femoral artery (19 F catheter). The initial blood flow was 3.6 L/minute, with gas flow (pure oxygen sweeper) of 3.5 L/minute. Initially, she persisted with electrical instability and several episodes of polymorphic VT and long QTc, the reason for which amiodarone was discontinued, and a temporary pacemaker (PM) was implanted to attain overdrive pacing. On the following days, she developed greater hemodynamic and electrical stability (maintaining atrial fibrillation rhythm), with progressive improvement of left ventricular systolic function in the echocardiographic control. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> summarizes the evolution of hemodynamic, and gasometric data, as well as the established parameters.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram performed on discharge showing moderate LVSF decrease with ejection fraction of 40% and preserved RVSF.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0545-70079-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Hemodynamic and gasometric data, and parameters established in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). pO2: oxygen partial pressure; FiO2: fraction of inspired oxygen; MBP: mean blood pressure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0545-70079-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The venoarterial ECMO was removed on the 5<sup>th</sup> day, the temporary pacemaker on the 6<sup>th</sup> day, and she was extubated on the 8<sup>th</sup> day, maintaining clinical stability. Beta-blocker and digoxin were initiated on the 11<sup>th</sup> day of hospitalization, with good hemodynamic tolerance and good heart rate control. She underwent a coronary angiography, which excluded epicardial coronary disease, and a cardiac magnetic resonance, which showed no signs of myocardial edema or fibrosis. At discharge, with atrial fibrillation rhythm and controlled ventricular response, the transthoracic echocardiogram showed a normal-functioning mitral prosthesis, with mild prosthetic regurgitation, mild TI, moderate LVSF depression with 40% EF and preserved RVSF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>TCM, being a rare and difficult-to-diagnose entity, may show an unfavorable evolution, if not diagnosed early. Because there are no specific methods for its diagnosis, the latter is attained by a high index of clinical suspicion, based on clinical history and findings. Fenelon et al. proposed the following criteria for the diagnosis of TCM: dilated cardiomyopathy or heart failure; chronic or persistent cardiac arrhythmia, including incessant supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, or flutter, and incessant VT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>Generally, tachycardia that occurs in 10 to 15% of the day may result in cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The ventricular rate that causes TCM has not been defined, but any heart rate above 100 beats per minute may be relevant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present case, the diagnostic suspicion of TCM was determined by the presence of <italic>de novo</italic> atrial fibrillation with symptom onset in the previous month, associated with clinical heart failure, a diagnosis that was confirmed after progressive recovery of the LVSF with frequency control, and after the exclusion of coronary disease and myocarditis. As differential diagnosis, the hypothesis of stress cardiomyopathy could be hypothesized; however, the slow progression and the absence of an "acute cause of stress" in addition to the echocardiographic data do not corroborate this pathology.</p>
      <p>As TCM is characterized by being reversible, the prognosis will be partially determined by the implemented hemodynamic support measures. Hemodynamic support with ECMO increasingly plays a key role in the approach of patients with cardiogenic shock. This technique is usually considered when hemodynamic instability does not respond to conventional pharmacological measures. There are few reports in the literature of patients with TCM who developed cardiogenic shock<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of TCT with refractory shock in which ECMO was used as a hemodynamic support measure. In the reported case, given the context of electrical instability and the consequent intolerance to aminergic support, we chose the early onset with ECMO. The implementation of this technique ensured tissue perfusion during the phase of greater electrical and hemodynamic instability, working as a bridge until heart rate control and recovery of left ventricular dysfunction were attained. After frequency control, progressive improvement of left ventricular systolic function was observed, which supported the diagnostic suspicion of TCM.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Taquicardiomiopatia e Oxigena&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea por Membrana: a Prop&#243;sito de um Caso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Adelaide</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Marlene</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gama</surname>
            <given-names>Vasco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia, Espinho - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Joana Malheiro</bold>, Rua de Grijo, 100, 4E. CEP: 4150. Lordelo do Ouro, Porto - Portugal. E-mail: <email>joana.norb@gmail.com</email>; <email>06725@chvng.min-saude.pt</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Malheiro J, Caeiro D. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Malheiro J, Almeida J, Dias A, Fonseca M. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Malheiro J, Caeiro D. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Malheiro J. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Almeida J, Caeiro D, Dias A, Fonseca M, Gama V.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por Membrana Extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Taquicardiomiopatia (TCM) &#233; uma causa rara, mas potencialmente revers&#237;vel, de miocardiopatia e choque cardiog&#234;nico. &#201; definida por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo secund&#225;ria a uma taquiarritmia persistente, com recupera&#231;&#227;o parcial (em doentes com cardiopatia estrutural pr&#233;via) ou total (em doentes sem doen&#231;a estrutural pr&#233;via), ap&#243;s normaliza&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A arritmia mais comumente implicada &#233; a fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular. As altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas que caracterizam o doente com TCM incluem: aumento dos volumes telediast&#243;lico e telessist&#243;lico ventriculares, hipocinesia global, aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular e da art&#233;ria pulmonar, e, por fim, diminui&#231;&#227;o da Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (FE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Manifesta-se clinicamente por um quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, podendo, em alguns casos, evoluir para choque cardiog&#234;nico. N&#227;o existem m&#233;todos espec&#237;ficos para identificar a presen&#231;a de TCM. Normalmente, o diagn&#243;stico &#233; feito retrospectivamente com normaliza&#231;&#227;o ou a melhoria da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, por meio da revers&#227;o ou do controle da taquiarritmia. As complica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes da TCM s&#227;o eventos emb&#243;licos, complica&#231;&#245;es pela evolu&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da arritmia com degenera&#231;&#227;o para Taquicardia Ventricular (TV)/ Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular (FV) e choque cardiog&#234;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O tratamento inclui medidas de suporte hemodin&#226;mico, controle de frequ&#234;ncia e revers&#227;o a ritmo sinusal, quando poss&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por Membrana Extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO) &#233; um dispositivo mec&#226;nico, que permite garantir a oxigena&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e a perfus&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os nobres, por per&#237;odos prolongados de tempo, em doentes com fal&#234;ncia pulmonar e/ou card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o deste dispositivo permite manter o doente vivo e hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel, servindo como ponte para uma eventual recupera&#231;&#227;o, para transplante, para tomada de decis&#227;o ou at&#233; como "ponte para outra ponte" (por exemplo, como ponte para LVAD como terap&#234;utica de destino). No choque cardiog&#234;nico de etiologia potencialmente revers&#237;vel, esta medida pode ser <italic>lifesaving</italic>, uma vez que assume temporariamente a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, durante a fase refrat&#225;ria, intr&#237;nseca e revers&#237;vel do choque cardiog&#234;nico, at&#233; sua recupera&#231;&#227;o, minimizando o esfor&#231;o mioc&#225;rdico, melhorando a perfus&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os e preservando a fun&#231;&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os autores descrevem um caso de uma doente com choque cardiog&#234;nico secund&#225;rio &#224; TCM em que o uso de ECMO foi preponderante para sua evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec sec-type="cases">
          <title>Caso cl&#237;nico</title>
          <p>Mulher de 54 anos, com antecedentes de HTA, dislipidemia, obesidade e estenose mitral reum&#225;tica. Foi submetida, no dia 5 de maio de 2015, &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica mitral (St. Jude, n.&#186; 29) sem intercorr&#234;ncias e com ecocardiograma &#224; data de alta com pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica normofuncionante, al&#233;m de fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular preservada. Recorre ao servi&#231;o de urg&#234;ncia em 6 de julho de 2015, por quadro com cerca de 1 m&#234;s de evolu&#231;&#227;o de palpita&#231;&#245;es e agravamento progressivo do padr&#227;o habitual de dispneia, com queixas de dispneia para m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os (habitualmente para moderados esfor&#231;os), ortopneia e dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna. Referia, ainda, suspens&#227;o de anti-hipertensor na avalia&#231;&#227;o ao primeiro m&#234;s de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, por hipotens&#227;o sintom&#225;tica (lipotimias). Negava dor tor&#225;cica e hist&#243;ria recente de infe&#231;&#227;o. &#192; admiss&#227;o no servi&#231;o de urg&#234;ncia, apresentava sinais de baixo d&#233;bito com acidose l&#225;ctica compensada (lactatos de 6,5 mmol/L) na gasometria arterial. Analiticamente destacavam-se anemia normoc&#237;tica/normocr&#244;mica (Hgb 11,6 g/dL), eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina T (1,96 ng/mL) e &#205;ndice Internacional Normalizado (INR) supraterap&#234;utico (6,0). O eletrocardiograma revelou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com Resposta Ventricular R&#225;pida (RVR) e o ecocardiograma mostrou pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica normofuncionante, sem regurgita&#231;&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada e hipocinesia global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e do ventr&#237;culo direito, com depress&#227;o severa da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Por suspeita de agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica associada &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com RVR, foi realizada tentativa de cardiovers&#227;o qu&#237;mica com amiodarona e, posteriormente, el&#233;trica (100 J), com sucesso. Ap&#243;s cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica, apresentou v&#225;rios epis&#243;dios de TV, um dos quais com necessidade de cardiovers&#227;o, por perda de consci&#234;ncia e, posteriormente, epis&#243;dio de FV desfibrilhada com sucesso. Pela instabilidade el&#233;trica e eventual necessidade de suporte ventricular, foi transferida para a Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Coron&#225;rias. &#192; admiss&#227;o na unidade, foi iniciada dobutamina, com boa resposta hemodin&#226;mica e gasom&#233;trica, reiniciando posteriormente instabilidade el&#233;trica e apresentando paragem cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em FV, desfibrilhada com sucesso. Por n&#227;o tolerar a dobutamina, e dado o contexto de choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio, decidiu-se iniciar suporte hemodin&#226;mico com ECMO (<italic>CARDIOHELP System&#174; of Maquet)</italic> venoarterial, bem como ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva. Foram colocadas, por t&#233;cnica de Seldinger, c&#226;nulas de drenagem venosa pela veia femoral comum direita (cateter 25 F) e c&#226;nula arterial pela art&#233;ria femoral direita (cateter 19 F). O fluxo de sangue inicial foi de 3,6 L/minuto, com fluxo de g&#225;s (<italic>sweeper</italic> com oxig&#234;nio puro) de 3,5 L/minuto. Inicialmente, ainda manteve instabilidade el&#233;trica com v&#225;rios epis&#243;dios de TV polim&#243;rfica e QTc longo, motivo pelo qual a amiodarona foi suspensa, e foi implantado <italic>pacemaker</italic> provis&#243;rio (PM) para <italic>overdrive pacing</italic>. Nos dias subsequentes, evoluiu com maior estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e el&#233;trica (mantinha ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial), verificando-se melhoria progressiva da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no controle ecocardiogr&#225;fico. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref> sumariza a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos dados hemodin&#226;micos, gasom&#233;tricos e par&#226;metros institu&#237;dos.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico efetuado &#224; admiss&#227;o revelou hipocin&#233;sia global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e do ventr&#237;culo direito, com depress&#227;o severa da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0545-70079-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico efetuado &#224; alta mostrando depress&#227;o moderada da FSVE com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 40% e FSVD conservada.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0545-70079-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Dados hemodin&#226;micos, gasom&#233;tricos e par&#226;metros institu&#237;dos na oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO). pO2: press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio; FiO2: fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de oxig&#234;nio; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0545-70079-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Foi removida a ECMO venoarterial ao quinto dia, o <italic>pacemaker</italic> provis&#243;rio no sexto dia e, no oitavo dia, foi extubada, mantendo estabilidade cl&#237;nica. Foram iniciados betabloqueador e digoxina no 11&#186; dia de internamento, com boa toler&#226;ncia hemodin&#226;mica e bom controle de ritmo card&#237;aco. Realizou coronariografia, que excluiu doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica, e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, que n&#227;o mostrou sinais de edema ou fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. &#192; data de alta, em ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com resposta ventricular controlada e ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com pr&#243;tese mitral normofuncionante, com insufici&#234;ncia prot&#233;sica ligeira, IT ligeira, depress&#227;o moderada da FSVE com FE de 40% e FSVD conservada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A TCM, sendo uma entidade rara e de dif&#237;cil diagn&#243;stico, pode evoluir de forma desfavor&#225;vel, quando n&#227;o diagnosticada precocemente. Por n&#227;o existirem m&#233;todos espec&#237;ficos para seu diagn&#243;stico, este &#233; estabelecido por um alto &#237;ndice de suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, com base na hist&#243;ria e nos achados cl&#237;nicos. Fenelon et al. propuseram os seguintes crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de TCM: miocardiopatia dilatada ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; arritmia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica ou persistente, incluindo a taquicardia supraventricular incessante, fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular ou <italic>flutter</italic> e TV incessante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Geralmente, uma taquicardia que ocorre em 10 a 15% do dia pode resultar em miocardiopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A frequ&#234;ncia ventricular que origina a TCM n&#227;o est&#225; definida, mas qualquer frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca superior a 100 batimentos por minuto pode ser relevante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No caso apresentado, a suspeita diagn&#243;stica de TCM foi determinada pela presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial <italic>de novo</italic> com in&#237;cio de sintomas no m&#234;s pr&#233;vio, associada a cl&#237;nica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diagn&#243;stico este que foi confirmado ap&#243;s recupera&#231;&#227;o progressiva da FSVE com o controle da frequ&#234;ncia, e perante a exclus&#227;o de patologia coron&#225;ria e miocardite. Como diagn&#243;stico diferencial, poderia ser colocada a hip&#243;tese de cardiomiopatia de estresse, no entanto a evolu&#231;&#227;o arrastada e a inexist&#234;ncia de uma "causa aguda de estresse" al&#233;m dos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, n&#227;o s&#227;o corroboram esta patologia. Uma vez que a TCM se caracteriza por ser revers&#237;vel, o progn&#243;stico ser&#225; determinado, em parte, pelas medidas de suporte hemodin&#226;mico institu&#237;das. O suporte hemodin&#226;mico com ECMO, cada vez mais, assume um papel fulcral na abordagem dos doentes com choque cardiog&#234;nico. Normalmente, esta t&#233;cnica &#233; considerada quando a instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica n&#227;o responde &#224;s medidas farmacol&#243;gicas convencionais. Poucos s&#227;o os relatos existentes na literatura de doentes com TCM que evolu&#237;ram para choque cardiog&#234;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e, que seja do nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro caso de TCM com choque refrat&#225;rio em que a ECMO foi utilizada como medida de suporte hemodin&#226;mico. No caso reportado, dado o contexto de instabilidade el&#233;trica e a consequente intoler&#226;ncia ao suporte amin&#233;rgico, optou-se pelo in&#237;cio precoce com ECMO. A institui&#231;&#227;o desta t&#233;cnica assegurou a perfus&#227;o tecidular durante a fase de maior instabilidade el&#233;trica e hemodin&#226;mica, servindo como ponte at&#233; ao controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a recupera&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Ap&#243;s controle de frequ&#234;ncia, observou-se melhoria progressiva da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o que veio apoiar a suspeita diagn&#243;stica de TCM.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
