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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dkwLdDMxhsr6STjHnh3ndNf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000600526</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170071</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472017005001102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Performance of Diagnostic Tests for Intermediate Probabilities of Coronary Heart Disease: A Decision Making Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thiers</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Antunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Rangel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Edilson Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE), RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Clarissa Antunes Thiers</bold>, Avenida Embaixador Abelardo Bueno, n 3250, bl 2, apto. 603. Postal Code: 22775-040, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>clarissa@cardiol.br</email>; <email>clarissathiers@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Thiers CA, Barbosa JL, Tura BR, Arruda EF, Pereira BB. Acquisition of data: Thiers CA. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Thiers CA, Tura BR, Arruda EF. Statistical analysis: Tura BR, Arruda EF, Pereira BB. Writing of the manuscript: Thiers CA. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Thiers CA, Barbosa JL, Tura BR, Arruda EF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Nov-Dec</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>526</fpage>
      <lpage>532</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Patients with intermediate probability of coronary disease are a diagnostic challenge and it is precisely in this population where the degree of uncertainty is greater that the diagnostic tests have their greater applicability. However, according to the current definition, subjecting to tests a population with a disease probability between 10 and 90% can generate unnecessary tests and misleading results. Knowing the characteristics of each test, as well as risks and benefits of drug treatment for coronary disease and combining this information through diagnostic thresholds brings a new perspective to decision making. To review the origin of the currently recommended concepts of intermediate probability and to determine the thresholds for diagnosis and treatment of noninvasive tests and, based on them, propose a new concept of intermediate probability of coronary disease. Through the bibliographic review, meta-analyses were extracted in which data of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio, risks and benefits of the tests and treatment were provided. Using an algorithm developed by Pauker et al. it was possible to obtain the diagnostic and treatment thresholds adjusted for each tests in question. The concept of intermediate probability of coronary disease is quite broad, ranging, according to the authors, between 10 and 90%, 1 and 92%, 15 and 85%, with different rationale. Considering the discriminatory power of each test, risks and treatment benefits, the diagnostic and treatment thresholds were defined for exercise testing (22-58%), eco-stress (10-72%), myocardial scintigraphy (12-80%), nuclear magnetic resonance (16-80%) and coronary angiotomography (6.7-81%). The decision to submit to diagnostic tests should be individualized, taking into account the diagnostic and treatment thresholds of each method in question.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Probability</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Decision-Making</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Estimation of the probability that a given event occurs is a constant challenge to decision making in virtually all areas of knowledge. Particularly in the medical field, the first step in the search for a specific diagnosis arises from a clinical suspicion, based on anamnesis and physical examination findings and on the prevalence of a given pathology in a population of interest. However, the determination of the patient's probability of presenting the pathology in question may still express a degree of uncertainty considered too large for decision-making - by both physicians and patients. Thus, often the investigation continues to increase the information pertinent to the case.</p>
      <p>This knowledge assists in deciding on the best course of action: only observing a patient with a suspected pathology, submitting him to diagnostic tests or treating him without the need for further investigation. Few tests are able to completely determine whether a patient is healthy or sick, since we do not have diagnostic tests with sensitivity and specificity of 100%, but it is precisely in patients with intermediate probability that their greater applicability is found. Adequate knowledge of the characteristics and limitations of the test in question will allow us to determine the diagnostic and treatment thresholds that should guide the clinical decision. Bayesian analysis consists in adjusting a given initial probability given new information - whether it is a finding at the clinical examination or the result of a diagnostic test. It is possible to obtain the post-test probability by multiplying the likelihood ratio of a test by the <italic>a priori</italic> probability. In view of these values, it will be possible to evaluate the real usefulness in testing a patient and how much a particular result will be able to promote changes in the pre-test probability of disease obtained during the clinical evaluation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is when the degree of uncertainty is larger that usually a given test is capable of promoting greater changes between the pre- and post-test probabilities. However, the definition of these limits is often arbitrary, reproducing in diagnostic studies ranges as wide as 10 and 90%.</p>
      <p>Two thresholds are extremely important in the decision to observe, test, or treat without testing. When the pre-test probability of a particular disease is low, even if a particular test is accurate enough, little change will be observed in the post-test probability of the patient presenting the disease. This threshold, below which no diagnostic investigation or even specific treatment is justified is referred to as the diagnostic threshold. Certain patients are so likely to present a pathology that even a negative result from a diagnostic test will hardly reduce the patient's chance of developing disease (post-test probability). The value above which further investigation is dispensable and the patient should be conducted to the treatment in question is considered the therapeutic threshold. The establishment of such thresholds can be intuitively performed by the attending physician, considering the cost-benefit relationship of the treatment, using life expectancy data to calculate this relationship or even assigning value to the patient's preferences in relation to the possibilities of outcomes with the disease and its treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Determining the limits of the intermediate probability and its rationality is the focus of the present article, since the adequacy of these values is questionable in a scenario where the diagnostic tests present different performances.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objectives</title>
      <p>This review article looks for the origins of the concepts commonly used as an intermediate probability definition and questions the adequacy of the values most frequently presented in relation to the variations in the diagnostic performance of the different tests used in clinical practice, as well as to determine the diagnostic and treatment thresholds for each test.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Through PUBMED/MEDLINE, a bibliographic research was conducted focusing on articles that considered the diagnostic performance and risks of the most frequently used tests for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease - ergometric test, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, echo-stress, nuclear magnetic resonance and Angiotomography of Coronary Artery Disease; Risks and benefits of the treatment most frequently advocated in coronary artery disease - ASA, statin and beta-blocker; as well as references of intermediate probability of coronary disease and medical decision - more specifically the Bayesian analysis.</p>
      <p>The search contained the following terms mesh: diagnostic test/ accuracy/ sensitivity/ specificity/ intermediate probability/ coronary disease/ exercise test/ myocardial perfusion imaging / magnetic resonance imaging/ coronary angiography/ medical decision/ Bayesian analysis/ pre-test probability/ post-test probability/adverse effects/ improvement.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>For the calculation of the diagnostic and therapeutic thresholds, the formulas described below were used, based on the following data: sensitivity, specificity, risks and benefits of the test, risks and benefits of the treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Test Threshold or Diagnostic Threshold (Tt):</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Tt = <underline>(Ppos/nd) x (Rrx) + Rt</underline>
				</p>
        <p>(Ppos/nd) x (Rrx) + (Ppos/d) x (Brx)</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Therapeutic Threshold (Ttx):</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Ttrx = <underline>(Pneg/nd) x (Rrx) - Rt</underline>
				</p>
        <p>(Pneg/nd) x (Rrx) + (Pneg/d) x (Brx)</p>
        <p>Tt = Diagnostic threshold</p>
        <p>Ttrx = Therapeutic threshold</p>
        <p>Ppos/nd = Probability of a positive test, when the patient is healthy (False Positive or 1-Specificity)</p>
        <p>Ppos/d = Probability of a positive test, given that the patient is sick (True Positive or Sensitivity)</p>
        <p>Pneg/nd = Probability of a negative test, given that the patient is not ill (True Negative or Specificity)</p>
        <p>Pneg/d = Probability of a negative test, when the patient is sick (False Negative or 1-Sensitivity)</p>
        <p>Rrx = Treatment risks</p>
        <p>Rt = Test risks</p>
        <p>Brx = Treatment benefit</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Among the studies that considered the delimitation of the intermediate probability, it is of particular importance the one realized by Diamond et al. that, in 1980, studied 43 patients submitted to Coronariography, later stratified with noninvasive tests. Of these, 8 out of 12 patients with normal coronary angiography had a posttest probability of less than 10%; While 26 of 31 patients with obstructive coronary artery disease had a posttest probability greater than 90%. This was the first work in which the limits of 10 and 90% were established for intermediate probability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a study conducted by Goldman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> in 1982, a pre-test probability of between 1 and 92% was considered intermediate, considering the probability on which the ergometric test was able to produce a post-test value above or below 50%. Also in this same article were calculated thresholds of pre-test probability on which non-invasive stratification would be able to generate a shift to a probability that would allow decision making.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The Brazilian Guidelines for Stable Coronary Disease considers as intermediate probability values between 10% and 90%, and Montalescot et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> at the European Consensus of Stable Angina, admit as intermediate probability values between 15% and 85%, considering that the majority of diagnostic tests show sensitivity and specificity around 85%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> According to these data, when applied to a healthy population, 15 out of 100 tests will give false results and, therefore, it will be more appropriate not to submit patients with low disease prevalence (less than 15%) to the methods in question. In patients with high disease probability the test will also not bring benefits.</p>
      <p>The characteristics of the following diagnostic tests were then analyzed: ergometric (or stress test), dipyridamole myocardial scintigraphy, myocardial scintigraphy with ET, dobutamine echo-stress, magnetic nuclear resonance and coronary angiotomography, where sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic and therapeutic threshold were considered and expressed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A particularly noteworthy fact is the possibility of establishing thresholds for diagnosis and treatment for coronary angiography - until now considered a golben standard with which all the others are compared when comparing their performance with the data provided by the reserve flow fraction (RFF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the diagnostic tests: sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Diagnostic Tests</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sensitivity (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Specificity (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">LR+</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">LR-</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ergometric Testing<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">71</td>
              <td align="center">2.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Myocardial Scintigraphy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">87</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
              <td align="center">4.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Eco-stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">79</td>
              <td align="center">87</td>
              <td align="center">6.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NMR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">89</td>
              <td align="center">76</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CCTA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">87</td>
              <td align="center">91</td>
              <td align="center">9.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; CCTA: Coronary computed tomography angiography; LR+: Positive likelihood ratio; LR: Negative likelihood ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>To determine the risks related to the tests analysed only events with significant repercussion were considered as those capable of interrupting the test or generating clinical or hemodynamic repercussions - described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> such as claustrophobia, hypotension, arrhythmias, infarction, stroke, cardiac arrest and death.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Risks and adverse reactions in diagnostic tests</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Diagnostic test</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Adverse reactions</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Incidence (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ergometric Testing<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">arrhythmia, AMI, death</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Myocardial Scintigraphy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Hypotension, arrhythmia, AMI, death</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dobutamine Eco-stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Hypotension, hypertension, arrhythmia, AMI, death</td>
              <td align="center">5.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Magnetic Nuclear Resonance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Claustrophobia</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CCTA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Serious reactions, Hypotension by Isordil</td>
              <td align="center">4.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary Cineangiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Dissection, Vessel occlusion, AMI, Bleeding, Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">11.5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Considering ASA, statin - more specifically simvastatin and beta-blocker, the drugs most frequently used in the treatment of coronary artery disease, the risks and the benefit of the joint use of the 3 drugs were obtained for 1 year, considering the therapeutic adherence and the probability of each user benefitting from the use of the drugs in question, values are expressed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Risks and benefits associated with treatment</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Medicines</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Benefit (in 1 year)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Risks (in 1 year)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ASA</td>
              <td align="center">2.47%</td>
              <td align="center">0.4 %</td>
              <td align="center">(Bleeding)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin</td>
              <td align="center">6.85%</td>
              <td align="center">4.84%</td>
              <td align="center">(Rhabdomyolysis, Elevation of transaminases)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta blocker</td>
              <td align="center">4.61%</td>
              <td align="center">4.2%</td>
              <td align="center">(Atrioventricular block, syncope)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Set</td>
              <td align="center">13.34%</td>
              <td align="center">8.91%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Based on the information about the performance characteristics of the test, its associated risks, as well as the benefit of the joint treatment and the inherent risks, it was possible to establish the diagnostic and therapeutic thresholds of the five methods in question - ET, MPS Study, Eco-stress with dobutamine, MRI and coronary angiotomography, expressed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diagnostic and therapeutic thresholds of the different diagnostic methods</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Diagnostic Tests</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Diagnostic Threshold (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Therapeutic Threshold (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ergometric Testing</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Myocardial Scintigraphy</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dobutamine Eco-stress</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Magnetic Nuclear Resonance</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CCTA</td>
              <td align="center">6.7</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The diagnostic process is configured in a complex procedure of association of ideas, with inclusion of positive and negative data. The estimation of the probability of coronary artery disease begins in a subjective way already in anamnesis and clinical examination, where today we search for information about the main known risk factors for coronary disease - hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, smoking and family history - to know its characteristics and limitations is crucial. However, the physician often faces a level of certainty considered insufficient for decision making, especially when the patient has an "intermediate probability" of disease.</p>
      <p>It is precisely in this larger range where researchers focus their efforts on a better risk stratification - using, among other strategies, submission to diagnostic tests. Effective tests do not guarantee, by themselves, the best clinical outcome, but help find the best course of action, with patient benefits and savings for health services when used properly.</p>
      <p>In 1980, Pauker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> already advised how to quantitatively establish thresholds for diagnosis and treatment based on test performance data - sensitivity, specificity, risks and benefits, and risks and benefits of the treatment to be instituted if certain pathologies are confirmed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, taking the ergometric test and its diagnostic and therapeutic thresholds of 22 and 58%, respectively, the adequacy of the "static" values from 10 to 90% can be questioned, since some patients within this range, should be submitted to the test in question. Thus, we would observe that patients between 10 and 22% pre-test probability of CAD would be unnecessarily submitted to the ergometric test, burdening the health system and without benefits to the patient. Still within this same perspective, patients with a probability of 58-90% of pre-test probability would also be submitted to the test, when the analysis of these thresholds suggests that rationality exists in treating these patients without testing them.</p>
      <p>This phenomenon can also be observed in relation to the other tests, enough to observe the discrepancy between the interval between the diagnostic and therapeutic thresholds of each test and the fixed values adopted in the literature, be them between 10-90% or 20-70%.</p>
      <p>In all the studies analysed to obtain the data regarding the performance of the diagnostic tests, the methods were compared with the coronary angiography, considered gold standard. However, with the advent of the flow reserve fraction, the coronary angiography was questioned as the best parameter against which all the others could be compared, since the functional information showed a better correlation with adverse events, reflecting a pathological behavior that extrapolates the phenomenon of luminal obstruction when considering also the component of endothelial dysfunction in its evaluation.</p>
      <p>Specifically analysing the coronary angiography when compared to the RFF in a study performed by Sant'Anna et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> the results showed a 57% and 96% accuracy for moderate and severe lesions, respectively, with a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 36.7%. Extrapolating these data to the calculation of the thresholds, we highlight the narrow range of probability where its use would be justified, between 34% (diagnostic threshold) and 61% of pre-test probability (therapeutic threshold). This fact is of particular importance considering that the Brazilian Consensus of Stable Angina classifies as class II A, level of evidence C the stratification of high-risk patients with cineangiocoronariography. However, data in the Brazilian literature point to a rate of complications that cannot be neglected, capable of reaching values as expressive as 11.5% during catheterization followed by angioplasty.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The submission to an invasive test in patients whose high probability of CAD would justify the start of treatment may add an unnecessary risk to the propaedeutic of these patients. Emblematic works, such as that carried out by Patel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> in 2010, point to a rate of 39.2% of negative tests for obstructive coronary disease (lesions lower than 20% of luminal obstruction) in 398,978 patients referred to coronary angiography in 663 hospitals, reinforcing the need for a better diagnostic stratification prior to the indication of invasive examination.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Hence, it would be more appropriate to relocate the indication of the procedure to those in whom an intervention is planned, may be it angioplasty or surgery.</p>
      <p>Data analysis shows that the risk of the test is the main determinant of the diagnostic threshold, while the risk of the treatment influences the therapeutic threshold. The greater the risk of the test, the greater the pre-test probability required to justify its use, with a higher diagnostic threshold and lower therapeutic threshold. Likewise, the greater the risk of the treatment, the greater the degree of certainty to start the treatment should be, raising the therapeutic threshold values.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>In the present study only the diagnostic role of the main tests was contemplated - which diverges from the current clinical practice, where the diagnosis of coronary artery disease can be obtained by clinical criteria and the tests play a prognostic role greater than the diagnostic one, and the catheterization is reserved to those patients in whom an intervention is planned. However, the methodology applied reinforces that clinical treatment can and should be offered and restricts the circumstances in which the tests are actually needed to obtain the diagnosis and institute treatment. Although changes in test performance are observed according to the source consulted, there is little impact on the observed outcome.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Considering the performance of the majority of the diagnostic tests, with sensitivity and specificity around 80%, it is understood that values between 30 and 70% contemplate the great majority of the intervals between thresholds of the different diagnostic methods. However, there is still a significant portion that is inadequately evaluated, where the risk of being submitted to a diagnostic test is higher than the risk of non-treatment and another where the risk of treatment is lower than the risks related to the test. Thus, it is necessary that the intermediate probability be stipulated for each test, including updating it in the light of the recent advances that make possible a greater accuracy of the method in question, minimizing the uncertainties inherent in the decision-making process.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="presented-at">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Clarissa Antunes Thiers, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Performance dos Testes Diagn&#243;sticos na Probabilidade Intermedi&#225;ria de Doen&#231;a Coronariana: Uma An&#225;lise para Aux&#237;lio &#224; Tomada de Decis&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thiers</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Antunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Rangel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Edilson Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE),RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Clarissa Antunes Thiers</bold> Avenida Embaixador Abelardo Bueno, n 3250, bl 2, apto. 603. CEP: 22775-040, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>clarissa@cardiol.br</email>; <email>clarissathiers@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Thiers CA, Barbosa JL, Tura BR, Arruda EF, Pereira BB. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Thiers CA. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Thiers CA, Tura BR, Arruda EF. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Tura BR, Arruda EF, Pereira BB. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Thiers CA. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Thiers CA, Barbosa JL, Tura BR, Arruda EF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Pacientes com probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria de doen&#231;a coronariana s&#227;o um desafio diagn&#243;stico e &#233; justamente nessa popula&#231;&#227;o onde o grau de incerteza &#233; maior que os testes diagn&#243;sticos t&#234;m sua maior aplicabilidade. Entretanto, de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o vigente, submeter uma popula&#231;&#227;o com probabilidade de doen&#231;a entre 10 e 90% pode gerar exames desnecess&#225;rios e resultados equivocados. Conhecer as caracter&#237;sticas de cada teste, assim como riscos e benef&#237;cios do tratamento medicamentoso para doen&#231;a coronariana e conjugar essas informa&#231;&#245;es atrav&#233;s dos limiares de diagn&#243;stico trazem uma nova perspectiva &#224; tomada de decis&#227;o. Objetivos: Revisar a origem dos conceitos atualmente preconizados de probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria e determinar os limiares de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento dos testes n&#227;o invasivos e, com base neles, propor um novo conceito de probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria de doen&#231;a coronariana. Atrav&#233;s da revis&#227;o bibliogr&#225;fica foram extra&#237;das metan&#225;lises nas quais dados de sensibilidade, especificidade, raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva e negativa, riscos e benef&#237;cios dos testes e tratamento foram fornecidos. Utilizando-se algoritmo desenvolvido por Pauker e colaboradores foi poss&#237;vel obter os limiares de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento ajustados para cada exame em quest&#227;o. O conceito de probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria de doen&#231;a coronariana &#233; bastante amplo, variando, conforme os autores, entre 10 e 90%, 1 e 92%, 15 e 85%, com racionalidade distinta. Contemplando-se o poder discriminat&#243;rio de cada exame, riscos dos testes, riscos e benef&#237;cios do tratamento, os limiares de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento foram definidos para teste ergom&#233;trico (22-58%), eco-stress (10-72), cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica (12-80%), resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica (16-80%) e angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias (6,7-81%). A decis&#227;o quanto &#224; submiss&#227;o aos testes diagn&#243;sticos deve ser individualizada, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o os limiares de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de cada m&#233;todo em quest&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Probabilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomada de Decis&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Metanalise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A estimativa da probabilidade de um dado evento ocorrer &#233; um desafio constante frente &#224; tomada de decis&#227;o em praticamente todas as &#225;reas do conhecimento. Particularmente na &#225;rea m&#233;dica, o primeiro passo em busca de um determinado diagn&#243;stico surge de uma suspeita cl&#237;nica, com base em achados da anamnese e do exame f&#237;sico e na preval&#234;ncia de dada patologia em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de interesse. Entretanto, a determina&#231;&#227;o de probabilidade do paciente apresentar a patologia em quest&#227;o ainda pode expressar um grau de incerteza considerado demasiado para a tomada de decis&#227;o - tanto por m&#233;dicos quanto por pacientes. Dessa forma, habitualmente a investiga&#231;&#227;o segue na busca de uma maior quantidade de informa&#231;&#245;es pertinentes ao caso. Esse conhecimento auxilia na decis&#227;o quanto &#224; melhor conduta: apenas observar um paciente com suspeita de determinada patologia, submet&#234;-lo a testes diagn&#243;sticos ou tratar sem a necessidade de qualquer investiga&#231;&#227;o complementar. Poucos testes s&#227;o capazes de distinguir doentes de n&#227;o doentes por completo, uma vez que n&#227;o dispomos de testes diagn&#243;sticos com sensibilidade e especificidade de 100%, mas &#233; justamente nos pacientes com probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria que se encontra sua maior aplicabilidade. O adequado conhecimento das caracter&#237;sticas e limita&#231;&#245;es do teste em quest&#227;o permitir&#225; determinar os limiares de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento que dever&#227;o nortear a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A an&#225;lise Bayesiana consiste em ajustar uma dada probabilidade inicial frente a um dado novo - seja um achado ao exame cl&#237;nico ou o resultado de um teste diagn&#243;stico. Atrav&#233;s dela &#233; poss&#237;vel obter a probabilidade p&#243;s-teste, multiplicando-se a raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a de um teste pela probabilidade <italic>a priori.</italic> Frente a esses valores ser&#225; poss&#237;vel avaliar a real utilidade em se testar um paciente e o quanto um determinado resultado ser&#225; capaz de promover mudan&#231;as na probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de doen&#231;a obtida durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Essa margem de probabilidade dentro da qual o grau de incerteza &#233; maior e onde habitualmente determinado exame &#233; capaz de promover maiores mudan&#231;as entre as probabilidades pr&#233; e p&#243;s-teste, configura a probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria de doen&#231;a. Entretanto, a defini&#231;&#227;o desses limites &#233; frequentemente arbitr&#225;ria, reproduzindo-se em estudos diagn&#243;sticos intervalos t&#227;o amplos quanto 10 e 90%.</p>
        <p>Dois limiares s&#227;o extremamente importantes na decis&#227;o entre observar, testar ou tratar sem fazer testes. Quando a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de uma determinada doen&#231;a &#233; baixa, ainda que um determinado teste bastante acurado seja positivo, pouca mudan&#231;a ser&#225; observada na probabilidade p&#243;s-teste do paciente apresentar a doen&#231;a. Esse limiar abaixo do qual n&#227;o se justifica qualquer investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica ou mesmo tratamento espec&#237;fico, &#233; dito <italic>limiar diagn&#243;stico</italic>. Determinados pacientes apresentam probabilidade t&#227;o elevada de apresentar uma patologia que mesmo um resultado negativo de um teste diagn&#243;stico pouco reduzir&#225; a chance do paciente apresentar doen&#231;a (probabilidade p&#243;s-teste). Esse valor acima do qual uma investiga&#231;&#227;o complementar &#233; dispens&#225;vel e o paciente deve ser conduzido ao tratamento em quest&#227;o &#233; considerado o <italic>limiar terap&#234;utico.</italic> O estabelecimento de valores a esse limiar pode ser realizado de forma intuitiva pelo m&#233;dico assistente, considerando a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio do tratamento, lan&#231;ando m&#227;o de dados da expectativa de vida para c&#225;lculo dessa rela&#231;&#227;o ou mesmo atribuindo valor &#224;s prefer&#234;ncias do paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s possibilidades de desfechos com a doen&#231;a e seu tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Determinar os limites da probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria e sua racionalidade &#233; o foco do presente artigo, pois &#233; question&#225;vel a adequa&#231;&#227;o desses valores em um cen&#225;rio onde os testes diagn&#243;sticos apresentam desempenhos distintos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivos</title>
        <p>Este artigo de revis&#227;o busca as origens dos conceitos habitualmente utilizados como defini&#231;&#227;o de probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria e questiona a adequa&#231;&#227;o dos valores mais frequentemente apresentados frente &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es no desempenho diagn&#243;stico dos diferentes testes utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, al&#233;m de determinar os limiares de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento para cada exame analisado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Atrav&#233;s do PUBMED/MEDLINE foi realizada pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica com foco em artigos que contemplassem o desempenho diagn&#243;stico e riscos dos testes mais frequentemente utilizados para diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana - teste ergom&#233;trico, cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, eco-stress, resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica e angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias; riscos e benef&#237;cios do tratamento mais frequentemente preconizado na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana - AAS, estatina e beta-bloqueador; assim como refer&#234;ncias de probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria de doen&#231;a coronariana e decis&#227;o m&#233;dica - mais especificamente a an&#225;lise Bayesiana.</p>
        <p>A busca conteve os seguintes termos MESH: diagnostic test/ accuracy/ sensitivity/ specificity/ intermediate probability/ coronary disease/ exercise test/ myocardial perfusion imaging / magnetic resonance imaging/ coronary angiography/ medical decision/ bayesian analysis/ pre-test probability/ pos-test probability/adverse effects/ improvement.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para o c&#225;lculo dos limiares diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico foram utilizadas as f&#243;rmulas descritas abaixo, com base nos seguintes dados: sensibilidade, especificidade, riscos e benef&#237;cios do teste, riscos e benef&#237;cios do tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Limiar de Teste ou Limiar Diagn&#243;stico (Tt):</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <underline>Tt = (Ppos/nd) x (Rrx) + Rt</underline>
          </p>
          <p>(Ppos/nd) x (Rrx) + (Ppos/d) x (Brx)</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Limiar de Terap&#234;utico (Ttx):</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <underline>Ttrx = (Pneg/nd) x (Rrx) - Rt</underline>
          </p>
          <p>(Pneg/nd) x (Rrx) + (Pneg/d) x (Brx)</p>
          <p>Onde:</p>
          <p>Tt = limiar diagn&#243;stico</p>
          <p>Ttrx = limiar terap&#234;utico</p>
          <p>Ppos/nd = probabilidade de um teste positivo, dado que n&#227;o tem doen&#231;a (Falso Positivo ou 1-Especificidade)</p>
          <p>Ppos/d = probabilidade de um teste positivo, dado que h&#225; doen&#231;a (Verdadeiro Positivo ou Sensibilidade)</p>
          <p>Pneg/nd = probabilidade de um teste negativo, dado que n&#227;o tem doen&#231;a (Verdadeiro Negativo ou Especificidade)</p>
          <p>Pneg/d = probabilidade de um teste negativo, dado que h&#225; doen&#231;a (Falso Negativo ou 1-Sensibilidade)</p>
          <p>Rrx = riscos do tratamento</p>
          <p>Rt = riscos do teste</p>
          <p>Brx = benef&#237;cio do tratamento</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dentre os trabalhos que contemplavam a delimita&#231;&#227;o da probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria, &#233; de particular import&#226;ncia o realizado por Diamond e colaboradores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> que em 1980, estudaram 43 pacientes submetidos a coronariografia, posteriormente estratificados com testes n&#227;o invasivos. Destes, 8 entre 12 com coronariografia normal apresentavam probabilidade p&#243;s-teste inferior a 10%; enquanto 26 de 31 pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva possu&#237;am probabilidade p&#243;s-teste superior a 90%. Este foi o primeiro trabalho em que foram estabelecidos os limites de 10 e 90% para probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em trabalho realizado por Goldman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> em 1982, considerou-se intermedi&#225;ria uma probabilidade pr&#233;-teste entre 1 e 92%, considerando-se a probabilidade sobre a qual o teste ergom&#233;trico fosse capaz de produzir um valor p&#243;s-teste acima ou abaixo de 50%. Ainda nesse mesmo artigo foram calculados limiares de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste sobre os quais a estratifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva fosse capaz de gerar um deslocamento para uma probabilidade que permitisse tomada de decis&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A Diretriz Brasileira de Doen&#231;a Coronariana Est&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> considera probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria valores entre 10% e 90%, Montalescot e colaboradores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>, no Consenso Europeu de Angina Est&#225;vel, admitem como probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria valores entre 15% e 85%, considerando que a maioria dos testes diagn&#243;sticos apresenta sensibilidade e especificidade em torno de 85%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Desta forma, segundo esses dados, quando aplicados a uma popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, 15 em cada 100 exames apresentar&#227;o falsos resultados e, desta forma, ser&#225; mais adequado n&#227;o submeter pacientes com baixa preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a (inferior a 15%) aos m&#233;todos em quest&#227;o. Em pacientes com alta probabilidade de doen&#231;a o teste igualmente n&#227;o trar&#225; benef&#237;cios.</p>
        <p>Em seguida, foram analisadas as caracter&#237;sticas dos seguintes testes diagn&#243;sticos: teste ergom&#233;trico (ou teste de esfor&#231;o), cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com dipiridamol, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com TE, Eco-stress com dobutamina, resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica e angiotomografia coron&#225;ria, onde sensibilidade, especificidade, raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva, raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa, limiar diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico foram contemplados e expressos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Fato particularmente digno de nota &#233; a possibilidade de determinar limiares de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento tamb&#233;m para a cineangiocoronariografia - at&#233; ent&#227;o considerada exame padr&#227;o com o qual todos os demais s&#227;o comparados, quando comparamos seu desempenho com os dados fornecidos pela fra&#231;&#227;o de reserva de fluxo (FFR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos testes diagn&#243;sticos: sensibilidade, especificidade, raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva e negativa</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Testes Diagn&#243;sticos</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sensibilidade (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Especificidade (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">RVP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">RVN</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste Ergom&#233;trico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">2,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cintilografia Mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">4,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eco-stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">6,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RNM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angio-TC de coron&#225;rias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">91</td>
                <td align="center">9,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>RNM: resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica; Angio-TC de coron&#225;rias: angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias; RVP: raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva; RVN: raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Para a determina&#231;&#227;o dos riscos relacionados aos testes analisados, foram considerados apenas eventos cuja repercuss&#227;o fosse considerada significativa, capazes de interromper o teste ou gerar repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou hemodin&#226;mica - como claustrofobia, hipotens&#227;o, arritmias, infarto, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, parada card&#237;aca e morte - descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 2</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Riscos e rea&#231;&#245;es adversas nos testes diagn&#243;sticos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Teste Diagn&#243;stico</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Rea&#231;&#245;es Adversas</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Incid&#234;ncia (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste Ergom&#233;trico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">arritmia, IAM, morte</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cintilografia Mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">hipotens&#227;o, arritmia, IAM, morte</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eco-stress com dobutamina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">hipotens&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o, arritmia, IAM, morte</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resson&#226;ncia Nuclear Magn&#233;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Claustrofobia</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angiotomografia Coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Rea&#231;&#245;es graves, hipotens&#227;o pelo isordil</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cineangiocoronariografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Dissec&#231;&#227;o, oclus&#227;o do vaso, IAM, sangramento, AVC</td>
                <td align="center">11,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Considerando-se AAS, estatina - mais especificamente a sinvastatina e o beta-bloqueador as drogas mais frequentemente utilizadas no tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, foram obtidos os riscos e o benef&#237;cio, em 1 ano, do uso conjunto das 3 drogas, considerando-se a ader&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica e a probabilidade de cada usu&#225;rio beneficiar-se com o uso das drogas em quest&#227;o, valores expressos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 3</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Riscos e benef&#237;cios associados ao tratamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Medicamentos</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Benef&#237;cio (em 1 ano)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Riscos (em 1 ano)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AAS</td>
                <td align="center">2,47%</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 %</td>
                <td align="center">(sangramento)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">6,85%</td>
                <td align="center">4,84%</td>
                <td align="center">(rabdomi&#243;lise, eleva&#231;&#227;o de transaminases)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-bloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">4,61%</td>
                <td align="center">4,2%</td>
                <td align="center">(bloqueio atrioventricular, s&#237;ncope)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Conjunto</td>
                <td align="center">13,34%</td>
                <td align="center">8,91%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Com base nas informa&#231;&#245;es a respeito das caracter&#237;sticas de desempenho do teste, seus riscos associados, assim como o benef&#237;cio do tratamento conjunto e os riscos inerentes, foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer os limiares diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico dos 5 m&#233;todos em quest&#227;o - TE, CPM, Eco-stress com dobutamina, RNM e angiotomografia coron&#225;ria, expressos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Limiares Diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico dos diferentes m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Testes Diagn&#243;sticos</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Limiar Diagn&#243;stico (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Limiar Terap&#234;utico (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste Ergom&#233;trico</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cintilografia Mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eco-stress com Dobutamina</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resson&#226;ncia Nuclear Magn&#233;tica</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angiotomografia Coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O processo diagn&#243;stico se configura num procedimento complexo de associa&#231;&#227;o de ideias, com inclus&#227;o de dados positivos e negativos. A estimativa da probabilidade de doen&#231;a coronariana inicia-se de forma subjetiva j&#225; na anamnese e exame cl&#237;nico, onde hoje buscamos informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os principais fatores de risco conhecidos para doen&#231;a coronariana - HAS, DM, dislipidemia, tabagismo e hist&#243;ria familiar - conhecer suas caracter&#237;sticas e limita&#231;&#245;es &#233; crucial. Entretanto, o m&#233;dico frequentemente se depara com n&#237;vel de certeza considerado insuficiente para a tomada de decis&#227;o, especialmente quando o paciente se situa dentro da "probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria" de doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>&#201; justamente nessa maior faixa onde pesquisadores concentram esfor&#231;os para uma melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco - utilizando, dentre outras estrat&#233;gias, submiss&#227;o a testes diagn&#243;sticos. Testes eficazes n&#227;o garantem, por si s&#243;, o melhor desfecho cl&#237;nico, mas auxiliam na melhor conduta a ser adotada, com benef&#237;cios para o paciente e economia para os servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de quando utilizados adequadamente.</p>
        <p>Em 1980, Pauker e colaboradores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> j&#225; orientavam como estabelecer quantitativamente os limiares de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento com base nos dados referentes ao desempenho dos testes - sensibilidade, especificidade, seus riscos e benef&#237;cios, e riscos e benef&#237;cios do tratamento a ser institu&#237;do caso se confirme determinada patologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Desta forma, tomando-se como exemplo o teste ergom&#233;trico e seus limiares diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico de 22 e 58%, respectivamente, questiona-se a adequa&#231;&#227;o em se considerar como probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria os valores "est&#225;ticos" de 10 a 90%, partindo-se da prerrogativa de que nessa faixa dever-se-ia submeter o paciente ao teste em quest&#227;o. Assim sendo, observar&#237;amos que pacientes entre 10 e 22% de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC seriam desnecessariamente submetidos ao teste ergom&#233;trico, onerando o sistema de sa&#250;de e sem benef&#237;cios ao paciente. Ainda dentro dessa mesma perspectiva, pacientes com probabilidade entre 58 e 90% de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste tamb&#233;m seriam submetidos ao teste, quando a an&#225;lise desses limiares sugere que a racionalidade existe em tratar esses pacientes, sem test&#225;-los.</p>
        <p>Esse fen&#244;meno pode ser observado tamb&#233;m em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais testes bastando, para tal, observarmos a discrep&#226;ncia entre o intervalo entre os limiares diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico de cada teste e os valores fixos adotados na literatura, sejam entre 10-90% ou 20-70%.</p>
        <p>Em todos os estudos analisados para obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados referentes ao desempenho dos testes diagn&#243;sticos, os m&#233;todos foram comparados com a cineangiocoronariografia, considerada padr&#227;o ouro. Entretanto, com o advento da fra&#231;&#227;o de reserva de fluxo, passou-se a questionar a cineangiocoronariografia como o melhor par&#226;metro contra o qual todos os demais pudessem ser comparados, dado que a informa&#231;&#227;o funcional mostrou melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com eventos adversos, ao refletir um comportamento patol&#243;gico que extrapola o fen&#244;meno da obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal ao considerar tamb&#233;m o componente da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na sua avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Analisando-se especificamente a cineangiocoronariografia, quando comparada &#224; FFR em trabalho realizado por Sant`Anna e colaboradores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> apresentou acur&#225;cia de 57% e 96% para les&#245;es moderadas e graves, respectivamente, com sensibilidade de 85,7% e especificidade de 36,7%. Extrapolando esses dados para o c&#225;lculo dos limiares, destaca-se a estreita faixa de probabilidade onde se justificaria sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, entre 34% (limiar diagn&#243;stico) e 61% de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste (limiar terap&#234;utico). Este dado &#233; de particular import&#226;ncia ao considerar-se que o Consenso Brasileiro de Angina Est&#225;vel classifica como classe II A, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de alto risco com a cineangiocoronariografia. Entretanto, dados na literatura brasileira apontam para uma taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es nada desprez&#237;vel, capaz de atingir valores t&#227;o expressivos quanto 11,5% durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo seguido de angioplastia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A submiss&#227;o a um teste invasivo em pacientes cuja probabilidade elevada de DAC j&#225; justificaria o in&#237;cio de tratamento poder&#225; agregar um risco desnecess&#225;rio &#224; proped&#234;utica desses pacientes. Trabalhos emblem&#225;ticos, como o realizado por Patel e colaboradores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> em 2010, apontam para uma taxa de 39,2% de exames negativos para doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva (les&#245;es menores que 20% de obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal), em 398.978 pacientes encaminhados &#224; cinenangiocoronariografia em 663 hospitais americanos, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de uma melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica pr&#233;via &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o do exame invasivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Desta forma, seria mais apropriado realocar a indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento &#224;queles nos quais se planeja uma interven&#231;&#227;o, seja angioplastia ou cirurgia.</p>
        <p>&#192; an&#225;lise dos dados, observa-se que o risco do teste &#233; o principal determinante do limiar diagn&#243;stico, enquanto o risco do tratamento influencia no limiar terap&#234;utico. Quando maior o risco do teste, maior ser&#225; a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste necess&#225;ria para justificar seu uso, com maior limiar diagn&#243;stico e menor limiar terap&#234;utico. Da mesma forma, quanto maior o risco do tratamento, maior dever&#225; ser o grau de certeza para iniciar o tratamento, elevando os valores do limiar terap&#234;utico.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>No presente trabalho apenas o papel diagn&#243;stico dos principais testes foi contemplado - o que diverge da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual, onde o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pode ser obtido por crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e os testes exercem um papel progn&#243;stico maior que o de diagn&#243;stico, reservando-se o cateterismo aos pacientes nos quais se planeja uma interven&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, a metodologia aplicada refor&#231;a que o tratamento cl&#237;nico pode e deve ser oferecido e restringe as circunst&#226;ncias nas quais os testes de fato s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para obter o diagn&#243;stico e instituir tratamento. Ainda que sejam observadas mudan&#231;as no desempenho dos testes conforme a fonte consultada, h&#225; pouco impacto no desfecho observado.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Considerando-se o desempenho da maioria dos testes diagn&#243;sticos, com sensibilidade e especificidade em torno de 80%, compreende-se que valores entre 30 e 70% contemplam a grande maioria dos intervalos entre limiares dos diferentes m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos. Entretanto, ainda persiste uma significativa parcela inadequadamente avaliada, cujo risco da submiss&#227;o a um teste diagn&#243;stico &#233; superior ao risco do n&#227;o-tratamento e outra cujo risco do tratamento &#233; inferior aos riscos relacionados ao teste. Desta forma, &#233; preciso que a probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria seja estipulada para cada teste, inclusive atualizando-a frente aos recentes avan&#231;os que possibilitem maior acur&#225;cia do m&#233;todo em quest&#227;o, minimizando as incertezas inerentes ao processo de tomada de decis&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="presented-at">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Clarissa Antunes Thiers pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
