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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">K3mwrJcn9dPbqFTPsvCtXXq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000600517</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170081</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472017005002101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Use of HAS-BLED Score in an Anticoagulation Outpatient Clinic of a Tertiary Hospital</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beltrame</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Coimbra Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giasson</surname>
            <given-names>Franciele Ta&#237;s Bandeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Lu&#237;s Ferreira Azeredo da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Sessim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amon</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blaya</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Bergamini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scheffel</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Selbach</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pivatto</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Fernando Pivatto J&#250;nior, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2.350, sala 700, Postal code 90.035-903. Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fpivatto@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Pivatto J&#250;nior F. Acquisition of data: Beltrame RCF, Giasson FTB, Gomes BS, Pivatto J&#250;nior F. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Beltrame RCF, Giasson FTB, Amon LC, Scheffel RS, Pivatto J&#250;nior F. Statistical analysis: Pivatto J&#250;nior F. Writing of the manuscript: Beltrame RCF, Scheffel RS. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Beltrame RCF, Giasson FTB, Silva ALFA, Gomes BS, Amon LC, Blaya MB, Scheffel RS, Pivatto J&#250;nior F. Supervision / as the major investigador: Pivatto J&#250;nior F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Nov-Dec</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>517</fpage>
      <lpage>525</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>HAS-BLED score was developed to assess 1-year major bleeding risk in patients anticoagulated with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) due to atrial fibrillation (AF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Of this study was to assess the ability of HAS-BLED score and its components to predict major bleeding in patients treated in an anticoagulation outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A retrospective cohort study on AF patients treated with VKA was conducted. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the ability of individual score components to predict major bleeding. The significance level adopted in all tests was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We studied 263 patients with a mean age of 71.1 &#177; 10.5 years over a period of 237.6 patients-year. Median HAS-BLED score was 2 (1-3). The overall incidence of major bleeding was 5.7%, and it was higher among high-risk HAS-BLED score patients than in low risk patients (9.6 vs. 3.1%; p = 0.052). Area under the ROC curve was 0.70 (p = 0.01). Cut-off point &#8805; 3 showed sensibility of 66.7%, specificity of 62.1%, positive predictive value of 9.6% and negative predictive value of 96.9%. Major bleeding-free survival was lower in high-risk group (p = 0.017). In multivariate analysis, concurrent antiplatelet use was the only independent predictor of major bleeding among score components (OR 5.13, 95%CI: 1.55-17.0; p = 0.007).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>HAS-BLED score was able to predict major bleeding in this cohort of AF patients. Among score components, special attention should be given for concomitant antiplatelet use, which was independently associated to this outcome. Antiplatelets in AF patients under VKA anticoagulation should be used in selected patients with favorable risk-benefit assessment.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorrhage</kwd>
        <kwd>Outpatient Clinics</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac rhythm disturbance that increases in prevalence with advancing age: approximately 1% of patients with AF are under 60 years of age, whereas up to 12% of patients with AF are 75 to 84 years of age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> AF is associated with a broad spectrum of negative outcomes, such as heart failure and major cardiovascular events, including ischemic stroke, with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Ischemic strokes related to AF usually result from cardioembolism of a large cerebral artery, and therefore tend to be larger, more frequently fatal or associated with greater disability than strokes from other causes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies with oral anticoagulants (OAC) have shown reduction in all-cause mortality by 26% and in systemic thromboembolism by 64% with the use of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) compared with placebo or untreated controls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> On the other hand, VKA are associated with increased risk of bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Gomes et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> demonstrated a 3.8% risk of hemorrhage per person-year with warfarin, especially within the first 30 days of therapy (11.8%), with almost 1% of all new users being admitted to hospital due to hemorrhagic complications during this period.</p>
      <p>There are several risk scores available to assess bleeding risk in patients in treatment with VKA.<sup>(7-12)</sup> HAS-BLED score [Hypertension (uncontrolled), Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition (anemia), Labile INR, Elderly (&gt; 65 years), Drugs/alcohol concomitantly] offers a better prediction of bleeding compared with many other bleeding risk scores for AF patients, and has also been validated in several different cohorts, including large real-world and clinical trial populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The score ranges from 0 to 9, with scores &#8805; 3 indicating higher risk of bleeding. In this situation, thorough and regular patient follow-up is recommended.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In addition, HAS-BLED score should be used to identify modifiable bleeding risk factors that might be addressed, but should not be used to exclude patients from OAC therapy, as suggested by CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age &#8805; 75 years, Diabetes, Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65-74 years, Sex category (i.e., female gender)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The objective of this study was to assess the ability of HAS-BLED score and its components to predict major bleeding in patients treated at a anticoagulation outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients on oral anticoagulation with VKA attending the outpatient anticoagulation clinic at Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). This hospital is a tertiary care teaching hospital located in southern Brazil and most patients are low-income. All decisions regarding the management of anticoagulation are based on a protocol published by Kim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> All patients who visited the clinic from January to March 2014 were screened for inclusion in the study. Non-valvular AF patients under VKA anticoagulation were included. Valvular AF was defined as AF associated to moderate to severe mitral stenosis or prosthetic heart valve.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> This study was approved by local Research Ethics Committee.</p>
      <p>Ischemic stroke risk was estimated with the scores CHADS<sub>2</sub> (Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age &gt; 75, Diabetes, Stroke) and CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> High-risk for ischemic stroke was defined as a score &#8805; 2. As for the risk of major bleeding, patients were stratified into 2 groups according to individual HAS-BLED scores: (1) low-moderate risk group (score 0-2) and (2) high risk group (score &#8805; 3).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The acronym HAS-BLED represents each of the bleeding risk factors and assigns 1 point for each of the following: uncontrolled hypertension, abnormal renal and/or liver function, previous stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile international normalized ratios, elderly, and concomitant drugs and/or alcohol abuse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Data were obtained by reviewing electronic health records during outpatient clinic visits, emergency visits and hospital admissions during the study period. Patients who were lost to follow-up, who died or whose anticoagulation therapy was discontinued were equally included in the analysis. Time in therapeutic range (TTR) was estimated though Rosendaal's linear interpolation method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Laboratory test results and left ventricular ejection fraction (preferably assessed by echocardiogram) at the beginning of follow-up period were recorded. Anemia was defined by hemoglobin (Hb) below 13.0 g/L in men and 12.0 g/L in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Uncontrolled hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure &gt; 160 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Major bleeding was defined as any bleeding requiring hospitalization and/or causing a decrease in hemoglobin level &gt; 2 g/dL and/or requiring blood transfusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Presence of chronic dialysis, renal transplantation or serum creatinine &#8805; 200 &#181;mol/L (2.26 mg/dL) was classified as abnormal renal function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Abnormal liver function was defined as previous clinical diagnosis of chronic hepatic disease (e.g., cirrhosis) or biochemical evidence of significant hepatic derangement (e.g., bilirubin &gt; 2x upper limit of normal, in association with AST/ALT/ALP &gt; 3 x upper limit of normal).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Descriptive analyses were performed by absolute and relative frequency for qualitative variables, and mean &#177; standard deviation and median (interquartile range, 25-75th percentile) for quantitative variables with symmetric and asymmetric distribution, respectively. Normality of the distribution of each variable was evaluated using Shapiro-Wilk test. Comparison between the groups was performed by Chi-square test. Fisher exact test was used in situations of low frequency. Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated to evaluate the ability of HAS-BLED score to predict major bleeding. Major bleeding-free survival between HAS-BLED groups was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curves and compared using log-rank test. Logistic regression was performed to detect the adjusted association of HAS-BLED score components with the outcome major bleeding. Relation between candidate variables and the outcome was initially investigated in a series of bivariate analyses (p &lt; 0.10 for selection of candidate variables). Next, we used stepwise forward selection for variable inclusion until all retained variables were statistically significant at a p &lt; 0.05. The significance level adopted in all tests was 5%. Data were analyzed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 21.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 263 patients were included in the study, corresponding to 38.5% of individuals attending in outpatient anticoagulation clinic. Demographic characteristics are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. There were no patients using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs). Indications for anticoagulation among patients not included in the current cohort were: mechanical cardiac prosthesis (21.2%), deep vein thrombosis / pulmonary thromboembolism (19.0%), valvular AF (8.6%) and thrombus in the left ventricle (2.0%). </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic characteristics of the patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n = 263</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female sex</td>
              <td align="center">113 (43.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">71.2 (64.1-78.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Warfarin use</td>
              <td align="center">256 (97.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">231 (87.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart failure / LVEF &lt; 40%</td>
              <td align="center">149 (56.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Labile INR (TTR &lt; 60%)</td>
              <td align="center">124 (47.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">108 (41.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous stroke / TIA</td>
              <td align="center">96 (36.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">76 (28.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antiplatelet therapy</td>
              <td align="center">64 (24.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anemia</td>
              <td align="center">67 (25.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">25 (9.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Major bleeding history</td>
              <td align="center">24 (9.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, uncontrolled</td>
              <td align="center">22 (8.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol</td>
              <td align="center">21 (8.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abnormal renal function</td>
              <td align="center">7 (2.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abnormal liver function</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CHADS<sub>2</sub> score</td>
              <td align="center">3 (2-4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score</td>
              <td align="center">4 (3-5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HAS-BLED score</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1-3)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; TIA: transient ischemic attack; INR: international normalized ratio; TTR: time in therapeutic range. CHADS<sub>2</sub>: Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age &gt; 75, Diabetes, Stroke; CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc: Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age &#8805; 75 years, Diabetes, Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65-74 years, Sex category (i.e., female gender); HAS-BLED: Hypertension (uncontrolled), Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition (anemia), Labile INR, Elderly (&gt; 65 years), Drugs/alcohol concomitantly. Data presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Mean follow-up was 329.9 &#177; 81.9 days. Of the 263 patients, 205 (77.9%) completed the follow-up, 25 (9.5%) were lost to follow-up, 21 (8.0%) stopped the anticoagulation and 12 (4.6%) died. Overall, 2,754 INR tests were performed during the study period, with a median of 10 INR tests per patient (range 7-13). Of these, 1,270 (46.1%) presented values between 2.0 and 3.0 over a treatment time of 237.6 patients-year. Median TTR was 62.5% (44.2-79.5%). Patients were under-anticoagulated (i.e., INR &lt; 2.0) during a median of 18.9% of time (6.1-36.6%) and over-anticoagulated (i.e., INR &gt; 3.0) during a median 9.6% of time (1.6-23.3%).</p>
      <p>The incidence of major bleeding in all patients was 5.7% (n = 15), which represents 6.3 major bleedings/100-patients-year. The major bleeding sites were mucocutaneous (n = 4; 26.7%), genitourinary (n = 4; 26.7%), gastrointestinal (n = 3; 20.0%), intracranial (n = 3; 20.0%) and retroperitoneal (n = 1; 6.7%).</p>
      <p>"Elderly" was the most prevalent HAS-BLED score component (72.2%), followed by "Labile INR" (47.1%). When the patients were divided according the HAS-BLED score in high and low-moderate risk for major bleeding, we observed that 104 patients (39.5%) were classified as high risk (HAS-BLED &#8805; 3). This group had a higher incidence of major bleeding compared with the low-moderate (9.6 versus 3.1%; p = 0.052).</p>
      <p>The association of HAS-BLED score components with major bleeding incidence is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, concurrent antiplatelet use was the only independent predictor of major bleeding among score components (OR 5.13, 95%CI: 1.55-17.0; p = 0.007).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>HAS-BLED components and associated major bleeding incidence</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Bleeding, n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Hypertension, uncontrolled</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">22 (8.4)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (13.6)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">.119<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">241 (91.6)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (5.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Abnormal renal function</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">7 (2.7)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">.054<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">256 (97.3)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (5.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Abnormal liver function</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">.111<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">261 (99.2)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (5.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">96 (36.5)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (5.2)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">167 (63.5)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (6.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Bleeding history</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">24 (9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">.374<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">239 (90.9)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (6.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Predisposition (anemia)</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">67 (25.5)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (10.4)</td>
              <td align="center">.067<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">196 (74.5)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (4.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Labile INR (TTR &lt; 60%)</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">124 (47.1)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (8.1)</td>
              <td align="center">.196<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">139 (52.9)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Elderly (&gt; 65 years)</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">190 (72.2)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (6.3)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">.767<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">73 (27.8)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Drugs (antiplatelets)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">64 (24.3)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (14.1)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">199 (75.7)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (3.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Alcohol</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">21 (8.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (9.5)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">.341<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">242 (92.0)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (5.4)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>INR: international normalized ratio; TTR: time in therapeutic range;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Fisher exact test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Chi square test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>There were no patients using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs). Data presented as number (%).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The area under the ROC curve for HAS-BLED score ability to predict major bleeding was 0.70 (95%CI: 0.53-0.86; p = 0.01). A score cut-off point &#8805; 3 presented sensibility of 66.7%, specificity of 62.1%, positive predictive value of 9.6% and negative predictive value of 96.9%. Major bleeding-free survival Kaplan-Meier curves according HAS-BLED score categories are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. High-risk patients, i.e. HAS-BLED score &#8805; 3, had a significantly lower major bleeding-free survival (p = 0.017).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Major bleeding-free survival according to HAS-BLED. </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0517-70081-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The magnitude of the risks associated to each score component is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref> in univariate and multivariate analysis, respectively. In multivariate analysis, only the concurrent use of antiplatelet agents independently predicted the occurrence of major bleeding among the score components. Antiplatelets used during follow-up and their indications are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; INR: international normalized ratio. HAS-BLED components and associated major bleeding risk in univariate analysis. </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0517-70081-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; INR: international normalized ratio. HAS-BLED components and major bleeding risk associated in multivariate analysis. </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0517-70081-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Venn diagram of indication of concomitant use of drugs. CAD: coronary artery disease; PAD: peripheral artery disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease. </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0517-70081-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Antiplatelet agents used during follow-up and their indications</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Drug(s)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n = 64</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Indication</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="10">ASA</td>
              <td align="center">13 (20.3)</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiovascular disease primary prevention</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">12 (18.8)</td>
              <td align="center">CAD with previous ACS &gt; 1 year</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">11 (17.2)</td>
              <td align="center">CAD without previous ACS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">8 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">Stroke</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">4 (6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">CAD with previous ACS &gt; 1 year + Stroke</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">3 (4.7)</td>
              <td align="center">PAD</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">3 (4.7)</td>
              <td align="center">Stroke + PAD</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">CAD with previous ACS &gt; 1 year + PAD</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">CAD without previous ACS + Stroke</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">CAD without previous ACS + PAD</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">ASA + Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center">4 (6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">CAD with previous ACS &lt; 1 year</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Cilostazol</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">PAD</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Ticlopidine</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">CAD without previous ACS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">CAD with previous ACS &lt; 1 year</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>ASA: acetylsalicylic acid, CAD: coronary artery disease, ACS: acute coronary syndrome, PAD: peripheral artery disease. Data presented as number (%).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, a significant association between high HAS-BLED scores (i.e, score &#8805; 3) and major bleeding during follow-up was observed. The only independent variable of HAS-BLED score associated with this adverse event was concomitant use of antiplatelet agents. Our findings corroborate the use of HAS-BLED score as a predictor of bleeding, and the importance of an adequate assessment of modifiable risk factors for bleeding.</p>
      <p>Current literature suggest that increments in HAS-BLED score values are associated with progressively increased risk of bleeding, with little difference in hemorrhage rates between patients in use of OAC and controls. Because many risk factors for bleeding are also risk factors for stroke, the use of OACs is wrongly contraindicated for many patients with high risk of stroke (and consequently high risk of bleeding),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> thereby losing benefit of stroke prevention and maintaining a high risk of bleeding even without use of OAC.</p>
      <p>The rate of major bleeding found in our study (6.3/100 patients-year) was higher than previously reported (1.4-2.4/100 patients-year).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> This may be explained by the median TTR found in this cohort (62.5%), which is in the lower limit of 60-65% of currently accepted rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Connolly et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> suggest that this is the minimal threshold in which there is significant benefit of using OAC as compared with double antiplatelet therapy, with lower TTR being associated with both stroke and hemorrhage rates that are comparable to those observed in AF patients treated with clopidogrel plus acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).</p>
      <p>Another possible explanation for the high bleeding rate among our patients was the proportion of patients under concomitant use of antiplatelet drugs (24.3%). The majority of them had no clear indication to maintain antiplatelet use once OAC therapy has been initiated. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>, the reasons for concurrent use of antiplatelets were coronary artery disease (CAD, 56.2%), stroke (25.0%), primary cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and peripheral artery disease (PAD, 14.1%). Current guidelines recommend discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy in most cases when OAC is indicated; exceptions include acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and stent implantation, though even in these cases antiplatelet drugs should be discontinued as soon as possible.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> This is based on low quality evidence that suggest that patients with stable CAD have increased bleeding risk with OAC plus antiplatelet agent without further decrease in major adverse cardiovascular events in comparison with OAC alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> According to the 2016 US Preventive Services Task Force review,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> ASA for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events has been shown to be safe and effective in the very strict group of adults ranging 50-59 years old who have an estimated cardiovascular risk &gt; 10% and a low bleeding risk according to American Heart Association (AHA) score. Regarding PAD and stroke,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> current evidence indicates no benefit of adding ASA to VKA.</p>
      <p>There are some limitations in our study that deserve to be mentioned. First, retrospective design may have influenced the quality and consistency of the data collected. Besides, review of the medical records could only identify events (cardiovascular and bleeding) that occurred at our hospital or that have been spontaneously reported by the patients during clinical care. This may underestimate adverse events occurrence. Second, the relative small sample size associated with the short follow-up period may have underestimated the occurrence of adverse events, especially events related to AF, which have a longer latency period. Yet, we believe that this may be a conservative bias, given the elevated event rates observed in this limited sample. Third, the higher rates of bleeding found in this study could have overestimated the prediction power of the score. Finally, the fact that the study was conducted at a single center can limit external validity of our findings.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>HAS-BLED may be a useful and applicable tool to assess bleeding risk in our population, particularly to aid the identification of potentially modifiable factors such as concomitant use of antiplatelet agents. We highlight that HAS-BLED should not be used as the single instrument to either initiate OAC or exclude patients from OAC therapy. Hospitals and clinical care facilities should implement protocols for regular assessment of patients using OAC, and HAS-BLED may have a major role helping to reduce complications associated with this therapy. Further research is needed to assess the impact of score-based protocols for modifying bleeding risk factors and rates in anticoagulation outpatient clinics.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso do Escore HAS-BLED em um Ambulat&#243;rio de Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de um Hospital Terci&#225;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beltrame</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Coimbra Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giasson</surname>
            <given-names>Franciele Ta&#237;s Bandeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Lu&#237;s Ferreira Azeredo da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Sessim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amon</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blaya</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Bergamini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scheffel</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Selbach</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pivatto</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Pivatto, J&#250;nior Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2.350, sala 700, CEP 90.035-903. Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fpivatto@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pivatto J&#250;nior F. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Beltrame RCF, Giasson FTB, Gomes BS, Pivatto J&#250;nior F. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Beltrame RCF, Giasson FTB, Amon LC, Scheffel RS, Pivatto J&#250;nior F. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pivatto J&#250;nior F. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Beltrame RCF, Scheffel RS. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Beltrame RCF, Giasson FTB, Silva ALFA, Gomes BS, Amon LC, Blaya MB, Scheffel RS, Pivatto J&#250;nior F. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Pivatto J&#250;nior F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O escore HAS-BLED foi desenvolvido para avaliar o risco em um ano de sangramento maior em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) anticoagulados com antagonistas da vitamina K (AVK).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade do escore HAS-BLED e de seus componentes em predizer sangramento maior em pacientes atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de um hospital terci&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um estudo coorte retrospectivo com pacientes com FA tratados com AVK. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para avaliar a capacidade de cada componente do escore em predizer sangramento maior. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado em todos os testes foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 263 pacientes com m&#233;dia de idade de 71,1 &#177; 10,5 anos ao longo de um per&#237;odo de tratamento de 237,6 pacientes-ano. A mediana do escore HAS-BLED foi de 2 (1-3). A incid&#234;ncia de sangramento maior foi de 5,7%, sendo mais elevada nos pacientes de alto risco que nos pacientes de baixo risco (9,6 vs. 3,1%; p = 0,052). A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi de 0,70 (p = 0,01). Um ponto de corte &#8805; 3 mostrou sensibilidade de 66,7%, especificidade de 62,1%, valor preditivo positivo de 9,6% e valor preditivo negativo de 96,9%. Sobrevida livre de sangramento maior foi menor no grupo de alto risco (p = 0,017). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o &#250;nico preditor independente de sangramento maior entre os componentes do escore foi o uso concomitante de antiplaquet&#225;rios (OR 5,13, IC95%: 1,55-17,0; p = 0,007).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O escore HAS-BLED foi capaz de prever sangramento maior na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA estudada. Entre os componentes do escore, aten&#231;&#227;o especial deve ser dada para o uso concomitante de antiplaquet&#225;rios, que mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o independente. Em pacientes com FA em uso de AVK como terapia anticoagulante, o uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios deve ser realizado somente naqueles pacientes com avalia&#231;&#227;o risco-benef&#237;cio favor&#225;vel.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorragia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ambulat&#243;rio Hospitalar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; um dist&#250;rbio comum do ritmo card&#237;aco cuja preval&#234;ncia aumenta com o avan&#231;o da idade: aproximadamente 1% dos pacientes com FA t&#234;m idade inferior a 60 anos, enquanto que at&#233; 12% dos pacientes com FA t&#234;m idade entre 75 e 84 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A FA est&#225; associada a um amplo espectro de desfechos negativos, tais como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e eventos cardiovasculares importantes, incluindo acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isqu&#234;mico, com aumento na mortalidade cardiovascular e por todas as causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> AVC isqu&#234;mico relacionado &#224; FA geralmente resulta de cardioembolismo de uma grande art&#233;ria cerebral e, portanto, tende a ser maior, mais frequentemente fatal e associado a maiores sequelas em compara&#231;&#227;o a AVCs por outras causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos com anticoagulantes orais (ACO) mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade por todas as causas em 26% e na ocorr&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo sist&#234;mico em 64% com o uso de antagonistas da vitamina K (AVKs) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo e controles n&#227;o tratados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Por outro lado, os AVKs est&#227;o associados com risco aumentado de sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Gomes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> mostraram uma taxa de risco de 3,8% de sangramento por pessoa-ano com o uso de varfarina, principalmente nos primeiros 30 dias de terapia (11,8%), com quase 1% de todos os novos usu&#225;rios sendo hospitalizados devido a complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas durante esse per&#237;odo.</p>
        <p>H&#225; v&#225;rios escores de risco dispon&#237;veis para avaliar o risco de hemorragia em pacientes em tratamento com AVKs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O score HAS-BLED [<italic>Hypertension (uncontrolled), Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition (anemia), Labile INR, Elderly (&gt; 65 years), Drugs/alcohol concomitantly</italic>] (hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada, fun&#231;&#227;o renal/hep&#225;tica anormal, AVC, hist&#243;ria ou predisposi&#231;&#227;o a sangramento, p.ex. anemia, RNI l&#225;bil, idade &gt; 65 anos, uso concomitante de drogas/&#225;lcool) oferece uma melhor predi&#231;&#227;o de sangramento em compara&#231;&#227;o a muitos outros escores de risco para pacientes com FA, e foi validado em diferentes coortes, incluindo amplas popula&#231;&#245;es de "mundo real" e de ensaios cl&#237;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O escore varia de 0 a 9, sendo que escores &#8805; 3 indicam alto risco de sangramento. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, recomenda-se um acompanhamento abrangente e regular do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Ainda, o escore HAS-BLED deve ser usado para identificar fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para sangramento, mas n&#227;o deve ser usado para excluir pacientes da terapia com ACO como sugerido pelo escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc [<italic>Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age &#8805; 75 years, Diabetes, Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65-74 years, Sex category (i.e., female gender</italic>)] (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, idade &#8805; 75 anos, diabetes, acidente vascular cerebral, doen&#231;a vascular, idade entre 65 e 74 anos, sexo feminino).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade do escore HAS-BLED e de seus componentes em predizer sangramento maior em pacientes tratados no ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de um hospital terci&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um estudo coorte retrospectivo com pacientes em uso AVK atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o no Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). Esse &#233; um hospital-escola terci&#225;rio localizado no sul do Brasil, e a maioria dos pacientes atendidos s&#227;o de baixa renda. Todas as decis&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o ao manejo da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foram baseadas em um protocolo publicado por Kim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Todos os pacientes que consultaram de janeiro a mar&#231;o de 2014 foram rastreados para inclus&#227;o no estudo. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvular recebendo AVK. FA valvular foi definida como FA associada &#224; estenose mitral grave ou v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca prot&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O risco de AVC isqu&#234;mico foi estimado com os escores CHADS<sub>2</sub> (<italic>Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age &gt; 75, Diabetes, Stroke</italic>) (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, hipertens&#227;o, idade &gt; 75 anos, diabetes, AVC) e CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> O risco elevado para AVC isqu&#234;mico foi definido como um escore &#8805; 2. Quanto ao risco de sangramento maior, os pacientes foram estratificados em dois grupos de acordo com escores HAS-BLED individuais: (1) grupo de risco baixo-moderado (escores 0-2) e (2) grupo de alto risco (escore &#8805; 3).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O acr&#244;nimo HAS-BLED representa cada fator de risco para sangramento e atribui 1 ponto para a presen&#231;a de cada um dos seguintes fatores: hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada, fun&#231;&#227;o renal/hep&#225;tica anormal, AVC pr&#233;vio, hist&#243;ria ou predisposi&#231;&#227;o (anemia) a sangramento, RNI l&#225;bil, idade &gt; 65 anos, uso abusivo de drogas e/ou &#225;lcool.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Os dados foram obtidos pela revis&#227;o de registros efetuados nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos durante consultas ao ambulat&#243;rio e &#224; emerg&#234;ncia, e na admiss&#227;o hospitalar no per&#237;odo estudado. Pacientes que perderam o acompanhamento, que morreram ou que descontinuaram a terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. O tempo na faixa terap&#234;utica (TFT) foi estimado pelo m&#233;todo linear de interpola&#231;&#227;o de Rosendaal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Resultados dos exames laboratoriais e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (avaliada preferencialmente pelo ecocardiograma) foram registrados no in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. A anemia foi definida como hemoglobina (Hb) menor que 13,0 g/L nos homens e 12,0 g/L nas mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada foi definida como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 160 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Sangramento maior foi definido como qualquer sangramento que requeresse hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e/ou causasse diminui&#231;&#227;o &gt; 2 g/dL no n&#237;vel de hemoglobina e/ou requeresse transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Di&#225;lise, transplante renal ou creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805; 200 &#181;mol/L (2,26 mg/dL) foi classificada como fun&#231;&#227;o renal anormal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica anormal foi definida como diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico pr&#233;vio de doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica (p.ex. cirrose) ou evid&#234;ncia laboratorial de disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica (p.ex. bilirrubina maior que 2 x o limite superior da normalidade, associada a AST/ALT/FA &gt; 3 x superior da normalidade).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva foi realizada atrav&#233;s de frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa para vari&#225;veis qualitativas, e m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e mediana (intervalo interquartil, percentis 25-75) para vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o sim&#233;trica e assim&#233;trica, respectivamente. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o de cada vari&#225;vel foi avaliada utilizando-se o teste Shapiro-Wilk. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi realizada pelo teste do qui-quadrado. O teste exato de Fisher foi usado em situa&#231;&#245;es de baixa frequ&#234;ncia. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>) foi calculada para avaliar a capacidade do escore HAS-BLED em predizer sangramento maior. Sobrevida livre de sangramento entre os grupos foi analisada por curvas de Kaplan-Meier e comparada pelo teste log-rank. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para detectar a associa&#231;&#227;o ajustada dos componentes do escore HAS-BLED com o desfecho sangramento maior. A poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis e desfecho foi inicialmente examinada por an&#225;lises bivariadas (p &lt; 0,10 para escolha das vari&#225;veis). Em seguida, foi utilizada a sele&#231;&#227;o tipo <italic>stepwise forward</italic> para inclus&#227;o de vari&#225;veis at&#233; que todas as vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das atingissem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado em todos os testes foi de 5%. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), vers&#227;o 21.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 263 pacientes foi inclu&#237;do no estudo, correspondendo a 38,5% dos indiv&#237;duos atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve pacientes em uso de anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides (AINE). As indica&#231;&#245;es para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos na coorte foram: pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca (21,2%), trombose venosa profunda / tromboembolismo pulmonar (19,0%), FA valvular (8,6%), e trombo no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (2,0%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n = 263</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">113 (43,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">71,2 (64,1-78,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de varfarina</td>
                <td align="center">256 (97,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">231 (87,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca / FEVE &lt; 40%</td>
                <td align="center">149 (56,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RNI l&#225;bil (TFT &lt; 60%)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (47,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">108 (41,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC pr&#233;vio / AIT</td>
                <td align="center">96 (36,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">76 (28,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">64 (24,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anemia</td>
                <td align="center">67 (25,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">25 (9,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de sangramento maior</td>
                <td align="center">24 (9,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada</td>
                <td align="center">22 (8,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">21 (8,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fun&#231;&#227;o renal anormal</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica anormal</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore CHADS<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">3 (2-4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3-5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore HAS-BLED</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1-3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional; TFT: tempo na faixa terap&#234;utica. CHADS<sub>2</sub>: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, hipertens&#227;o, idade &gt; 75 anos, diabetes, acidente vascular cerebral; CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, idade &#8805; 75 anos, diabetes, acidente vascular cerebral, doen&#231;a vascular, idade 65-74 anos, sexo feminino; HAS-BLED: Hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada, fun&#231;&#227;o renal/hep&#225;tica anormal, AVC, hist&#243;ria ou predisposi&#231;&#227;o a sangramento, p.ex. anemia, RNI l&#225;bil, idade &gt; 65 anos, uso concomitante de drogas/&#225;lcool. Dados apresentados em n&#250;mero (%) ou mediana (intervalo interquartil).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 329,9 &#177; 81,9 dias. Dos 263 pacientes, 205 (77,9%) completaram o acompanhamento, 25 (9,5%) perderam o seguimento, 21 (8,0%) interromperam a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e 12 (4,6%) morreram. Foram realizados 2754 testes de RNI durante o per&#237;odo de estudo, com uma mediana de 10 (7 - 13) testes por paciente. Desses, 1270 (46,1%) apresentaram valores entre 2,0 e 3,0 em um per&#237;odo de tratamento de 237,6 pacientes-ano. O TFT mediano foi de 62,5% (44,2 - 79,5%). Os pacientes permaneceram abaixo da faixa terap&#234;utica (isto &#233;, RNI &lt; 2,0) durante 18,9% (mediana) do tempo (6,1 - 36,6%), e acima (isto &#233;, RNI &gt; 3,0) durante 9,6% (mediana) do tempo (1,6 - 23,3%).</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de sangramento maior foi de 5,7% (n = 15), o que representa 6,3 sangramentos maiores/100-pacientes-ano. Os principais locais de sangramento foram mucocut&#226;neo (n = 4; 26,7%) genitourin&#225;rio (n = 4; 26,7%); gastrointestinal (n = 3; 20,0%), intracraniano (n = 3; 20,0%) e retroperitoneal (n = 1; 6,7%).</p>
        <p>"Idade &gt; 65 anos" foi o componente mais prevalente do escore HAS-BLED (72,2%) seguido de "RNI l&#225;bil" (47,1%). Quando os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com o escore HAS-BLED em alto ou baixo risco de sangramento maior, observamos que 104 pacientes (39,5%) foram classificados como de alto risco (HAS-BLED &#8805; 3). Esse grupo teve uma incid&#234;ncia mais alta de sangramento maior em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de a risco baixo-moderado (9,6 versus 3,1%; p = 0,052).</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o dos componentes do HAS-BLED com a incid&#234;ncia de sangramento maior est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, o uso concomitante de antiplaquet&#225;rios foi o &#250;nico preditor independente de sangramento maior entre os componentes do escore (OR: 5,13; IC95%: 1,55-17,0; p = 0,007).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Componentes do escore HAS-BLED e incid&#234;ncia de sangramento maior associada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sangramento, n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">22 (8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">,119<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">241 (91,6)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (5,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Fun&#231;&#227;o renal anormal</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">,054<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">256 (97,3)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica anormal</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">,111<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">261 (99,2)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (5,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">96 (36,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,2)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">167 (63,5)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (6,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Hist&#243;ria de sangramento maior</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">24 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">,374<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">239 (90,9)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (6,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Predisposi&#231;&#227;o (anemia)</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">67 (25,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (10,4)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">,067<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">196 (74,5)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (4,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">RNI l&#225;bil (TFT &lt; 60%)</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">124 (47,1)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (8,1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">,196<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">139 (52,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Idade &gt; 65 anos</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">190 (72,2)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">,767<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">73 (27,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Medicamentos (antiplaquet&#225;rios)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">64 (24,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (14,1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">,003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">199 (75,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">&#193;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">21 (8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (9,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">,341<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">242 (92,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5,4)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional; TFT: tempo na faixa terap&#234;utica.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>teste do qui-quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>N&#227;o houve pacientes em uso de anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides Dados apresentados em n&#250;mero (%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC para a capacidade do escore HAS-BLED predizer sangramento maior foi 0,70 (IC 95%: 0,53 - 0,8; p = 0,01). Um ponto de corte &#8805; 3 apresentou sensibilidade de 66,7%, especificidade de 62,1%, valor preditivo positivo de 9,6% e valor preditivo negativo de 96,9%. Curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier conforme as categorias de risco do escore HAS-BLED s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>. Pacientes de alto risco, i.e. escore HAS-BLED &#8805; 3, apresentaram uma sobrevida livre de sangramento maior significativamente menor (p = 0,017).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sobrevida livre de sangramento maior de acordo com o HAS-BLED.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0517-70081-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A magnitude dos riscos associados a cada componente do escore de risco est&#225; apresentada nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">3</xref> na an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada, respectivamente. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, somente o uso concomitante de agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios foi preditor independente de sangramento maior entre os componentes do escore. Os antiplaquet&#225;rios usados durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento e suas indica&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref> e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional. Componentes do HAS-BLED e risco de sangramento maior associado na an&#225;lise univariada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0517-70081-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional. Componentes do HAS-BLED e risco de sangramento importante associado na an&#225;lise multiivariada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0517-70081-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama de Venn de indica&#231;&#227;o para uso concomitante de medicamentos. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DAOP: doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0517-70081-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios usados durante o acompanhamento e suas indica&#231;&#245;es</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Drogas</th>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n = 64</th>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Indica&#231;&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="10">AAS</td>
                <td align="left">13 (20,3)</td>
                <td align="left">Preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">12 (18,8)</td>
                <td align="left">DAC com SCA pr&#233;via h&#225; mais de 1 ano</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">11 (17,2)</td>
                <td align="left">DAC sem SCA pr&#233;via</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="left">AVC</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="left">DAC com SCA pr&#233;via h&#225; mais de 1 ano + AVC</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="left">DAOP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="left">AVC + DAOP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="left">DAC com SCA pr&#233;via h&#225; mais de 1 ano + DAOP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="left">DAC sem SCA pr&#233;via + AVC</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="left">DAC sem SCA pr&#233;via + DAOP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">AAS + Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="left">4 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="left">DAC com SCA pr&#233;via h&#225; menos de 1 ano</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Cilostazol</td>
                <td align="left">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="left">DAOP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Ticlopidina</td>
                <td align="left">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="left">DAC sem SCA pr&#233;via</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="left">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="left">DAC com SCA pr&#233;via h&#225; menos de 1 ano</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; DAOP: doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; AVC: acidente vascular perif&#233;rica. Dados apresentados em n&#250;meros (%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, foi observada uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os escores HAS-BLED (escore &#8805; 3) e sangramento maior durante o acompanhamento. A &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente do escore HAS-BLED associada com esse evento adverso foi o uso concomitante de agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios. Nossos achados corroboram o uso do escore HAS-BLED como preditor de sangramento, e a import&#226;ncia de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada dos fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para sangramento.</p>
        <p>A literatura atual sugere que aumentos nos valores de escore HAS-BLED est&#227;o associados com risco progressivamente aumentado de sangramento, com pouca diferen&#231;a nas taxas de hemorragia entre pacientes em uso de ACO e controles. Uma vez que muitos fatores de risco para sangramento tamb&#233;m s&#227;o fatores de risco para AVC, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral &#233; erroneamente contra-indicada para muitos pacientes com alto risco de AVC (e frequentemente, portanto, alto risco de sangramento)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e, assim, perdem o benef&#237;cio da preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC e mant&#233;m um risco de sangramento mesmo sem utilizar ACOs. </p>
        <p>A taxa de sangramento maior encontrado em nosso estudo (6,3/100-pacientes-ano) foi maior que a taxa relatada previamente (1,4-2,4/100-pacientes-ano).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Tal fato pode ser explicado pelo TFT mediano encontrado em nossa coorte (62,5%), que se situa no limite inferior de 60-65% da taxa atualmente aceita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Connolly et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> sugerem que esse &#233; o limite m&#237;nimo no qual existe um benef&#237;cio significativo em se usar ACO em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla, sendo um TFT mais baixo associado com taxas de AVC e de hemorragia compar&#225;veis &#224;quelas observadas em pacientes com FA tratados com clopidogrel e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS).</p>
        <p>Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a alta taxa de sangramento em nossos pacientes foi a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em uso concomitante de drogas antiplaquet&#225;rias (24,3%). A maioria desses pacientes n&#227;o tinha uma clara indica&#231;&#227;o para se manter o uso de drogas antiplaquet&#225;rias, uma vez que a terapia anticoagulante foi iniciada. Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>, as causas do uso concomitante de antiplaquet&#225;rios foram doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC, 56,2%), AVC (25,0%), preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) e doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica (DAOP, 14,1%). As diretrizes atuais recomendam a descontinua&#231;&#227;o da terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria na maioria dos casos em que o uso de ACO esteja indicado; exce&#231;&#245;es incluem a s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA) e implante de <italic>stent</italic>, apesar de que mesmo nesses casos, os agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios deveriam ser descontinuados o quanto antes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Tal fato baseia-se na baixa evid&#234;ncia de que pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel apresentam maior risco de sangramento com o uso combinado de ACO e agente antiplaquet&#225;rio, sem diminuir o risco de eventos cardiovasculares adversos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao ACO isolado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Segundo a revis&#227;o do <italic>US Preventive Services Task Force</italic> de 2016,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> AAS para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares mostrou-se seguro e efetivo no grupo restrito de adultos entre 50 e 59 anos de idade, com risco cardiovascular estimado &gt; 10% e um baixo risco de sangramento de acordo com os escores da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; DAOP e ao AVC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> evid&#234;ncias atuais indicam que n&#227;o h&#225; benef&#237;cio em se adicionar AAS a AVK.</p>
        <p>H&#225; algumas limita&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo que merecem ser mencionadas. Primeiro, o delineamento retrospectivo influenciou a qualidade e a consist&#234;ncia dos dados coletados. Ainda, a revis&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios permitiu somente a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos eventos (evento cardiovascular e sangramento) que ocorreram em nosso hospital ou que foram espontaneamente relatados pelos pacientes durante o atendimento cl&#237;nico. Tal fato pode ter subestimado a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos. Segundo, o tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra associado com o curto per&#237;odo de acompanhamento pode ter igualmente subestimado a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos, principalmente eventos relacionados &#224; FA, que possui um per&#237;odo de lat&#234;ncia mais longo. Ainda, n&#243;s acreditamos que esse seja um vi&#233;s conservador, dadas as taxas elevadas de eventos que observamos nessa amostra limitada. Terceiro, as taxas de sangramento mais altas que as m&#233;dias observadas neste estudo podem ter superestimado o poder de predi&#231;&#227;o do escore. Finalmente, o fato de que o estudo tenha sido conduzido em um &#250;nico centro pode limitar a validade externa dos nossos resultados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O HAS-BLED pode ser um instrumento &#250;til e aplic&#225;vel para avaliar o risco de sangramento em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, particularmente para auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores potencialmente modific&#225;veis, tais como o uso concomitante de agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios. N&#243;s destacamos que o HAS-BLED n&#227;o dever ser usado como um &#250;nico instrumento para iniciar o tratamento ou excluir pacientes do tratamento com ACO. Hospitais e estabelecimentos de cuidados cl&#237;nicos devem implementar protocolos para a avalia&#231;&#227;o regular de pacientes em uso de ACO, e o HAS-BLED pode ter um papel importante na redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es associadas com essa terapia. Outras pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para avaliar o impacto dos protocolos baseados no escore para modificar fatores e taxas de risco de sangramento em servi&#231;os ambulatoriais de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
