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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pmGxxvNXjZmJh3WLVjLsHSC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000600510</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170076</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472017005001104</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of Central Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Practicing Long-Distance Walking Race</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Edison Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Jeeziane Marcelino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coca</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s,</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, GO - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Barcelona</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institut d'Investigacions Biom&#232;diques August Pi i Sunyer</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barcelona</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institut d'Investigacions Biom&#232;diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona - Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Priscila Valverde de Oliveira Vitorino</bold>, Avenida Carlos Elias, Qd. 21, Lt. 3. Postal Code: 75084-100, Bairro S&#227;o Carlos, An&#225;polis, Goi&#225;s - Brazil E-mail: <email>pvalverde@pucgoias.edu.br</email>; <email>fisioprivitorino@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Pereira EM, Vitorino PVO, Souza WKSB, Pinheiro MC, Sousa ALL, Jardim PCBV, Rezende JM. Acquisition of data: Pereira EM, Vitorino PVO, Souza WKSB, Pinheiro MC, Rezende JM. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pereira EM, Vitorino PVO, Souza WKSB, Pinheiro MC, Rezende JM. Statistical analysis: Pereira EM, Vitorino PVO, Pinheiro MC, Rezende JM. Writing of the manuscript: Pereira EM, Vitorino PVO, Souza WKSB, Jardim PCBV, Rezende JM. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Vitorino PVO, Souza WKSB, Sousa ALL, Jardim PCBV, Coca A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Nov-Dec</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>510</fpage>
      <lpage>516</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>An ecological hiking occurs yearly in Brazil. It is a unique event because of its distance (310 km) and dynamics (mean of 62 km/day for 5 days with mean pace of 7.6 km/h). Although beneficial effects of moderate-intensity exercises are well-known, the effects of intense and long-duration exercise still require study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effects of mixed walking/running race on various blood pressure (BP) parameters 30 days before (A0), on the 2<sup>nd</sup> (A2), 3<sup>rd</sup> (A3), and 4<sup>th</sup> (A4) days after completing the day's stage.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Central systolic (cSBP) and diastolic BP (cDBP), peripheral systolic (pSBP) and diastolic BP (pDBP), central pulse pressure (cPP), peripheral pulse pressure (pPP), amplified pulse pressure (aPP), corrected augmentation index (AIx75%) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured using an oscillometric Mobil-O-Graph<sup>&#174;</sup> (IEM, Stolberg, Germany) in 25 male athletes (mean age of 45.3 &#177; 9.1 years). A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered a statistically-significant difference.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>cSBP decreased from A0 to A2 (109.5 to 118.1 mmHg) and from A0 to A3 (109.5 to 102.5 mmHg); pPP decrease from A0 to A2 (49.2 to 38.2 mmHg) and from A0 to A4 (49.2 to 41.2 mmHg); aPP decrease from A0 to A1 (15.6 to 9.5 mmHg), from A0 to A2 (15.6 to 8.0 mmHg) and from A0 to A3 (15.6 to 11.2 mmHg). PWV correlated with age.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Blood pressure dropped on the first days of the race and returned to close to baseline values at the end. PWV correlates strongly with age. This type of exercise promotes effects on BP and PWV similar to those seen in long-duration, high-intensity sports. These changes in trained healthy individuals do not seem to increase cardiovascular risks. This was the first study to assess the effects of this type of exercise on the cardiovascular system.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Walking</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Regular moderate exercise can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease through various mechanisms, including changes in cardiovascular risk factors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> such as glucose, lipid metabolism and blood pressure (BP) values and weight control. The protective effects of moderate exercise on the cardiovascular system are well-established.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The same is not true for long-distance walking and vigorous exercise, whose effects on the cardiovascular system remain unclear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A mixed walking/running race takes place every July in Goi&#225;s state, in central western Brazil. Athletes cover 310 km in 5 days (62 km/day, on average), with stops for lunch and sleep. Women and men participate in the event and enrol voluntarily. Those selected undergo physical fitness tests and a cardiorespiratory evaluation. Men complete the entire course and women approximately 50%. The race ranges between fast walking and running, the average speed being 7.6km/h. No study has evaluated the effects of this type of exercise on the cardiovascular system.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of parameters of central BP measurement and arterial stiffness, which assess aortic and peripheral pressure, vascular resistance and pressure variations throughout the arterial tree, may help improve understanding of changes in the cardiovascular system due to exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> One parameter that should be emphasized is pulse wave velocity (PWV), which measures arterial stiffness, a factor highly predictive of cardiovascular events. In addition, arterial stiffness is associated with systolic BP (SBP) and pulse pressure (PP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The lower the PWV, the more elastic and complacent the arteries. Therefore, high PWV values reflect greater arterial stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Age and physical activity can change the PWV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study studied the effects of prolonged exercise on central BP measurement in athletes during this race in Goi&#225;s.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This longitudinal study evaluated men who participated in the race in Goi&#225;s, Brazil in July 2014. The race covered 310 km and lasted 5 days. The average distance covered was 62 km/day, and the average speed was 7.6 km/h. The mean temperature of the course was 30&#176;C (range 18-42).</p>
      <p>The initial assessment (A0) was carried out at a specialized medical centre, and other evaluations (A2, A3 and A4) were conducted at the end of each race day in the cities where the athletes slept. Assessments included measurements of central systolic and diastolic BP (cSBP and cDBP), peripheral systolic and diastolic BP (pSBP and pDBP), central PP (cPP), peripheral PP (pPP), amplified PP (aPP), corrected augmentation index (AIx75%), PWV and total vascular resistance (TVR) using a Mobil-OGraph<sup>&#174;</sup> oscillometric device (IEM, Stolberg, Germany). Measurements were obtained from the right upper limb with the participant seated, arms at heart level, after resting for &#8805; 5 minutes.</p>
      <p>Measurements were carried out before dinner at the end of each day. For the initial assessment, a complete medical history was taken. Due to technical problems, no assessment was made at the end of the first day of walking. Women were excluded from the study because they had a significant difference in all BP measurements and did not cover the entire course.</p>
      <p>The medical history included the following variables: age (in years), body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), smoking (yes/no), physical activity (sufficiently active/ insufficiently active), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), dyslipidemia (yes/no) and hypertension (yes/no). Sufficiently active was defined as self-reported exercise of any type for &#8805; 150 minutes weekly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s (number 612.800, April 09, 2014). All participants gave written informed consent.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All participants in the ecological hiking were evaluated. Descriptive statistics are presented as means, standard deviation, confidence intervals (quantitative variables with normal distribution) and absolute and relative frequencies (qualitative variables). The statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences&#174; (SPSS), version 20.0. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determinate the distributions of the quantitative variables data. Variables related to BP measurement were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a Bonferroni post hoc test. For correlations between BP variables and age, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used. A p value &lt;0.05 was considered a statistically significant difference.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We included 25 men with a mean age of 45.3 &#177; 9.1 years (range 27.8-60.8). All participants engaged in physical exercise regularly, and the mean body mass index was 23.1 &#177; 2.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. No participant was a smoker, and three had risk for cardiovascular disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General health characteristics of participants in the race in Goi&#225;s, Brazil, 2014 (n = 25)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sample characterization</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 40</td>
              <td align="center">7 (2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 40</td>
              <td align="center">18 (72)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Exercise</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sufficiently active</td>
              <td align="center">23 (92)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insufficiently active</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">24 (96)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">24 (96)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Systemic arterial hypertension</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">24 (96)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>All parameters of central BP measurement and arterial stiffness were within normal levels in all assessments. cSBP decreased from A0 (113.8 &#177; 2.1 mmHg) to A2 (107.3 &#177; 1.7 mmHg) and to A3 (105.7 &#177; 1.6 mmHg). pPP decreased from A0 (49.2 &#177; 1.7 mmHg) to A2 (38.2 &#177; 1.8 mmHg) and to A4 (41.2 &#177; 1.2 mmHg). aPP increased from A0 (15.6&#177;1.3 mmHg) to A2 (9.5 &#177; 0.7 mmHg) to A3 (11.2 &#177; 0.8 mmHg) and to A4 (8.2 &#177; 0.3 mmHg). There was no difference between the means of other variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean, standard deviation and confidence interval (95%) of central blood pressure measurements in participants in the race in Goi&#225;s, Brazil, 2014 (n = 25)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Parameter</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">95% CI</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">F <break/>p</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Post hoc</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Parameter</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">95% CI</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">F <break/>p</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Post hoc</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Central systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="5">
                <bold>Central diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A0</td>
              <td align="center">113.8 &#177; 2.8</td>
              <td align="center">109.55-118.13</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">A0</td>
              <td align="center">80.2 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">76.28-84.28</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A2</td>
              <td align="center">107.3 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">103.74-110.97</td>
              <td align="center">4.42</td>
              <td align="center">A0-A2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">A2</td>
              <td align="center">78.6 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">76.48-80.80</td>
              <td align="center">2.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A3</td>
              <td align="center">105.7 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">102.46-109.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
              <td align="center">A0-A3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">A3</td>
              <td align="center">74.2 &#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">71.27-77.29</td>
              <td align="center">0.051</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A4</td>
              <td align="center">111.5 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">108.22-114.89</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">A4</td>
              <td align="center">78.6 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">75.13-82.15</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Peripheral systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="5">
                <bold>Peripheral diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A0</td>
              <td align="center">127.9 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">123.07-132.85</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
              <td align="center">A0</td>
              <td align="center">78.7 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">74.90-82.62</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A2</td>
              <td align="center">115.6 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">111.70-119.58</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
              <td align="center">A2</td>
              <td align="center">77.4 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">75.17-79.63</td>
              <td align="center">2.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A3</td>
              <td align="center">115.6 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">112.04-119.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
              <td align="center">A3</td>
              <td align="center">73.0 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">70.04-75.95</td>
              <td align="center">0.053</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A4</td>
              <td align="center">118.6 &#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">115.47-121.81</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">A4</td>
              <td align="center">77.4 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">73.98-80.90</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Central pulse pressure (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="5">
                <bold>Peripheral pulse pressure (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A0</td>
              <td align="center">33.5 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">30.87-36.25</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
              <td align="center">A0</td>
              <td align="center">49.2 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">45.62-52.78</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A2</td>
              <td align="center">28.7 &#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">25.54-31.90</td>
              <td align="center">2.30</td>
              <td align="center">A2</td>
              <td align="center">38.2 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">34.33-42.15</td>
              <td align="center">7.52</td>
              <td align="center">A0-A2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A3</td>
              <td align="center">31.4 &#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">28.27-34.69</td>
              <td align="center">0.082</td>
              <td align="center">A3</td>
              <td align="center">42.6 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">38.91-46.45</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">A0-A4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A4</td>
              <td align="center">32.9 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">30.36-35.48</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">A4</td>
              <td align="center">41.2 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">38.70-43.70</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Amplified pulse pressure (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="5">
                <bold>Corrected augmentation index (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A0</td>
              <td align="center">15.6 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.95-18.33</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">A0-A1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">A0</td>
              <td align="center">13.6 &#177; 2.0</td>
              <td align="center">9.35-17.93</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A2</td>
              <td align="center">9.5 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">7.99-11.05</td>
              <td align="center">13.04</td>
              <td align="center">A0-A2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">A2</td>
              <td align="center">17.0 &#177; 2.6</td>
              <td align="center">11.60-22.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A3</td>
              <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">9.37-13.03</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">A0-A3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">A3</td>
              <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">8.69-17.55</td>
              <td align="center">0.580</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A4</td>
              <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.48-9.07</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">A4</td>
              <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 2.0</td>
              <td align="center">9.26-17.70</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Pulse wave velocity (m/s)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="5">
                <bold>Total vascular resistance</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A0</td>
              <td align="center">6.9 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">6.19-7.01</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
              <td align="center">A0</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.00-1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A2</td>
              <td align="center">6.6 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">6.19-7.01</td>
              <td align="center">1.06</td>
              <td align="center">A2</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.00-1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A3</td>
              <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">6.14-6.82</td>
              <td align="center">0.369</td>
              <td align="center">A3</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.00-1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.515</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A4</td>
              <td align="center">6.6 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">6.24-7.12</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">A4</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.00-1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 (Repeated-measures ANOVA). SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; A0: initial evaluation; A2: second evaluation; A3: third evaluation; A4: fourth evaluation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In all evaluations, PWV was strongly correlated with age (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between pulse wave velocity and age (in years) during the race at Goi&#225;s, Brazil, 2014 (n = 25). Pearson correlation coefficient. PVW: pulse wave velocity; A0: initial evaluation; A2: second evaluation; A3: third evaluation; A4: fourth evaluation. </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0510-70076-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This is the first study to evaluate effects of a mixed walking/running race on parameters of central BP measurement and arterial stiffness. Values of peripheral and aortic BP in the initial assessment were within the normal range. BP decreased at the beginning of walking and returned to initial values on the last days of the race. Therefore, between the start and finish of the event, it seems that no significant changes occurred in these parameters. These findings support the vasodilation potency of this type of moderate-intensity and long-duration exercise.</p>
      <p>Endurance athletes may present arterial remodelling, which causes an accommodation of pressure during and after exercise. The ability of the arteries of the skeletal muscle to vasodilate, promoted by training, increases the cardiac deficit without relevant repercussions in BP. This elasticity of the arterial vessels in response to physical activity suggests arterial adaptation, which is indispensable to the performance of endurance athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Runners participating in marathons in Seoul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and Athens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> showed a reduction in both DBP and SBP at the event's beginning and end. In our study, this behaviour was also identified regarding central BP measurement.</p>
      <p>The PWV values of participants in our study were within the reference ranges for healthy individuals: 7.0 m/s for this age range.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> We found high values compared to controls performing moderate physical exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Therefore, because of the small amount of specific training, consisting of a few hours of training weekly, and the fact that the participants' cardiovascular parameters matched reference values, we believe that the group assessed in our study was composed of active individuals, but not professional athletes.</p>
      <p>There was no significant change in PWV in different measurements throughout the walking event, but we observed a trend towards a reduction in the first 3 days. A study that analysed PWV in male athletes participating in a 75-km race found a reduction in PWV after 45 km; beyond that point, there was an increase until 75 km, after which values nearly returned to baseline. We found similar results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Other studies have found no change in PWV before and after exercise in marathon runners,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> walkers,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and runners with high BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In the latter two studies, the heart rate corresponded to that seen with moderate exercise.</p>
      <p>Other studies found a significant reduction in PWV in hypertensive individuals who did running and/or walking<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and in normotensive individuals who engaged in various types of aerobic exercise (moderate to vigorous).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A systematic review and meta-analysis that evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise on PWV found a reduction in PWV promoted by aerobic exercise. This reduction increased with long-duration exercises, which promote a higher oxygen consumption.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, reductions in cSBP and PWV have the potential to reduce the risk of additional cardiovascular events, then reinforcing the potential benefit of regular physical activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our study identified a strong positive correlation between PWV and age, as did studies that determined reference values,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> evaluated and compared competitive athletes and active individuals,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and a study in men engaging in moderate exercise using a cycle ergometer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Other factors may be associated with PWV, such as BP and the intensity of exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and body weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Age influences both BP and PWV &#8722; the older the age, the higher the BP and PWV. This occurs, amongst other reasons, due to changes in arterial structure. This difference in values found between central BP and peripheral BP results from the reduction in arterial gauge and compliance as central arteries become peripheral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Elasticity depends especially on the composition of the vascular media layer. In young and healthy individuals, there is a predominance of elastin over collagen in the central portion of the arterial bed. However, an inversion of collagen proportion exists in relation to elastin in muscle peripheral arteries. Therefore, the aorta presents greater elasticity compared with the arteries of the limbs, which are more rigid.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although this study did not evaluate the effects of inflammatory substances and endothelium adhesion, these factors must be also considered. Variations in PWV may be related to many adaptations due to moderate aerobic activity that involve increased production of a number of substances with vasodilating and anti-inflammatory properties.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A study that evaluated hypertensive and non-hypertensive ultra-marathon runners, collecting samples after 100 km, 200 km and 308 km (end of the race), identified an increase in vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (at 100 and 200 km), E- selectin (at 100 km), and leukocytes (at 208 km), which were higher in hypertensive individuals than in normotensive individuals. In both groups, there was a gradual increase in creatine kinase and C-reactive protein. Therefore, vigorous exercise can stimulate more intense endothelial responses in hypertensive individuals, regardless of inflammatory markers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Likewise, PWV depends on the arterial structure and the relationship between resistance and elasticity, properties directly related to the amount of collagen and elastin. Therefore, PWV changes are identified over time; to verify the effects of exercise on this parameter, further long-term, longitudinal studies would be needed to analyse the chronic effects of exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our study also did not evaluate variations in mean central BP after the end of the event. However, the acute effect was well analysed and showed that this activity is fairly safe for well-evaluated participants, even without specific training.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Blood pressure dropped in the first days of the race and returned to close to baseline values at the end. PWV correlates strongly with age. Ecological hiking seems to promote effects on arterial pressure and PWV similar to those seen in marathons and other long-duration and high-intensity sports. Changes promoted by this type of exercise in active and healthy individuals do not seem to pose high risks for cardiovascular health.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="presented-at">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Edison Nunes Pereira, from Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s (PUC - GO).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Medida Central da Press&#227;o e Rigidez Arterial em Participantes de Caminhada de Longa Dist&#226;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Edison Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Jeeziane Marcelino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coca</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s, </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Institut d'Investigacions Biom&#232;diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona - Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Priscila Valverde de Oliveira Vitorino</bold>, Avenida Carlos Elias, Qd. 21, Lt. 3. CEP: 75084-100, Bairro S&#227;o Carlos, An&#225;polis, Goi&#225;s - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pvalverde@pucgoias.edu.br</email>; <email>fisioprivitorino@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pereira EM, Vitorino PVO, Souza WKSB, Pinheiro MC, Sousa ALL, Jardim PCBV, Rezende JM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pereira EM, Vitorino PVO, Souza WKSB, Pinheiro MC, Rezende JM. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pereira EM, Vitorino PVO, Souza WKSB, Pinheiro MC, Rezende JM. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pereira EM, Vitorino PVO, Pinheiro MC, Rezende JM. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pereira EM, Vitorino PVO, Souza WKSB, Jardim PCBV, Rezende JM. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Vitorino PVO, Souza WKSB, Sousa ALL, Jardim PCBV, Coca A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A Caminhada Ecol&#243;gica que ocorre anualmente no Brasil, &#233; um evento &#250;nico por sua dist&#226;ncia (310 Km) e din&#226;mica de realiza&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia de 62 km/dia por 5 dias, com ritmo m&#233;dio de 7,6 km/h). Embora os efeitos ben&#233;ficos de exerc&#237;cios de intensidade moderada sejam bem conhecidos, os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio intenso e de longa dura&#231;&#227;o ainda requerem estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os efeitos da modalidade mista caminhada/corrida em v&#225;rios par&#226;metros de press&#227;o arterial (PA) 30 dias antes (A0) do evento, e ao final dos dias 2 (A2), 3 (A3) e 4 (A4) da caminhada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram medidas PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica central (cPAS e cPAD, respectivamente), PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica (pPAS e pPAD, respectivamente), press&#227;o de pulso central (cPP), press&#227;o de pulso perif&#233;rica (pPP), press&#227;o de pulso amplificada (aPP), <italic>augmentation index</italic> ajustado (AIx75%) e velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) com Mobil-O-Graph<sup>&#174;</sup> (IEM, Stolberg, Alemanha) em 25 atletas do sexo masculino (idade m&#233;dia, 45,3 &#177; 9,1 anos). Foi considerado significativo valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Houve redu&#231;&#227;o de cPAS de A0 para A2 (109,5 para 118,1 mmHg) e de A0 para A3 (109,5 para 102,5 mmHg); redu&#231;&#227;o de pPP de A0 para A2 (49,2 para 38,2 mmHg) e de A0 para A4 (49,2 para 41,2 mmHg); redu&#231;&#227;o de aPP de A0 para A1 (15,6 para 9,5 mmHg), de A0 para A2 (15,6 para 8,0 mmHg) e de A0 para A3 (15,6 para 11,2 mmHg). VOP correlacionou-se com idade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A PA caiu nos primeiros dias da caminhada de longa dist&#226;ncia, retornando a n&#237;veis pr&#243;ximos aos basais no final, e a VOP correlacionou-se fortemente com idade. Esse tipo de exerc&#237;cio promove efeitos na PA e na VOP similares aos vistos em esportes de longa dura&#231;&#227;o e alta intensidade. Tais mudan&#231;as em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e treinados n&#227;o parecem aumentar os riscos cardiovasculares. Este foi o primeiro estudo a avaliar os efeitos desse tipo de exerc&#237;cio no sistema cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Caminhada</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Onda de Pulso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio moderado pode reduzir o risco de doen&#231;a coronariana atrav&#233;s de v&#225;rios mecanismos, incluindo altera&#231;&#245;es nos fatores de risco cardiovascular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> como metabolismo da glicose e lip&#237;dios, n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (PA) e controle de peso. Os efeitos protetores do exerc&#237;cio moderado no sistema cardiovascular est&#227;o bem estabelecidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O mesmo n&#227;o ocorre para a caminhada de longa dist&#226;ncia e o exerc&#237;cio vigoroso, cujos efeitos no sistema cardiovascular permanecem pouco claros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um evento que alterna caminhada e corrida ocorre todo m&#234;s de julho no estado de Goi&#225;s, na regi&#227;o centro-oeste do Brasil. Os atletas percorrem 310 km em 5 dias (62 km/dia, em m&#233;dia), com paradas para almo&#231;ar e dormir. Mulheres e homens participam do evento e se inscrevem voluntariamente. Os escolhidos s&#227;o submetidos a exames de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e a avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Os homens completam todo o percurso e as mulheres percorrem cerca da metade. O evento varia entre caminhada r&#225;pida e corrida, com velocidade m&#233;dia de 7,6 km/h. Nenhum estudo avaliou os efeitos desse tipo de exerc&#237;cio no sistema cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>As medidas de PA central e rigidez arterial, que avaliam as press&#245;es a&#243;rtica e perif&#233;rica, resist&#234;ncia vascular e varia&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o ao longo da &#225;rvore arterial, podem auxiliar a entender melhor as mudan&#231;as no sistema cardiovascular consequentes ao exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Um par&#226;metro a ser enfatizado &#233; a velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP), que mede a rigidez arterial, um forte preditor de eventos cardiovasculares. Al&#233;m disso, a rigidez arterial est&#225; associada &#224; PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) e &#224; press&#227;o de pulso (PP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Quanto menor a VOP, mais el&#225;sticas e complacentes ser&#227;o as art&#233;rias. Portanto, valores altos de VOP refletem maior rigidez arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Idade e atividade f&#237;sica podem alterar a VOP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo avaliou os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio prolongado na medida da PA central de atletas durante essa caminhada de longa dist&#226;ncia em Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo longitudinal que avaliou homens que participaram da caminhada de longa dist&#226;ncia em Goi&#225;s, que percorreram 310 km em 5 dias, em julho de 2014. A dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia percorrida foi de 62 km/dia, com velocidade m&#233;dia de 7,6 km/h. A temperatura m&#233;dia durante o percurso foi de 30&#176;C (m&#237;nimo 18 e m&#225;ximo 42&#176;C).</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial (A0) ocorreu em um centro m&#233;dico especializado 30 dias antes do evento, sendo as demais avalia&#231;&#245;es (A2, A3 e A4) realizadas ao final de cada dia da caminhada de longa dist&#226;ncia nas cidades em que os atletas dormiam. As avalia&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;ram medidas das PAS e PAD centrais (cPAS e cPAD), PAS e PAD perif&#233;ricas (pPAS e pPAD), PP central (cPP), PP perif&#233;rica (pPP), PP amplificada (aPP), <italic>augmentation index</italic> ajustado para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 (AIx75%), VOP e resist&#234;ncia vascular total (RVT), usando o Mobil-OGraph<sup>&#174;</sup> (IEM, Stolberg, Alemanha). As medidas foram obtidas no membro superior direito com o participante sentado, e os bra&#231;os posicionados &#224; altura do cora&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s descanso de &#8805; 5 minutos.</p>
        <p>As medidas foram tomadas antes do jantar ao final de cada dia. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, colheu-se uma hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica completa. Devido a problemas t&#233;cnicos, n&#227;o foi feita avalia&#231;&#227;o ao final do primeiro dia da caminhada. As mulheres foram exclu&#237;das do estudo por apresentarem uma significativa diferen&#231;a em todas as medidas de PA e por n&#227;o completarem todo o percurso.</p>
        <p>A hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica incluiu as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade (anos); &#237;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>); tabagismo (sim/n&#227;o); atividade f&#237;sica (suficientemente ativo/ insuficientemente ativo); diabetes mellitus (sim/n&#227;o); dislipidemia (sim/n&#227;o); e hipertens&#227;o (sim/n&#227;o). Definiu-se 'suficientemente ativo' como o autorrelato de pr&#225;tica de qualquer tipo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico por pelo menos 150 minutos por semana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s (n&#186; 612.800, 9 de abril de 2014). Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes da caminhada de foram avaliados. A an&#225;lise descritiva foi apresentada com m&#233;dia, desvio-padr&#227;o, intervalo de confian&#231;a (vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) e frequ&#234;ncias absoluta e relativa (vari&#225;veis qualitativas). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando-se o SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>&#174;), vers&#227;o 20.0. Usou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para determinar as distribui&#231;&#245;es dos dados das vari&#225;veis quantitativas. As vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; PA foram comparadas usando-se an&#225;lise de varian&#231;a (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas, seguida do teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Bonferroni. Para as correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis de PA e idade, usou-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Adotou-se o valor de p &lt; 0,05 para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Inclu&#237;mos 25 homens com idade m&#233;dia de 45,3 &#177; 9,1 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o, 27,8-60,8). Todos os participantes praticavam exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regularmente, sendo seu &#237;ndice de massa corporal m&#233;dio de 23,1 &#177; 2,6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Nenhum participante era tabagista, e tr&#234;s apresentavam risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais de sa&#250;de dos participantes da caminhada de longa dist&#226;ncia em Goi&#225;s, Brasil, 2014 (n = 25)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 40</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 40</td>
                <td align="center">18 (72)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Exerc&#237;cio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Suficientemente ativo</td>
                <td align="center">23 (92)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insuficientemente ativo</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">24 (96)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">24 (96)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">24 (96)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Todas as medidas de PA central e rigidez arterial estavam dentro dos limites da normalidade em todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o da cPAS de A0 (113,8 &#177; 2,1 mmHg) para A2 (107,3 &#177; 1,7 mmHg) e A3 (105,7 &#177; 1,6 mmHg). Houve redu&#231;&#227;o da pPP de A0 (49,2 &#177; 1,7 mmHg) para A2 (38,2 &#177; 1,8 mmHg) e A4 (41,2&#177;1,2 mmHg). Houve aumento da aPP de A0 (15,6 &#177; 1,3 mmHg) para A2 (9,5 &#177; 0,7 mmHg), A3 (11,2 &#177; 0,8 mmHg) e A4 (8,2 &#177; 0,3 mmHg). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias das demais vari&#225;veis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia, desvio-padr&#227;o e intervalo de confian&#231;a (95%) das medidas de press&#227;o arterial central nos participantes da caminhada de longa dura&#231;&#227;o em Goi&#225;s, Brasil, 2014 (n = 25)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">F <break/>p</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Post hoc</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">F <break/>p</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Post hoc</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A0</td>
                <td align="center">113,8 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">109,55-118,13</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">A0</td>
                <td align="center">80,2 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">76,28-84,28</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A2</td>
                <td align="center">107,3 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">103,74-110,97</td>
                <td align="center">4,42</td>
                <td align="center">A0-A2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">A2</td>
                <td align="center">78,6 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">76,48-80,80</td>
                <td align="center">2,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A3</td>
                <td align="center">105,7 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">102,46-109,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">A0-A3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">A3</td>
                <td align="center">74,2 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">71,27-77,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A4</td>
                <td align="center">111,5 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">108,22-114,89</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">A4</td>
                <td align="center">78,6 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">75,13-82,15</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A0</td>
                <td align="center">127,9 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">123,07-132,85</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
                <td align="center">A0</td>
                <td align="center">78,7 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">74,90-82,62</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A2</td>
                <td align="center">115,6 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">111,70-119,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">A2</td>
                <td align="center">77,4 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">75,17-79,63</td>
                <td align="center">2,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A3</td>
                <td align="center">115,6 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">112,04-119,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">A3</td>
                <td align="center">73,0 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">70,04-75,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A4</td>
                <td align="center">118,6 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">115,47-121,81</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">A4</td>
                <td align="center">77,4 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">73,98-80,90</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o de pulso central (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o de pulso central (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A0</td>
                <td align="center">33,5 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">30,87-36,25</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
                <td align="center">A0</td>
                <td align="center">49,2 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">45,62-52,78</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A2</td>
                <td align="center">28,7 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">25,54-31,90</td>
                <td align="center">2,30</td>
                <td align="center">A2</td>
                <td align="center">38,2 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">34,33-42,15</td>
                <td align="center">7,52</td>
                <td align="center">A0-A2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A3</td>
                <td align="center">31,4 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">28,27-34,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,082</td>
                <td align="center">A3</td>
                <td align="center">42,6 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">38,91-46,45</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">A0-A4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A4</td>
                <td align="center">32,9 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">30,36-35,48</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">A4</td>
                <td align="center">41,2 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">38,70-43,70</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o de pulso amplificada (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Augmentation index ajustado (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A0</td>
                <td align="center">15,6 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,95-18,33</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">A0-A1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">A0</td>
                <td align="center">13,6 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,35-17,93</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A2</td>
                <td align="center">9,5 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,99-11,05</td>
                <td align="center">13,04</td>
                <td align="center">A0-A2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">A2</td>
                <td align="center">17,0 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">11,60-22,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A3</td>
                <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,37-13,03</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">A0-A3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">A3</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,69-17,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,580</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A4</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,48-9,07</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">A4</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,26-17,70</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Velocidade da onda de pulso (m/s)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Resist&#234;ncia vascular total</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A0</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,19-7,01</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
                <td align="center">A0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,00-1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A2</td>
                <td align="center">6,6 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,19-7,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,06</td>
                <td align="center">A2</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,00-1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A3</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,14-6,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,369</td>
                <td align="center">A3</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,00-1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,515</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A4</td>
                <td align="center">6,6 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,24-7,12</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">A4</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,00-1,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 (ANOVA de medidas repetidas). DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; A0: avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial; A2: segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o; A3: terceira avalia&#231;&#227;o; A4: quarta avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es, a VOP correlacionou-se fortemente com a idade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre velocidade da onda de pulso e idade (em anos) durante a caminhada de longa dist&#226;ncia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil, 2014 (n = 25). Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso; A0: avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial; A2: segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o; A3: terceira avalia&#231;&#227;o; A4: quarta avalia&#231;&#227;o. </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0510-70076-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Trata-se do primeiro estudo a avaliar os efeitos de uma caminhada de longa dist&#226;ncia, nos par&#226;metros de PA central e rigidez arterial. Os valores de PA perif&#233;rica e central na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial estavam dentro da normalidade. A PA diminuiu no come&#231;o da caminhada e retornou aos valores iniciais nos &#250;ltimos dias do evento. Logo, entre o come&#231;o e o final do evento, parece n&#227;o ter havido significativa altera&#231;&#227;o nesses par&#226;metros. Tais achados refor&#231;am o poder vasodilatador desse tipo de exerc&#237;cio de intensidade moderada e de longa dura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Atletas de alto rendimento podem apresentar remodelamento arterial, que causa acomoda&#231;&#227;o da PA durante e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio. A habilidade de as art&#233;rias da musculatura esquel&#233;tica dilatarem, promovida pelo treinamento, aumenta o d&#233;ficit card&#237;aco sem repercuss&#245;es relevantes na PA. Tal elasticidade das art&#233;rias em resposta &#224; atividade f&#237;sica sugere adapta&#231;&#227;o arterial, que &#233; indispens&#225;vel ao desempenho de atletas de alto rendimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Corredores participantes das maratonas de Seul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e Atenas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o tanto da PAD quanto da PAS no in&#237;cio e no final do evento. No nosso estudo, tal comportamento foi tamb&#233;m identificado nas medidas da PA central.</p>
        <p>As medidas da VOP dos participantes do nosso estudo estiveram dentro dos valores de refer&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis na mesma faixa et&#225;ria: 7,0 m/s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Os valores foram altos se comparados aos de controles realizando exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico moderado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Logo, devido &#224; pequena quantidade de treinamento espec&#237;fico, consistindo de poucas horas semanais, e ao fato de que os par&#226;metros cardiovasculares dos participantes coincidiam com os valores de refer&#234;ncia, acreditamos que o grupo avaliado neste estudo era composto de indiv&#237;duos ativos, mas n&#227;o atletas profissionais.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve significativa altera&#231;&#227;o na VOP nas diversas medidas tomadas durante a caminhada, mas observou-se uma tend&#234;ncia a redu&#231;&#227;o nos primeiros 3 dias. Um estudo que analisou a VOP em atletas do sexo masculino participantes de uma corrida de 75 km mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o na VOP ap&#243;s 45 km; a partir desse ponto, houve aumento at&#233; 75 km, ap&#243;s o qual os valores praticamente voltaram aos basais. Chegamos a resultados similares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram identificadas altera&#231;&#245;es na VOP antes e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio em maratonistas, em praticantes de caminhada, em corredores com hipertens&#227;o arterial, nos dois &#250;ltimos grupos a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca atingida corresponde ao exerc&#237;cio moderado.</p>
        <p>Outros estudos mostraram uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o na VOP em hipertensos que realizavam uma corrida e/ou caminhada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e em normotensos que realizavam v&#225;rios tipos de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio (moderado a vigoroso).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise avaliando os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio na VOP mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o na VOP promovida pelo exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio. Tal redu&#231;&#227;o aumentou com exerc&#237;cios de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, que promovem maior consumo de oxig&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Entretanto, redu&#231;&#245;es na cPAS e na VOP podem diminuir o risco de eventos cardiovasculares adicionais, refor&#231;ando o potencial benef&#237;cio da atividade f&#237;sica regular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo identificou uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre VOP e a idade, como observado em outros estudos que determinaram os valores de refer&#234;ncia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> avaliaram e compararam atletas competitivos e indiv&#237;duos ativos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e um estudo em homens que praticavam exerc&#237;cio moderado em um cicloerg&#244;metro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Outros fatores podem estar associados com VOP, tais como PA e intensidade do exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e peso corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A idade influencia tanto a PA quanto a VOP - quanto maior a idade, maiores a PA e a VOP. Isso ocorre, entre outras raz&#245;es, devido a altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais nas art&#233;rias. As diferen&#231;as encontradas nas medidas centrais e perif&#233;ricas da PA resultam da redu&#231;&#227;o no calibre da complac&#234;ncia arterial que ocorre &#224; medida que as art&#233;rias centrais se tornam mais perif&#233;ricas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A elasticidade depende especialmente da composi&#231;&#227;o da camada vascular m&#233;dia. Em indiv&#237;duos jovens e saud&#225;veis, h&#225; predomin&#226;ncia de elastina em rela&#231;&#227;o a col&#225;geno na por&#231;&#227;o central do leito arterial. Entretanto, h&#225; uma invers&#227;o na propor&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno em rela&#231;&#227;o a elastina nas art&#233;rias perif&#233;ricas musculares. Logo, a aorta apresenta maior elasticidade em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s art&#233;rias dos membros, que s&#227;o mais r&#237;gidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora este estudo n&#227;o avalie os efeitos de subst&#226;ncias inflamat&#243;rias e ades&#227;o endotelial, tais fatores tamb&#233;m devem ser considerados. Varia&#231;&#245;es na VOP podem estar relacionadas &#224;s muitas adapta&#231;&#245;es devidas a atividade aer&#243;bica moderada que envolve produ&#231;&#227;o aumentada de v&#225;rias subst&#226;ncias com propriedades vasodilatadoras e anti-inflamat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo que avaliou corredores hipertensos e n&#227;o hipertensos de ultramaratona, coletando amostras ap&#243;s 100 km, 200 km e 308 km (final da corrida), identificou aumento de mol&#233;cula 1 de ades&#227;o da c&#233;lula vascular (aos 100 e 200Km), selectina E (aos 100 km), e leuc&#243;citos (aos 208 km), que foram mais elevados em hipertensos do que em normotensos. Nos dois grupos, houve aumento gradual na creatinoquinase e prote&#237;na C-reativa. Portanto, o exerc&#237;cio vigoroso pode estimular respostas endoteliais mais intensas em hipertensos, independentemente dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Da mesma forma, a VOP depende da estrutura arterial e da rela&#231;&#227;o entre resist&#234;ncia e elasticidade, propriedades diretamente relacionadas &#224; quantidade de col&#225;geno e elastina. Assim, identificam-se mudan&#231;as na VOP ao longo do tempo. Para verificar os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio nesse par&#226;metro, mais estudos longitudinais de longa dura&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para analisar os efeitos cr&#244;nicos do exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo n&#227;o avaliou as varia&#231;&#245;es na m&#233;dia da PA central ap&#243;s o final do evento. O efeito agudo, no entanto, foi bem analisado e mostrou ser essa atividade segura para participantes bem avaliados, ainda que sem treinamento espec&#237;fico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A PA caiu nos primeiros dias da caminhada de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, retornando a n&#237;veis pr&#243;ximos aos basais ao final. A VOP correlacionou fortemente com a idade. A caminhada de longa dura&#231;&#227;o parece promover efeitos na PA e na VOP similares aos encontrados em maratonas e outras modalidades esportivas de longa dura&#231;&#227;o e alta intensidade. As altera&#231;&#245;es causadas por esse tipo de exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos ativos e saud&#225;veis n&#227;o parecem oferecer grandes riscos &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="presented-at">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Edison Nunes Pereira pela Pont&#237;fica Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s (PUC - GO).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
