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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FGjqvtP4YcTFvRZ3V83jpzJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000600496</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170084</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472017005003102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cirrhotic Patients with Child-Pugh C Have Longer QT Intervals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lanzieri</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gismondi</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Altenburg</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chimelli</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus de Castro Abi-Ramia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cysne</surname>
            <given-names>Ra&#237;ssa Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guaran&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Thais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mocarzel</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Ot&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro Gemal Lanzieri</bold>, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica (MMC), Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303, 6&#186; andar, Postal Code: 24033-900 Centro, Niteroi, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pedrogemal@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lanzieri PG, Gismondi RA, Chimelli MCA, Cysne RP, Guaran&#225; T, Mesquita CT, Mocarzel LO. Acquisition of data: Lanzieri PG, Gismondi RA, Chimelli MCA, Cysne RP, Guaran&#225; T, Mesquita CT, Mocarzel LO. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lanzieri PG, Gismondi RA, Chimelli MCA, Cysne RP, Guaran&#225; T, Mesquita CT, Mocarzel LO. Statistical analysis: Lanzieri PG, Gismondi RA, Chimelli MCA, Cysne RP, Guaran&#225; T, Mesquita CT, Mocarzel LO. Writing of the manuscript: Lanzieri PG, Gismondi RA, Chimelli MCA, Cysne RP, Guaran&#225; T, Mesquita CT, Mocarzel LO. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lanzieri PG, Gismondi RA, Chimelli MCA, Cysne RP, Guaran&#225; T, Mesquita CT, Mocarzel LO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Nov-Dec</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>496</fpage>
      <lpage>503</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background and aims:</title>
          <p>Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy has been used to describe chronic cardiac dysfunction in cirrhotic patients with no previous structural heart disease. Additionally, QT prolongation is one of the most important cardiac alterations related to cirrhosis. Previous studies suggest that QT prolongation is associated with a higher mortality rate among cirrhotic patients. The aim of this study was to analyze QT intervals according to cirrhosis severity as measured by the Child-Pugh classification.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Materials and methods:</title>
          <p>In a cross-sectional study, a total of 67 patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis underwent clinical and electrocardiographic evaluation. Cirrhosis severity was classified according to the Child-Pugh score. The QT interval was measured by a 12-lead electrocardiogram.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The QT intervals were longer in patients in the Child-Pugh C group than those in the Child-Pugh A and B groups (459 &#177; 33 vs 436 &#177; 25 and 428 &#177; 34 ms, respectively, p = 0.004). There was a positive correlation between the QT interval and the Child-Pugh score in individuals with Child-Pugh scores &#8805; 7 (r = 0.50, p &lt; 0.05) and QT intervals &#8805; 440 ms (r = 0.46, p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The present study showed longer QT intervals in patients with Child-Pugh C cirrhosis, which reinforced the relationship between the severity of cirrhosis and electrocardiographic findings of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Moreover, this finding emerged in patients with no cardiac symptoms, which highlighted the importance of a simple and noninvasive method (ECG) to identify cirrhotic patients with cardiomyopathy.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Liver Cirrhosis / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Long QT Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography / methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Liver cirrhosis is a progressive pathological process characterized by fibrosis and nodular regeneration. A variety of well-known etiologies can cause cirrhosis, such as hepatitis virus infection (hepatitis B and C virus), drugs (including alcohol), autoimmune diseases, genetic diseases and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. In addition to liver damage, cirrhotic patients have renal, pulmonary, hemodynamic and cardiac dysfunction that increase morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy has been used to describe chronic cardiac dysfunction in cirrhotic patients with no previous structural heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is defined by the finding of one or more of the following changes: normal or augmented systolic function at rest but poor contractile response to stress; diastolic dysfunction; structural abnormalities in cardiac chambers; and electrophysiological changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> These abnormalities occur to a varied degree in up to 50% of cirrhotic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Most patients with cirrhotic cardiomyopathy are asymptomatic and, for this reason, complementary exams are important to identify them.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The electrocardiography (ECG) is a low-cost and noninvasive method that may help to identify patients with cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. QT prolongation is one of the most important cardiac alterations related to cirrhosis and is easily determined by ECG. A prolonged QT interval is associated with a higher mortality rate among patients with chronic liver disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In a study on QT prolongation in cirrhotic patients, when QT intervals were over 440 ms, the survival rate was significantly lower than in patients with shorter QT intervals. In the same study, during a median follow-up of 19 months, cirrhotic patients who died had longer QT intervals than those who survived (463 &#177; 7 versus 435 &#177; 3 ms, p &lt; 0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Most previous studies have included patients with cirrhosis of alcoholic etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> As alcohol may have direct cardiac toxicity, it is important to study QT intervals in nonalcoholic cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to analyze QT intervals in patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis according to their cirrhosis severity estimated by the Child-Pugh classification.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materials and Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient population</title>
        <p>Patients were recruited from our outpatient cirrhosis clinics. The inclusion criterion was a previous diagnosis of cirrhosis confirmed by histopathology, clinical features and/or liver transient elastography. We excluded patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, electrolytic disorders in the last three months, angina, exertional dyspnea, palpitations, syncope and/or previous structural cardiac disease (including atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, valvar disease, heart failure, and/or complete left branch block). All of the patients agreed to participate by written informed consent. The hospital ethics committee approved the study (CAAE 3844813.5.0000.5243).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>The present study had a cross-sectional design. At the same visit, patients underwent a clinical evaluation, ECG and Child-Pugh score calculation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The Child-Pugh score was used to divide patients in groups A, B and C. A post hoc analysis was done to compare cirrhosis etiologies between patients receiving and not receiving beta-blocker therapy. Laboratory data were collected from patient's medical records, and those conducted more than three months before this study were excluded from the analysis. Patients underwent 12-lead ECGs using an Eletrotouch EP-3 (Philips Dixtal, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) at a paper speed of 25 mm/s. The QT interval was manually measured from the beginning of the Q wave (or R wave when Q was absent) until the end of the T wave in all 12 leads. The end of the T wave was defined as the point of return to the T-P baseline or the nadir of the curve between the T and the U wave when U waves were present. Leads in which the end of the T wave could not be determined, with a low-amplitude T wave, and isoelectric leads were eliminated. Three consecutive sinus beats were measured per lead, and a mean QT interval was calculated. The maximum average QT interval in any of the 12 leads was obtained for each patient. The measurements were made by a single observer blinded to the Child-Pugh classification. Additionally, QT was corrected according to heart rate (RR interval) using both the Bazett and Fridericia formulas (QTc = QT/2&#8730;RR and QTc = QT/3&#8730;RR, respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Both formulas have been previously used to study QT prolongation in cirrhotic patients with no significant difference between them.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to assess the normality of data. Parameters with normal distribution are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). The other parameters are presented as median &#177; interquartile range (25-75). An ANOVA (parametric) or Kruskal-Wallis (nonparametric) was used to compare the three groups, and the Tukey's HSD test was used for the subgroup analysis. Correlations were evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient and categorical variables were compared using chi-square test. We used previous studies on QT intervals in similar populations to estimate the sample size. Assuming an alpha error of 5% and a SD of 35 ms, we included 11 patients in each group with 80% power to detect a 45 ms difference in the QT intervals between the groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Statistical significance was determined by a-level of 0.05. We used Statistica 12 (Statsoft, Tulsa, USA) for the database management and statistical analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In total, 67 patients were included by consecutive sampling and classified according to the Child-Pugh score (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Hepatitis virus infection was the most common etiology in all the groups, representing 71.6% of the entire study sample. Demographic, clinical and laboratorial data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of 67 patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis by Child-Pugh classification</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">A (n = 36)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">B (n = 20)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">C (n = 11)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">58 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">58 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">61 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">0.828</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men/women (n)</td>
              <td align="center">72% (26) / 28% (10)</td>
              <td align="center">50%(10) / 50% (10)</td>
              <td align="center">27% (3) / 63% (8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.255</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Etiology (n)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Viral</td>
              <td align="center">78% (28)</td>
              <td align="center">70% (14)</td>
              <td align="center">55% (6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.408</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Autoimmune</td>
              <td align="center">17% (6)</td>
              <td align="center">10% (2)</td>
              <td align="center">9% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.770</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Drugs</td>
              <td align="center">3% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.675</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Biliary</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">10% (2)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NASH</td>
              <td align="center">3% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">5% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">9% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.576</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Criptogenic</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">5% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">27% (3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.016<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta blocker (n)</td>
              <td align="center">30% (11)</td>
              <td align="center">75% (15)</td>
              <td align="center">27% (3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.228</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Spironolactone (n)</td>
              <td align="center">8% (3)</td>
              <td align="center">45% (9)</td>
              <td align="center">54% (6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.265</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics (n)</td>
              <td align="center">33% (12)</td>
              <td align="center">55% (11)</td>
              <td align="center">27% (3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.237</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">eGFR (ml/min)</td>
              <td align="center">77 &#177; 24</td>
              <td align="center">78 &#177; 26</td>
              <td align="center">87 &#177; 33</td>
              <td align="center">0.590</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total Bilirrubin (&#181;mol/l)</td>
              <td align="center">24.7 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">41.5 &#177; 29.7</td>
              <td align="center">43.4 &#177; 7.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.002<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">INR</td>
              <td align="center">1.19 &#177; 0.14</td>
              <td align="center">1.33 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td align="center">1.70 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Serum K (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.551</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Serum Mg (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.974</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Serum Ca (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.606</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Serum Na (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">139 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">139 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">134 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values are mean &#177; standard deviation or frequency distribution, unless otherwise specified. NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; INR, international normalized ratio.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05, Student t test (continuous variables) or chi-square test (categorical variables).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The QT intervals were longer in patients of the Child-Pugh C group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). There were no differences between the Bazett and Fridericia QT correction formulas (data not shown). Differences between the groups persisted when we analyzed the subgroups by viral etiology. Other etiologies had too few patients for a statistical analysis. In the subgroup of patients receiving beta-blockers, the QT intervals were also prolonged in the Child-Pugh C group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). In addition, there was a positive correlation between the QT interval and the Child-Pugh score in individuals with Child-Pugh scores &#8805; 7 (r = 0.50, p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). In subjects with QT intervals &#8805; 440 ms, the Child-Pugh score and QT interval were also correlated (r = 0.46, p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>QT intervals in the Child-Pugh A, Child-Pugh B and Child-Pugh C groups. QT intervals are presented as the means + standard deviation. *, p &lt; 0.05 by ANOVA; &#8224;, p &lt; 0.05 versus the Child-Pugh A group by Tukey&#8217;s HSD test.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0496-70084-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>QT interval in patients using beta-blockers divided into Child-Pugh A, Child-Pugh B and Child-Pugh C groups. QT interval as mean + standard deviation. *, p &lt; 0.05 by ANOVA; &#8224;, p &lt; 0.05 versus the Child-Pugh A group by Tukey&#8217;s HSD test.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0496-70084-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between QT interval and Child-Pugh score in subjects with Child-Pugh scores &#8805; 7.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0496-70084-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between QT interval and Child-Pugh score in subjects with QT intervals &#8805; 440 ms.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0496-70084-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study showed a longer QT interval in Child-Pugh C cirrhotic patients, which reinforced the notion of a relationship between severity of cirrhosis and ECG findings of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Other studies have reported similar results, highlighting the importance of a simple and noninvasive method (ECG) to identify cirrhotic patients with cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Even though the mechanism of the prolongation of QT intervals is not fully elucidated, it is attributed to autonomic changes caused by cirrhosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The QT interval extends from the earliest activation of ventricular myocardium to the end of the latest ventricular repolarization. Therefore, QT intervals can be prolonged either because of a delay in the activation or because the complex process of repolarization is prolonged. Repolarization, <italic>per se</italic>, could be prolonged due to electrolytic abnormalities or previous cardiac disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In our study, we chose to exclude patients with these conditions so that the QT prolongation could be attributed solely to autonomic dysfunction caused by cirrhosis. In addition, reductions in circulating blood volume and hyperdynamic circulation enhance sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activities. The resulting increased cardiac output and reduced systemic vascular resistance may induce myocardial remodeling and left ventricular hypertrophy, causing systolic and diastolic dysfunction and, hence, cardiomyopathy. Sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity also contributes to myocardial dysfunction because of an increase in the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1b, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Other factors associated with prolonged QT intervals in cirrhosis are disease severity, serum uric acid levels and alcoholic etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The majority of our patients had hepatitis virus infection as the cause of cirrhosis, and this subgroup analysis also showed QT prolongation in cirrhotic Child-Pugh C patients. In addition, patients with more severe cirrhosis had a positive correlation between QT interval and Child-Pugh score. As alcohol is directly toxic to myocytes, we chose to exclude patients with alcoholic cirrhosis from this study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, previous studies on alcoholic cirrhosis observed QT prolongation in patients with Child C cirrhosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Regarding electrolytic alterations, serum potassium, calcium and magnesium levels were similar between the groups. Hyponatremia observed in the Child-Pugh C group was expected in these patients and was not severe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> We believe that hyponatremia did not influence QT prolongation in the patients with Child-Pugh C cirrhosis.</p>
      <p>In a study with 38 cirrhotic patients (50% male), Mozos et al. showed that corrected QT values were higher in Child-Pugh C cirrhotic patients (Child-Pugh A: 462 &#177; 25 ms, Child-Pugh B: 493 &#177; 62 ms and Child-Pugh C: 520 &#177; 45 ms, p &lt; 0.001). Genovesi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> also observed that Child-Pugh C patients had higher QT intervals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In a study of 409 cirrhotic patients, Bal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> reported higher corrected QT in the Child-Pugh C group than the Child-Pugh B group (451&#177;43 <italic>vs</italic> 434 &#177; 31 ms, p &lt; 0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Despite similar ages and genders, mean corrected QT in our study was lower than the study by Mozos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and similar to the results by Genovesi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and Bal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The exclusion of alcoholic etiology and inclusion of patients receiving beta-blockers may explain the observed differences in corrected QT in absolute values. Most of all, these studies strengthened the notion that Child-Pugh C patients should be monitored for QT prolongation.</p>
      <p>Beta-blocker use reduces QT intervals as well as portal pressure and hyperdynamic response in cirrhotic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Thus, this medication was indicated in most patients in the Child-Pugh B and C groups as variceal bleeding prophylaxis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Hypotension is the most common reason for beta-blocker withdrawal in Child-Pugh C patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Most of our subjects in the Child-Pugh B and C groups were receiving beta-blockers. In a post hoc analysis of patients receiving beta-blockers, QT was longer in the Child-Pugh C group than in the A and B groups. Most of the previous studies on QT prolongation in cirrhosis have excluded the use of this medication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In our opinion, it is important to report this population because most real-world Child-Pugh B and Child-Pugh C cirrhotic patients are beta-blocker users.</p>
      <p>A limitation of our study was the small sample size and the cross-sectional design. Thus, a study with a larger cohort is needed to confirm our results and better understand the prognosis of a prolonged QT interval. Such study could also clarify the relationship between cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and the severity of liver disease. In addition, the predominant etiology of cirrhosis in our patients was hepatitis C virus infection. Studies of other common etiologies of cirrhosis, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis , are highly desirable.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Patients with Child-Pugh C non-alcoholic cirrhosis show longer QT interval than Child-Pugh A or B patients. This difference persists despite beta-blocker use. Thus, an ECG should be considered in patient with more severe non-alcoholic cirrhosis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Pedro Gemal Lanzieri, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pacientes Cirr&#243;ticos com Escore Child-Pugh C Apresentam Intervalos QT mais Longos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lanzieri</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gismondi</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Altenburg</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chimelli</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus de Castro Abi-Ramia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cysne</surname>
            <given-names>Ra&#237;ssa Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guaran&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Thais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mocarzel</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Ot&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Gemal Lanzieri</bold>, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica (MMC), Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303, 6&#186; andar, CEP: 24033-900. Centro, Niteroi, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pedrogemal@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lanzieri PG, Gismondi RA, Chimelli MCA, Cysne RP, Guaran&#225; T, Mesquita CT, Mocarzel LO. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lanzieri PG, Gismondi RA, Chimelli MCA, Cysne RP, Guaran&#225; T, Mesquita CT, Mocarzel LO. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lanzieri PG, Gismondi RA, Chimelli MCA, Cysne RP, Guaran&#225; T, Mesquita CT, Mocarzel LO. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lanzieri PG, Gismondi RA, Chimelli MCA, Cysne RP, Guaran&#225; T, Mesquita CT, Mocarzel LO. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lanzieri PG, Gismondi RA, Chimelli MCA, Cysne RP, Guaran&#225; T, Mesquita CT, Mocarzel LO. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lanzieri PG, Gismondi RA, Chimelli MCA, Cysne RP, Guaran&#225; T, Mesquita CT, Mocarzel LO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento e objetivos:</title>
          <p>A cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica tem sido usada para descrever a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica em pacientes cirr&#243;ticos sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural pr&#233;via. Al&#233;m disso, o prolongamento do intervalo QT &#233; uma das altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas mais importantes relacionadas &#224; cirrose. Estudos pr&#233;vios sugerem que o prolongamento QT est&#225; associado com uma taxa de mortalidade mais alta em pacientes cirr&#243;ticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar intervalos QTs segundo a gravidade da cirrose, medida pela classifica&#231;&#227;o Child-Plugh.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Em um estudo transversal, um total de 67 pacientes com cirrose n&#227;o alco&#243;lica submeteu-se &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. A gravidade da cirrose foi classificada de acordo com o escore Child-Pugh. O intervalo QT foi medido por um eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os intervalos QTs foram mais longos em pacientes no grupo Child-Plugh C que nos grupos Child-Pugh A e B (459 &#177; 33 vs 436 &#177; 25 e 428 &#177; 34 ms, respectivamente, p = 0,004). Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o intervalo QT e o escore Child-Pugh em indiv&#237;duos com escore Child-Pugh &#8805; 7 (r = 0,50; p &lt; 0,05) e intervalos QT &#8805; 440 ms (r = 0,46, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo mostrou que pacientes com cirrose Child-Plugh C apresentam intervalos QTs mais longos, o que refor&#231;ou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da cirrose e achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos da cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica. Al&#233;m disso, esse resultado foi encontrado em pacientes sem sintomas card&#237;acos, o que destacou a import&#226;ncia de um m&#233;todo simples e n&#227;o invasivo, como o eletrocardiograma, para identificar pacientes cirr&#243;ticos com cardiomiopatia. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirrose Hep&#225;tica / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia / m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cirrose hep&#225;tica &#233; um processo patol&#243;gico progressivo caracterizado por fibrose e regenera&#231;&#227;o nodular. A cirrose pode ser causada por uma variedade de causas bem conhecidas, tais como infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus da hepatite (hepatite B e C), drogas (incluindo &#225;lcool), doen&#231;as autoimunes, doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas, e esteatose hep&#225;tica n&#227;o alco&#243;lica. Al&#233;m do dano hep&#225;tico, os pacientes cirr&#243;ticos tamb&#233;m apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, pulmonar, hemodin&#226;mica, e card&#237;aca que aumentam a morbimortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica tem sido usada para descrever a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica em pacientes cirr&#243;ticos sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural pr&#233;via.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; definida pela presen&#231;a de uma ou mais destas altera&#231;&#245;es: fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal ou aumentada em repouso, mas baixa resposta contr&#225;til ao estresse; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; anormalidades estruturais nas c&#226;maras card&#237;acas; e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrofisiol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Tais anormalidades ocorrem em graus variados em at&#233; 50% dos pacientes cirr&#243;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maioria dos pacientes com cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos e, por isso, s&#227;o importantes exames complementares para identific&#225;-los.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A eletrocardiografia (ECG) &#233; um m&#233;todo de baixo custo, n&#227;o invasivo, que pode auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica. O prolongamento do intervalo QT &#233; uma das principais altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas relacionadas &#224; cirrose, e facilmente determinado por ECG. Um intervalo QT prolongado est&#225; associado com uma taxa de mortalidade mais elevada entre pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em um estudo sobre prolongamento do QT, a taxa de sobrevida foi significativamente mais baixa em pacientes com intervalos QTs maiores que 440 ms que em pacientes com intervalos QTs mais curtos. No mesmo estudo, durante um acompanhamento de 19 meses (mediana), os pacientes cirr&#243;ticos que morreram apresentavam intervalos QTs mais longos que aqueles que sobreviveram (463 &#177; 7 <italic>versus</italic> 435 &#177; 3 ms, p &lt; 0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A maioria dos estudos pr&#233;vios incluiu pacientes com cirrose de etiologia alco&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Uma vez que o &#225;lcool pode ter uma toxicidade card&#237;aca direta, &#233; importante estudar intervalos de QT em pacientes com cirrose n&#227;o alco&#243;lica. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os intervalos QT em pacientes com cirrose n&#227;o alco&#243;lica, segundo a gravidade da cirrose estimada pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Child-Pugh.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram recrutados no ambulat&#243;rio de cirrose de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de cirrose confirmado por histopatologia, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e/ou elastografia hep&#225;tica transit&#243;ria. Exclu&#237;mos pacientes com cirrose alco&#243;lica, dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses, angina, dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, palpita&#231;&#245;es, s&#237;ncope e/ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural pr&#233;via (incluindo fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, doen&#231;a valvar, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e/ou bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo). Todos os pacientes concordaram em participar mediante termo de consentimento por escrito. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica do hospital aprovou o estudo (CAAE 3844813.5.0000.5243).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo de delineamento transversal. Em uma mesma visita, os pacientes submeteram-se a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ECG, e c&#225;lculo do score Child-Pugh.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O escore Child-Pugh foi usado para dividir os pacientes em grupos A, B e C. Uma an&#225;lise post hoc foi utilizada para comparar as etiologias da cirrose entre pacientes recebendo betabloqueadores e pacientes sem tratamento com betabloquadores. Dados laboratoriais foram coletados de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, e aqueles realizados h&#225; mais de tr&#234;s meses do estudo foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Os pacientes foram submetidos a ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es usando o aparelho Eletrotouch EP-3 (Philips Dixtal, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e velocidade do papel de 25 mm/s. O intervalo QT foi medido manualmente do in&#237;cio da onda Q (ou onda R na aus&#234;ncia da onda Q) at&#233; o final da onda T em todas as 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. O final da onda T foi definido como o ponto de retorno ao T-P basal ou como o nadir da curva entre a onda T e a onda U quando ondas U estavam presentes. Foram exclu&#237;das deriva&#231;&#245;es em que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar o final da onda T, deriva&#231;&#245;es com onda T de baixa amplitude, e deriva&#231;&#245;es isoel&#233;tricas. Tr&#234;s batimentos sinusais consecutivos foram medidos por deriva&#231;&#227;o, e calculado o intervalo QT m&#233;dio. O maior intervalo QT m&#233;dio em qualquer uma das 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi obtido de cada paciente. As medidas foram feitas por um &#250;nico observador cego quanto &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o Child-Pugh. Al&#233;m disso, o intervalo QT foi corrigido de acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (intervalo RR) usando as f&#243;rmulas de Bazett e de Fridericia (QTc = QT/2&#8730;RR e QTc = QT/3&#8730;RR, respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Ambas as f&#243;rmulas foram previamente utilizadas no estudo do prolongamento do QT em pacientes cirr&#243;ticos, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre elas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Utilizamos o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avaliar a normalidade dos dados. Os par&#226;metros com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Os outros par&#226;metros s&#227;o apresentados em mediana &#177; intervalo interquartil (25-75). Compara&#231;&#245;es entre os tr&#234;s grupos foram realizadas pela ANOVA (param&#233;trico) ou Kruskal-Wallis (n&#227;o param&#233;trico), e o teste de Tukey HSD foi usado para an&#225;lise dos subgrupos. As correla&#231;&#245;es foram avaliadas pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. N&#243;s estimamos o tamanho da amostra com base em estudos pr&#233;vios sobre intervalos QT em popula&#231;&#245;es similares. Assumindo um erro alfa de 5% e um desvio padr&#227;o de 35 ms, inclu&#237;mos 11 pacientes em cada grupo, com poder de 80% para detectar uma diferen&#231;a de 45 ms nos intervalos QT entre os grupos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi determinada por um &#945; de 0,05. Utilizamos o programa Statistica 12 (Statsoft, Tulsa, EUA) para o gerenciamento dos dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No total, 67 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos por amostragem consecutiva, e classificados de acordo com o escore Child-Pugh (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). A infec&#231;&#227;o por v&#237;rus da hepatite foi a etiologia mais comum em todos os grupos, representando 71,6% da amostra total. Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais basais de 67 pacientes com cirrose n&#227;o alco&#243;lica por classifica&#231;&#227;o Child-Pugh</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">A (n = 36)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">B (n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">C (n = 11)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,828</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens/mulheres (n)</td>
                <td align="center">72% (26) / 28% (10)</td>
                <td align="center">50%(10) / 50% (10)</td>
                <td align="center">27% (3) / 63% (8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,255</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Viral</td>
                <td align="center">78% (28)</td>
                <td align="center">70% (14)</td>
                <td align="center">55% (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,408</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Autoimune</td>
                <td align="center">17% (6)</td>
                <td align="center">10% (2)</td>
                <td align="center">9% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,770</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medicamentosa</td>
                <td align="center">3% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,675</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Biliar</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">10% (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NASH</td>
                <td align="center">3% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">5% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">9% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,576</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Criptog&#234;nica</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">5% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">27% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador (n)</td>
                <td align="center">30% (11)</td>
                <td align="center">75% (15)</td>
                <td align="center">27% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,228</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espironolactona (n)</td>
                <td align="center">8% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">45% (9)</td>
                <td align="center">54% (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,265</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos (n)</td>
                <td align="center">33% (12)</td>
                <td align="center">55% (11)</td>
                <td align="center">27% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,237</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TFGe (ml/min)</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">78 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">87 &#177; 33</td>
                <td align="center">0,590</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bilirrubina Total (&#181;mol/l)</td>
                <td align="center">24,7 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">41,5 &#177; 29,7</td>
                <td align="center">43,4 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">INR</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">1,70 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">K s&#233;rico (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,551</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mg s&#233;rico (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,974</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ca s&#233;rico (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,606</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Na s&#233;rico (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">139 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">139 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">134 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Valores em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia, ou outro especificado. NASH: Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis; TFGe, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; INR, raz&#227;o normalizada internacional.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05, teste t de Student (vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas) ou teste do qui quadrado (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os intervalos QT foram mais longos nos pacientes do grupo Child-Plugh C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre as f&#243;rmulas de Bazett e de Fridericia de corre&#231;&#227;o de QT (dados n&#227;o apresentados). As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos persistiram quando analisamos os subgrupos por etiologia viral. Outras etiologias tinham muito poucos pacientes para uma an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. No subgrupo de pacientes recebendo betabloqueadores, os intervalos QT tamb&#233;m foram prolongados no grupo Child-Pugh C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o intervalo QT e o escore Child-Pugh nos pacientes com escore de Child-Pugh &#8805; 9 (r = 0,50; p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>). Nos indiv&#237;duos com intervalos QT &#8805; 440 ms, tamb&#233;m houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore de Child-Pugh e o intervalo QT (r = 0,46; p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Intervalos QT nos grupos Child-Pugh A, Child-Pugh B e Child-Pugh C. Intervalos QT s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia + desvio padr&#227;o. *, p &lt; 0,05 pela ANOVA; &#8224;, p &lt; 0,05 versus grupo Child-Pugh A pelo teste de Tukey HSD.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0496-70084-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Intervalo QT em pacientes usando betabloqueadores divididos em grupos Child-Pugh A, Child-Pugh B e Child-Pugh C. Intervalo QT apresentado em m&#233;dia + desvio padr&#227;o. *, p &lt; 0,05 pela ANOVA; &#8224;, p &lt; 0,05 versus grupo Child-Pugh A pelo teste de Tukey HSD.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0496-70084-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o intervalo QT e o escore Child-Pugh em indiv&#237;duos com escore Child-Pugh &#8805; 7.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0496-70084-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o intervalo QT e o escore Child-Pugh em indiv&#237;duos com intervalos QT &#8805; 440 ms.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0496-70084-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo mostrou que pacientes cirr&#243;ticos Child-Pugh C apresentam um intervalo QT mais longo, o que refor&#231;a a ideia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da cirrose e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos na cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica. Outros estudos relataram resultados similares, destacando a import&#226;ncia de um m&#233;todo simples e n&#227;o invasivo (ECG) para identificar pacientes cirr&#243;ticos com cardiomiopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de n&#227;o ter sido totalmente elucidado, o mecanismo do prolongamento dos intervalos QT &#233; atribu&#237;do a altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas causadas pela cirrose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O intervalo QT dura do in&#237;cio da ativa&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular at&#233; o final da &#250;ltima repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Assim, os intervalos QT podem estar prolongados devido a um atraso na ativa&#231;&#227;o ou a um prolongamento do complexo processo de repolariza&#231;&#227;o. A repolariza&#231;&#227;o, em si, poderia estar prolongada devido a dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Em nosso estudo, optamos por excluir pacientes com essas condi&#231;&#245;es de modo que o prolongamento do QT poderia ser atribu&#237;do unicamente &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica causada pela cirrose. Ainda, redu&#231;&#245;es no volume sangu&#237;neo circulante e a circula&#231;&#227;o hiperdin&#226;mica aumentam as atividades do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona. O aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e a redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular resultantes podem levar ao remodelamento do mioc&#225;rdio e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, causando disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e, assim, cardiomiopatia. A hiperatividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico tamb&#233;m contribui &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica devido a um aumento nos n&#237;veis de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, tais como interleucina-1b, interleucina-6, e fator de necrose tumoral alfa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outros fatores associados com intervalos QT prolongados na cirrose s&#227;o gravidade da doen&#231;a, n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico, e etiologia alco&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">12</xref> A maioria de nossos pacientes apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o por v&#237;rus da hepatite como causa da cirrose, e este subgrupo tamb&#233;m mostrou prolongamento do intervalo QT em pacientes cirr&#243;ticos Child-Pugh. Ainda, pacientes com cirrose mais grave apresentaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o intervalo QT e o escore Child-Pugh. Uma vez que o &#225;lcool &#233; diretamente t&#243;xico aos mi&#243;citos, optamos tamb&#233;m por excluir pacientes com cirrose alco&#243;lica do presente estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Contudo, estudos pr&#233;vios sobre cirrose alco&#243;lica observaram prolongamento do intervalo QT em pacientes com cirrose Child C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es eletrol&#237;ticas, os n&#237;veis de pot&#225;ssio, c&#225;lcio e magn&#233;sio foram similares entre os grupos. A hiponatremia observada no grupo Child-Pugh C era esperada nesses pacientes e n&#227;o era grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Acreditamos que a hiponatremia n&#227;o tenha influenciado o prolongamento do QT nos pacientes com cirrose Child-Pugh C.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo com 38 pacientes cirr&#243;ticos (50% homens), Mozos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> mostraram que os valores QT corrigidos foram maiores nos pacientes cirr&#243;ticos Child-Pugh C (Child-Pugh A: 462 &#177; 25 ms, Child-Pugh B: 493 &#177; 62 ms e Child-Pugh C: 520 &#177; 45 ms, p &lt; 0,001). Genovesi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> tamb&#233;m observaram que pacientes Child-Pugh C apresentaram intervalos QT mais elevados. Em um estudo com 409 pacientes cirr&#243;ticos, Bal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> relataram intervalo QT corrigido mais elevado no grupo Child-Pugh C que no grupo Child-Pugh B (451 &#177; 43 <italic>vs</italic> 434 &#177; 31 ms, p &lt; 0.001). Apesar de idades e sexo similares, o QT corrigido m&#233;dio em nosso estudo foi mais baixo que no estudo de Mozos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e similar aos resultados apresentados por Genovesi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e Bal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A exclus&#227;o da etiologia alco&#243;lica e a inclus&#227;o dos pacientes recebendo betabloqueadores podem explicar as diferen&#231;as observadas no QT corrigido em valores absolutos. Esses estudos, principalmente, refor&#231;aram a ideia de que pacientes Child-Pugh C devem ser monitorados quanto ao prolongamento QT.</p>
        <p>O uso de betabloqueadores reduz os intervalos QT, bem como a press&#227;o portal e a resposta hiperdin&#226;mica em pacientes cirr&#243;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Portanto, essa medica&#231;&#227;o foi indicada &#224; maioria dos pacientes nos grupos Child-Pugh B e C como profilaxia ao sangramento varicoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A hipotens&#227;o &#233; a causa mais comum da descontinua&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores em pacientes Child-Pugh C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos nos grupos Child-Pugh B e C estava recebendo betabloqueadores. Em uma an&#225;lise post hoc de pacientes recebendo betabloqueadores, o intervalo QT foi mais longo no grupo Child-Pugh C que nos grupos Child-Pugh A e B. A maioria dos estudos pr&#233;vios com prolongamento do QT em pacientes cirr&#243;ticos excluiu o uso dessa medica&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Em nossa opini&#227;o, &#233; importante mencionar pacientes usu&#225;rios de betabloqueadores, uma vez que, no mundo real, a maioria dos pacientes cirr&#243;ticos Child-Pugh B e C s&#227;o usu&#225;rios de betabloqueadores.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi o pequeno tamanho da amostra e o delineamento transversal. Assim, um estudo com uma coorte maior &#233; necess&#225;rio para confirmar nossos resultados e melhor compreender o progn&#243;stico de um intervalo QT prolongado. Tal estudo poderia tamb&#233;m esclarecer a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica e a gravidade da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica. Al&#233;m disso, a etiologia predominante de cirrose em nossos pacientes foi infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus C da hepatite. Estudos incluindo outras etiologias comuns da cirrose, tais como a esteatohepatite n&#227;o alco&#243;lica, s&#227;o desej&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes com cirrose n&#227;o alco&#243;lica Child-Pugh C apresentam intervalo QT mais longo que pacientes Child-Pugh A ou B. Essa diferen&#231;a persiste mesmo com o uso de betabloqueadores. Assim, o exame de ECG deveria ser considerado em pacientes com cirrose n&#227;o alco&#243;lica mais grave.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Pedro Gemal Lanzieri pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
