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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qy8ncRWGQ4bSNkhtgqxzNSx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000600484</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170064</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Simpler and Shorter Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Protocol Improves Functional Status and Modulates Inflammatory Profile in Patients with End-Stage Congestive Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carolina Basso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lavagnoli</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Fernando Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Lindemberg Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilarinho</surname>
            <given-names>Karlos Alexandre de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine Soraya Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Di&#243;genes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Rizzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petrucci</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Carolina Basso Sacilotto</bold>, Avenida Arlindo Joaquim de Lemos, 865, Apto: 32. Postal Code: 13100450, Vila Lemos, Campinas, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mariacarolinasacilotto@gmail.com</email>; <email>orlandopetrucci@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Sacilotto MCB, Lavagnoli CFR, Petrucci Junior O. Acquisition of data: Sacilotto MCB, Lavagnoli CFR, Vilarinho KAS, Oliveira ESB, Carvalho DD, Oliveira PPM, Coelho-Filho OR, Petrucci Junior O. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sacilotto MCB, Vilarinho KAS, Carvalho DD, Petrucci Junior O. Statistical analysis: Sacilotto MCB, Petrucci Junior O. Obtaining financing: Petrucci Junior O. Writing of the manuscript: Sacilotto MCB, Carvalho DD, Petrucci Junior O. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sacilotto MCB, Silveira-Filho LM, Vilarinho KAS, Carvalho DD, Oliveira PPM, Petrucci Junior O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Nov-Dec</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>484</fpage>
      <lpage>495</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) using a stimulation wave for 5 days/week over 8 weeks has been used as a treatment option for congestive heart failure (CHF) patients who are unable to tolerate aerobic exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We assessed the impact of a shorter NMES protocol using a Russian stimulation wave on the functional status, quality of life (QoL) and inflammatory profile of end-stage CHF patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Twenty-eight patients with end-stage CHF (53 &#177; 11 years) were randomized to the NMES or control group. Treatment was an NMES training program with Russian stimulation wave, applied for 50 minutes to both quadriceps femoral muscles twice weekly over seven weeks. The stimulation intensity was chosen to elicit muscle contractions in the NMES group and current input up to sensory threshold in the control group. Distance in the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and QoL score by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire were evaluated before, immediately after and one month after NMES protocol completion. Peripheral leukocytes were obtained to measure the gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The NMES group showed increases in the 6MWT (324 &#177; 117 vs. 445 &#177; 100 m; p = 0.02) and QoL score (64 &#177; 22 vs. 45 &#177; 17; p &lt; 0.01) immediately but not 1 month after protocol completion, as well as increased gene expression levels of IL-1&#946;, IL-6 and IL-8 after protocol completion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Using a shorter and fewer sessions NMES protocol improved the QoL score and functional class of severe CHF patients, and modulated the gene expression levels of some cytokines. This protocol might be a good alternative for patients with severe CHF and limitations in protocol adherence. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2017;30(6)484-495)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Tolerance</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Stimulation Therapy / adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Exercise intolerance is a challenging issue for patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, who commonly exhibit fatigue and dyspnea. Patients with stable CHF should perform aerobic exercise training protocols to decrease muscle weakness caused by lack of physical activity, as well as to improve functional status, exercise capacity and quality of life (QoL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, some patients are unable to perform aerobic exercise training protocols due to exercise intolerance or an unwillingness to participate in such programs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> As an alternative to muscular training therapy in patients with CHF or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) may be used to improve functional status, exercise capacity, endothelial function and QoL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> NMES has been demonstrated to modulate inflammatory mediators in patients with spinal cord lesions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and athletes after a bout of running.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However, the effects of NMES on the inflammatory profiles of CHF patients have not been well documented.</p>
      <p>Common NMES training protocols involve treatments over 5 to 6 days/week for 6 to 8 weeks. These intensive therapy protocols may preclude some CHF patients from adhering to this treatment modality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> because, similarly to other exercise training protocols, patients may be unwilling to attend the outpatient clinic daily for treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Most studies of NMES-treated CHF patients have employed functional electrical stimulation, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> which causes muscle contractions. Another NMES electric waveform modality is the Russian current, which involves the application of a 2500-Hz current at a burst frequency of 50 Hz. This modality effectively produces muscular strength in normal individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and may be more comfortable than other current modalities for patients during NMES sessions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The Russian current has a sine waveform, which has been reported as more comfortable for the patient during the electrical delivery to the muscle. Of note, the Russian current has an average frequency with a deeper stimulus effect and may be more tolerable by the patient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The unique characteristics of the Russian current might increase patient adherence to the NMES protocol. Therefore, the aim of this work was assess the effectiveness, compared to the literature, of a shorter NMES protocol consisting of twice-weekly training for 7 weeks using a Russian current, in terms of the functional status, QoL score, and inflammatory profile in patients with CHF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient selection</title>
        <p>Institutional Review Board approval was obtained for the study, and all patients provided written informed consent to participate. To be included in the study, patients must be on the awaiting heart transplant list, NYHA functional class III or IV, receiving optimal oral pharmacological treatment, and have stable CHF symptoms in the last 3 months. Exclusion criteria were neurologic or orthopedic disease that could limit the patient&#8217;s ability to accomplish the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). This study is registered at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov">www.clinicaltrials.gov</ext-link> under the number NCT02313714.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocol for NMES</title>
        <p>This study was carried out at an outpatient clinic of a university hospital with a room temperature maintained between 22 and 24 &#176;C. NMES was applied by 2 adhesive electrodes on the skin over the upper lateral aspect of the quadriceps muscle, 5 cm below the inguinal fold and 3 cm above the upper patella border of both lower extremities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Placement of adhesive electrodes over the quadriceps femoral muscle. A single set of double adhesives was used as a simple way of applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0484-70064-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the NMES group, the stimulator (Neurodyn 2000, Ibramed, Amparo, SP, Brazil) was configured to deliver a direct electrical current with a 2500-Hz sinusoidal current at a burst frequency of 50 Hz (Russian current) for 3 seconds, followed by 9 seconds of rest. The intensity of stimulation was adjusted to achieve visible contraction. The stimulus intensity is adjusted according to patient tolerance. However, in order to be sure that muscle fiber contraction is occurring, the visual evaluation of at least one visible contraction is used. From this levels of contraction and patient&#180;s comfort we adjusted higher levels of intensity and the highest level of intensity is adjusted according to patient&#180;s tolerance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>During electrical stimulation sessions, the legs were positioned in a light knee flexion position in both groups. In the control group, the same setup was used with 2 adhesive electrodes in the identical position as above, and the stimulator was configured to deliver a direct electrical current with the same specifications (Russian current). The intensity of stimulation was set low, to achieve a sensation of stimulus but with no visual muscular contraction.</p>
        <p>Patients in both groups were evaluated weekly. The protocol was applied for 50 minutes twice a week, Wednesdays and Fridays, for 7 weeks.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Distance in the 6MWT</title>
        <p>The 6MWT was performed in a 30-meter-long indoor hallway of the university hospital. Patients were trained and oriented to walk as fast as possible with encouragement. Only after the patient was considered trained was the walked distance recorded. All 6MWT sessions were carried out by the same observer (MCBS) in accordance with the American Thoracic Society (ATS) instructions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> To ensure the patient&#8217;s safety and consistency in 6MWT application, the modified Borg scale was applied before, during and after the 6MWT to evaluate the patient&#8217;s self-perception of dyspnea and fatigue. The 6MWT was performed at 3 time points: immediately before the first NMES session, 1 day after the last NMES session and 1 month after termination of the NMES protocol.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>QoL by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (LHFQ)</title>
        <p>A Portuguese language version of the LHFQ<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> was utilized to assess the QoL score 1 day before starting the NMES protocol, 1 day after completing the 7-week NMES protocol, and 1 month after protocol termination. The LHFQ is a questionnaire tool consisting of 21 questions, including physical and emotional variables. This questionnaire provides one score, with a scale from 0 to 105. Higher scores are associated with a worse QoL status. The LHFQ is a very frequently used score to assess QoL and is a reliable way to measure changes over time in the QoL of patients with CHF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Gene expression by peripheral leukocytes</title>
        <p>Blood samples were drawn 1 day before NMES protocol initiation and 1 day after the last NMES session (7 weeks). Peripheral leukocytes were isolated from blood by centrifugation at 1100 rpm for 10 minutes in a refrigerated centrifuge (4 oC). Total RNA was isolated from the cellular pellet by using TRIzol &#174; LS reagent (Ambion, Life Technologies, USA). Total RNA was quantified by using the 260/280 nm absorbance ratio data. The High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA) with 1 &#181;g of total RNA was used for reverse transcription reactions. To assess different levels of gene expression, quantitative real-time PCR was performed with the Taqman Fast Advanced Master mix (Applied Biosystems) and commercially available Taqman primers for IL-1&#945;, IL-8, TNF, IL-10 and IL-6 (Applied Biosystems). The <italic>GADPH</italic> gene was used as an internal control.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <p>The primary outcome of the study was the change in 6MWT after completion of the 7-week NMES protocol. The secondary outcome was the QoL score after completion of the 7-week NMES protocol.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>All continuous data with Gaussian distribution are reported as means &#177; standard deviations (SDs). All continuous data with no Gaussian distribution are reported as median and range. All variables were assessed for normality distribution using Shapiro-Wilk test.</p>
        <p>Discrete variables are described as the frequency of the corresponding population. Analyses of the 6MWT and QoL score were performed by two-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc test for detecting which time points were different. Correlations between the 6MWT and QoL score were calculated by linear regression analysis. Analyses of demographics were performed using t test or Mann-Whitney where was appropriated. Analyses of baseline characteristics and medication were performed using chi-square test.</p>
        <p>A simple random sampling was used to allocate patients to the 2 groups. An online tool was employed for the group draw (www.graphpad.com). The sample size was based on previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and on the availability of inpatient/outpatient hospital facility. A P value smaller than 0.05 was considered statically significant.</p>
        <p>All calculations were conducted and figures were constructed with GraphPad Prism software (version 6 for Mac OS X, GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Overall results</title>
        <p>Of the 36 patients with severe CHF who were on the awaiting heart transplant list and initially assessed for the study, 8 patients refused to participate. The remaining 28 patients with end-stage CHF were randomly divided into 2 groups. Patients in the NMES group (n = 18) underwent treatment with the 7-week NMES protocol using the Russian current. Patients in the control group (n = 10) were tested with a similar protocol using an ineffective electric current. One month after termination of the treatment protocol, 9 patients in the NMES group and 5 patients in the control group were assessed. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the flowchart of patient enrollment for the entire cohort. All patients were medicated for CHF, and the medication was not changed during the study period. The groups did not show differences regarding the distribution of sex, age, demographics, medication, body mass index or functional class (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of patient enrollment and reasons for patient drop-out from the study.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0484-70064-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics, demographics and medication</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8" valign="top">Characteristic</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8" valign="top">NMES group</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8" valign="top">Control group</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8" valign="top">p-Value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8" valign="top">(n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8" valign="top">(n = 10)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gender</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">15 (83)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.93<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">3 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">50 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0.39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height, cm</td>
                <td align="center">163 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">172 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight, kg</td>
                <td align="center">86 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0.13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0.85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction, %</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">34 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0.90<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHF etiology</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idiopathic</td>
                <td align="center">6 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="5">0.51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
                <td align="center">8 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valvar</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chagas's disease</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Viral</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Functional class</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">13 (72)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">5 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medications</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center">18 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">0.71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espironolactone</td>
                <td align="center">15 (83)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                <td align="center">0.86<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digoxin</td>
                <td align="center">11 (61)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">0.68<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
                <td align="center">16 (89)</td>
                <td align="center">10(100)</td>
                <td align="center">0.79<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiarrhythmic</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0.71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiplatelet</td>
                <td align="center">11 (61)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">0.89<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statin</td>
                <td align="center">9 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0.33<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ca<sup>2</sup>+ channel blockers</td>
                <td align="center">3 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.52<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nitrates</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACE inhibitors</td>
                <td align="center">13 (72)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                <td align="center">0.22</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Data are reported as n (%) or mean &#177; standard deviation. BMI: body mass index; diuretics include furosemide and bumetamide; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>P value using t test.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>(**)</label>
              <p>P value using Chi-square test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Safety of NMES application</title>
        <p>During the 7-week protocol, no NMES-related complications were observed in either group. One month after protocol termination, 1 patient in the NMES group had experienced cerebral vascular stroke, 2 patients in the NMES group had died due to CHF complications, and 2 patients in the NMES group and 1 patient in the control group had undergone heart transplant (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Improvement of the 6MWT with the 7-week NMES treatment</title>
        <p>Compared to before treatment, 6MWT was increased immediately after the 7-week treatment in the NMES group (324 &#177; 117 vs. 445 &#177; 100 m; p = 0.02) but returned to baseline values by 1 month after protocol termination (324 &#177; 117 vs. 317 &#177; 194; p = 0.89). The control group showed no differences in 6MWT values between before and after treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamic values, functional capacity and quality of life</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Parameter</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pretreatment</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Immediately posttreatment</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">1 month posttreatment</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">NMES</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Control</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">NMES</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Control</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">NMES</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Control</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 15)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 9)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 9)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 5)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resting HR, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">74 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">74 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resting SBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">101 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">110 &#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">115 &#177; 66</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">101 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">108 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resting DBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LHFQ</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">51&#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 17<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6MWT, m</td>
                <td align="center">324 &#177; 117</td>
                <td align="center">393 &#177; 151</td>
                <td align="center">445 &#177; 100<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">353 &#177; 159</td>
                <td align="center">317 &#177; 194</td>
                <td align="center">366 &#177; 92</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; 6MWT: distance in the 6-minute walk test; LHFQ: score on the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Before treatment vs. immediately after treatment p &lt; 0.05 (within NMES group).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Improvement of the QoL scores with the 7-week NMES treatment</title>
        <p>Compared to pretreatment values, the NMES group showed improvement in QoL scores after completion of the 7-week NMES protocol (64 &#177; 22 vs. 45 &#177; 17; p &lt; 0.01), whereas the control group showed no differences. However, the QoL scores in the NMES group had returned to the baseline values by 1 month after protocol termination (64 &#177; 22 vs. 51 &#177; 20; p = 0.07) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Association of QoL score with pretreatment 6MWT</title>
        <p>Before commencement of the NMES protocol, the 6MWT was not associated with the QoL score in either group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">B</xref>). In the control group, no correlation was found between the pretreatment 6MWT and the posttreatment QoL score (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3C</xref>). However, the pretreatment 6MWT was inversely correlated with the QoL score obtained immediately after completion of the treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3D</xref>). The pretreatment 6MWT was directly correlated with the 6MWT obtained immediately after treatment in both groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3E</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">F</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlations among the pre- and/or post-treatment distance walked in the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and quality of life (QoL) in the control group (A, C, E) and NMES group (B, D, F).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0484-70064-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modulation of gene expression with the 7-week NMES treatment</title>
        <p>Compared to pretreatment values in the control group, the gene expression levels of IL-1&#946;, IL-6, and IL-8 were increased immediately after protocol completion in the NMES group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">C</xref>). No modulation of IL-10 or TNF gene expression was observed in either group (data not shown).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fold differences in gene expression levels of cytokines before and after treatment in the control and NMES groups compared to the pretreatment levels in the control group. (A) IL-1&#946;, (B) IL-6, (C) IL-8, (D) TNF&#945;, and (E) IL-10.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0484-70064-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We found that the application of a shorter NMES protocol, exclusively to the quadriceps femoral muscles improved the functional capacity and QoL scores and modulated the inflammatory profiles of patients with severe CHF. This less-intense NMES protocol provided similar beneficial effects to those obtained with longer and more vigorous NMES protocols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Thus, this modified protocol could be an alternative solution for greater patient adherence to a rehabilitation program.</p>
      <p>NMES using a Russian current is a well-known and safe modality for treating patients and improving their comfort during NMES sessions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> NMES has beneficial effects for functional capacity in patients with different diseases and conditions, including CHF, severe COPD, stroke, and osteoarthritis, as well as patients in intensive care units.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The 6MWT was used to determine functional capacity in this study and has been commonly utilized for this purpose in previous reports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> The 6MWT has a good correlation with peak oxygen consumption (VO2), and changes in the 6MWT can be used to predict mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The novelty of the present work lies in the less-frequent application of NMES through a simple pair of adhesive electrodes, which are placed on the skin over the quadriceps femoral muscle in each limb. All previous studies have used protocols with FES (Functional Electrical Stimulation) current ranging from 5 to 7 days per week.</p>
      <p>All previous studies have enrolled patients with CHF of functional classes II and III, whereas the present study enrolled patients with functional classes III and IV on the awaiting heart transplant list.</p>
      <p>Of note, we did not find in the literature studies that had evaluated a shorter protocol and using this specific type of current (Russian current) in a rehabilitation programs with patients in this specific clinical profile. Additionally, we did not find data reporting a longer training protocol that evaluated the functional capacity and quality of life following the discontinuation of electrical stimulus. We believe that a shorter protocol may improve patient adherence to the rehabilitation program, which is a day by day problem on those patients.</p>
      <p>Previous studies of NMES protocols generally have utilized 8 adhesive electrodes in each limb.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Using a more intense NMES protocol design of 8 adhesive electrodes applied for 30 minutes/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks, Parissis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> reported improvements in QoL, functional status, emotional status and endothelial function in patients with stable systolic CHF (NYHA class II or III).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> We demonstrated similar QoL and functional status results in sicker patients (NYHA functional class III or IV), using an less-demanding protocol with 1 pair of adhesive electrodes applied for 50 minutes/day, 2 days/week for 7 weeks. Banerjee et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> observed increases in the 6MWT and VO<sub>2</sub> after 8 weeks of NMES training in patients with CHF and low left-ventricular ejection fraction. They utilized a more complex stimulation apparatus, composed of adhesive electrodes applied at multiple muscles (quadriceps, hamstrings, calves and gluteal muscles) in each limb.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Other authors have demonstrated similar results to the present manuscript regarding the functional capacity after training with more intense NMES protocols, such as 5 days/week for 30 to 60 minutes/day over 5 to 8 weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several papers have demonstrated an improvement of QoL after NMES, as assessed by different questionnaires, such as the Beck Depression Inventory, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The LHFQ, which was used in the present study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> is increasingly being applied for the assessment of QoL in patients with CHF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> The QoL score was improved immediately after completion of the NMES protocol, consistent with several reports in the literature using different NMES protocols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The QoL score has consistently demonstrated to improve with NMES and low-intensity aerobic exercise programs; however, the durability of these effects has not been frequently reported. We found that the QoL scores had deteriorated to near-baseline levels by 1 month after protocol completion. Patients who walked longer distances during the 6MWT before NMES treatment were more likely to have better QoL scores immediately after completing the NMES protocol in the NMES group. However, the pretreatment 6MWT and QoL values were not correlated with each other in either group. These findings support the use of the 6MWT as a useful tool for assessing QoL after NMES treatment in this subset of patients. Several studies have reported improvements of the 6MWT and QoL score after NMES, but, to our knowledge, a relationship between both has not been reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some reports have demonstrated favorable effects of either aerobic and isometric exercises on inflammatory modulation in, for example, healthy individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> and patients with paraplegia or rheumatic disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> In CHF patients, data regarding the inflammatory profile after any physical exercise protocol have been inconsistent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Overall, it seems that physical activity may decrease serum TNF levels, with little to no effect on serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Additionally, very few papers have evaluated the effect of NMES on the inflammatory profile. In their study of severe COPD patients, Vivodtzev et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> described no changes in the serum levels of TNF, IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP) or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) after 6 weeks of NMES application to the quadriceps and calf muscles. A single report studying CHF patients in functional class II or III assessed the endothelial function and immune response after NMES therapy for 5 days/week over 6 weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> This study observed decreased levels of TNF, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) between before and after NMES treatment. Interestingly, no differences in the serum levels of IL-6 were observed in the control or NMES group.</p>
      <p>The present work is the first to describe gene expression from peripheral leukocytes, which may resemble the inflammatory profile, before and after NMES treatment. Using a shorter NMES protocol, we observed increased gene expression levels of IL-6, IL-1&#946; and IL-8. Measuring gene expression by peripheral leukocytes is a useful and reliable method for assessing diseases, such as asthma and seasonal diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> The observed increased gene expression of these cytokines may represent a response to the local stress caused by NMES, which is similar to the stress caused by intense physical exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> The chronic exercise may decrease the inflammatory response. However, in the present protocol is hard to tease out the chronic stimulation (the entirely protocol) from the acute phase. It is possible to say that the NMES modulates the inflammatory response, but we can not say whether or not increase or decrease it.</p>
      <p>No previous study has followed patients for 1 month after completion of the NMES protocol. Surprisingly, we observed that the beneficial effects observed immediately after NMES termination were not permanent. The functional capacity and QoL scores returned to baseline values by 1 month after NMES protocol termination. These findings encourage the use of other strategies when implementing the shorter NMES protocol. Nevertheless, the most important aspect of our shorter protocol is that it could facilitate access to a different rehabilitation program. The protocol is composed of only a few sessions per week and does not cause fatigue or dyspnea comparable to conventional therapy (i.e. aerobic exercise training). These factors might stimulate treatment adherence and produce equivalent results to more intense NMES protocols or aerobic exercise training protocols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although the present findings are motivating, they must be considered in the context of the study limitations. As a prospective study, we kept adherence to the randomization draw before the study initiated. The randomization generated blocks of studied groups and not a single patient selection. This trial included a relatively small number of patients with a different group size, although most studies on the same subject have enrolled similar numbers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We observed a more frequent negative events in the treatment group compared to the control group after termination of the training period. It is not possible to exclude whether is related to the termination of the protocol or random. It is important to highlight that there are no data in the literature evaluating patients after termination of the training period and this is the first work that tries to show this information. However, it seems important to keep special attention on the patients after terminating the electrical stimulation protocol period. Moreover, some patients discontinued treatment before protocol completion due to cardiac transplant or death.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Using a shorter and simpler NMES protocol improved the QoL score and functional status in patients with end-stage CHF. The clinical improvement of these patients was accompanied by a increase in gene expression of some cytokines in peripheral leukocytes. This modified treatment might be an interesting alternative for physical rehabilitation in these very sick patients, and may provide similar results compared to longer protocols described in the literature.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Maria Carolina Basso Sacilotto, from Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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              <surname>Poole-Wilson</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um Protocolo mais Simples de Eletroestimula&#231;&#227;o Neuromuscular Perif&#233;rica Melhora a Capacidade Funcional de Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carolina Basso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lavagnoli</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Fernando Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Lindemberg Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilarinho</surname>
            <given-names>Karlos Alexandre de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine Soraya Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Di&#243;genes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Rizzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando Petrucci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Carolina Basso Sacilotto</bold>, Avenida Arlindo Joaquim de Lemos, 865, Apto: 32. CEP: 13100450, Vila Lemos, Campinas, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mariacarolinasacilotto@gmail.com</email>; <email>orlandopetrucci@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sacilotto MCB, Lavagnoli CFR, Petrucci Junior O. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sacilotto MCB, Lavagnoli CFR, Vilarinho KAS, Oliveira ESB, Carvalho DD, Oliveira PPM, Coelho-Filho OR, Petrucci Junior O. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sacilotto MCB, Vilarinho KAS, Carvalho DD, Petrucci Junior O. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Sacilotto MCB, Petrucci Junior O. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Petrucci Junior O. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sacilotto MCB, Carvalho DD, Petrucci Junior O. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sacilotto MCB, Silveira-Filho LM, Vilarinho KAS, Carvalho DD, Oliveira PPM, Petrucci Junior O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica neuromuscular (EENM) utilizando protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o por 5 dias/semana durante 8 semanas tem sido usada como op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) incapazes de tolerar exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>N&#243;s avaliamos o impacto de um protocolo de EENM mais curto, utilizando uma corrente russa (CR) sobre a capacidade funcional, qualidade de vida (QV) e perfil inflamat&#243;rio de pacientes com ICC em est&#225;gio final.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Vinte e oito pacientes com ICC grave (53 &#177; 11 anos) foram randomizados em grupo tratamento (EENM) e grupo placebo. O grupo EENM foi submetido a tratamento com CR aplicada por 50 minutos no quadr&#237;ceps, bilateralmente, duas vezes por semana, por 7 semanas. No grupo EENM a estimula&#231;&#227;o foi aplicada promovendo contra&#231;&#227;o muscular vis&#237;vel e para o grupo placebo a aplica&#231;&#227;o da corrente n&#227;o promoveu contra&#231;&#227;o muscular. A dist&#226;ncia no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) e a pontua&#231;&#227;o de QV pelo Question&#225;rio <italic>Minnesota Living with Cardiac Insufficiency</italic> foram avaliadas antes, imediatamente ap&#243;s e um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do protocolo aplicado. Os leuc&#243;citos perif&#233;ricos foram obtidos para medir os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O grupo EENM apresentou aumento na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 (324 &#177; 117 vs 445 &#177; 100 m; p = 0,02) e QV (64 &#177; 22 versus 45 &#177; 17; p &lt; 0,01) imediatamente ap&#243;s o programa de tratamento, mas n&#227;o um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do protocolo. Assim como, o aumento nos n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de IL-1&#946;, IL-6 e IL-8 ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do protocolo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O uso da EENM aplicada duas vezes por semana melhora a qualidade de vida e a capacidade funcional de pacientes com IC grave. Esta melhora cl&#237;nica foi acompanhada pelo aumento da express&#227;o g&#234;nica de algumas citocinas nos leuc&#243;citos perif&#233;ricos. Este protocolo mais curto de EENM &#233; capaz de produzir efeitos cl&#237;nicos ben&#233;ficos semelhantes a protocolos mais intensos e longos, bem como modular a resposta inflamat&#243;ria. Este protocolo pode ser uma boa alternativa para pacientes com ICC grave e limita&#231;&#245;es na ades&#227;o ao protocolo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Toler&#226;ncia ao Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia por Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica / efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio &#233; uma quest&#227;o desafiadora para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva grave (ICC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> que geralmente apresentam fadiga e dispneia. Os pacientes com ICC est&#225;vel devem realizar protocolos de treinamento aer&#243;bico para diminuir a fraqueza muscular causada pela inatividade, bem como, melhorar a capacidade funcional, a capacidade ao exerc&#237;cio e a qualidade de vida (QV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>No entanto, alguns pacientes s&#227;o incapazes de realizar protocolos de treinamento convencional devido a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio ou &#224; sua relut&#226;ncia em participar de tais programas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica neuromuscular (EENM) tem sido uma terapia alternativa para o treinamento de pacientes com ICC e/ou com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), com o objetivo de melhorar a capacidade funcional, a capacidade ao exerc&#237;cio, fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a QV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Al&#233;m disso, estudos demonstram que a EENM modula mediadores inflamat&#243;rios em pacientes com les&#245;es da medula espinhal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e atletas ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de corrida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No entanto, os efeitos da EENM sobre os perfis inflamat&#243;rios de pacientes com ICC n&#227;o est&#227;o bem documentados. Os protocolos de EENM comumente utilizados e descritos na literatura envolvem aplica&#231;&#227;o de 5 a 6 dias/semana por 6 a 8 semanas. Esses protocolos de maior dura&#231;&#227;o e maior frequ&#234;ncia de aplica&#231;&#227;o podem dificultar a ader&#234;ncia de pacientes mais graves com ICC ao tratamento, pois limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a podem os impedir de frequentar um ambulat&#243;rio diariamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Muitos estudos demonstraram a aplica&#231;&#227;o da EENM em pacientes com ICC como treinamento muscular. Uma modalidade de EENM que pode ser utilizada &#233; a corrente russa (CR), que envolve frequ&#234;ncia de de 2.500 Hz modulada em 50 Hz. Essa modalidade &#233; efetiva para contra&#231;&#227;o muscular e parece ser mais confort&#225;vel aos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; outras utilizadas na pr&#225;tica da EENM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A CR foi relatada como mais confort&#225;vel para o paciente durante a contra&#231;&#227;o muscular. Vale a pena ressaltar que a CR por ser de m&#233;dia frequ&#234;ncia, apresenta alcance de est&#237;mulo mais profundo e parece ser mais toler&#225;vel ao paciente em tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas particulares da CR podem aumentar a ades&#227;o do paciente ao protocolo EENM. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a efic&#225;cia de um protocolo de EENM mais curto, aplicado duas vezes por semana por um per&#237;odo de 7 semanas, em pacientes com ICC grave nos seguintes par&#226;metros: capacidade funcional, QV e perfil inflamat&#243;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o do paciente</title>
          <p>Este trabalho foi realizado ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa (CEP) da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) e todos os pacientes assinaram um termos de consentimento de participa&#231;&#227;o. Para serem inclu&#237;dos no estudo, os pacientes deveriam estar aguardando na lista de transplante card&#237;aco, classe funcional (NYHA) III ou IV, recebendo tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado e apresentar quadro cl&#237;nico est&#225;vel nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses. Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram doen&#231;a neurol&#243;gica ou ortop&#233;dica que poderiam limitar a capacidade do paciente para realizar o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6). Este estudo est&#225; registrado em www.clinicaltrials.gov sob o n&#250;mero NCT02313714.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de EENM</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi realizado no ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia no HC-UNICAMP, com temperatura com temperatura ambiente mantida entre 22 e 24&#176;C. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com a EENM foram posicionados eletrodos adesivos no quadr&#237;ceps, sobre a face lateral superior do m&#250;sculo quadr&#237;ceps, 5 cm abaixo da dobra inguinal e 3 cm acima da borda superior da patela de ambas as extremidades inferiores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Posicionamento dos eletrodos adesivos em quadr&#237;ceps. Posicionados bilateralmente para aplica&#231;&#227;o da eletroestimula&#231;&#227;o.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0484-70064-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>No grupo EENM, o aparelho de eletroestimula&#231;&#227;o (Neurodyn 2000, Ibramed, Amparo, SP, Brasil) foi aplicado atrav&#233;s da CR e ajustado aos seguintes par&#226;metros: frequ&#234;ncia de pulso de 50 Hz, tempo de subida/descida de 2/2 segundos, respectivamente, e tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o/relaxamento de 3/9 segundos, respectivamente. A intensidade da estimula&#231;&#227;o foi ajustada para conseguir uma contra&#231;&#227;o vis&#237;vel e de acordo com a toler&#226;ncia do doente. Para certifica&#231;&#227;o de efici&#234;ncia da estimula&#231;&#227;o foi certificado visualmente a ocorr&#234;ncia de contra&#231;&#227;o vis&#237;vel. A partir desses n&#237;veis de contra&#231;&#227;o e conforto do paciente, ajustamos n&#237;veis mais altos de intensidade e o n&#237;vel mais alto de intensidade foi ajustado de acordo com a toler&#226;ncia do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Durante a EENM, os membros inferiores do paciente foram posicionados com uma leve flex&#227;o de joelho. No grupo placebo foi utilizada a mesma log&#237;stica com posicionamento dos eletrodos e mesma configura&#231;&#227;o do aparelho de EENM, no entanto, a intensidade da estimula&#231;&#227;o foi abaixo do limiar de contra&#231;&#227;o o pacienteOs pacientes de ambos os grupos foram avaliados semanalmente. O protocolo foi aplicado durante 50 minutos duas vezes por semana, quartas e sextas-feiras, durante 7 semanas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dist&#226;ncia no 6MWT (TC6)</title>
          <p>O TC6 foi realizado em um corredor de 30 metros de comprimento no pr&#243;prio hospital universit&#225;rio. Os pacientes foram treinados e orientados a caminhar o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel com encorajamento verbal. Somente ap&#243;s a familiariza&#231;&#227;o do paciente com o TC6 foi ent&#227;o registrada a dist&#226;ncia percorrida em cada coleta. Todas as sess&#245;es TC6 foram realizadas pelo mesmo observador (MCBS) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es da American Thoracic Society (ATS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Para garantir a seguran&#231;a e consist&#234;ncia do paciente na aplica&#231;&#227;o do TC6 a escala de Borg modificada foi aplicada antes, durante e ap&#243;s o TC6 para avaliar a auto-percep&#231;&#227;o do paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dispneia e fadiga. A TC6 foi realizada em tr&#234;s momentos: imediatamente antes da primeira sess&#227;o de EENM, 1 dia ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de EENM e 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do protocolo EENM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>QV pelo question&#225;rio <italic>Minnesota Living with Heart Failure</italic> (LHFQ).</title>
          <p>Uma vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s do LHFQ<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> foi utilizada para avaliar a QV 1 dia antes de iniciar o protocolo EENM, 1 dia ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do protocolo de 7 semanas EENM, e 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do protocolo. A LHFQ &#233; uma ferramenta de question&#225;rio composta por 21 quest&#245;es, incluindo vari&#225;veis f&#237;sicas e emocionais. Este question&#225;rio fornece uma pontua&#231;&#227;o, com escala de 0 a 105. Escores mais altos est&#227;o associados a um pior status de QV. A LHFQ &#233; uma pontua&#231;&#227;o muito usada para avaliar a QV e &#233; uma maneira confi&#225;vel de medir as mudan&#231;as ao longo do tempo na QV nos pacientes com ICC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Express&#227;o g&#234;nica por leuc&#243;citos perif&#233;ricos</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue foram retiradas 1 dia antes da inicia&#231;&#227;o do protocolo EENM e 1 dia ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de EENM (7 semanas). Os leuc&#243;citos perif&#233;ricos foram isolados do sangue por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 1100 rpm durante 10 minutos numa centr&#237;fuga refrigerada (4&#176;C). O RNA total foi isolado do sedimento celular utilizando o reagente TRIzol&#174; LS (<italic>Ambion</italic>, Life Technologies, EUA). O RNA total foi quantificado utilizando os dados da raz&#227;o de absorv&#234;ncia de 260/280 nm. O kit de transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa de cDNA de alta capacidade (<italic>Applied Biosystems</italic>, Carlsbad, CA, EUA) com 1 &#181;g de ARN total foi utilizado para rea&#231;&#245;es de transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa. Para avaliar os diferentes n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica, realizou-se PCR quantitativa em tempo real com o misto <italic>Taqman Fast Advanced Master</italic> (Applied Biosystems) e iniciadores Taqman comercialmente dispon&#237;veis para IL-1&#945;, IL-8, TNF, IL-10 e IL-6 (Applied Biosystems). O gene GADPH foi utilizado como controlo interno.</p>
          <p>O resultado prim&#225;rio do estudo foi observar a altera&#231;&#227;o na TC6 ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do protocolo de 7 semanas de EENM. E o resultado secund&#225;rio foi altera&#231;&#227;o no escore de QV ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do protocolo de 7 semanas EENM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os dados cont&#237;nuos com distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana s&#227;o reportados como m&#233;dias &#177; desvios padr&#227;o (SDs). Todos os dados cont&#237;nuos sem distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana foram reportados como mediana e intervalo. Todas as vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;foram avaliadas para distribui&#231;&#227;o de normalidade utilizando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis discretas s&#227;o descritas como a frequ&#234;ncia da popula&#231;&#227;o correspondente. As an&#225;lises da pontua&#231;&#227;o TC6 e QV foram realizadas pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia bidirecional e pelo teste post hoc de Tukey para detectar quais os pontos de tempo foram diferentes. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre a dist&#226;ncia do TC6 e a QV foram calculadas por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear. Para an&#225;lise dos dados demogr&#225;ficos foi utilizado o teste t ou Mann-Whitney. As an&#225;lises das caracter&#237;sticas iniciais e da medica&#231;&#227;o foram realizadas com o teste qui-quadrado.</p>
          <p>Foi utilizada uma amostragem aleat&#243;ria simples para alocar os pacientes em 2 grupos. Para a randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos grupos foi utilizada uma ferramenta online para sorteio aleat&#243;rio (www.graphpad.com). O tamanho da amostra foi baseado em estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e na disponibilidade de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar/ambulatorial. Um valor P menor que 0,05 foi considerado estaticamente significativo.</p>
          <p>Para as an&#225;lises e constru&#231;&#227;o das figuras foi utilizado o software GraphPad Prism (vers&#227;o 6 para Mac OS X, software GraphPad, La Jolla, CA, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados gerais</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados 36 pacientes em espera pelo transplante card&#237;aco. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial 8 pacientes desistiram da participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo, sem motivos aparentes ou declarados pelos mesmos. Assim, 28 pacientes iniciaram a participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo e ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o foram randomizados, por meio de sorteio aleat&#243;rio, e divididos em dois grupos. Os pacientes do grupo EENM (n = 18) foram submetidos a tratamento com protocolo de EENM por 7 semanas. Os pacientes do grupo placebo (n = 10) foram submetidos &#224; um protocolo semelhante ao grupo EENM por&#233;m sem obten&#231;&#227;o de contra&#231;&#227;o muscular. Um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do protocolo de tratamento, foram avaliados 9 pacientes no grupo EENM e 5 pacientes no grupo placebo. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> mostra o fluxograma de randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes deste estudo. Todos os pacientes estavam medicados para ICC, e as medica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram alteradas durante o per&#237;odo de estudo. Os grupos n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de sexo, idade, dados demogr&#225;ficos, medica&#231;&#227;o, &#237;ndice de massa corporal ou classe funcional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais, dados demogr&#225;ficos e medica&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Grupo EENM</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Grupo placebo</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-valor</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 18)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 10)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">G&#234;nero </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Homem</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (83)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,93<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mulher</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">50 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">163 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">172 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso, kg</td>
                  <td align="center">86 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o %</td>
                  <td align="center">30 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Etiologia da ICC</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idiop&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">0,51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mico</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valvar</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a de Chagas </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Viral</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Classe funcional </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">III</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Medica&#231;&#227;o </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos </td>
                  <td align="center">18 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espironolactone</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (83)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Digoxin</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (61)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Beta-bloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (89)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antiarr&#237;tmico</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antiplaquet&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (61)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Canal Ca<sup>2+</sup> Bloqueadores</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nitratos</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidores da ECA</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o relatados como n (%) ou m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; Diur&#233;ticos incluem furosemida e bumetamida; ACE: enzima conversora da angiotensina.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>Valor P usando o teste t.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>(**)</label>
                <p>valor de P usando o teste Qui-quadrado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguran&#231;a da aplica&#231;&#227;o EENM</title>
          <p>Durante o protocolo de 7 semanas, n&#227;o foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao EENM em nenhum dos grupos. Um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do protocolo, 1 paciente do grupo EENM tinha sofrido AVC (acidente vascular cerebral), 2 pacientes do grupo EENM foram a &#243;bito devido a complica&#231;&#245;es da ICC e 1 paciente do grupo placebo foi submetido &#224; transplante card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma de randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e ocorr&#234;ncias no estudo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0484-70064-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Melhora da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 ap&#243;s EENM</title>
          <p>A dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 aumentou imediatamente ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do protocolo de EENM quando comparada com a dist&#226;ncia percorrida antes do tratamento com EENM (324 &#177; 117 vs 445 &#177; 100 m; p = 0,02), no entanto voltou aos valores iniciais 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do protocolo (324 &#177; 117 vs 317 &#177; 194, p = 0,89). O grupo placebo n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as nos valores de TC6 antes e ap&#243;s do tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores hemodin&#226;micos, capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Par&#226;metro</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;-tratamento </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Imediatamenteap&#243;s tratamento </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s tratamento</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">EENM</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Placebo</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">EENM</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Placebo</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">EENM</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Placebo</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 18)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 15)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 9)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 9)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">(n = 5)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Repouso HR bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">74 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">74 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Repouso SBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">101 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">110 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">115 &#177; 66</td>
                  <td align="center">103 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">101 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">108 &#177; 13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Repouso DBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">66 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">70 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">69 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LHFQ</td>
                  <td align="center">64 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">51 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">45 &#177; 17<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">51 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TC6, m</td>
                  <td align="center">324 &#177; 117</td>
                  <td align="center">393 &#177; 151</td>
                  <td align="center">445 &#177; 100<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">353 &#177; 159</td>
                  <td align="center">317 &#177; 194</td>
                  <td align="center">366 &#177; 92</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>HR: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; SBP: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; DBP: press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea diast&#243;lica; TC6: dist&#226;ncia no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos; LHFQ: Score no question&#225;rio Minnesota Living with Heart Failure;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Antes do tratamento vs. imediatamente ap&#243;s o tratamento p &lt; 0.05 (dentro do grupo EENM).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Melhoria das pontua&#231;&#245;es QV ap&#243;s o EENM</title>
          <p>Quando comparamos os escores de QV antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento no grupo ENNMP observamos redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos escores obtidos atrav&#233;s do QQVM, o que corresponde a melhora da QV (64 &#177; 22 vs 45 &#177; 17; p &lt; 0,01). Entretanto, neste mesmo grupo, o escore obtido pos1_ENMP retornou pr&#243;ximo ao valor basal (64 &#177; 22 vs 51 &#177; 20; p = 0,07, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de pontua&#231;&#227;o QV com a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 antes do tratamento e o escore obtido no QQVM em nenhum dos grupos estudados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">3B</xref>). No grupo placebo n&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 pr&#233; tratamento e o escore de QV ap&#243;s o tratamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3C</xref>). No entanto, a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 pr&#233; tratamento apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com o escore obtido no QQVM ap&#243;s tratamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3D</xref>). A dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 pr&#233; tratamento estava diretamente correlacionada com a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 ap&#243;s o tratamento em ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3E</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">3F</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e qualidade de vida (QV) nos grupos placebo (A, C, E) e EENM (B, D, F).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0484-70064-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modula&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o g&#234;nica ap&#243;s a EENM</title>
          <p>De acordo com os resultados observados na express&#227;o g&#234;nica de leuc&#243;citos perif&#233;ricos, foi verificado aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de IL-1&#946;, IL-6 e IL-8 imediatamente ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do protocolo no grupo EENM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4,A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">C</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Express&#227;o g&#234;nica de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias antes e depois do tratamento nos grupos placebo e EENM em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de pr&#233;-tratamento no grupo placebo (A) IL-1&#946;, (B) IL-6, (C) IL-8, (D) TNF&#945; e (E) IL-10.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0484-70064-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o observamos altera&#231;&#245;es nas express&#245;es de TNFa e IL-10.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos achados mostram que a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo de EENM mais curto, aplicado em quadr&#237;ceps, melhorou a capacidade funcional e os escores de QV e modulou o perfil inflamat&#243;rio de pacientes com ICC grave. Este protocolo de EENM menos intenso proporcionou efeitos ben&#233;ficos semelhantes aos obtidos com protocolos de EENM mais longos e mais vigorosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Assim, este protocolo modificado poderia ser uma solu&#231;&#227;o alternativa para maior ader&#234;ncia do paciente a um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O tratamento de EENM utilizando a CR &#233; uma modalidade bem conhecida e segura para tratar os pacientes e mais confort&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A EENM tem efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre a capacidade funcional em pacientes com diferentes doen&#231;as e condi&#231;&#245;es, incluindo ICC, DPOC grave, AVC, e osteoartrite, bem como pacientes em unidades de terapia intensiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> O TC6 foi utilizado para determinar a capacidade funcional neste estudo e tem sido comumente utilizado para este fim em relatos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> O TC6 tem uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o com o pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO2), e altera&#231;&#245;es na TC6 podem ser utilizadas para predizer mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A novidade do presente trabalho reside na aplica&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo mais curto de EENM com uso de CR, atrav&#233;s de um simples par de eletrodos adesivos, que s&#227;o colocados sobre a pele sobre o m&#250;sculo femoral bilateralmente. Todos os estudos anteriores utilizaram protocolos com corrente FES (Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica Funcional) variando de 5 a 7 dias por semana.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios j&#225; publicados inclu&#237;ram pacientes com ICC de classes funcionais II e III, enquanto que o presente estudo incluiu pacientes com classes funcionais III e IV na lista de espera de transplantes card&#237;acos.</p>
        <p>Destaca-se que n&#227;o encontramos na literatura estudos que tivessem avaliado um protocolo mais curto e usassem esse tipo espec&#237;fico de corrente (CR) em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o com pacientes nesse perfil cl&#237;nico espec&#237;fico. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o encontramos dados relatando um protocolo de treinamento mais longo e que tenham avaliado a capacidade funcional e a qualidade de vida ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico. Acreditamos que um protocolo mais curto pode melhorar a ades&#227;o do paciente ao programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, o que &#233; um problema do dia a dia nesses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios utilizaram comumente 8 eletrodos em cada membro para a aplica&#231;&#227;o da EENM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Utilizando um protocolo de EENM mais intenso de 8 eletrodos adesivos aplicados por 30 minutos/dia, 5 dias/semana por 6 semanas, Parissis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> relataram melhora na QV e capacidade funcional, estado emocional e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica est&#225;vel (classe II ou III da NYHA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em nosso estudo pudemos observar resultados similares em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; QV e capacidade funcional (III ou IV NYHA) nos pacientes submetidos &#224; EENM com um protocolo menos intenso, com 1 par de eletrodos adesivos aplicados por 50 minutos/dia, 2 dias/semana por 7 semanas. Banerjee et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> observaram aumentos na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 e VO2 ap&#243;s 8 semanas de treinamento com EENM em pacientes com ICC. Utilizaram um protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o mais complexo, composto de eletrodos adesivos aplicados em mais de um grupo muscular (quadr&#237;ceps, isquiotibiais, panturrilhas e m&#250;sculos gl&#250;teos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Outros autores tamb&#233;m demonstraram resultados similares ao presente manuscrito quanto &#224; capacidade funcional ap&#243;s o treinamento com protocolo mais intenso de EENM, tais como 5 dias/semana durante 30 a 60 minutos/dia ao longo de 5 a 8 semanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios artigos demonstraram uma melhora da QV ap&#243;s a EENM, avaliada por diferentes question&#225;rios, como o Invent&#225;rio de Depress&#227;o de Beck, a Escala de Depress&#227;o de Auto-Rating de Zung<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e o Question&#225;rio de Cardiomiopatia de Kansas City<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A LHFQ, que foi utilizada no presente estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> est&#225; sendo cada vez mais aplicada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV em pacientes com ICC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Muitos estudos observaram melhora na QV ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o de protocolos com EENM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O escore de QV parece melhorar com EENM e programas de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos de baixa intensidade; contudo, a durabilidade destes efeitos n&#227;o tem sido frequentemente relatada. Descobrimos que os &#237;ndices de QV retornam at&#233; n&#237;veis pr&#243;ximos da linha de base em 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do protocolo. Os pacientes que caminharam dist&#226;ncias mais longas durante o TC6 antes do tratamento com EENM apresentaram maior probabilidade de ter melhores pontua&#231;&#245;es de QV imediatamente ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do protocolo EENM no grupo EENM. No entanto, os valores de TC6 e QV pr&#233;-tratamento n&#227;o estavam correlacionados entre si em nenhum dos grupos. Esses achados apoiam o uso do TC6 como uma ferramenta &#250;til para avaliar a QV ap&#243;s o tratamento com EENM neste subconjunto de pacientes. V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m relatado melhorias da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 e escore QV ap&#243;s EENM, mas, em nosso conhecimento, uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre ambos n&#227;o foi relatada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Alguns relatos t&#234;m demonstrado efeitos favor&#225;veis&#8203;de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e isom&#233;tricos sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis<sup>(34 )</sup>e pacientes com paraplegia ou doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Em pacientes com ICC, os dados referentes ao perfil inflamat&#243;rio ap&#243;s qualquer protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico s&#227;o mais escassos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Em geral, parece que a atividade f&#237;sica pode diminuir os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TNF, com pouco ou nenhum efeito nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL-6 e IL-10.<sup>(39 )</sup>Al&#233;m disso, poucos artigos avaliaram o efeito da EENM sobre o perfil inflamat&#243;rio. Em estudo realizado por Vivodtzev et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> com pacientes com DPOC grave, n&#227;o descreveram altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TNF, IL-6, prote&#237;na C reativa (CRP) ou fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina-1 (IGF-1) ap&#243;s 6 semanas de aplica&#231;&#227;o de EENM em m&#250;sculos quadr&#237;ceps e panturrilha. Outro trabalho estudando pacientes com ICC em classe funcional II ou III e que avaliou a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a resposta imune ap&#243;s a terapia com EENM por 5 dias/semana durante 6 semanas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>observou n&#237;veis diminu&#237;dos de TNF, mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o intercelular sol&#250;vel (sICAM) e de ades&#227;o celular vascular sol&#250;vel (sVCAM-1) entre antes e depois do tratamento com EENM. Curiosamente, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL-6 no grupo placebo ou EENM.</p>
        <p>O presente trabalho &#233; o primeiro a descrever a express&#227;o g&#234;nica de leuc&#243;citos perif&#233;ricos, que pode se assemelhar ao perfil inflamat&#243;rio, antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento com EENM. Utilizando um protocolo de EENM mais curto, observou-se n&#237;veis de express&#227;o g&#234;nica aumentados de IL-6, IL-1&#946; e IL-8. Medir a express&#227;o g&#234;nica por leuc&#243;citos perif&#233;ricos &#233; um m&#233;todo &#250;til e confi&#225;vel para avaliar doen&#231;as, tais como asma e doen&#231;as sazonais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> A express&#227;o aumentada do gene observado dessas citocinas pode representar uma resposta ao estresse local causado pelo EENM, que &#233; semelhante ao estresse causado pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico intenso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> O exerc&#237;cio cr&#244;nico pode diminuir a resposta inflamat&#243;ria. No entanto, no presente estudo &#233; dif&#237;cil avaliar se houve efeitos cr&#244;nicos a partir da estimula&#231;&#227;o aguda. &#201; poss&#237;vel dizer que o EENM modula a resposta inflamat&#243;ria, mas n&#227;o podemos dizer se a aumenta ou diminui.</p>
        <p>Nenhum estudo anterior acompanhou pacientes durante 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do protocolo EENM. Surpreendentemente, observou-se que os efeitos ben&#233;ficos observados imediatamente ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do EENM n&#227;o eram permanentes. A capacidade funcional e os escores de QV retornaram aos valores basais ap&#243;s 1 m&#234;s do t&#233;rmino do protocolo de EENM. Esses achados encorajam o uso de outras estrat&#233;gias ao implementar o protocolo de EENM mais curto. No entanto, o aspecto mais importante do nosso protocolo mais curto &#233; que poderia facilitar o acesso a um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o diferente. O protocolo &#233; composto de apenas duas sess&#245;es por semana e n&#227;o causa fadiga ou dispneia compar&#225;vel &#224; terapia convencional (isto &#233;, treinamento aer&#243;bico). Esses fatores podem estimular a ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento e produzir resultados equivalentes a protocolos de EENM ou protocolos de treinamento aer&#243;bico mais intensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora os presentes achados sejam motivadores, devemos considerar algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo. Como um estudo prospectivo, mantivemos ader&#234;ncia ao sorteio de randomiza&#231;&#227;o antes do in&#237;cio da pesquisa. A randomiza&#231;&#227;o gerou blocos de grupos estudados e n&#227;o uma &#250;nica sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. Este estudo incluiu um n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes com um tamanho de grupo diferente, embora a maioria dos estudos sobre o mesmo tema tenha registrado n&#250;meros semelhantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>Observamos eventos negativos mais frequentes no grupo de tratamento comparado ao grupo de placebo ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do per&#237;odo de treinamento. N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel excluir se est&#225; relacionado ao t&#233;rmino do protocolo ou &#224; randomiza&#231;&#227;o. &#201; importante ressaltar que n&#227;o h&#225; dados na literatura avaliando pacientes ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do per&#237;odo de treinamento e este &#233; o primeiro trabalho que tenta mostrar essas informa&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, parece importante manter uma aten&#231;&#227;o especial sobre os pacientes ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do per&#237;odo de protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica. Al&#233;m disso, alguns pacientes descontinuaram o tratamento antes da conclus&#227;o do protocolo devido a transplante card&#237;aco ou morte.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O uso de um protocolo de EENM mais simples melhora a QV e a capacidade funcional de pacientes com IC grave. A melhora clinica desses pacientes foi acompanhada pelo aumento da express&#227;o g&#234;nica de algumas citocinas nos leuc&#243;citos perif&#233;ricos. Este tratamento modificado pode ser uma alternativa interessante para reabilita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica nestes pacientes muito doentes, e pode fornecer resultados semelhantes em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais protocolos descritos na literatura.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Maria Carolina Basso Sacilotto pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
