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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XZFg3hhdd9MMPPC7SwKLFHR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000600469</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170082</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472017005002102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>NT-ProBNP at Admission Versus NT-ProBNP at Discharge as a Prognostic Predictor in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Janine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neimann</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Luis C. L. Correia, MD, PhD Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. Postal Code: 40.150-080, Salvador, BA - Brazil E-mail: lccorreia@terra.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Magalh&#227;es J., Soares F., Correia L. Acquisition of data: Magalh&#227;es J. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Soares F. Statistical analysis: Soares F. Writing of the manuscript: Noya M. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Noya M. Supervision / as the major investigador: Niemann G., Andrade L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Nov-Dec</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>469</fpage>
      <lpage>475</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Patients admitted for decompensated heart failure (HF) receive intensive diuretic and vasodilator therapy in the first days. Normally, this is a successful approach that leads to HF compensation and hospital discharge. However, recurrences within the first week of discharge are common.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to evaluate whether the main predictor of recurrent outcomes in patients with HF is the severity of decompensation at admission or patient's blood volume after clinical management.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective, cohort study of patients admitted between January 2013 and October 2014, with diagnosis of acute decompensated HF, who were followed-up for 60 days after discharge. Inclusion criterion was increased plasma NT-proBNP (&gt; 450 pg/mL for patients younger than 50 years or &gt; 900 pg/mL for patients older than 50 years). Primary outcome was the combination of cardiovascular death with rehospitalization for decompensated HF in 60 days.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Ninety patients were studied, with median NT-proBNP at admission of 3,947pg/mL (IQR: 2,370 - 7,000 pg/mL), and median NT-proBNP at discharge of 1,946pg/mL (IQR: 1,000 - 3,781 pg/mL). The incidence of combined outcome was 30% (12.2% of deaths and 20% of rehospitalization). The area under the ROC curve for NT-proBNP at admission and 60-day cardiovascular events was 0.49 (p = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.36 - 0.62). The area under the curve of NT-proBNP absolute variation for 60 day-events was 0.65 (p = 0.04; 95%CI = 0.51 - 0.79), and the area under the curve for NT-BNP at discharge was 0.69 (p = 0.03; 95%CI = 0.58 - 0.80). In the multivariate analysis, pre-discharge NT-proBNP was a predictor of the primary outcome, independently of the NT-proBNP at admission and other risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Different from the severity of decompensation at hospitalization, blood volume after compensation of HF is associated with recurrent event. This finding suggests that, regardless of initial severity, therapy response during hospitalization is determinant of the risk of recurrent decompensation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure / therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptide</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is the main cause of hospitalization in individuals older than 65 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Usually, the use of intravenous diuretics and vasodilators during hospitalization promotes a rapid relief of congestive HF. Nevertheless, hospitalization rate is high. Thus, it is important to identify mechanisms of symptom recurrence after hospital discharge, in order to determine whether the major triggering factor is the severity of initial decompensation or the capacity of patients to respond to the therapy.</p>
      <p>Plasma concentration of NT-proBNP (N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide) reflects alteration of blood volume regulation in patients with ADHF, with a positive correlation with pulmonary capillary pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Besides, the reduction in NT-proBNP levels directly reflects blood volume response to diuretic therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>With the aim of assessing the prognostic role of blood volume in both clinical decompensation at hospital admission and clinical compensation at discharge, plasma levels of NT-proBNP were measured in 90 consecutive patients admitted to a cardiac intensive care unit.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample selection</title>
        <p>Patients with diagnosis of ADHF consecutively admitted to a cardiac unit of a tertiary hospital between January 2013 and October 2014 were included in the Heart Failure Registry. The inclusion criteria to this registry are the increase in plasma NT-proBNP (&gt; 450 pg/mL in patients younger than 50 years or &gt; 900 pg/mL for patients older than 50 years), and the presence of at least one of these characteristics: 1) dyspnea at rest or in the last 15 days; 2) signs of low cardiac output (hypotension - systolic blood pressure &lt; 90 mHg; oliguria - urine output &lt; 0.5 mL/kg/h; decreased level of consciousness); 3) signs of right heart failure (hepatomegaly, edema in lower limbs, jugular vein stasis). Exclusion criteria included age under 18 years, pregnancy, or refusal to participate in the study. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution, and all patients signed the informed consent form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determination of NT-proBNP plasma levels</title>
        <p>NT-proBNP plasma levels were determined in blood samples collected as soon as the patient was admitted to the emergency, to obtain the shortest time between the onset of symptoms and blood collection. Another measurement was performed when the patient was clinically stable according to physician's judgment and able to be discharged. NT-proBNP measurements were performed in serum by ELFA (Enzyme-Linked Fluorescent Assay).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular outcomes</title>
        <p>Primary outcome was defined as 60-day cardiovascular death and/or rehospitalization by decompensated heart failure. Patients' follow-up was performed during hospitalization and by telephone interview for assessment of combined symptoms at day 60 after discharge. Cardiovascular death was defined as sudden death or heart failure decompensation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>NT-proBNP values were expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR) and, as they were normally distributed, between-group comparisons were performed by the Mann-Whitney test. Analysis of NT-proBNP as a prognostic factor for cardiovascular outcomes in 60 days was performed by analysis of the area under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics - ROC) curve. We also evaluated values of plasma NT-proBNP at hospital admission and discharge, as well as the absolute variation (difference between NT-proBNT at admission and NT-proBNT at discharge).</p>
        <p>NT-proBNT was adjusted for clinical variables of death and rehospitalization for ADHF by logistic regression. First, an exploratory analysis of predicting variables was conducted, and then these variables were inserted into the model by the backward method. Kaplan Meier survival curves were plotted for patients with NT-proBNT levels above and below the median, and compared by the Log-rank test. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Spearman correlation test (non-parametric test) was also conducted between NT-proBNT at admission and NT-proBNT absolute variation. Analyzes were performed by the SPSS software version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample size calculation</title>
        <p>Sample size was estimated for adequate statistical power of pre-established analyzes, and to obtain a statistically significant ROC curve, with an area under the curve of 0.75 and event rates of 25%. A pilot study was conducted with the first 30 patients, and we found an event rate of 30%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample characteristics</title>
        <p>A total of 90 patients (55% men) with diagnosis of ADHF, aged 69 &#177; 16 years were studied; 92% of them had dyspnea as a symptom of decompensation, and 95% were hospitalized with NYHA (New York Heart Association Functional Classification) class III/IV. Mean hospitalization period was 5 days. Ischemic heart disease was found in 50% of patients, and 49% of the sample had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) lower than 40%. Among the causes of decompensation, low adherence to treatment was found in 41% of patients, and infection in 21% of patients. Median NT-proBNT at admission was 3,947 pg/mL (IQR: 2,370 - 7,000 pg/mL). Median absolute variation between admission and reversal of decompensation was -1533 pg/mL (IIQ = -3569 - 747 pg/mL), whereas NT-pro-BNP at discharge was 1,946 pg/mL (IIQ = 1000 - 3781 pg/mL).</p>
        <p>During hospitalization, all patients received intravenous diuretics, 46% received angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, 36% received angiotensin receptor blockers, 71% received beta-blockers, 48% received intravenous nitroglycerin and 9% dobutamine. Other clinical features are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General characteristics of the sample</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables (n = 90)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Clinical data</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years) (mean and SD)</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">50 (55%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)(mean and SD)</td>
                <td align="center">150 &#177; 35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate (bpm) (mean and SD)</td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dl)(mean and SD)</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urea (mg/dl)(mean and SD)</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Prognostic score</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ADHERE ( median and IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">- 3 (IQ = - 3.6 a - 2.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">OPTIMIZE (mean and SD)</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Heart failure etiology</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
                <td align="center">45 (50%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertensive</td>
                <td align="center">18 (20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chagasic</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Others</td>
                <td align="center">24 (27%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Left ventricular ejection fraction</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 40%</td>
                <td align="center">43 (49%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 40%</td>
                <td align="center">42 (47%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Therapy during hospitalization</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI</td>
                <td align="center">32 (46%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ARB</td>
                <td align="center">25 (36%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blockers</td>
                <td align="center">50 (71%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Spironolactone</td>
                <td align="center">19 (27%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Furosemide</td>
                <td align="center">90 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digitalis</td>
                <td align="center">16 (23%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hydralazine</td>
                <td align="center">15 (21%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nitrate</td>
                <td align="center">30 (43%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dobutamine</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nytroglicerin</td>
                <td align="center">34 (48%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nitroprusside</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Values of NT-proBNP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">At admission</td>
                <td align="center">3,947 (IQ = 2,370 a 7,000)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absolute variation</td>
                <td align="center">-1,533 (IQ = - 3,569 a 747)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Discharge</td>
                <td align="center">1,946 (IQ = 1,000 a 3,781)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>60-day cardiovascular outcomes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Combined (cardiovascular death and rehospitalization)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (34%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiovascular deaths after discharge</td>
                <td align="center">8 (9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rehospitalization</td>
                <td align="center">22 (24%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>During the first 60 days of admission, there was an incidence of 30% (n = 30) of combined cardiovascular events, 12.2% (n = 11) deaths in the first hospitalization (index hospitalization), and 20% (n = 18) of readmissions for heart failure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Association between NT-proBNP and cardiovascular events</title>
        <p>Median NT-proBNP at admission was similar between the patients free from events (3,341 pg/mL; IQR: 2,338 - 7,464 pg/mL) and those who had outcomes during the 60 days of follow-up (4,000 pg/mL; IQR = 2,376 - 6,927 pg/mL; p = 0.81). Also, the area under the ROC curve for NT-pro-BNP as an event predictor was 0.49 (95%IC: 0.36 - 0.62; p=0.89), suggesting the absence of predictive value (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>). Cardiovascular event-free survival was similar between the groups with NT-pro-BNP above the median and those with NT-pro-BNP below the median (67% <italic>vs</italic> 63%; p = 0.89; HR =1.07; 95%CI = 0.47 - 2.41; p = 0.86).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve of combined events - 60-day mortality and rehospitalization. NT-proBNP at admission (A); NT-proBNP absolute variation (B); NT-proBNP at discharge (C); Kaplan Meier curve of events or discharge b NT-proBNP at discharge (above or below the median)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0469-70082-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding NT-proBNP variation, the absolute reduction was greater in the group free of cardiovascular events (- 2300 pg/mL; IQR: -4024 to -508 pg/mL) than in the group with outcomes after discharge (-1040 pg/mL; IQR = -2500 to - 832 pg/mL; p = 0.018). According to the area under the curve, the performance of NT-proBNP was 0.65 (95%CI: 0.53 - 0.77; p = 0.04) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure1B</xref>). Event-free survival was statistically different between the groups with absolute NT-proBNP variation above and below the median (52% <italic>vs</italic> 80%; p = 0.07; HR = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.16 - 0.78; p = 0.01).</p>
        <p>NT-proBNP levels at discharge were higher among patients who required rehospitalization (2,300 pg/mL; IQR = 1,400 - 4,007 pg/mL), as compared with those free of events (1,489 pg/ml; IQR = 800 - 2,900 pg/ml; p = 0.003). The performance of this variable according to the area under the ROC curve was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.58 - 0.81; p = 0.03) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>). Event-free survival was statistically different between the groups with NT-proBNP above and below the median (53% vs 78%; p = 0.01; HR = 0.097; 95% CI = 0.013 - 0.71; p = 0.02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>).</p>
        <p>There was a strong correlation between NT-proBNP at admission and the absolute variation during hospitalization (r= - 0.86; P=0.001), suggesting that these values may influence the medical approach to the negative water balance.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Multivariate analysis</title>
        <p>In logistic regression analysis of both NT-proBNP at discharge (OR = 1.003; 95%CI = 1.0007 - 1.001; p = 0.009) and NT-proBNP absolute variation (OR = 1,001; IC 95% = 0,999 - 1,002; p = 0,17), NT-proBNP at discharge was an independent predictor, regardless of outcome occurrence, whereas the absolute variation lost its significance, which suggests that blood volume prior to hospital discharge is the strongest determinant.</p>
        <p>In the second logistic regression model, we tested the predictive value of NT-proBNP at discharge, independently of the variables likely to have a causal effect on the outcome. Covariables included in the model were age, creatinine, and LVEF. After adjustment of the model, NT-proBNP at discharge (OR = 1.002; 95% CI = 1.001 - 1.003; p = 0.027) and creatinine (OR = 6.03; 95%CI = 2.63 - 13.8; P = 0.001) remained associated with the outcome, whereas age and LVEF lost its statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Logistic regression with NT-proBNP adjusted for the risk factors for combined events (death or rehospitalization)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">OR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">2.69 (0.94-7.62)</td>
                <td align="center">0.85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
                <td align="center">6.03 (2.63-13.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left ventricular ejection fraction</td>
                <td align="center">1.005 (0.956-1.056)</td>
                <td align="center">0.72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-proBNP at discharge</td>
                <td align="center">1.002 (1.001-1.003)</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study suggests that blood volume variation during hospitalization is more important than blood volume at admission for the prognosis of patients with ADHF. NT-proBNP at discharge, resulting from the clinical approach during hospitalization, was the strongest prognostic factor.</p>
      <p>Different from studies with a blind design, in the present study in which the medical staff had access to the NT-proBNP values, the severity of decompensation at admission was not associated with any of the outcomes. The strong correlation between NT-proBNP at admission and its decrease suggests the possibility that the NT-proBNP levels were used as a base for therapy intensity, resulting in a greater reduction in blood volume. Besides, it is possible that hypervolemic patients are more responsive to diuretic therapy, regardless of the dose applied.</p>
      <p>Our results are similar to those reported in an unblinded study by O'Brien et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> which showed that NT-proBNP at discharge, rather than admission, acts as a predictor of adverse prognosis following acute left ventricular failure. A recent systematic review suggests that few studies with high methodological quality has been performed in this area, which emphasizes the importance of our study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our analysis, another predictor factor of cardiovascular events was serum creatinine at admission, as demonstrated in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Changes in renal filtration are recognized as prognostic markers in heart failure patients. Multiple mechanisms, not fully elucidated, may explain this finding, since some of these patients already have pre-existing lesions. Another mechanism is cardiorenal syndrome type 1, which is the acute renal injury secondary to decompensated heart failure.</p>
      <p>One limitation of this study is its single-center design which limits the generalization of the results. For a better analysis, an interaction test should be performed between reduced LVEF and NT-proBNP, but such analysis was not possible due to small sample size. Besides, analyses of creatinine levels at discharge and its variation during hospitalization should also be performed for a better evaluation of this variable, similarly to what was performed with NT-proBNP.</p>
      <p>From a clinical standpoint, the present study suggests that the therapy should focus on blood volume optimization before hospital discharge. This can be performed by assessment of cumulative water balance, change of body weight and radiologic data as well. On the other hand, due to its objectivity, NT-proBNP may be an important parameter of blood volume control before discharge, since there are limitations in the clinical examination for subclinical congestion.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Different from the severity of decompensation at hospitalization, blood volume after compensation of heart failure is associated with recurrent events, as evaluated by NT-proBNP plasma levels. This finding suggests that therapy response during hospitalization, rather than initial severity, was determinant of recurrent decompensation within 60 days of hospital discharge. This hypothesis should be confirmed by randomized clinical trials that investigate the use of NT-proBNP during hospitalization.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O NT-ProBNP da Admiss&#227;o <italic>Versus</italic> da Alta como Preditor Progn&#243;stico na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Agudamente Descompensada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Janine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neimann</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Luis C. L. Correia, MD, PhD Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. CEP: 40.150-080, Salvador, BA - Brasil E-mail: <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Magalh&#227;es J., Soares F., Correia L. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Magalh&#227;es J. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Soares F. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Soares F. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Noya M. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Noya M. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Niemann G., Andrade L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pacientes internados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) descompensada recebem intensa terapia diur&#233;tica e vasodilatadora nos primeiros dias, conduta normalmente bem-sucedida na compensa&#231;&#227;o do quadro, permitindo alta hospitalar. No entanto, &#233; comum a recorr&#234;ncia de agravamento nas primeiras semanas ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar se o principal preditor de recorr&#234;ncia de desfechos em pacientes com IC &#233; o grau de descompensa&#231;&#227;o na admiss&#227;o ou o estado vol&#234;mico obtido ap&#243;s controle cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>coorte prospectiva de pacientes admitidos entre janeiro de 2013 e outubro de 2014, com diagn&#243;stico de IC agudamente descompensada, acompanhados at&#233; 60 dias ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi aumento da dosagem plasm&#225;tica do NT-proBNP (&gt; 450 pg/mL para pacientes abaixo de 50 anos ou NT-proBNP &gt; 900 pg/mL para pacientes acima de 50 anos). O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a combina&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito cardiovascular ap&#243;s compensa&#231;&#227;o e reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC descompensada em 60 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 90 pacientes, com mediana do NT-proBNP da admiss&#227;o 3947 pg/mL (IIQ = 2370 pg/mL a 7000 pg/mL), mediana da varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta do NT-proBNP de -1533 pg/mL (IIQ = -3569 pg/mL a 747 pg/mL), e mediana do NT-proBNP da alta de 1946 pg/mL (IIQ = 1000 pg/mL a 3781 pg/mL). A incid&#234;ncia do desfecho combinado foi de 30%, sendo 12,2% de &#243;bitos e 20% de readmiss&#227;o. A curva ROC do NT-proBNP da admiss&#227;o e eventos cardiovasculares em 60 dias apresentou uma &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,49 (p = 0,89; IC 95% = 0,36 - 0,62). A varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta do NT-proBNP apresentou &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,65 (p = 0,04; IC 95% = 0,51 - 0,79) para eventos em 60 dias, e o NT-proBNP da alta apresentou &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,69 (p = 0,03; IC 95% = 0,58 - 0,80). Em an&#225;lise multivariada, NT-proBNP que precedeu a alta foi preditor do desfecho prim&#225;rio, independente do valor mensurado na admiss&#227;o e de outros fatores de risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Diferente do grau de descompensa&#231;&#227;o que motivou a interna&#231;&#227;o, o estado vol&#234;mico obtido ap&#243;s compensa&#231;&#227;o da IC se associa a eventos recorrentes. Este achado sugere que, independentemente da gravidade inicial, &#233; a resposta ao tratamento durante o internamento que determina a vulnerabilidade do paciente para nova descompensa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deos Natriur&#233;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) agudamente descompensada representa o principal motivo de interna&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos com mais de 65 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A introdu&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;tico venoso e vasodilatadores durante o internamento normalmente promove r&#225;pida compensa&#231;&#227;o do quadro congestivo. No entanto, a taxa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o &#233; elevada. Dessa forma, torna-se importante identificar mecanismos de recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, definindo se o maior determinante &#233; a gravidade da descompensa&#231;&#227;o inicial ou a capacidade do paciente em responder &#224; terap&#234;utica institu&#237;da.</p>
        <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica do NT-proBNP (N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide) traduz o grau de descompensa&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica nos pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada, apresentando correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com press&#227;o capilar pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a evidente redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de NT-proBNP reflete sensivelmente a resposta vol&#234;mica do paciente &#224; terapia diur&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com o objetivo de avaliar o papel progn&#243;stico da volemia no momento da descompensa&#231;&#227;o na admiss&#227;o e na alta hospitalar ap&#243;s a compensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, medimos o n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico do NT-proBNP em 90 pacientes consecutivamente internados em unidade cardiol&#243;gica intensiva.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o da Amostra</title>
          <p>Pacientes admitidos consecutivamente em unidade especializada em cardiologia de um hospital terci&#225;rio, com diagn&#243;stico de IC agudamente descompensada, entre janeiro de 2013 e outubro de 2014, foram inclu&#237;dos no Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o nesse registro s&#227;o o aumento da dosagem plasm&#225;tica do NT-proBNP (&gt; 450 pg/ml para pacientes abaixo de 50 anos ou &gt; 900 pg/ml para pacientes acima de 50 anos) e a presen&#231;a de pelo menos uma das seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: 1) dispneia em repouso ou nos &#250;ltimos 15 dias; 2) sinais de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (hipotens&#227;o - press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &lt; 90mmHg; olig&#250;ria - diurese &lt; 0,5 ml/Kg/h; ou rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia); 3) sinais de IC direita (hepatomegalia, edema de membros inferiores ou estase de jugular). Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram assim estabelecidos: pacientes menores de 18 anos, mulheres gr&#225;vidas ou pacientes que n&#227;o concordassem em participar do estudo. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o, e todos os pacientes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dosagem plasm&#225;tica de NT-proBNP</title>
          <p>A dosagem do NT-proBNP foi realizada em amostra de sangue colhida imediatamente ap&#243;s a chegada do paciente &#224; emerg&#234;ncia, para obter o menor tempo poss&#237;vel entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a coleta do material. Uma nova dosagem do NT-proBNP foi realizada quando o m&#233;dico julgou o paciente clinicamente est&#225;vel e com condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para receber alta hospitalar. A dosagem foi feita no soro pela t&#233;cnica ELFA (<italic>Enzyme-Linked Fluorescent Assay</italic>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos cardiovasculares</title>
          <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi definido pela combina&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito cardiovascular e/ou re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC descompensada em 60 dias. Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante toda a fase hospitalar e, ap&#243;s a alta, foi feito contato por telefone aos 60 dias para detec&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos combinados. O &#243;bito cardiovascular foi definido como morte s&#250;bita ou por descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os valores do NT-proBNP foram descritos em mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ) e comparados entre os dois grupos com o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whiney, pois apresentaram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho do NT-proBNP como fator progn&#243;stico para desfechos cardiovasculares em 60 dias foi feita pela an&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>). Tamb&#233;m foram analisados os valores de NT-proBNP da admiss&#227;o, da alta, e a sua varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta (diferen&#231;a entre NT-proBNT na admiss&#227;o e NT-proBNT na alta hospitalar).</p>
          <p>O NT-proBNP foi ajustado para vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas conhecidas para morte e re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC agudamente descompensada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, realizando-se primeiro uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria das vari&#225;veis preditoras e, posteriormente, inserindo-as no modelo pelo m&#233;todo <italic>backward</italic>. As curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier foram constru&#237;das para grupos com valores do NT-proBNP acima e abaixo da mediana, e comparadas pelo teste de Log-rank. O valor de P considerado estatisticamente significante foi de 0,05. Tamb&#233;m foi realizado teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (an&#225;lise n&#227;o param&#233;trica) entre o NT-proBNP da admiss&#227;o e a varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta do NT-proBNP. Foi utilizado o <italic>software</italic> SPSS para an&#225;lise dos dados (vers&#227;o 17.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C&#225;lculo do Tamanho Amostral</title>
          <p>A amostra foi dimensionada para conferir poder estat&#237;stico &#224;s an&#225;lises preestabelecidas. O c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral foi utilizado para encontrar uma curva ROC com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, estimando uma &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,75 e taxa de eventos de 25%. Realizado um estudo piloto com os primeiros 30 pacientes, encontramos uma taxa de eventos de 30%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da Amostra</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 90 pacientes, sendo 55% do sexo masculino, com diagn&#243;stico de IC agudamente descompensada e idade de 69 &#177; 16 anos; 92% apresentaram dispneia como sintoma da descompensa&#231;&#227;o, e 95% foram internados com classe funcional III/IV da <italic>New York Heart Association Functional Classification</italic> (NYHA). O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 5 dias. A cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foi encontrada em 50% dos pacientes, e 49% da amostra apresentava fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) abaixo de 40%. Foram identificadas como causas da descompensa&#231;&#227;o a inadequada ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento, encontrada em 41% dos pacientes, e infe&#231;&#227;o, registrada em 21% dos pacientes. A mediana do NT-proBNP na admiss&#227;o foi 3947 pg/mL (IIQ: 2370 - 7000 pg/mL). A mediana da varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta entra a admiss&#227;o e o quadro compensado foi -1533 pg/mL (IIQ = - 3569 - 747 pg/mL), enquanto ao NT-pro-BNP da alta foi de 1946 pg/mL (IIQ = 1000 - 3781 pg/mL).</p>
          <p>Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, todos os pacientes fizeram uso de diur&#233;tico venoso, 46% usaram algum inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina I, 36% utilizaram antagonistas dos receptores da angiotensina, 71% fizeram uso de betabloqueadores, em 48% foi aplicada nitroglicerina venosa e 9% necessitaram de dobutamina. As demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra estudada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis (n = 90)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dados Cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos) (m&#233;dia e DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 &#177; 16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (55%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)(m&#233;dia e DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 &#177; 35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (bpm) (m&#233;dia e DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 &#177; 30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dl)(m&#233;dia e DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dl)(m&#233;dia e DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Escore progn&#243;stico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ADHERE (mediana e IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 3 (IQ = - 3,6 a - 2,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">OPTIMIZE (m&#233;dia e DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Etiologia da IC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (50%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertensiva</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Chag&#225;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outras</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (27%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do VE*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 40%</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (49%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 40%</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (47%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Terap&#234;utica hospitalar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (46%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (36%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Beta-bloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (71%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espironolactona</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (27%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Furosemida</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Digital</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (23%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hidralazina</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (21%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nitrato</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (43%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dobutamina</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nitroglicerina</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (48%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nitroprussiato</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Valores do NT-pro BNP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Admiss&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">3947 (IQ = 2370 a 7000)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta</td>
                  <td align="center">-1533 (IQ = - 3569 a 747)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alta</td>
                  <td align="center">1946 (IQ = 1000 a 3781)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Desfechos cardiovasculares em 60dias</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Combinados( &#243;bitos cardiovasculares e reinterna&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (34%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#211;bitos cardiovasculares ap&#243;s a alta</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Reinterna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (24%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>VE: Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IECA: Inibidores da Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina; BRA: Bloqueadores dos receptores da Angiotensina II.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O seguimento dos primeiros 60 dias da admiss&#227;o demonstrou a incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares combinados de 30% (n = 30), sendo 12,2% (n = 11) de &#243;bitos na primeira interna&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice de interna&#231;&#227;o) e 20% (n = 18) de readmiss&#245;es por recorr&#234;ncia da IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP e desfechos cardiovasculares</title>
          <p>A mediana do NT-proBNP plasm&#225;tico na admiss&#227;o foi semelhante entre os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram livre de eventos em 60 dias (3341 pg/ml; IIQ = 2338 - 7464 pg/mL) e aqueles que apresentaram desfechos (4000 pg/mL; IIQ = 2376 - 6927 pg/mL; p = 0,81). Da mesma forma, a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC do NT-proBNP na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos foi de 0,49 (IC 95% = 0,36 - 0,62; p = 0,89), rejeitando seu valor preditivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1 A</xref>). A sobrevida livre de eventos cardiovasculares foi similar entre os grupos de pacientes com NT-proBNP acima e abaixo da mediana (67% <italic>vs</italic> 63%; p = 0,89; HR = 1,07; IC 95% = 0,47 - 2,41; p = 0,86).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva ROC para predizer eventos combinados- mortalidade e reinternamento em 60 dias; A. NT-proBNP de admiss&#227;o; B. Varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta do NT-proBNP; C. NT-proBNP da alta; D. Curva Kaplan Meier de eventos ou apenas alta, por NT-proBNP da alta (&gt; ou &lt; mediana)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-06-0469-70082-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Quanto &#224; varia&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP, houve maior redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta no grupo livre de eventos cardiovasculares (- 2300 pg/ml; IIQ = - 4024 a - 508 pg/ml) comparado ao grupo com desfechos ap&#243;s a alta (- 1040 pg/ml; IIQ = - 2500 a - 832 pg/ml; p = 0,018). O desempenho da varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta do NT-proBNP, de acordo com a &#225;rea abaixo da curva, foi de 0,65 (IC 95% = 0,53 - 0,77; p = 0,04) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura1B</xref>). A sobrevida livre de eventos foi estatisticamente diferente entre os pacientes, com a varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta do NT-proBNP acima e abaixo da mediana (52% <italic>vs</italic> 80%; p = 0,07; HR = 0,35; IC 95% = 0,16 - 0,78; p = 0,01).</p>
          <p>Quanto ao NT-proBNP medido ap&#243;s o estado de compensa&#231;&#227;o, a concentra&#231;&#227;o foi maior em pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com necessidade de novo internamento (2300 pg/mL; IIQ = 1400 - 4007 pg/mL), comparado aos pacientes livres de eventos (1489 pg/mL; IIQ = 800 - 2900 pg/mL; p = 0,003). O desempenho deste NT-proBNP de acordo com a &#225;rea abaixo da curva foi de 0,69 (IC 95% = 0,58 - 0,81; p = 0,03) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1C</xref>). A sobrevida livre de eventos foi estatisticamente diferente entre os pacientes dos grupos com NT-proBNP da alta acima e abaixo da mediana (53% <italic>vs</italic> 78%; p = 0,01; HR = 0,097; IC 95% = 0,013 - 0,71; p = 0,02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1D</xref>).</p>
          <p>Houve forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre o valor do NT-proBNP na admiss&#227;o e a sua varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta durante a interna&#231;&#227;o (r = - 0,86; p = 0,001), sugerindo que esses valores influenciam a conduta m&#233;dica quanto &#224; negativa&#231;&#227;o do balan&#231;o h&#237;drico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise multivariada</title>
          <p>Em an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica na qual foram inseridos simultaneamente o valor NT-proBNP da alta (OR = 1,003; IC 95% = 1,0007 - 1,001; p = 0,009) e a varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta do NT-proBNP (OR = 1,001; IC 95% = 0,999 - 1,002; p = 0,17), o primeiro permaneceu preditor, independentemente de desfechos, enquanto o segundo perdeu signific&#226;ncia, indicando que o mais forte determinante &#233; a volemia que precede a alta.</p>
          <p>Em segundo modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, testamos o valor preditor do NT-proBNP da alta, independente de vari&#225;veis com plausibilidade de influ&#234;ncia causal no desfecho. As covari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo foram idade, creatinina e FEVE. Ap&#243;s ajuste, o NT-proBNP da alta (OR = 1,002; IC 95% = 1,001 - 1,003; P = 0,027) e a creatinina (OR = 6,03; IC 95% = 2,63 - 13,8; P = 0,001) permaneceram associados ao desfecho, enquanto idade e FEVE perderam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustando o valor do NT-proBNP na alta para fatores de risco para eventos combinados (morte e re internamento)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">OR (IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">2,69 (0,94-7,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">6,03 (2,63-13,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,005 (0,956-1,056)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NT-proBNP na alta</td>
                  <td align="center">1,002 (1,001-1,003)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo sugere que a varia&#231;&#227;o da volemia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais importante que o estado vol&#234;mico no momento da admiss&#227;o para a determina&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada. De fato, o NT-proBNP que precedeu a alta, resultado da evolu&#231;&#227;o durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, foi o mais forte fator progn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Diferindo de estudos de metodologia cega, no presente trabalho em que a equipe m&#233;dica conhecia os valores do NT-proBNP, o grau de descompensa&#231;&#227;o no momento da admiss&#227;o n&#227;o mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com os desfechos analisados. A forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre o valor do NT-proBNP da admiss&#227;o e sua queda sugere a possibilidade de o resultado do NT-proBNP ter motivado uma maior agressividade de tratamento, resultando em maior redu&#231;&#227;o da volemia. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel que pacientes mais hipervol&#234;micos sejam mais bem responsivos &#224; terapia diur&#233;tica, independentemente das doses utilizadas.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados s&#227;o semelhantes aos de O'Brien et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> que realizaram um estudo n&#227;o cego, o qual demonstrou que o valor do NT-proBNP da alta, em detrimento do valor da admiss&#227;o, atua como fator preditor de eventos adversos ap&#243;s insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda aguda. Uma recente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica sugere ser esta uma &#225;rea pouco explorada por estudos de alta qualidade metodol&#243;gica, enfatizando a import&#226;ncia de nosso trabalho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro fator preditor de eventos cardiovasculares, em nossa an&#225;lise, foi a creatinina s&#233;rica da admiss&#227;o, como j&#225; demonstrado em outros trabalhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Altera&#231;&#245;es da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o renal s&#227;o, reconhecidamente, marcadores progn&#243;sticos em pacientes com IC. Mecanismos que justifiquem esse achado s&#227;o m&#250;ltiplos e n&#227;o completamente elucidados, uma vez que parte desses pacientes j&#225; apresenta les&#227;o preexistente. Outro mecanismo &#233; a s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal tipo I, a les&#227;o renal aguda secund&#225;ria &#224; descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC.</p>
        <p>Como limita&#231;&#245;es, este foi um estudo realizado em um &#250;nico centro, em um hospital terci&#225;rio, e esses resultados n&#227;o devem ser generalizados. Para uma melhor an&#225;lise, um teste de intera&#231;&#227;o deveria ter sido feito entre pacientes com FEVE reduzida e o NT-proBNP, por&#233;m o tamanho amostral n&#227;o permitiu essa an&#225;lise. Al&#233;m disso, a creatinina da alta e a sua varia&#231;&#227;o durante o internamento tamb&#233;m deveriam ter sido analisadas para melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento dessa vari&#225;vel, assim como foi feito com o NT-proBNP.</p>
        <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, o presente estudo sugere que o tratamento deva ser direcionado para a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da volemia antes da alta. Isso pode ser realizado pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do balan&#231;o h&#237;drico acumulado, varia&#231;&#227;o do peso e ainda complementado por dados radiol&#243;gicos. Por outro lado, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o NT-proBNP seja um importante marcador da adequa&#231;&#227;o do controle vol&#234;mico antes da alta, dada a sua objetividade, visto que h&#225; limita&#231;&#245;es no exame cl&#237;nico para avaliar congest&#227;o subcl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Diferente do grau de descompensa&#231;&#227;o que motivou a interna&#231;&#227;o, o estado vol&#234;mico, conforme avaliado pelo n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico do NT-proBNP ap&#243;s compensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca se associa a eventos recorrentes. Esse achado sugere que independente da gravidade inicial, &#233; a resposta ao tratamento durante o internamento que determinou a vulnerabilidade do paciente para nova descompensa&#231;&#227;o em 60 dias. Essa hip&#243;tese deve ser confirmada por ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados que testem, na pr&#225;tica, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
