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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WWfxtq65HpWRrkJ5N6KtGZS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000500459</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170063</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risk Correlation between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Heart Failure in Primary Care</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Adson Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Erica de Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Adson Renato Leite</bold>, Avenida Nossa Senhora de Copacabana, 1150, Apto 703. Postal Code 22070-012, Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>adson_cardio@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflicts of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No relevant conflicts of interest.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Sep-Oct</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>459</fpage>
      <lpage>463</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea,Obstructive</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>polysomnography</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), a chronic, progressive disease, with high mortality and morbidity, which has been associated with cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure (HF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The pathophysiological changes related to OSAS and its contribution to cardiovascular risk are consequences of increased sympathetic activity, increased oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory changes and endothelial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition to the polysomnography, considered the gold standard for OSAS diagnosis, there are scales that do not diagnose the disorder but indicate individuals at risk, among which is the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ). Individuals classified as high risk for the syndrome showed a rate five times higher than the others in the Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI). BQ showed a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 77%, compared to that found by polissonografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiography is a method that can early identify cardiac structural and functional abnormalities in patients at risk for developing HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Because diastolic dysfunction is commonly found in patients with OSAS, the routine assessment in these patients is required. This change is presented as an independent risk predictor, even in the absence of respiratory severity variables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Investigating the association of the risk for OSAS, with identification of cardiac abnormalities on echocardiography in patients without heart failure symptoms (stage A and B) can help in understanding the relationship between both syndromes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methodology</title>
      <p>Observational, cross-sectional, and part of DIGITALIS study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> involving 633 randomly selected, 45-99 aged individuals, registered in the <italic>Niter&#243;i's Programa M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia</italic> program, with data obtained from August 2011 to December 2012. The Berlin Questionnaire was used to classify the high risk for OSAS and cardiac structural and functional abnormalities, using transthoracic echocardiography.</p>
      <p>The units and individuals at each unit was selected through computer-generated random sequence, where the weight of each unit was proportional to the number of assisted individuals.</p>
      <p>All individuals selected in the study underwent an evaluation in a single day, which consisted of the following: blood and urine collection, consultation and clinical examination, filling out of a questionnaire that included the Berlin Questionnaire, nutritional assessment, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and tissue Doppler echocardiogram (TDE).</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were: age from 45 to 99 years and signed Informed Consent Form. Individuals with clinical heart failure (using the major and minor clinical criteria - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) and those impeded to carry out the necessary procedures for the evaluation were excluded.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of heart failure - modified Framingham</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Major criteria</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Minor criteria</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea</td>
              <td align="center">Edema</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Orthopnea</td>
              <td align="center">Nocturnal cough</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abnormal jugular venous distension</td>
              <td align="center">Dyspnea on exertion</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lung crackles</td>
              <td align="center">Hepatomegaly</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiomegaly</td>
              <td align="center">Pleural effusion</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulmonary edema</td>
              <td align="center">Tachycardia (&gt; 120 bpm)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hepatojugular reflux</td>
              <td align="center">Weight loss &gt; 4.5 kg in 5 days</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Heart failure is considered to be present if two major criteria or one major and two minors criteria are present.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Two devices were used to perform the echocardiogram and tissue Doppler imaging: Cypress 20 Acuson (Siemens, Mountain View, EUA) and AU-3 Partner (Esaote, Florence, Italy). The examinations were performed by two experienced echocardiographers without prior knowledge of the results of other clinical and laboratory tests. Three repeated measurements were obtained for each parameter and the resulting mean was used in the study. The tests were performed according to the recommendations for the quantification of chambers of the <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE) and <italic>European Association of Echocardiography</italic> (EAE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Systolic function was assessed by measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) using Simpson's method and the longitudinal axis stretching (S'). Diastolic function parameters were obtained using tissue Doppler (TDE).</p>
      <p>Diastolic diameter in women of 3.9-5.3 cm, and man, 4.2-5.9 cm, indexed to 2.4-3.2 cm/cm<sup>2</sup> and 2.2-3.1 cm/cm<sup>2</sup>, and systolic diameter of 2.1-4.0 cm, indexed to 1.4-2.1 cm/<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The left atrial volume (LAV) was obtained using the biplane area-length method, wherein the areas are obtained in the apical positions, excluding the left atrial appendage and the confluence of the pulmonary veins; the perpendicular length is measured between the MV annulus plane and the upper portion of the LA. LAV reference value for both sexes is 28 mL/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In the study, increase in LAV-I from 29 mL/m<sup>2</sup> was considered. LAV-I increase was not used to characterize patients with stage B HF.</p>
      <p>All valves and their flux patterns were assessed for valvular diseases.</p>
      <p>Systolic dysfunction was defined by measuring LVEF using the Simpson's method, and resulting values smaller than 50% were considered abnormal.</p>
      <p>Diastolic dysfunction has been defined as the presence of ventricular relaxation abnormalities, assessed by the measurement of the septal E' wave less than 8 cm/s and/or the presence of increased filling pressures of the left ventricle, using E/E' greater than or equal to 15 and the increase in the indexed left atrial volume greater than or equal to 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The TDE measurements for the mitral annulus velocity in early diastole in the septal wall (E' wave) reflects left ventricular relaxation and, together with the measurements for transmitral flux in early diastole (E wave), E/E' ratio, it can be used to predict LV filling pressures. Using the measurements obtained for the septal wall, an E/E' ratio &lt;8 is usually associated with normal ventricular filling pressures, while an E/E' &gt; 15 ratio is associated with high filling pressures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>DD grades were established according to the following criteria:</p>
      <p>Grade I DD (mild) - presence of E' &lt; 8 and/or LAV-I &#8805; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> with E/E' ratio &lt; 8.</p>
      <p>Grade II DD (moderate) - presence of E' &lt; 8 and/or LAV-I &#8805; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> with E/E' ratio &#8805; 8 and &lt; 15.</p>
      <p>Grade III DD (severe) - presence of E/E' ratio &#8805;15.</p>
      <p>Cardiac structural abnormalities used in this study were:</p>
      <p>Increasing mass and LV dilation (LVM-i).</p>
      <p>The presence of left ventricular hypertrophy was defined on echocardiography by the presence of indexed LV mass &gt; 95 g/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> in women, and &gt; 115 g/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> in men.</p>
      <p>Left ventricular dilation was defined by the presence of indexed EDV &#8805; 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Individuals with moderate or severe lesions in mitral, aortic, pulmonary or tricuspid cardiac valves were deemed to have valve disease</p>
      <p>Data for LV wall abnormalities were achieved through wall motion-related abnormalities (hypokinesia, dyskinesia or akinesia).</p>
      <p>Interest exposure definition: high risk for OSAS. Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) and its scale score.</p>
      <p>The BQ includes 10 items organized into 3 categories related to snoring and witnessed apnea (5 items), daytime sleepiness (4 items) with a sub-question of drowsiness at driving (episodical naps while driving a motor vehicle) and hypertension (SAH)/obesity (1 item). Information on genre, age, height, weight, neck circumference and ethnicity is also required (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The determination of high or low risk for OSAS is based on responses to each category of items.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Berlin Questionnaire.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CATEGORY 1<break/><bold>1. Do you snore?</bold><break/> ( ) Yes<break/> ( ) No<break/> ( ) I don&#8217;t know</td>
              <td align="left">CATEGORY 2<break/><bold>6. How often do you feel tired or fatigued after waking up?</bold><break/> Almost everyday<break/> 3-4 times a week<break/> 1-2 times a week<break/> Never or almost never</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><bold>2. Your snoring is:</bold><break/> Little louder than your breath?<break/> Far louder than your breath?<break/> Louder than talking?<break/> Loud enough to be heard from close rooms?</td>
              <td align="left"><bold>7. When you are awake you feel tired, fatigued or not feeling well?</bold><break/> Almost everyday<break/> 3-4 times a week<break/> 1-2 times a week<break/> Never or almost never</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><bold>3. How often do you snore? Almost everyday</bold><break/> 3-4 times a week<break/> 1-2 times a week<break/> Never or almost never</td>
              <td align="left"><bold>8. Have you ever nodded off or fallen asleep while driving?</bold><break/> ( ) Yes<break/> ( ) No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><bold>4. Does your snoring bother anyone?</bold><break/> ( ) Yes<break/> ( ) No</td>
              <td align="left">CATEGORY 3<break/><bold>9. Do you have high blood pressure?</bold><break/> ( ) Yes<break/> ( ) No<break/> ( ) I don&#8217;t know<break/> BMI=</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><bold>5. Has anyone ever noticed that you stop breathing while sleeping?</bold><break/> Almost everyday<break/> 3-4 times a week<break/> 1-2 times a week<break/> Never or almost never</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Question scoring: any ticked response is considered positive. Category scoring: Category 1 is positive with 2 or more positive responses to questions 1-5; Category 2 is positive with 2 or more positive responses to questions 6-8; Category 3 is positive if the response to question 9 is positive or BMI &gt; 30. Results: 2 or more positive categories indicate high risk for OSAS.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In category 1, high risk was defined as persistent symptoms (&gt; 3-4 times/week) in two or more questions about snoring.</p>
      <p>In category 2, high risk was defined as persistent symptoms (&gt; 3-4 times/week), when with excessive daytime sleepiness, drowsiness while driving a motor vehicle or both.</p>
      <p>In category 3, the high risk for sleep apnea was defined as the presence of high blood pressure history or body mass index over 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>For a patient to be considered as high risk for sleep apnea, she had to score for at least two classes of symptoms. Those who have denied persistent symptoms or who scored for only one category were placed in the low risk group for sleep apnea.</p>
      <p>Item 9 (<italic>Do you have high blood pressure?</italic>) is analyzed separately, as the response already predicts whether there is or not a risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The SPSS software (version 21.0, SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL) will be used for statistical analysis. All data will be presented using descriptive, summarized tables. The data will be submitted as means &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables and as frequency for categorical variables. The analyzed outcomes will be presence of cardiac remodeling, measured by systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, mass increase and LV wall thickness. Groups will be compared using the Pearson chi-square test for categorical variables and the t-Student test for continuous variables with normal distribution and the Mann Whitney test for the others. When comparing continuous variables for more than two groups, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test will be used. Only variables showing, on univariate analysis, statistical significance up to 0.05 will remain in the multiple model, estimated by logistic regression. A p-value &#8804; 0.05 was considered a statistical significance indicator.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The study of the association of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and the emergence of cardiac structural and functional abnormalities may contribute to the discussion about the adoption of one more criteria for the selection of individuals at risk of developing HF in primary care.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>The study was funded by the researchers, the Research Development Program (FOPESq/UFF) and research fellowships granted by CNPq.</p>
        <p>Laboratory tests were donated by Sergio Franco Laboratories and Abbott Laboratory (BNP).</p>
        <p>Echocardiography and electrocardiography tests were conducted by researchers of the DIGITALIS Study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Academic association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This manuscript is part of the Master's dissertation of Adson Renato Leite from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethical considerations</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study will be conducted in accordance with the principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki and revised in 2000 (Scotland 2000).</p>
        <p>The study protocol was submitted to the Ethics Committee for Medical Research of Faculdade de Medicina/Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro and approved at plenary session on June 11, 2010. CAAE: 0077.0.258.000-10.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Risco entre S&#237;ndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Aten&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Adson Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Erica de Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Adson Renato Leite</bold>, Avenida Nossa Senhora de Copacabana, 1150, Apto 703. CEP 22070-012, Copacabana, Rio De Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>adson_cardio@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Apneia do Sono Tipo Obstrutiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Polissonografia. Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, progressiva, com alta mortalidade e morbidade, que tem sido associada &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, entre elas, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas relacionadas &#224; SAOS e sua contribui&#231;&#227;o para o risco cardiovascular s&#227;o consequ&#234;ncias da maior atividade simp&#225;tica, aumento do estresse oxidativo, altera&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da polissonografia, considerada como padr&#227;o ouro para diagn&#243;stico de SAOS, h&#225; escalas que n&#227;o diagnosticam o transtorno, mas indicam pessoas em risco, entre os quais est&#225; o Question&#225;rio de Berlim (QB). Os indiv&#237;duos classificados como de alto risco para a s&#237;ndrome apresentaram uma frequ&#234;ncia cinco vezes maior que os demais no &#205;ndice de Dist&#250;rbio Respirat&#243;rio (IDR). O QB apresentou uma sensibilidade de 86% e especificidade de 77%, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao encontrado pela polissonografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O ecodopplercardiograma &#233; um m&#233;todo que pode identificar de modo precoce altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais card&#237;acas em pacientes com risco para desenvolver IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; comumente encontrada em pacientes com SAOS, sendo necess&#225;ria avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira nesses pacientes. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o se apresenta como preditor independente de risco, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis de gravidade respirat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a do risco de SAOS com altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas identificadas pelo ecodopplercardiograma em pacientes sem sintomas de IC (est&#225;gios A e B) pode ajudar na compreens&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre as duas s&#237;ndromes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Metodologia</title>
        <p>Estudo observacional, transversal, parte do Estudo DIGITALIS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> envolvendo 633 indiv&#237;duos, cadastrados no Programa M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia de Niter&#243;i, selecionados aleatoriamente, com idade entre 45 e 99 anos com dados obtidos de agosto de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. O Question&#225;rio de Berlim foi utilizado para classificar o alto risco para SAOS e altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais card&#237;acas, atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica.</p>
        <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o das unidades e dos indiv&#237;duos em cada unidade foi realizada atrav&#233;s de sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria gerada por programa computacional, onde o peso de cada unidade foi proporcional ao n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos assistidos.</p>
        <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos selecionados no estudo foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada em um &#250;nico dia e que constou dos seguintes procedimentos: coleta de sangue, urina, consulta e exame cl&#237;nico, preenchimento de question&#225;rio em que constava o Question&#225;rio de Berlim, avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional, eletrocardiograma com 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (ECG) e ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual (EDT).</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no estudo foram: idade entre 45 anos e 99 anos, e assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Foram exclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cl&#237;nica (atrav&#233;s dos crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos maiores e menores - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>) e impedimento para realizar os procedimentos necess&#225;rios para a avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos para diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca - Framingham modificado</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Crit&#233;rios maiores</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Crit&#233;rios menores</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna</td>
                <td align="center">Edema</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ortopneia</td>
                <td align="center">Tosse noturna</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Distens&#227;o anormal da veia jugular</td>
                <td align="center">Dispneia aos esfor&#231;os</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estertores pulmonares</td>
                <td align="center">Hepatomegalia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiomegalia</td>
                <td align="center">Efus&#227;o pleural</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Edema pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">Taquicardia (&gt; 120 bpm)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Refluxo hepatojugular</td>
                <td align="center">Perda de peso &#8805; 4,5 kg em 5 dias</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; considerada presente se dois crit&#233;rios maiores ou se um maior e dois menores estiverem presentes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dois equipamentos foram utilizados para realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames de ecocardiograma e Doppler tecidual: o Cypress 20 Acuson (Siemens, Mountain View, EUA) e o AU-3 Partner (Esaote, Floren&#231;a, It&#225;lia). Os exames foram realizados por dois ecocardiografistas experientes sem o conhecimento pr&#233;vio dos resultados dos outros exames cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais. Foram obtidas tr&#234;s medidas repetidas de cada par&#226;metro e a m&#233;dia resultante foi utilizada no estudo. Os exames foram realizados segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para quantifica&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE) e da <italic>European Association of Echocardiography</italic> (EAE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi avaliada pela medida da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson e pelo estiramento do eixo longitudinal (S'). Os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram obtidos pelo Doppler tecidual (EDT).</p>
        <p>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico na mulher entre 3.9 e 5.3 cm e no homem 4.2-5.9 cm sendo indexado para 2,4-3,2 cm/cm<sup>2</sup> e 2,2-3,1 cm/cm<sup>2</sup> e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico entre 2,1-4,0 cm, indexado para 1,4-2,1 cm/<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (VAE) foi obtido por m&#233;todo biplanar &#225;rea-comprimento, na qual as &#225;reas s&#227;o obtidas nas posi&#231;&#245;es apicais, excluindo-se o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e a conflu&#234;ncia das veias pulmonares; o comprimento perpendicular &#233; medido entre o plano do anel da VM e a por&#231;&#227;o superior do AE; sendo o valor de refer&#234;ncia do VAE para ambos os sexos 28 mL/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> No estudo foi considerado aumento do VAE-I a partir de 29 mL/m<sup>2</sup>. Aumento do VAE-I n&#227;o foi utilizado para caracterizar pacientes em est&#225;gio B de IC.</p>
        <p>Todas as v&#225;lvulas e seus padr&#245;es de fluxo foram inspecionados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as valvares.</p>
        <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi definida pela medida da FEVE pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, sendo considerada alteradas medidas menores que 50%.</p>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi definida pela presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es do relaxamento ventricular avaliadas pela medida da onda E' septal menor que 8 cm/s e ou pela presen&#231;a de aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE pela rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' maior ou igual a 15 e pelo aumento do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado maior ou igual que 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A medida pelo EDT da velocidade do anel mitral no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole na parede septal (onda E') reflete o relaxamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e, em conjunto com a medida do fluxo transmitral no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (onda E), rela&#231;&#227;o E/E', pode ser usado para prever as press&#245;es de enchimento do VE. Usando as medidas obtidas em parede septal, uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' &lt; 8 &#233; usualmente associada a press&#245;es normais de enchimento ventricular, enquanto uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' &gt; 15 est&#225; associada a press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os graus de DD foram estabelecidos de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios:</p>
        <p>Grau I de DD (leve) - presen&#231;a de E' &lt; 8 e/ou VAE-I &#8805; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> com uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' &lt; 8.</p>
        <p>Grau II de DD (moderada) - presen&#231;a de E' &lt; 8 e/ou VAE-I &#8805; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> com uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' &#8805; 8 e &lt; 15.</p>
        <p>Grau III de DD (severa) - presen&#231;a de uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' &#8805; 15.</p>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas utilizadas neste estudo foram:</p>
        <p>Aumento da massa e dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE (MVE-i).</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi definida pelo ecocardiograma pela presen&#231;a de massa do VE indexada &gt; 95 g/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> em mulheres e &gt;115 g/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> em homens.</p>
        <p>Dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi definida pela presen&#231;a de VDF indexado &#8805; 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>Foram considerados portadores de doen&#231;a valvar os indiv&#237;duos que apresentavam les&#245;es moderadas ou severas das v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas mitral, a&#243;rtica, pulmonar ou tric&#250;spide.</p>
        <p>Os dados referentes a altera&#231;&#245;es da parede do VE foram obtidos atrav&#233;s das altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao movimento da parede (hipocinesia, discinesia ou acinesia).</p>
        <p>Defini&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o de interesse: alto risco para SAOS. Question&#225;rio de Berlim (QB) e seu escore da escala.</p>
        <p>O QB inclui 10 itens organizados em 3 categorias referentes &#224; roncopatia e apneias presenciadas (5 itens), sonol&#234;ncia diurna (4 itens) com uma subquest&#227;o sobre sonol&#234;ncia ao volante (epis&#243;dios de cochilo enquanto estiver dirigindo um ve&#237;culo a motor) e hipertens&#227;o arterial (HTA)/obesidade (1 item). Informa&#231;&#227;o sobre o sexo, idade, altura, peso, circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o e etnia &#233; tamb&#233;m solicitada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). A determina&#231;&#227;o de alto ou baixo risco para SAOS se baseia nas respostas em cada categoria de itens.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Question&#225;rio de Berlim.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CATEGORIA 1<break/><bold>1.Voc&#234; ronca?</bold><break/> ( ) Sim<break/> ( ) N&#227;o<break/> ( ) N&#227;o sei</td>
                <td align="left">CATEGORIA 2<break/><bold>6. Quantas vezes voc&#234; se sente cansado ou com fadiga depois de acordar?</bold><break/> Praticamente todos os dias<break/> 3-4 vezes por semana<break/> 1-2 vezes por semana<break/> Nunca ou praticamente nunca</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>2. Seu ronco &#233;:</bold><break/> Pouco mais alto que sua respira&#231;&#227;o?<break/> Bem mais alto que sua respira&#231;&#227;o?<break/> Mais alto do que falando?<break/> Muito alto que pode ser ouvido nos quartos pr&#243;ximos?</td>
                <td align="left"><bold>7. Quando voc&#234; est&#225; acordado voc&#234; se sente cansado, fadigado ou n&#227;o se</bold><break/><bold>sente bem?</bold><break/> Praticamente todos os dias<break/> 3-4 vezes por semana<break/> 1-2 vezes por semana<break/> Nunca ou praticamente nunca</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>3. Com que frequ&#234;ncia voc&#234; ronca?</bold><break/> Praticamente todos os dias<break/> 3-4 vezes por semana<break/> 1-2 vezes por semana<break/> Nunca ou praticamente nunca</td>
                <td align="left"><bold>8. Alguma vez voc&#234; cochilou ou caiu no sono enquanto dirigia?</bold><break/> ( ) Sim<break/> ( ) N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>4. O seu ronco incomoda algu&#233;m?</bold><break/> ( ) Sim<break/> ( ) N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="left">CATEGORIA 3<break/><bold>9. Voc&#234; tem press&#227;o alta?</bold><break/> ( ) Sim<break/> ( ) N&#227;o<break/> ( ) N&#227;o sei<break/> IMC=</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>5. Algu&#233;m notou que voc&#234; para de respirar enquanto dorme?</bold><break/> Praticamente todos os dias<break/> 3-4 vezes por semana<break/> 1-2 vezes por semana<break/> Nunca ou praticamente nunca</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Pontua&#231;&#227;o das perguntas: Qualquer resposta circulada &#233; considerada positiva. Pontua&#231;&#227;o das categorias: Categoria 1 &#233; positiva com 2 ou mais respostas positivas para as quest&#245;es 1-5; Categoria 2 &#233; positiva com 2 ou mais respostas positivas para as quest&#245;es 6-8; Categoria 3 &#233; positiva se a resposta para a quest&#227;o 9 &#233; positiva ou o IMC &gt;30. Resultado final: 2 ou mais categorias positivas indicam alto risco para SAOS.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na categoria 1, alto risco foi definido como sintomas persistentes (&gt; 3-4 vezes/semana) em duas ou mais perguntas sobre seu ronco.</p>
        <p>Na categoria 2, alto risco foi definido como persistente (&gt; 3-4 vezes/semana) quando apresentou sonol&#234;ncia excessiva diurna, sonol&#234;ncia durante condu&#231;&#227;o de carro motorizado ou ambos.</p>
        <p>Na categoria 3, definiu-se como alto risco para apneia do sono a presen&#231;a de hist&#243;rico de press&#227;o alta ou &#237;ndice de massa corporal superior a 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>Para ser considerada de alto risco para apneia do sono, uma paciente teve de pontuar em pelo menos duas categorias de sintomas. Aqueles que negaram ter sintomas persistentes ou que pontuaram para apenas uma categoria foram colocados no grupo de baixo risco para apneia do sono.</p>
        <p>O item 9 (<italic>Voc&#234; tem press&#227;o alta?</italic>) &#233; analisado separadamente, pois a resposta j&#225; prediz se existe o risco ou n&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O programa SPSS (vers&#227;o 21.0 SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL) ser&#225; utilizado para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. Todos os dados ser&#227;o apresentados usando tabelas descritivas resumidas. Os dados ser&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias&#177;desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e como frequ&#234;ncia para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Os desfechos analisados ser&#227;o presen&#231;a de remodelamento card&#237;aco, mensurado pela disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, aumento de massa e espessura de parede do VE. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos ser&#227;o realizadas com o Pearson qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e o teste T de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste de Mann Whitney para as demais. Na compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas para mais de dois grupos, ser&#227;o utilizados a ANOVA e o teste de Kruskai-Wallis. Somente as vari&#225;veis que tiverem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica at&#233; o valor de 0,05 na an&#225;lise univariada permanecer&#227;o no modelo m&#250;ltiplo, estimado por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Um valor de p &#8804; 0,05 foi considerado como indicador de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estudo da associa&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono e surgimento das anormalidades estruturais e funcionais card&#237;acas poder&#225; contribuir para a discuss&#227;o da ado&#231;&#227;o de mais um crit&#233;rio para selecionar indiv&#237;duos em risco de desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca clinica na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O estudo foi financiado pelos pesquisadores e pelo Programa de Fomento a Pesquisa (FOPESq/UFF), al&#233;m de bolsas de inicia&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica concedidas pelo CNPq.</p>
          <p>Os exames de laborat&#243;rio foram doados pelos laborat&#243;rios S&#233;rgio Franco e Laborat&#243;rio Abbott (BNP).</p>
          <p>Exames de ecocardiograma e eletrocardiograma foram realizados por pesquisadores do Estudo DIGITALIS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo faz parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Adson Renato Leite pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo ser&#225; conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios estabelecidos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e revistos em 2000 (Esc&#243;cia 2000).</p>
          <p>O protocolo do estudo foi submetido ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina/Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro e aprovado na reuni&#227;o plen&#225;ria de 11 de junho de 2010. CAAE: 0077.0.258.000-10.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
