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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MmZtJBDt5FtvJgFv7GPDfpj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000500452</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170054</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Use of Thrombolysis in PE Said to be of no High-Risk, which Presents Acute Cor Pulmonale</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guenther</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolle Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>N&#225;gela Sim&#227;o Vinhosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Vald&#234;nia Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Vegni e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original"> Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i (CHN),2 Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Nicolle Lopes Guenther</bold>, Av. Ari Parreiras, 174, apto. 101. Postal Code: 24230-322, Icara&#237;, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>nicolleguenther@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Guenther NL, Nunes NSV. Acquisition of data: Guenther NL, Nunes NSV, Souza RV. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Guenther NL, Nunes NSV, Souza VP. Writing of the manuscript: Guenther NL. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Nunes NSV, Souza VP, Souza RV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Sep-Oct</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>452</fpage>
      <lpage>458</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Thromboembolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction,Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>PE is a condition that is often difficult to recognize due to its varied clinical presentation, ranging from unclear symptoms to severe conditions that quickly leading the patient to shock and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is the third most common cardiovascular disease worldwide, of high mortality and morbidity, with an estimated incidence of 100-200 per 100,000 inhabitants, according to the Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There is a variety of related risk factors, including major orthopedic surgeries, traumas, prolonged immobilization, malignant neoplasia, spastic and flaccid paralysis, hormonal contraception, congestive heart failure, thrombophilia, obesity and pregnancy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, PE can occur even in the absence of known risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>About 10% of all PE patients die within three months after the diagnosis, which is established by right ventricular failure caused by massive occlusion of pulmonary circulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Acute cor pulmonale in PE is an important determinant of the severity and early clinical outcome. Therefore, rapid recognition of serious medical conditions is of the essence.</p>
      <p>Diagnosis should be suspected in patients with suggestive clinical symptoms in the presence of risk factors. The most common symptoms are non-specific, such as dyspnea, pleuritic pain and hemoptysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Syncope is not a common symptom and may occur even in the absence of hemodynamic instability, where brief and self-limited hypotension may occur due to vasovagal reflection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The Wells and Geneva probability scores include clinical criteria for the diagnosis of PE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> simply obtained and validated on three levels (high, intermediate and low probability) or two levels (probable or improbable PE), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The investigation continues with complementary tests to confirm or rule out the diagnosis. For patients with improbable PE, a D-dimer test is run. D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product with high negative predictive value for the diagnosis of PE. A low D-dimer value in this context can virtually rule out such diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The method of choice for diagnosing patients with probable PE and D-dimer greater than 1. 600 is the computed tomography angiography of the chest, which shows thrombi in the pulmonary tree.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Wells and revised Geneva score</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Wells score</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Original version</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Simplified version</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous PE or DVT</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR &gt;100 bpm</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surgery or immobilization in the past month</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoptysis</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active malignant neoplasia</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clinical signs of DVT</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Another diagnosis less probable than PE</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Clinical probability</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">Score on three levels</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">0-1</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
              <td align="center">2-6</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 7</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">Score on two levels</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Improbable PE</td>
              <td align="center">0-4</td>
              <td align="center">0-1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Probable PE</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 5</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Revised Geneva score</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Original version</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Simplified version</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous PE or DVT</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR 75-94 bpm</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 95 bpm</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surgery or fracture in the past month</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoptysis</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active malignant neoplasia</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unilateral lower limb pain</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unilateral lower limb pain on palpation and unilateral edema</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age &#8805; 65 years</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Clinical probability</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">Score on three levels</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">0-3</td>
              <td align="center">0-1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
              <td align="center">4-10</td>
              <td align="center">2-4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 11</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">Score on two levels</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Improbable PE</td>
              <td align="center">0-5</td>
              <td align="center">0-2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Probable PE</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 6</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Despite the applicability of probability scores, diagnosis only considers clinical parameters, leaving out an essential tool for the evaluation of most cardiac disorders: ECG. PE may present abnormalities on electrocardiogram, such as T-wave inversion on leads V1 to V4, QR complex on V1, S1Q3T3 pattern and right bundle branch block, suggesting RV overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> These signs point to a more serious condition associated with pulmonary hypertension and acute cor pulmonale in cases of suspected PE, confirmed with relative ease by transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We describe a clinical case in which, despite the low pretest probability found by the scores of Wells and Geneva, and no high-risk of death detected by PESI and simplified PESI, ECG drew attention to the presence of pulmonary hypertension, serving as useful tool not only for the diagnosis but also for the prognosis of this disease with well-established severity.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>Female, 35-year-old patient, black ethnicity, overweight, sedentary and hypertensive, under regular use of clonidine, losartan and amlodipine. She was an assistant nurse and reported palpitation preceding fatigue and dyspnea on great exertion for three months, progressively worsening in the last month, which made it impossible for her to work.</p>
      <p>The patient was admitted to the emergency service after a syncope episode preceded by tachycardia and dyspnea on moderate exertion. That episode was the third similar episode in the last four days. The patient had a questionable history of thrombophlebitis a year ago and miscarriage 10 years ago in the fourth month of pregnancy. Patient is currently not using contraception.</p>
      <p>On admission, she reported dyspnea and fatigue on exertion and 90% saturation in ambient air, blood pressure (BP): 140x100 mmHg; heart rate (HR): 98 bpm and respiratory rate (RR): 22 irpm. On physical examination, the patient was bruised on her left eyebrow and in the parietal and occipital region due to traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the first two syncope episodes. There were no signs of deep vein thrombosis.</p>
      <p>Laboratory tests found 0.035 troponin (VR&lt;0.015) CK-mass 5.3, D-dimer 6,400 and BNP 729. On admission, ECG showed S1Q3T3 pattern and right ventricular (RV) strain, and negative and symmetric T-waves in THE right precordial leads, from V1 to V4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Chest X-ray was normal and computed tomography of the head revealed subgaleal hematomas in the parietal, occipital and frontal left regions.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG showing S1Q3T3 pattern and RV strain.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0452-70054-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Full anticoagulation with enoxaparin 1 mg/kg 12/12h, O<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> by nasal catheter and medication reconciliation were initiated.</p>
      <p>Due to clinical suspicion, TTE, lower limb venous Doppler and chest computed tomography angiography were requested. ECHO revealed increased right cavities with RV failure, pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery pressure (PAP): 86 mmHg), correction of interventricular septum and bulging into the left ventricle (LV) without LV systolic dysfunction. Lower limb venous Doppler showed recent-looking thrombosis in the left popliteal vein and fresh thrombus in the left common iliac vein. Finally, computed tomography angiography of the chest revealed bilateral thrombosis in the pulmonary arteries (PA) with dilated main PA (3.5 cm), confirming severe PE diagnosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>TCA angiography with bilateral thrombosis of pulmonary arteries.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0452-70054-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The therapy chosen was chemical thrombolysis with intravenous rTPA 100 mg as the patient was young, at major negligible risk of bleeding and computed tomography scans of the chest showing only subgaleal hematomas, no intracranial bleeding or subarachnoid hemorrhage. After thrombolysis, there was significant increase of subgaleal hematomas, reports of pain, but without major bleeding. Thrombolysis was successful, regular analgesia was established for pain control, as well as ice packs on hematomas.</p>
      <p>The day after thrombolysis, further TTE was done, showing increased right cavities with significant drop in PAP from 86 to 35 mmHg and normal RV systolic function. Fatigue and shortness of breath disappeared completely after the 2<sup>nd</sup> day of hospitalization. TTE and lower limb venous Doppler were repeated on the 5<sup>th</sup> day of hospitalization with evolutionary improvement in volumetric RV overload, maintaining normal function, and no more thrombi in the deep lower limb veins. Computed tomography of the head CT was also repeated on the 6<sup>th</sup> day of hospitalization and showed persisting yet not increased left parietal, occipital and frontal subgaleal hematomas. There was no bleeding at other sites.</p>
      <p>The patient was discharged from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) to the room on the 4<sup>th</sup> day of admission under coumarin, full anticoagulation and enoxaparin to stay in hospital until the target International Normalized Ratio (INR) was reached - between 2 and 3 - and was discharged on the 9<sup>th</sup> day of hospitalization.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The case described above is about a young woman with few comorbidities, with submassive PE, as she was not in shock, but with signs, symptoms and laboratory tests compatible with the presence of acute cor pulmonale.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Although controversial and open to interpretation, the case is undoubtedly rich in terms of lessons learned.</p>
      <p>The first lesson was the need to give greater value to easier and cheaper cardiology tests, which can give valuable information about the cardiac impact of PE. The patient was not in shock, but ECG showed inverted T-waves deeper than 2 mm, rS pattern in D1, qR in D3 and T-wave inverted in D3. In 2001, Kurt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> published a paper studying 61 patients with PE and analyzed ECG scans 48 hours prior to pulmonary arteriography, where 25 patients died from PE, 26 had PE and did not die, and the remaining 34 did not have PE. Based on the ECG scans of patients confirmed as having PE (tachycardia, complete or incomplete right bundle branch block, inverted T-wave in the right precordial leads and S1Q3T3 pattern), a 21 point (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) score was drawn up, where a score &gt; 10 points is highly suggestive of massive PE with severe pulmonary hypertension. Our patient had an ECG and score=14, which led us to proceed with the investigation, although she presented inconsistent Wells and Geneva probability scores with intermediate PE probability (on 3 levels) or improbable PE probability (on 2 levels). The lesson learned here was that ECG should not be underestimated and it can bring decisive information both for diagnosis and for the stratification of death risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG score</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="70%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Tachycardia &gt; 100 bpm</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Incomplete RBBB</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Complete RBBB</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" colspan="2">T-wave inversion in leads V1 to V4</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">T-wave inversion in V1</td>
              <td align="left">&lt; 1 mm</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1-2 mm</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">&gt; 2 mm</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">T-wave inversion in V2</td>
              <td align="left">&lt; 1 mm</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1-2 mm</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">&gt; 2 mm</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">T-wave inversion in V3</td>
              <td align="left">&lt; 1 mm</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1-2 mm</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">&gt; 2 mm</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S-wave in DI</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Q-wave in DIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">T-wave inversion in DIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S1Q3T3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The patient had slow onset of clinical symptoms, which started three months ago, but with significant worsening in the last month and three episodes of syncope in the past four days, which could be signs of chronic PE with new acute episodes in past days which eventually led the patient to present acute cor pulmonale with very high PAP, but with no circulatory shock. Another interesting fact is the absence of tachycardia that accompanies severe cases as the one reported above, which may be due to the chronic use of centrally acting alpha 2 agonist medication (clonidine) which, therefore, had a lowering effect on adrenergic flow, which may have contributed to the absence of tachycardia in the context of acute cor pulmonale. Therefore, we assumed that the absence of tachycardia in this patient was not synonymous with benignity, so we proceeded with the treatment.</p>
      <p>The main treatment for PE is systemic anticoagulation allowing the dissolution of the thrombus by the fibrinolytic system of the individual itself. For PE with circulatory shock and persistent hypotension, the use of thrombolytic agents is well established to speed up this process and reduce mortality, but in the absence of hemodynamic impairment, its use is controversial. About 10% of patients die three months after diagnosis, and acute cor pulmonale in PE is an important determinant of the severity and early clinical outcome of this disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to the Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology, the best-validated prognostic score is the PESI (Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Analyzing it in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, we found that the patient had an intermediate to high risk of death, with an original PESI=105 or simplified PESI=2, echocardiographic image and laboratory markers showing RV failure.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>PESI score</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>PESI score</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Original version</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Simplified version</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">Age in years</td>
              <td align="center">1 (If &gt; 80 years)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 10</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cancer</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 30</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic HF</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 10</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic pulmonary disease</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR &#8805; 110 bpm</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 20</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP &lt; 100 mmHg</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 30</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR &gt; 30 irpm</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 20</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Temperature &lt; 36&#186;</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 20</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Impaired mental state</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 60</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">O2 &lt; 90% saturation</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 20</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Early mortality risk</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Shock</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>PESI &gt; 85 or sPESI &#8805; 1</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>ECHO or biomarkers of RV failure</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate - High</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate - Low</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">Only one or none</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled PEITHO (Pulmonary Embolism Thrombolysis)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> study has recently revealed that rapid thrombolysis reduces the combination of death from any cause and hemodynamic instability in seven days in patients with RV failure and myocardial injury without circulatory shock and this is mainly due to decreased risk of hemodynamic decompensation in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Therefore, these patients, stratified as intermediate risk, who would only receive treatment with anticoagulants, are also thrombolysis candidates with proven benefit. In this study, there was increased risk of major bleeding, more evident in the groups of patients older than 75, which leads us to consider the risk/benefit ratio of this therapy in the young population without many comorbidities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Our case, a young patient with intermediate risk PE, RV failure and myocardial injury, underwent thrombolysis successfully and without major bleeding, despite mild TCE prior to thrombolysis, which we believe to be not enough to contraindicate the thrombolytic drugs. Subsequent head scans and clinical outcome without significant increase in subgaleal hematomas or emergence of further intracranial hematomas corroborate our initial thoughts. However, the PEITHO study found potential bleeding risk, stressing the importance of proper selection of patients, as well as the need of an experienced medical team and the support of a tertiary institution prepared to address potential bleeding complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thrombolysis does not change the hospital mortality rate in these cases of intermediate risk but ensures clinical improvement and decreases the chance of hemodynamic decompensation and progression to chronic cor pulmonale, which may lead to late mortality, at the expense of greater bleeding risk, though.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Further studies comparing different doses of thrombolytics and methods for local thrombolysis with lower risk of bleeding can bring great benefits to such patients, with a smaller risk of bleeding.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Uso de Tromb&#243;lise no TEP Dito como sendo de n&#227;o Alto Risco, que Apresenta Cor Pulmonale Agudo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guenther</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolle Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>N&#225;gela Sim&#227;o Vinhosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Vald&#234;nia Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Vegni e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i (CHN), Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Nicolle Lopes Guenther</bold> Av. Ari Parreiras, 174, apto. 101. CEP: 24230-322, Icara&#237;, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>nicolleguenther@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Guenther NL, Nunes NSV. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Guenther NL, Nunes NSV, Souza RV. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Guenther NL, Nunes NSV, Souza VP. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Guenther NL. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Nunes NSV, Souza VP, Souza RV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar,Tromboembolia</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicadores de Morbimortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O TEP &#233; uma entidade por vezes de dif&#237;cil reconhecimento por sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica variada, que v&#227;o desde sintomas frustros at&#233; quadros graves que levam o paciente rapidamente ao choque e a &#243;bito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Trata-se da terceira doen&#231;a cardiovascular mais frequente no mundo, de elevada mortalidade e morbidade, com uma incid&#234;ncia estimada em 100-200 a cada 100.000 habitantes, segundo as Diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; uma diversidade de fatores de risco relacionados, dentre os quais grandes cirurgias ortop&#233;dicas, traumatismos, imobiliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada, neoplasia maligna, paralisia esp&#225;stica e fl&#225;cida, contracep&#231;&#227;o hormonal, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, trombofilias, obesidade e gravidez.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> No entanto, o TEP pode ocorrer mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco conhecidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Aproximadamente 10% de todos os pacientes com TEP morrem dentro de tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico, que se d&#225; por insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita causada pela oclus&#227;o maci&#231;a da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> agudo no TEP &#233; um importante determinante da severidade e do desfecho cl&#237;nico precoce, sendo, portanto, o reconhecimento r&#225;pido de quadros cl&#237;nicos graves, essencial.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico deve ser suspeitado em pacientes com cl&#237;nica sugestiva, na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco. Os sintomas mais comuns s&#227;o inespec&#237;ficos, como dispneia, dor pleur&#237;tica e hemoptise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> S&#237;ncope n&#227;o &#233; um sintoma frequente, e pode ocorrer mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, em que hipotens&#227;o breve e autolimitada pode ocorrer devido a reflexo vasovagal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os escores de probabilidade de Wells e de Geneva re&#250;nem crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos para o diagn&#243;stico de TEP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> obtidos de forma simples e validados em tr&#234;s n&#237;veis (alta, intermedi&#225;ria e baixa probabilidade) ou dois n&#237;veis (TEP prov&#225;vel ou improv&#225;vel), como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref><italic>.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A investiga&#231;&#227;o prossegue com exames complementares para confirma&#231;&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico. Para pacientes com TEP improv&#225;vel, segue-se com a dosagem de D-d&#237;mero, produto de degrada&#231;&#227;o da fibrina com alto valor preditivo negativo para diagn&#243;stico de TEP. Um valor de D-d&#237;mero baixo nesse contexto pode praticamente descartar tal diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O m&#233;todo de escolha para diagn&#243;stico em pacientes com TEP prov&#225;vel ou D-d&#237;mero maior que 1.600 &#233; a angiotomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax, que permite a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de trombos na &#225;rvore pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escores de Wells e Geneva revisado</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Escore de Wells</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vers&#227;o original</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vers&#227;o simplificada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TEP ou TVP pr&#233;vios</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC &gt;100 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia ou imobiliza&#231;&#227;o no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoptise</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Neoplasia maligna ativa</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sinais cl&#237;nicos de TVP</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outro diagn&#243;stico menos prov&#225;vel que TEP</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Probabilidade cl&#237;nica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">Escore em tr&#234;s n&#237;veis</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixa</td>
                <td align="center">0-1</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">2-6</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alta</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 7</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">Escore em dois n&#237;veis</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TEP improv&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">0-4</td>
                <td align="center">0-1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TEP prov&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 5</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Escore de Geneva revisado</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Vers&#227;o original</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Vers&#227;o simplificada</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TEP ou TVP pr&#233;vios</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC 75-94 bpm&#8805;95 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia ou fratura no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoptise</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Neoplasia maligna ativa</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor em membros inferiores unilateral</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor &#224; palpa&#231;&#227;o unilateral em MMII e edema unilateral</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade &#8805; 65 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Probabilidade cl&#237;nica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">Escore em tr&#234;s n&#237;veis</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixa</td>
                <td align="center">0-3</td>
                <td align="center">0-1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">4-10</td>
                <td align="center">2-4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alta</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 11</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">Escore em dois n&#237;veis</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TEP improv&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">0-5</td>
                <td align="center">0-2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TEP prov&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 6</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>TEP: tromboembolismo pulmonar; TVP: trombose venosa profunda; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; MMII: membros inferiores.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Apesar da aplicabilidade dos escores de probabilidade, o diagn&#243;stico considera exclusivamente par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, deixando de fora uma ferramenta essencial para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da maioria das afec&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas: o ECG. O TEP pode apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas tais como invers&#227;o de ondas T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es de V1 a V4, complexo QR em V1, padr&#227;o S1Q3T3 e bloqueio de ramo direito, que indicam sobrecarga de VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Tais sinais apontam para um quadro mais grave associado a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> agudo, nos casos suspeitos de TEP, confirmado com relativa facilidade pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ECOTT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Descrevemos um caso cl&#237;nico em que a despeito da probabilidade baixa pr&#233;-teste encontrada pelos escores de Wells e de Geneva, e risco de morte n&#227;o alto pelos escores PESI e PESI simplificado, o ECG chamou aten&#231;&#227;o para a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, servindo como ferramenta &#250;til n&#227;o s&#243; para o diagn&#243;stico, mas tamb&#233;m para o progn&#243;stico nesta doen&#231;a com gravidade j&#225; muito bem estabelecida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do caso</title>
        <p>Paciente feminina, 35 anos, negra, obesa, sedent&#225;ria e hipertensa em uso regular de clonidina, losartana e anlodipina. Era t&#233;cnica de enfermagem e vinha com queixa de palpita&#231;&#227;o que precedia cansa&#231;o e dispneia aos grandes esfor&#231;os h&#225; tr&#234;s meses, piorando progressivamente no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s, e que vinha inviabilizando o seu trabalho.</p>
        <p>D&#225; entrada na emerg&#234;ncia ap&#243;s epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope precedida por taquicardia e dispneia relacionada a m&#233;dios esfor&#231;os, sendo este o terceiro epis&#243;dio semelhante nos &#250;ltimos quatro dias. Apresentava hist&#243;rico question&#225;vel de tromboflebite h&#225; um ano, aborto espont&#226;neo h&#225; 10 anos no quarto m&#234;s gestacional e, atualmente, sem uso de m&#233;todo anticoncepcional.</p>
        <p>&#192; admiss&#227;o, queixava-se de dispneia e cansa&#231;o aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os e apresentava-se com satura&#231;&#227;o de 90% em ar ambiente, press&#227;o arterial (PA): 140x100 mmHg; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC): 98 bpm e frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR): 22 irpm. Ao exame f&#237;sico, notava-se hematoma no superc&#237;lio esquerdo e na regi&#227;o parietal e occipital, devido a trauma cranioencef&#225;lico (TCE) nas duas primeiras s&#237;ncopes. N&#227;o havia sinais de trombose venosa profunda.</p>
        <p>Exames laboratoriais encontraram troponina de 0,035 (valor de refer&#234;ncia: &lt; 0,015) CK-massa de 5,3, D-d&#237;mero de 6.400 e BNP de 729. O ECG de admiss&#227;o apresentava padr&#227;o S1Q3T3 e <italic>strain</italic> de ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), e ondas T negativas e sim&#233;tricas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas, de V1 a V4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). O raio X de t&#243;rax era normal e as tomografias computadorizadas de cr&#226;nio revelavam hematomas subgaleais em regi&#245;es parietal, occipital e frontal &#224; esquerda.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ECG mostrando padr&#227;o S1Q3T3 e strain de VD.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0452-70054-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Foram iniciados anticoagula&#231;&#227;o plena com enoxaparina 1 mg/kg 12/12h e suporte com O<sub>2</sub> por cateter nasal, al&#233;m de reconcilia&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa.</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; suspeita cl&#237;nica, foram solicitados ECOTT, doppler venoso de membros inferiores (MMIIs) e angiotomografia de t&#243;rax. O ECO revelou aumento das cavidades direitas, com disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (press&#227;o arterial pulmonar (PAP): 86 mmHg), retifica&#231;&#227;o do septo interventricular e abaulamento em dire&#231;&#227;o ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VE. O doppler venoso de MMIIs mostrou trombose de aspecto recente em veia popl&#237;tea esquerda e trombo fresco na veia il&#237;aca comum esquerda. Por fim, a angiotomografia de t&#243;rax revelou trombose bilateral nas art&#233;rias pulmonares (AP) com dilata&#231;&#227;o do tronco da AP (3,5 cm), confirmando o diagn&#243;stico de TEP grave (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>AngioTC de t&#243;rax com trombose bilateral de art&#233;rias pulmonares</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0452-70054-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Optou-se por tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica com rTPA 100 mg endovenoso por se tratar de paciente jovem com risco de sangramento maior desprez&#237;vel e com tomografias computadorizadas (TC) de cr&#226;nio mostrando apenas hematomas subgaleais, sem sangramento intracraniano ou em espa&#231;o subaracn&#243;ideo. Ap&#243;s a tromb&#243;lise, houve aumento significativo dos hematomas subgaleais, com queixa de dor, por&#233;m sem sangramentos maiores. A tromb&#243;lise foi conclu&#237;da com sucesso, sendo realizada analgesia regular para controle da dor, bem como compressas de gelo sobre os hematomas.</p>
        <p>No dia seguinte &#224; tromb&#243;lise, foi repetido ECOTT, que mostrou aumento das cavidades direitas com queda importante da PAP de 86 para 35 mmHg e com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD j&#225; normal. O cansa&#231;o e a falta de ar sumiram por completo ap&#243;s o 2&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o. Repetidos ECOTT e doppler venoso de MMIIs no 5&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o com melhora evolutiva da sobrecarga volum&#233;trica do VD, mantendo fun&#231;&#227;o normal, n&#227;o sendo mais detectados trombos nas veias profundas dos MMIIs. A TC de cr&#226;nio tamb&#233;m foi repetida no 6&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, onde ainda persistiam, mas sem aumento, os hematomas subgaleais parietal, occipital e frontal esquerdos. N&#227;o havia sangramento em outros s&#237;tios.</p>
        <p>A paciente obteve alta da Unidade Cardiointensiva (UCI) para o quarto no 4&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o em uso de cumar&#237;nico e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o plena com enoxaparina, para perman&#234;ncia no hospital at&#233; que se atingisse o alvo da Raz&#227;o Normalizada Internacional (<italic>International Normalized Ratio</italic> - INR) entre 2 e 3, obtendo alta hospitalar no 9&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O caso relatado acima se trata de uma mulher jovem com poucas comorbidades, v&#237;tima de TEP submaci&#231;o, j&#225; que se apresentava sem choque, mas com sinais, sintomas e exames complementares compat&#237;veis com a presen&#231;a de cor pulmonale agudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Apesar de pol&#234;mico e pass&#237;vel de v&#225;rias interpreta&#231;&#245;es, o caso &#233;, sem d&#250;vida, rico em ensinamentos.</p>
        <p>O primeiro ensinamento foi a necessidade da valoriza&#231;&#227;o do exame mais f&#225;cil e barato em cardiologia e que pode dar informa&#231;&#245;es preciosas sobre a repercuss&#227;o card&#237;aca no TEP. A paciente n&#227;o se apresentava em choque, mas seu ECG mostrava ondas T invertidas e com profundidade maior que 2 mm, padr&#227;o rS em D1, qR em D3 e onda T invertida em D3. Kurt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> publicaram em 2001 um trabalho onde estudaram 61 pacientes com TEP, sendo analisados ECGs 48 horas anteriores a arteriografia pulmonar, onde 25 morreram por TEP, 26 tinham TEP e n&#227;o morreram e os 34 restantes n&#227;o tinham TEP. A partir das altera&#231;&#245;es dos ECGs dos pacientes confirmados como tendo TEP (taquicardia, bloqueio de ramo direito, completo ou incompleto, invers&#227;o de T em precordiais direitas e padr&#227;o S1Q3T3), foi elaborado um escore de 21 pontos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>), onde um score &gt; 10 pontos &#233; altamente sugestivo de TEP maci&#231;o com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar severa. A nossa paciente apresentava um ECG com escore = 14, o que nos levou a prosseguir com a investiga&#231;&#227;o, apesar de ela ter escores de probabilidade de Wells e Geneva discordantes, com probabilidade de TEP intermedi&#225;ria (em 3 n&#237;veis) ou improv&#225;vel (em 2 n&#237;veis). A li&#231;&#227;o aprendida aqui foi que o ECG n&#227;o deve ser subvalorizado e que ele pode trazer informa&#231;&#245;es contundentes, tanto para o diagn&#243;stico, quanto para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG escore</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="70%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Taquicardia &gt; 100 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">BRD incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">BRD completo</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Invers&#227;o de onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es de V1 a V4</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Invers&#227;o de onda T em V1</td>
                <td align="left">&lt; 1 mm</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1-2 mm</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">&gt; 2 mm</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Invers&#227;o de onda T em V2</td>
                <td align="left">&lt; 1 mm</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1-2 mm</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">&gt; 2 mm</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Invers&#227;o de onda T em V3</td>
                <td align="left">&lt; 1 mm</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1-2 mm</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">&gt; 2 mm</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Onda S em DI</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Onda Q em DIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Invers&#227;o de T em DIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S1Q3T3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A paciente em quest&#227;o apresentava uma cl&#237;nica de in&#237;cio mais arrastado, marcando o in&#237;cio dos sintomas h&#225; tr&#234;s meses, mas com piora importante no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s e com tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope nos &#250;ltimos quatro dias, o que poderia ser quadro compat&#237;vel com TEP cr&#244;nica com novos epis&#243;dios agudos nos &#250;ltimos dias, que, a montante, levaram a paciente a se apresentar com um cor pulmonale agudo com PAP muito elevada, mas ainda sem choque circulat&#243;rio. Outro dado curioso &#233; a aus&#234;ncia da taquicardia que acompanha casos graves como o relatado acima, conjecturando-se que isso pode dever-se ao uso cr&#244;nico de medica&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#227;o central alfa 2 agonista (Clonidina), tendo, portanto, efeito redutor do fluxo adren&#233;rgico, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do para a aus&#234;ncia de taquicardia no contexto de um <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> agudo. Logo, assumimos que a falta da taquicardia nesta paciente n&#227;o era sin&#244;nimo de benignidade e seguimos adiante com o tratamento.</p>
        <p>A base do tratamento para o TEP &#233; a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica que permite a dissolu&#231;&#227;o do trombo pelo pr&#243;prio sistema fibrinol&#237;tico do indiv&#237;duo. Para TEP com choque circulat&#243;rio e hipotens&#227;o persistente, est&#225; bem estabelecido o uso de trombol&#237;ticos para acelerar esse processo e reduzir a mortalidade, mas na aus&#234;ncia de comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico, o seu uso &#233; controverso. Aproximadamente 10% dos pacientes morrem em tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico, e o <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> agudo no TEP &#233; um importante determinante da severidade e do desfecho cl&#237;nico precoce dessa doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Segundo as Diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia, o escore progn&#243;stico mais bem validado &#233; o PESI (<italic>Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Analisando-o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>, verificamos que a paciente apresentava um risco intermedi&#225;rio a alto de morte, com um PESI original = 105 ou PESI simplificado = 2, imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica e marcadores laboratoriais comprovando disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>PESI escore</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>PESI escore</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Vers&#227;o original</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Vers&#227;o simplificada</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Idade em anos</td>
                <td align="center">1 (se &gt; 80 anos)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 10</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C&#226;ncer</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 30</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 10</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC &#8805; 110 bpm</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 20</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS &lt; 100 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 30</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FR &gt; 30 irpm</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 20</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Temperatura &lt; 36&#186;</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 20</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estado mental alterado</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 60</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>&lt; 90%</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">+ 20</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Risco de mortalidade Precoce</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Choque</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>PESI &gt; 85 ou sPESI &#8805; 1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>ECO ou biomarcadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio - Alto</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio - Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">Apenas um ou nenhum</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; FR: frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Recentemente, foi publicado o estudo PEITHO (<italic>Pulmonary Embolism Thrombolysis</italic>),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> multic&#234;ntrico, duplo-cego, randomizado e placebo-controlado, que revelou que a tromb&#243;lise r&#225;pida reduz o composto morte por qualquer causa e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica em sete dias nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD e inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, sem choque circulat&#243;rio, e isso se deve principalmente &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do risco de descompensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica nesses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Portanto, tais pacientes, estratificados como risco intermedi&#225;rio, que antes receberiam apenas tratamento com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o candidatos a tromb&#243;lise com benef&#237;cio comprovado. Nesse estudo, houve risco aumentado de sangramentos maiores, mais evidente nos grupos acima de 75 anos, o que nos leva a pesar o risco/benef&#237;cio dessa terapia na popula&#231;&#227;o jovem e sem muitas comorbidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O nosso caso, uma paciente jovem com TEP de risco intermedi&#225;rio, disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD e inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, foi submetida a tromb&#243;lise com sucesso e sem sangramentos maiores, apesar do TCE leve pr&#233;vio &#224; tromb&#243;lise, o que julgamos n&#227;o ser suficiente para contraindicar o trombol&#237;tico. As imagens posteriores do cr&#226;nio e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica posterior sem aumento importante dos hematomas subgaleais ou surgimento de novos hematomas intracranianos corroboram com o nosso pensamento inicial. No entanto, os resultados do estudo PEITHO apontam para risco de sangramento potencial, alertando para a import&#226;ncia da sele&#231;&#227;o correta dos pacientes, assim como para a necessidade da experi&#234;ncia da equipe m&#233;dica e do apoio de uma institui&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria preparada para o tratamento de poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A tromb&#243;lise n&#227;o muda a mortalidade hospitalar nesses casos de risco intermedi&#225;rio, mas garante melhora cl&#237;nica e diminui a chance de descompensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e de evolu&#231;&#227;o para <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> cr&#244;nico, o que pode refletir na mortalidade tardia, &#224;s custas, no entanto, de maior risco de sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Estudos futuros comparando doses diferentes de trombol&#237;ticos e m&#233;todos para tromb&#243;lise local com menor risco de sangramento podem trazer grandes benef&#237;cios para tais pacientes, com menor risco de sangramento.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
