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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7N4rWfL4yNYTX7DSQyGLKyd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000500425</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170072</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 2: A Strong Prognostic Factor of Survival</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salim</surname>
            <given-names>Arous</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benouna</surname>
            <given-names>Mohamed El Ghali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Habbal</surname>
            <given-names>Rachida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>El Mourid</surname>
            <given-names>Monia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">CHU Ibn Rush</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Casablanca</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="MA">Marrocos</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CHU Ibn Rush, Casablanca - Marrocos</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Arous Salim</bold>, 2 R&#233;sidence Riad El Hamd Route De La Mecque. Postal Code: 20500, Casablanca - Marrocos. E-mail: <email>arous.salim@hotmail.fr</email>; <email>aroussalim1@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Sep-Oct</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>425</fpage>
      <lpage>432</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Renal failure is common in patients with chronic heart failure, with a prevalence ranging from 20 % to 57% worldwide. It is associated with a poor prognosis and a high risk of readmission.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The purpose of our study is to show the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic features of Moroccan patients with chronic heart failure who had developed a chronic renal failure. The endpoints were cardiac death and any cause of hospitalization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>563 patients followed for chronic heart failure at the heart failure unit in the Department of Cardiology of the University Hospital Ibn Rushd of Casablanca in Morocco, between July 30, 2012 and July 30, 2016 were assessed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of cardiorenal syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Compared to patients who had no cardiorenal syndrome, patients with cardiorenal syndrome tended to be more aged, hypertensive and diabetic. Clinically more patients were at dyspnea stage III or IV. Biologically their hemoglobin was lower and their blood uric acid level was higher. Regarding echocardiography, their ejection fraction of the left ventricle was lower, with more of systolic dysfunction of the right ventricle and pulmonary hypertension in the CRS group, with a higher risk of readmission (p &lt; 0.0001). The mortality was significantly higher in the group CRS (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The deterioration of renal function in chronic renal failure is associated with poor prognosis, including a high risk of rehospitalization, cardiovascular events and death. Patients who are elderly, diabetic, with a low left ventricular ejection fraction and pulmonary hypertension are the most concerned.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardio-Renal Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency Chronic / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency Chronic / prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Readmission</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Renal failure is common in patients with chronic heart failure, with a prevalence ranging from 20 % to 57% worldwide. It is associated with a poor prognosis and a high risk of readmission.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There is a complex relationship between heart and kidney in patients with heart failure, and the exact pathophysiological mechanisms of this association remain unclear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Important pathophysiological triggers of renal disease progression include chronic increases in renal venous pressure, maladaptive activation of the renin-angiotensin -aldosterone axis and the sympathetic nervous system, as well as a chronic inflammatory state.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The purpose of our study was to show epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic features of Moroccan patients with chronic heart failure who had developed chronic renal failure.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>We conducted a monocentric, cross-sectional study on 563 patients attending the Unit of Heart Failure of the Department of Cardiology of the University Hospital Ibn Rushd of Casablanca in Morocco, during the 3-year period between July 30, 2012 and July 30, 2016.</p>
      <p>The Unit of Heart failure is a day hospital attended only by stable patients, who are checked up every 3 or 6 months. Our patients were clinically stable and were followed up for the occurrence of cardiac events. The endpoints were cardiac death and any hospitalization due to worsening heart failure with or without an aggravation of renal function, acute coronary syndrome and severe arrhythmia. The mean follow up was 681 &#177; 105 days. Follow-up and events were adjudicated using medical consultations each three months and/or phone calls.</p>
      <p>Patients were divided into two groups depending on whether they have developed a cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) or not.</p>
      <p>Diagnosis of CRS type 2 was established based on Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)/Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines: albuminuria and/or GFR &lt; 60 mL/in/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, or a sustained decrease in GFR &gt; 5ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>/year or &gt; 10 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>/5 years or sustained increase in albuminuria, along with documented or suspected appearance of congestive heart failure before the onset or progression of chronic kidney disease, and association of the event or degree of kidney disease with underlying heart disease.</p>
      <p>Regarding echographic findings, a left ventricle was considered dilated when its diameter diastolic was above 57 mm in men and 53mm in women. The left atrium was considered dilated when its surface was greater than 15cm<sup>2</sup> or diameter greater than 35 mm. The right ventricle was considered in systolic dysfunction if TAPSE (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion) was less than 16mm, S-wave longitudinal velocity using DTI (Doppler tissue imaging) was less than 11.5 cm/s, or the fractional shortening was less than 30%. We defined pulmonary hypertension as any value of systolic pulmonary artery pressure, measured by the flow of tricuspid insufficiency greater than 40 mmHg.</p>
      <p>The echocardiography was performed one month after starting treatment.</p>
      <p>Baseline characteristics were the data recorded during the first consultation at the Heart Failure Unit. We included all patients who developed CRS at any time of the follow-up, even if it was at the first consultation.</p>
      <p>Among the causes of readmission we selected patients who were admitted to emergency care for acute coronary syndrome, congestive heart failure or severe arrhythmia. We defined severe arrhythmia as any atrial or ventricular arrhythmia causing hemodynamic instability or requiring drug treatment.</p>
      <p>We excluded all patients with renal failure secondary to another etiology including other CRSs, patients who did not meet the definition of CRS type 2, and hemodialysis patients.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Results are presented as the mean &#177; SD for continuous variables and as numbers and percentages for categorical variables. If data were not normally distributed, the Mann-Whitney U test was used. Baseline characteristics of patients in the two groups specified above were compared using the chi-square test for dichotomous variables and paired student's t-test for continuous variables. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant variables selected in the univariate analysis were entered into the multivariable analysis. The cardiac event-free survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. All analyses were performed using SPSS statistical package, version 17.0(SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical findings</title>
        <p>Among the 563 patients analyzed, 46.5 %( 262 patients) had CRS type 2.</p>
        <p>The mean age was significantly higher in the group CRS (67 years vs. 61). By dividing patients into four age brackets, CRS was more common in patients over 70 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>distribution of patients with and without cardio-renal by age. </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0425-70072-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Higher frequency of male was observed in both groups, 53.1% in the CRS group and 60.1% in the group without CRS, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.105).</p>
        <p>Concerning the risk factors, the percentage of patients with hypertension and diabetes was significantly higher in the CRS group compared to the group without CRS (55.3% and 42%, respectively, in the CRS group vs. 39.5% and 26.6%, respectively, in the group without CRS, p &lt; 0.0001). Among hypertensive patients, the proportion of those with uncontrolled hypertension was significantly higher in the CRS group (16.8% vs. 9.3%).</p>
        <p>No difference between the two groups was observed for other risk factors.</p>
        <p>Clinically, New York Heart Association class III and IV was reported in 25.6% in the CRS vs. 13.3% in the group without CRS (p &lt; 0.0001). Mean heart rate was slightly higher in the group CRS (p = 0.453).</p>
        <p>Higher, but not significant proportion of patients with atrial fibrillation was observed in the CRS group (17.2% vs. 13%).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes all these features.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics by the presence or absence of cardiorenal syndrome</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n = 563</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">CARDIORENAL SYNDROME</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Multivariate analyses</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">NO n = 301 (53,5%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">YES n = 262 (46,5%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">61.45 &#177; 12.60</td>
                <td align="center">67.53 &#177; 10.80</td>
                <td align="center">&#8249;0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">&#8249;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">181(60.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">139(53.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.105</td>
                <td align="center">0.274</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smokers</td>
                <td align="center">111(36.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">77(29.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.073</td>
                <td align="center">0.182</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">113(39.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">145(55.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Balanced</td>
                <td align="center">91(30.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">101(38.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Unbalanced</td>
                <td align="center">28(9.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">44(16.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">80(26.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">110(42%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hyperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">43(14.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">48(18.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.208</td>
                <td align="center">0.329</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyspnea stage III or IV</td>
                <td align="center">40(13.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">67(25.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate</td>
                <td align="center">68.58 &#177; 12.59</td>
                <td align="center">69.42 &#177; 14.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.453</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25.407 &#177; 3.70</td>
                <td align="center">25.474 &#177; 3.54</td>
                <td align="center">0.848</td>
                <td align="center">0.395</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center">39(13%)</td>
                <td align="center">45(17.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.192</td>
                <td align="center">0.804</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologies</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IHD</td>
                <td align="center">202(67.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">179(68.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.096</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DCM</td>
                <td align="center">58(19.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">63(24%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valve disease</td>
                <td align="center">8(2.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">6(2.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Others</td>
                <td align="center">33(11%)</td>
                <td align="center">14(5,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Echographic parameters</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVDd (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">57.71 &#177; 11.51</td>
                <td align="center">59.11 &#177; 8.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.1</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVDs (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">44.23 &#177; 9.45</td>
                <td align="center">46.79 &#177; 9.46</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37.57 &#177; 7.50</td>
                <td align="center">33.50 &#177; 8.52</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DcT (msec)</td>
                <td align="center">161.59 &#177; 47.45</td>
                <td align="center">137.70 &#177; 50.62</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Area of the left atrium (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">18.95 &#177; 6.25</td>
                <td align="center">21.73 &#177; 6.82</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center">36(12%)</td>
                <td align="center">50(19.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.025</td>
                <td align="center">0.168</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">64(21.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">148(56.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Biological parameters</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobin</td>
                <td align="center">13.05 &#177; 1.52</td>
                <td align="center">12.34 &#177; 1.75</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BUN (mg/l)</td>
                <td align="center">0.36 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">0.67 &#177; 0.36</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Serum creatinine (mg/l)</td>
                <td align="center">9.51 &#177; 1.85</td>
                <td align="center">16.84 &#177; 8.72</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Serum sodium</td>
                <td align="center">140.1 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center">139.4 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Serum potassium</td>
                <td align="center">4.53 &#177; 0.50</td>
                <td align="center">4.83 &#177; 0.64</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Serum calcium</td>
                <td align="center">93.56 &#177; 4.98</td>
                <td align="center">91.447 &#177; 4.84</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">0.758</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRP</td>
                <td align="center">11.51 &#177; 18.22</td>
                <td align="center">24.65 &#177; 40.65</td>
                <td align="center">0.037</td>
                <td align="center">0.135</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uric acid</td>
                <td align="center">53.33 &#177; 14.52</td>
                <td align="center">71.47 &#177; 19.53</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medication</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#946;-blocker</td>
                <td align="center">287(95,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">237(90.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.030</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACE inhibitor or ARB</td>
                <td align="center">298(99%)</td>
                <td align="center">257(98.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.482</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CCB</td>
                <td align="center">39(13%)</td>
                <td align="center">55(21%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.013</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiplatelet agents</td>
                <td align="center">249(82.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">234(89.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.029</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statin</td>
                <td align="center">248(82.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">234(89.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Spironolactone</td>
                <td align="center">135(44.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">138(52.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.076</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Readmission</td>
                <td align="center">16(5.30%)</td>
                <td align="center">78(30.20%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortality</td>
                <td align="center">6(2%)</td>
                <td align="center">34(13%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; IHD: ischemic heart disease; DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; LVDd: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVDs: left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; DcT: deceleration time; RV: right ventricular; BUN: blood nitrogen urea; CRP: C reactive protein; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin-receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biological findings</title>
        <p>The mean serum levels of sodium, calcium, and hemoglobin were significantly lower in the CRS group (139.1, 91.4 and 12.3, respectively) than in the group without CRS (140.1, 93.5 and 13.05, respectively).</p>
        <p>Inversely, mean levels of serum potassium, uric acid and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly higher in the CRS group (4.8, 71.4 and 24.6, respectively) than in the group without CRS (4.5, 53.3 and 11.5, respectively).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echographic findings</title>
        <p>Mean ejection fraction (EF), left atrial dimensions and deceleration time of mitral flow were significantly lower in the group with CRS cardiorenal syndrome (33.50%, 43.6 and 137.70 , respectively) than in the group without CRS (37.57%, 39.96, and 161.59, respectively). Systolic right ventricular function was impaired in 19.1 % of patients with CRS, and only 12% in the group without CRS (p = 0.025). Compared with the group without CRS, 56.5% of the patients who developed CRS had a pulmonary hypertension (p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Therapy</title>
        <p>Mean ejection fraction (EF) and deceleration time of mitral flow were significantly lower in the group with CRS (33.50% and 137.70 ms, respectively) than in the group without CRS (37.57% and 161.59 ms, respectively). Left atrial area was significantly higher in the group with CRS (21.73 cm<sup>2</sup> vs. 18.95 cm<sup>2</sup>). Systolic right ventricular function was impaired in 19.1% of patients with CRS, and only 12% in the group without CRS (p = 0.025). Compared with the group without CRS, 56.5% of the patients who developed CRS had a pulmonary hypertension (p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>The multivariate analysis showed that age, hypertension, diabetes, low ejection fraction, pulmonary hypertension, left atrium diameter, time of deceleration of mitral flow, anemia, high CRP and hyperuricemia are independents risks factors of CRS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Readmission</title>
        <p>Readmission for congestive heart failure, severe arrhythmia or acute coronary event was more frequent in the group CRS, observed in 30.2% of patients vs. 5.3% (p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortality and cardiac events</title>
        <p>The mortality was significantly higher in the group CRS 13% vs. 2% in the group without CRS. Patients with CRS had higher rates of cardiac death and re-hospitalization due to worsening heart failure than those without CRS. This was also clearly demonstrated by Kaplan-Meier analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The major finding in our study was that, compared with patients without CRS, patients with CRS tended to be older, hypertensive and diabetic. Clinically, higher percentage of patients had dyspnea stage III or IV. Biologically, patients with CRS had lower hemoglobin and higher blood uric acid. Regarding echocardiographic findings, these patients also showed lower left ventricular EF, with higher prevalence of right ventricular and pulmonary hypertension, and higher risk of readmission.</p>
      <p>The CRS is characterized by chronic abnormalities in cardiac function leading to kidney injury or dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Worsening cardiac performance in heart failure results in renal hypoperfusion, with subsequent activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway and the sympathetic nervous system, which can further impair renal function. Chronic kidney disease and consequent uremia can lead to abnormal regulation of myocyte calcium homeostasis and contractile function, increased sympathetic activity, endothelial dysfunction, microvessel dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Pre-existing chronic renal failure is found in 45% of chronic heart failure patients, and is associated with a higher risk of hospitalization and death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>. This percentage is consistent with that of our series (46.5 % of patients with CRS).</p>
      <p>Deterioration of renal function increases with age. In our study, patients with CRS were relatively older than patients with normal renal function. In all the studies that have been conducted, advanced age was a factor associated with the occurrence of the CRS. In the study by Lu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> mean age of patients with CRS was 77 &#177; 8 years.</p>
      <p>In our study, diabetes and uncontrolled hypertension were the major risk factors found in patients with CRS. It has been suggested an interplay of diabetes and/or hypertension- induced and heart failure-associated renal injury with a related and mutually perpetuating pathophysiology, as it was demonstrated in the model of Kishimoto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Anemia is associated with high mortality in all patients with heart failure and reflects an advanced state of the disease. Also, it is particularly considered as an independent risk factor of morbidity and mortality in all CRSs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Sato et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> reported that peak VO2, B-type natriuretic peptide levels, anemia and uric acid levels were independent prognostic factors of type 2 CRS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Anemia, chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease are capable of causing or worsening each other, forming a vicious circle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Recently, a new term has been used - cardiorenal anemia syndrome. In all studies on heart failure, the average hemoglobin level was lower in the group with chronic renal failure, which was associated with a risk of re-hospitalization and higher mortality rates. Lu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> had reported a 4-year death rate of 51% in patients with cardiorenal anemia syndrome vs. 26% in those without the syndrome. Age and serum potassium were the predictive factors cardiorenal anemia syndrome progression among patients with heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> More recently, it has been shown that anemia is common in diabetes mellitus, with chronic kidney disease and functional erythropoietin deficiency hypothesized as major contributing factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier cardiac event-free survival analysis in patients with and without cardiorenal syndrome</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0425-70072-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Recent progresses in the treatment of anemia in heart failure have focused on the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and intravenous iron transfusion. A recent meta-analysis involving more than 11 studies concluded that erythropoiesis-stimulating agents help improve symptoms, reduce hospitalization, and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, patients with CRS were less likely to be treated with beta-blocker, and more likely to receive loop diuretics and calcium channel blockers. This is explained by a higher rate of congestive heart failure, difficulties in the control of blood pressure and symptoms, and diuretic resistance. The cause of diuretic resistance is multifactorial: inadequate dosing of diuretic, increased sodium intake, delayed intestinal absorption of drugs, decreased diuretic tubular secretion, renal underperfusion and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our study had some limitations. This is an observational study and reflects the data from patients only from a single center, which is not representative of the Moroccan population. Some patients were not included, such as hemodialysis patients, who have a worse prognosis, to not create an ambiguity between all types of CRS. For this reason, a cause-consequence relationship has not been clearly established.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Deterioration of renal function in chronic renal failure is associated with poor prognosis, including a high risk of rehospitalization, cardiovascular events and death. More attention should be paid to elderly, diabetic patients, with a very low left ventricular EF or pulmonary hypertension.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome Cardiorrenal Tipo 2: Um Forte Fator Progn&#243;stico da Sobrevida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salim</surname>
            <given-names>Arous</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benouna</surname>
            <given-names>Mohamed El Ghali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Habbal</surname>
            <given-names>Monia El Mourid, Rachida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">CHU Ibn Rush, Casablanca - Marrocos</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Arous Salim</bold>, 2 R&#233;sidence Riad El Hamd Route De La Mecque. CEP: 20500, Casablanca - Marrocos. E-mail: <email>arous.salim@hotmail.fr</email>; <email>aroussalim1@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Fundamento: A insufici&#234;ncia renal &#233; comum em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, com uma preval&#234;ncia entre 20% a 57%, e est&#225; associada a um mau progn&#243;stico e um alto risco de reinterna&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas, cl&#237;nicas e terap&#234;uticas de pacientes marroquinos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica que desenvolveram insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 563 pacientes acompanhados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica na Unidade de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca do Departamento de Cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Ibn Rushd em Casablanca, Marrocos, entre 30 de julho de 2012 e 30 de julho de 2016. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal, os pacientes com s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal tenderam a ser mais velhos, hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos. Clinicamente, uma porcentagem mais alta dos pacientes apresentou dispneia est&#225;gio III ou IV. Biologicamente, os pacientes com SCR apresentaram n&#237;veis menores de hemoglobina e n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos maiores de &#225;cido &#250;rico. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, esses pacientes tamb&#233;m apresentaram menor FE do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o ventricular direita e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, e maior risco de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal na insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica est&#225; associada com um pior progn&#243;stico, incluindo um maior risco de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar, eventos cardiovasculares, e morte. Maior aten&#231;&#227;o deve ser dada a pacientes idosos, diab&#233;ticos, com valores muito baixos de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Cardiorrenal</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica / progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Readmiss&#227;o do Paciente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia renal &#233; comum em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, com uma preval&#234;ncia entre 20% a 57%, e est&#225; associada a um mau progn&#243;stico e um alto risco de reinterna&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Existe uma complexa inter-rela&#231;&#227;o entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e o rim nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos exatos dessa intera&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o foram esclarecidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Est&#237;mulos fisiopatol&#243;gicos importantes &#224; progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a renal incluem eleva&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas na press&#227;o venosa renal, ativa&#231;&#227;o mal adaptativa do eixo renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e do sistema nervoso central, bem como um estado inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo de nosso estudo foi apresentar caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas, cl&#237;nicas, paracl&#237;nicas e terap&#234;uticas de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e renal cr&#244;nica no Marrocos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Realizamos um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, transversal, com 563 pacientes atendidos na Unidade de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca do Departamento de Cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Casablanca, Marrocos, durante o per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s anos entre 30 de julho de 2012 a 30 de julho de 2016.</p>
        <p>A Unidade de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca &#233; um hospital-dia que atende somente pacientes est&#225;veis, a cada 3 ou 6 meses. Nossos pacientes estavam clinicamente est&#225;veis e foram acompanhados pela ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos. Os desfechos foram morte card&#237;aca e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave com ou sem piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda e arritmia grave. O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi 681 &#177; 105 dias. O acompanhamento e os eventos foram confirmados por consultas m&#233;dicas a cada tr&#234;s meses e/ou contato telef&#244;nico.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, aqueles que desenvolveram s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal (SCR), e aqueles que n&#227;o a desenvolveram.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de SCR tipo 2 foi estabelecido com base nos crit&#233;rios do KDIGO (<italic>Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes</italic>)/ KDOQI (<italic>Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative</italic>): albumin&#250;ria e/ou TFG &lt; 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, ou um decr&#233;scimo na TFG &gt; 5 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>/ano ou &gt; 10 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>/5 anos ou aumento na albumin&#250;ria, juntamente com suspeita ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva antes do in&#237;cio ou progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, e associa&#231;&#227;o do evento ou grau da doen&#231;a renal com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca de base.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos achados ecogr&#225;ficos, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi considerado dilatado se seu di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico fosse superior a 57 mm em homens, e 53 mm em mulheres. &#193;trio esquerdo dilatado foi considerado quando sua superf&#237;cie era maior que 15 cm<sup>2</sup> ou seu di&#226;metro era maior que 35 mm. Presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito foi considerada quando a TAPSE (excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide) era inferior a 16 mm, a velocidade longitudinal da onda S era menor que 11,5 cm/s, ou a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento menor que 30%. Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar foi definida como qualquer valor de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar, medida pelo fluxo da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, maior que 40 mmHg.</p>
        <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado um m&#234;s ap&#243;s in&#237;cio do tratamento.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais foram os dados registrados durante a primeira consulta na Unidade de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca. Inclu&#237;mos todos os pacientes que desenvolveram SCR em qualquer momento do seguimento, mesmo que essa tenha ocorrido na primeira consulta.</p>
        <p>Entre as causas de readmiss&#227;o, selecionamos pacientes admitidos no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia por s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva ou arritmia grave. Definimos arritmia grave como qualquer arritmia atrial ou ventricular que causasse instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica ou que requeresse tratamento medicamentoso.</p>
        <p>N&#243;s exclu&#237;mos todos os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal secund&#225;ria a outras etiologias, incluindo outras SCRs, pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam SCR tipo 2, segundo defini&#231;&#227;o adotada, e pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; DP para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e em n&#250;meros e porcentagens para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para dados sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes nos dois grupos especificados acima foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas e pelo teste t de Student pareado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. As vari&#225;veis significativas selecionadas na an&#225;lise univariada foram inseridas na an&#225;lise multivariada. A taxa de sobrevida livre de eventos card&#237;acos foi calculada pela an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas pelo programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 17.0</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Achados cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>Entre os 563 pacientes analisados, 46,5% (262 pacientes) apresentaram SCR tipo 2.</p>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi significativamente maior no grupo SCR (67 anos vs. 61). Dividindo-se os pacientes em quatro faixas et&#225;rias, a SCR foi mais comum em pacientes com idade acima de 70 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal (SCR) e sem SCR por idade</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0425-70072-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A maior frequ&#234;ncia de homens foi observada em ambos os grupos, 53,1% no grupo SCR e 60,1% no grupo sem SCR, mas a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,105).</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco, a porcentagem dos pacientes com hipertens&#227;o e diabetes foi significativamente maior no grupo SCR em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem SCR (55,3% e 42%, respectivamente, no grupo com SCR vs. 39,5% e 26,6%, respectivamente, no grupo sem SCR, p &lt; 0.0001). Entre os pacientes hipertensos, a propor&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada foi significativamente maior no grupo com SCR (16,8% vs. 9,3%).</p>
          <p>N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos para outros fatores de risco.</p>
          <p>Clinicamente, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe III e IV segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> foi relatada em 25,6% no grupo com SCR e 13,3% no grupo sem SCR (p &lt; 0.0001). A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia foi ligeiramente maior no grupo com SCR (p = 0.453).</p>
          <p>Uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m n&#227;o significativa, de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi observada no grupo com SCR (17,2% vs.13%).</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> resume essas caracter&#237;sticas.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes por presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n = 563</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">S&#205;NDROME CARDIORRENAL</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">An&#225;lises multivariadas</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">NO n = 301 (53,5%)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">YES n = 262 (46,5%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,45 &#177;12,60</td>
                  <td align="center">67,53 &#177;10,80</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Homens</td>
                  <td align="center">181(60,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">139(53,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,105</td>
                  <td align="center">0,274</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fumantes</td>
                  <td align="center">111(36,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77(29,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,073</td>
                  <td align="center">0,182</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">113(39,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">145(55,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8249;0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8249;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Controlada</td>
                  <td align="center">91(30,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">101(38,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o controlada</td>
                  <td align="center">28(9,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44(16,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">80(26,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">110(42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">43(14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48(18,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,208</td>
                  <td align="center">0,329</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dispneia est&#225;gio III ou IV</td>
                  <td align="center">40(13,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67(25,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">68,58 &#177; 12,59</td>
                  <td align="center">69,42 &#177; 14,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,453</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,407 &#177; 3,70</td>
                  <td align="center">25,474 &#177; 3,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,848</td>
                  <td align="center">0,395</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (17,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,192</td>
                  <td align="center">0,804</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Etiologias</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DCI</td>
                  <td align="center">202(67,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">179(68,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,096</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CMD</td>
                  <td align="center">58(19,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63(24%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a valvar</td>
                  <td align="center">8(2,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(2,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outras</td>
                  <td align="center">33(11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14(5,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Par&#226;metros ecogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDFVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,71 &#177; 11,51</td>
                  <td align="center">59,11 &#177; 8,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VSFVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,23 &#177; 9,45</td>
                  <td align="center">46,79 &#177; 9,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,085</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,57 &#177; 7,50</td>
                  <td align="center">33,50 &#177; 8,52</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TD (msec)</td>
                  <td align="center">161,59 &#177; 47,45</td>
                  <td align="center">137,70 &#177; 50,62</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;rea do &#225;trio esquerdo (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,95 &#177; 6,25</td>
                  <td align="center">21,73 &#177; 6,82</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (19,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                  <td align="center">0,168</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (21,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">148( 56,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Par&#226;metros biol&#243;gicos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobina</td>
                  <td align="center">13,05 &#177; 1,52</td>
                  <td align="center">12,34 &#177; 1,75</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BUN (mg/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67 &#177; 0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,51 &#177; 1,85</td>
                  <td align="center">16,84 &#177; 8,72</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio s&#233;rico</td>
                  <td align="center">140,1 &#177; 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">139,4 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico</td>
                  <td align="center">4,53 &#177; 0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">4,83 &#177; 0,64</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">C&#225;lcio s&#233;rico</td>
                  <td align="center">93,56 &#177; 4,98</td>
                  <td align="center">91,447 &#177; 4,84</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,758</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCR</td>
                  <td align="center">11,51 &#177; 18,22</td>
                  <td align="center">24,65 &#177; 40,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037</td>
                  <td align="center">0,135</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;cido &#250;rico</td>
                  <td align="center">53,33 &#177; 14,52</td>
                  <td align="center">71,47 &#177; 19,53</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#946;-bloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">287 (95,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">237 (90,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidor de ECA ou BR</td>
                  <td align="center">298 (99%)</td>
                  <td align="center">257 (98,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,482</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BCC</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">249(82,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">234(89,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,029</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">248(82,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">234(89,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espironolactona</td>
                  <td align="center">135(44,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">138(52,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,076</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Readmiss&#227;o hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">16(5,30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78(30,20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mortalidade</td>
                  <td align="center">6(2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34(13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DCI: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica; CMD: cardiomiopatia dilatada; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; BUN: nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina; BCC: bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Achados biol&#243;gicos</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios de s&#243;dio, c&#225;lcio e hemoglobina foram significativamente mais baixos no grupo com SCR (139,1; 91,4 e 12,3, respectivamente) que no grupo sem SCR (140,1; 93,5 e 13,05, respectivamente) no grupo sem SCR.</p>
          <p>Por outro lado, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios de pot&#225;ssio, &#225;cido &#250;rico e prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) foram significativamente maiores no grupo SCR (4,8; 71,4 e 24,6, respectivamente) que no grupo sem SCR e (4,5; 53,3 e 11,5, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Achados ecogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>Valores m&#233;dios de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE), dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo, e tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mitral foram significativamente mais baixos no grupo com SCR (33,50%; 43,6 e 137,70, respectivamente) que no grupo sem SCR (37,57%; 39,96, e 161,59, respectivamente). fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito foi deficiente em 19,1% dos pacientes com SCR, e em somente 12% no grupo sem SCR (p = 0,025). Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem SCR, 56,5% dos pacientes que desenvolveram SCR tiveram hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Terapia</title>
          <p>Os valores m&#233;dios de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) e do tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mitral foram significativamente mais baixos no grupo com SCR (33,50% e 137,70 ms, respectivamente) que no grupo sem SCR (37,57% e 161,59 ms, respectivamente). A &#225;rea do &#225;trio esquerdo foi maior no grupo com SCR (21,73 cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> vs. 18,95 cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) que no grupo sem CRS (18,95 cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>). A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito foi deficiente em 19,1% dos pacientes com SCR, e em somente 12% no grupo sem SCR (p = 0,025). Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem SCR, 56,5% dos pacientes que desenvolveram SCR tiveram hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada mostrou que idade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, baixa FE, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mitral, anemia, PCR elevada e hiperuricemia s&#227;o fatores de risco independentes para SCR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Readmiss&#227;o hospitalar</title>
          <p>Readmiss&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, arritmia grave ou evento coron&#225;rio agudo foram mais frequentes no grupo SCR (30,2%) que no grupo sem SCR (5,3%) (p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortalidade e eventos card&#237;acos</title>
          <p>A mortalidade foi significativamente mais alta no grupo com SCR (13%) que no grupo sem SCR. Os pacientes com SCR tiveram taxas mais altas de morte card&#237;aca e readmiss&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca progressiva que o grupo sem SCR. Isso foi claramente demonstrado pela an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso principal achado foi o fato de que, em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes sem SCR, pacientes com SCR tenderam a ser mais velhos, hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos. Clinicamente, uma porcentagem mais alta dos pacientes apresentou dispneia est&#225;gio III ou IV. Biologicamente, os pacientes com SCR apresentaram n&#237;veis menores de hemoglobina e n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos maiores de &#225;cido &#250;rico. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, esses pacientes tamb&#233;m apresentaram menor FE do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o ventricular direita e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, e maior risco de readmiss&#245;es.</p>
        <p>A SCR &#233; caracterizada por anormalidades cr&#244;nicas na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, levando &#224; les&#227;o ou disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um pior desempenho card&#237;aco na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca resulta em hipoperfus&#227;o renal, com subsequente ativa&#231;&#227;o da via renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, que pode piorar ainda mais a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e consequente uremia pode levar &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o anormal da homeostase do c&#225;lcio nos mi&#243;citos e da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til, atividade simp&#225;tica aumentada, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e aterosclerose acelerada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica pr&#233;-existente &#233; encontrada em 45% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, e est&#225; associada com um maior risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Essa porcentagem est&#225; de acordo com a de nossa s&#233;rie (46,5% dos pacientes com SCR).</p>
        <p>A deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal aumenta com a idade. Em nosso estudo, pacientes com SCR eram relativamente mais velhos que paciente com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal. Em todos os estudos conduzidos, idade avan&#231;ada foi um fator associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de SCR. No estudo de Lu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> a idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes com SCR foi 77 &#177; 8 anos.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, diabetes e hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada foram os principais fatores de risco nos pacientes com SCR. Tem sido sugerida uma inter-rela&#231;&#227;o do diabetes e/ou les&#227;o renal induzida por hipertens&#227;o ou associada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com uma fisiopatologia mutuamente perpetuante, conforme demonstrado no modelo de Kishimoto el al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A anemia est&#225; associada com alta mortalidade em todos os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e reflete um estado avan&#231;ado da doen&#231;a. Ainda, &#233; particularmente considerada um fator de risco independente de mobimortalidade em todas as SCRs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Sato et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> relataram que o pico de VO<sub>2</sub>, n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-B, anemia e &#225;cido &#250;rico eram fatores progn&#243;sticos independentes de SCR tipo 2. Anemia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica s&#227;o capazes de causarem ou piorarem uma a outra, formando um ciclo vicioso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Recentemente, um novo termo tem sido usado - s&#237;ndrome da anemia cardiorrenal. Em todos os estudos sobre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de hemoglobina era menor no grupo com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, e estava associado com risco de reinterna&#231;&#227;o e altas taxas de mortalidades. Lu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> relataram uma taxa de mortalidade de 4 anos de 51% nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome da anemia cardiorrenal, e de 26% naqueles sem a s&#237;ndrome. A idade e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pot&#225;ssio foram os fatores preditivos da progress&#227;o da anemia cardiorrenal entre os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Mais recentemente, foi demonstrado que a anemia &#233; comum no diabetes mellitus, e sugerido que a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e a defici&#234;ncia funcional de eritropoietina funcional s&#227;o os principais fatores contribuintes para esse quadro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise da sobrevida livre de eventos card&#237;acos pelo m&#233;todo Kaplan-Meier em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal e pacientes sem s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0425-70072-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Avan&#231;os recentes no tratamento da anemia na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca focam o uso de agentes estimuladores da eritropoiese e transfus&#227;o endovenosa de ferro. Uma metan&#225;lise recente envolvendo mais de 11 estudos concluiu que os agentes estimuladores da eritropoiese ajudam a melhorar sintomas, reduzem interna&#231;&#245;es, e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, os pacientes com SCR eram menos propensos a serem tratados com betabloqueadores, e mais propensos a receberem diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a e bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio. Tal fato deve-se &#224; maior taxa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, dificuldades no controle da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e de sintomas, e resist&#234;ncia a diur&#233;ticos. A causa da resist&#234;ncia a diur&#233;ticos &#233; multifatorial: dosagem inadequada do diur&#233;tico, ingest&#227;o aumentada de s&#243;dio, retardo na absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal da droga, diminui&#231;&#227;o na secre&#231;&#227;o tubular do diur&#233;tico, perfus&#227;o renal inadequada e uso de anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o-esteroidais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Este &#233; um estudo observacional e reflete os dados de pacientes de um &#250;nico centro, o que pode n&#227;o ser representativo da popula&#231;&#227;o de Marrocos. Alguns pacientes n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo a fim de n&#227;o gerar ambiguidade entre os tipos de SCR, tais como pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise, que t&#234;m pior progn&#243;stico. Por esse motivo, uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa-consequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o foi claramente estabelecida.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>A deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal na insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica est&#225; associada com um pior progn&#243;stico, incluindo um maior risco de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar, eventos cardiovasculares, e morte. Pacientes idosos, diab&#233;ticos, com valores muito baixos de FE do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar merecem mais aten&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
