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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8s8L4ZMZT4pyKDr5LP5vybT</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000500416</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170073</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of Central Obesity with The Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Taianah Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marins</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Braga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Renata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Caroline Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Gir&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Taianah Almeida Barroso</bold>, Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Diet&#233;tica da Faculdade de Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Rua M&#225;rio Santos Braga, 30, 4&#186; andar, Valonguinho, Centro. Postal Code: 24020-140, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>taianahbarroso@gmail.com</email>
					<email>taianahbarroso@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. Acquisition of data: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Alves R, Gon&#231;alves ACS, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Alves R, Gon&#231;alves ACS, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. Statistical analysis: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Alves R, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. Obtaining financing: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. Writing of the manuscript: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Alves R, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. Supervision / as the major investigador: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Barroso SG, Rocha GS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Sep-Oct</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>416</fpage>
      <lpage>424</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Obesity has been identified as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association of central obesity with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional study, carried out with patients treated at a metabolic syndrome outpatient clinic, with body mass index &#8805; 24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Nutritional status, laboratory tests (lipid and glycemic profile) and blood pressure status were analyzed. Participants were stratified into groups regarding the presence or absence of risk factors: diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Women (n = 39), mean age of 44.18 &#177; 14.42 years, of which 70% were obese and 38% were hypertensive, corresponded to most of the studied sample. Abdominal circumference was 110.19 cm &#177; 15.88 cm; levels of triglycerides were 153.72 mg/dL &#177; 7.07 mg/dL; and fasting glycemia was 188.6 mg/dL &#177; 116 mg/dL. A significant association was found between the waist/height ratio and the findings of hypertension (p = 0.007); between visceral fat volume and diabetes (p = 0.01); between the conicity index and the findings of hypertension (p = 0.009) and diabetes (p = 0.006). No significant association was found between body mass index and waist circumference with findings of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Central obesity was associated with a higher incidence of development of risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Abdominal Circumference</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a condition in which risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus occur in the individual,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> represented by the combination of at least three of the following five components: abdominal obesity; hypertriglyceridemia; low High-Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL); arterial hypertension; and fasting hyperglycemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"/> Among the metabolic alterations associated with abdominal obesity that contribute to the increase in the occurrence of MS, the glycemic disorder is significant, which is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Obesity is defined as excess body fat, resulting from the chronic imbalance between food consumption and energy expenditure, which has been growing annually and acquiring alarming proportions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The World Health Organization (WHO) indicates obesity as one of the most important public worldwide health problems. In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight. Of these, 600 million are already obese. From 1980 to 2013, both obesity and overweight increased 27.5% among adults and 47.1% among children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In Brazil, obesity rates grow continuously. Some surveys indicate that over 50% of the population has excess weight, that is, in the overweight and obesity range.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to the 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey (HBS), there has been an inversion of groups in the Brazilian food pyramid: the fruit and vegetable group exchanged places with the groups of oils and fats, and sugars and soft drinks groups, demonstrating that these foods are highly consumed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables and excessive consumption of foods high in fats and sugars are associated with the development and increased incidence of obesity and other chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>CVD is the leading cause of death in Brazil and worldwide. Data published by the WHO indicate that around 27% of the world's mortality records were caused by CVD, while in Brazil they were responsible for 31% of deaths.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> This epidemiological scenario is of concern, because it implies a decrease in the quality of life of populations, as well as high and increasing costs for the government, society, family and individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In view of the above, the present study is justified by the influence of MS occurrence on the risk of developing CVD and the effects of these disorders on the health status of the individual, which are becoming more frequent in the population. Therefore, it is necessary to study the anthropometric and biochemical parameters of patients with MS to help health professionals working specifically with this group.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of central obesity with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional study of patients treated at the Metabolic Syndrome Outpatient Clinic of the Faculdade de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Em&#237;lia de Jesus Ferreiro, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), from March to November 2016. The project was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the School of Medicine of UFF, under number 59604916.0.0000.5243. All patients signed the Free and Informed Consent form.</p>
      <p>The study included patients who met the following criteria: female gender, aged between 18 and 59 years, with a Body Mass Index (BMI) &gt; 24.9 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and the requested biochemical tests.</p>
      <p>Weight, height and waist circumference were used to evaluate the nutritional status, after being measured at the routine consultation. The weight was measured on an Even&#174; electronic scale with a total capacity of 300 kg. To measure height, a stadiometer with a total capacity of 200 cm and a minimum capacity of 100 cm was used. Based on these measurements, the BMI [weight (kg)/height (m)<sup>2</sup>] was calculated. The WHO classification was used to evaluate BMI: normal weight if the BMI was between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>; overweight, if between 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; and obesity between 30.0 and 34.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Abdominal obesity was defined based on the abdominal circumference cut-off point for the increased cardiovascular risk in women (&#8805; 80 cm), as defined by the American Heart Association (AHA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> For the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), the cutoff point used was the median one found in the sample (50<sup>th</sup> percentile) of 0.65.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The Visceral Fat Volume (VFV) was estimated by using a predictive equation, which uses WHtR and Fasting Glycemia (FG) as independent variables. The cutoff point of 100 cm<sup>2</sup> was considered for the VFV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The conicity index was calculated through the Valdez formula, and the value of 1.18 was considered the best cutoff point.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>FG was assessed considering adequacy cutoffs up to 99 mg/dL for healthy subjects and those individuals with FG &#8805; 126 mg/dL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> or those who used hypoglycemic agents were classified as having diabetes; as for triglycerides (TG), values up to 150 mg/dL were considered adequate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The values adopted by the American Heart Association (AHA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> were used for High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) values, being considered adequate when &gt; 50 mg/dL for women; Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) calculation was performed using Friedewald formula,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> with values &lt; 160 mg/dL being considered adequate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Patients with values above the pre-established ones or who were taking lipid-lowering drugs were considered as having dyslipidemia.</p>
      <p>Patients who had a medical diagnosis of hypertension and those who used classes of antihypertensive drugs defined for hypertension drug treatment: diuretics, adrenergic inhibitors, direct vasodilators, calcium-channel blockers, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), AT1 receptor blockers and direct renin inhibitors, were classified as hypertensive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> People who had no previous diagnosis of hypertension and who did not use antihypertensive drugs were excluded from the sample.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The results are expressed as descriptive statistics as mean &#177; standard deviation, and normality was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Because of medication use, we chose to use categorical data (diagnosis) to verify the association between anthropometric measures and the presence of diabetes, hypertension or dyslipidemia, using Fisher's exact test, so that medication use did not influence the analysis, also calculating the odds ratio (OR) to verify the associations between anthropometric indexes and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Due to the sample size, we chose not to use prevalence ratios. The results were considered significant when p &lt;0.05. GraphPad Prism 5.0 software was used for these analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The Metabolic Syndrome outpatient clinic treated 98 patients during the study period; of these, 60 were women, but only 39 met all the pre-established inclusion criteria and agreed to sign the Free and Informed Consent form.</p>
      <p>According to the BMI, 30% (n = 12) of the patients had nutritional status of overweight and 70% (n = 27) were obese, and 63% of the obese patients were over 40 years old. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the anthropometric data of this population.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Overall sample characterization</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Min-Max</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">44.18 &#177; 14.42</td>
              <td align="center">18-60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight, kg</td>
              <td align="center">90.48 &#177; 20.25</td>
              <td align="center">52.4-132.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height, m</td>
              <td align="center">159.6 &#177; 7.1</td>
              <td align="center">150-175</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (overweight)</td>
              <td align="center">27.67 &#177; 1.44</td>
              <td align="center">25.1-29.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (obesity)</td>
              <td align="center">37.78 &#177; 8.03</td>
              <td align="center">31.5-54.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference, cm</td>
              <td align="center">110 &#177; 16.07</td>
              <td align="center">80.0-140.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist-to-height ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.69 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.55-0.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Visceral fat volume, m<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">96.8 &#177; 90.1</td>
              <td align="center">63.2-492.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conicity index</td>
              <td align="center">1.34 &#177; 0.09</td>
              <td align="center">1.16-1.57</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values expressed in absolute numbers. SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding risk factors, 38% (n = 15) of the sample had hypertension; 26% (n = 10), diabetes; and 79% (n = 31) had dyslipidemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). It is possible to observe that 95% (n = 37) of the studied population had an abdominal circumference &#8805; 80 cm, and almost half of the sample (48%; n = 19) had TG levels &gt;150 mg/dL.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Risk factors found in the studied population, by groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Factor</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Min-Max</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">27.67 &#177; 1.45</td>
              <td align="center">25.1-29.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">37.78 &#177; 8.04</td>
              <td align="center">31.5-54.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abdominal circumference &#8805; 80 cm</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">95</td>
              <td align="center">110.19 &#177; 15.88</td>
              <td align="center">89-142</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">153.72 &#177; 7.07</td>
              <td align="center">151-394</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL &lt; 50 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">47.97 &#177; 11.95</td>
              <td align="center">29-48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL &gt; 160 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">182.5 &#177; 30.4</td>
              <td align="center">161-204</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fasting Glycemia &gt; 126 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">188.6 &#177; 116</td>
              <td align="center">129-396</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">79</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The statistical analysis showed an association between waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and hypertension findings (p = 0.007). Regarding the other parameters, diabetes and dyslipidemia, no significant results were found (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between waist-to-height ratio and hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Cutoff point</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&#8805; 0.65</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&lt; 0.65</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">OR</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">8.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetics</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.26</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">2.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-diabetics</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemics</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non- dyslipidemics</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Values expressed in absolute numbers.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Fisher's exact test (p &lt; 0.05). OR: odds ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The association between VFV and the findings of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 4</xref>. A significant association (p = 0.01) was found between VFV and diabetes, but no significant association was found when other parameters were analyzed.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between visceral fat volume and hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Cutoff point</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&#8805; 100 cm<sup>2</sup></th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&lt; 100 cm<sup>2</sup></th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">OR</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
              <td align="center">8.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetics</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-diabetics</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemics</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
              <td align="center">6.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non- dyslipidemics</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Values expressed as absolute numbers.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Fisher's exact test (p &lt; 0.05). OR: odds ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The association between the conicity index and findings of hypertension (p = 0.009) and diabetes (p = 0.006) showed significant results. Although no association was found regarding dyslipidemia, according to the risk ratio, a 6.6-fold increased chance was observed in the studied population for the development of dyslipidemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between the conicity index and hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Cutoff point</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&#8805; 1.33</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&#8804; 1.33</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">OR</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">7.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetics</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">9.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-diabetics</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemics</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.06</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">3.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non- dyslipidemics</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>Values are expressed in absolute numbers.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Fisher's exact test (p &lt; 0.05). OR: odds ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The association between BMI and the findings of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 6</xref>, and no association was found between the analyzed parameters. However, according to the calculation of the risk ratio, an increased chance was observed in the studied population for the development of hypertension (3.6-fold), diabetes (2.5-fold) and dyslipidemia (3.3-fold).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between body mass index and hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Cutoff point</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Overweight</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Obesity</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">OR</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.15</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">3.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetics</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.44</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">2.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-diabetics</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemics</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.17</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">3.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-dyslipidemics</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <p>Values expressed as absolute numbers.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p>* Fisher's exact test (p &lt; 0.05). OR: odds ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>No association was observed between abdominal circumference and the findings of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia at the cutoff point used (&#8804; 80 cm and &#8805; 80 cm).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The population analyzed in the study was mostly classified as obese, according to the mean BMI, in addition to showing higher mean values of abdominal circumference, conicity index, and WHtR than the cutoff points established for the evaluation of abdominal obesity. Despite this fact, they had a mean VFV &lt; 100 cm<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of obesity in the study (70% of the population) is noteworthy, as it is a relatively young and still active population, which shows the impact of current eating habits on health. It can be observed that 95% of the sample had abdominal obesity, which is an important risk factor for CVD and other associated morbidities.</p>
      <p>Similar findings were observed by Petrib&#250; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, who observed a population with 517 women with a median age of 29 years, of which 32.5% was overweight and more than half of the sample with abdominal and non-visceral obesity when waist circumference, WHtR and VFV were analyzed. The authors call attention to the fact that women tend to accumulate subcutaneous fat in the abdominal region, which may justify the findings.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of abdominal obesity has increased in recent years and is currently higher than the prevalence of overall obesity, especially in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> This can also be observed in our study, which found a prevalence of 70% of overall obesity and 95% of abdominal obesity, according to the abdominal circumference.</p>
      <p>It was observed that 48% of the patients studied had dyslipidemia and, of these, 46% were obese. This fact can be explained by the accumulation of adipose tissue and the release of free fatty acids, which are easily directed to the liver for a higher production of TG and Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Therefore, it is possible to associate this complication with the increased risk of developing CVD, which is directly related to obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There was an increase in the prevalence of abdominal obesity in the population. In women, this could be attributed to the higher concentration of body fat commonly reported in females, due to pregnancies and hormonal differences. This is added to the fact that the aging process causes a decrease in growth hormone production, basal metabolic rate and a natural reduction in physical activity levels, as well as a worsening of healthy eating habits, thus progressively increasing the redistribution of fat; thus, women start to accumulate more abdominal fat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The WHtR has been pointed out as an effective way of discriminating abdominal obesity related to cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, it was necessary to use other cutoff points for the WHtR, in addition to those suggested in the literature, since it was observed that most of the sample was above this range; thus, we used a cutoff point of 0.65 for WHtR, which represents the 50<sup>th</sup> percentile of the sample.</p>
      <p>The women in the study with WHtR above the cutoff point had a higher frequency of hypertension when compared to those below the cutoff. This finding corroborates current studies, which demonstrate that visceral fat accumulation tends to compress renal mechanics, which is a determinant of higher sodium absorption in the proximal segments of the nephron, causing the activation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system in the dense molecule for the preservation of renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate. Hydrosaline retention, and increased blood pressure and intraglomerular pressure levels would occur through this mechanism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the conicity index, some authors suggest a variation between 1.0 (a perfect cylinder) and 1.73 (a perfect double cone) at the cutoff points; the increase in values agrees with fat deposition in the central region of the body, that is, the closer to 1.73, the greater the central fat deposition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to Andrade et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, who studied the conicity index in women and their association with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, women with high conicity index values had 72% and 75% more chances of having diabetes mellitus and hypertension, respectively.</p>
      <p>Pitanga and Lessa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> suggested 1.18 as the best cutoff point the conicity index in Brazilian females of fertile age, with sensitivity (73.39%) and specificity (61.15%) values, as well as area under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve of 0.75 (95% Confidence Interval - 95% CI = 0.70-0.80). The authors concluded that the conicity index can be used to discriminate cardiovascular risk even if the sensitivity and specificity values are not very high. However, incorrect classifications are possible, which leads to a greater number of false-positive results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, we used 1.33, the median value of the sample, as the cutoff point for the conicity index, since only 4% (n = 1) of the population had an index &lt; 1.18. This parameter was associated with hypertension (p = 0.009) and diabetes (p = 0.006), which are risk factors for CVD. These findings corroborate those found by Ghosh et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, who compared the association of obesity indicators and eating habits with metabolic risk factors for heart disease, and found an association between high conicity index with high blood glucose, TG and total cholesterol levels.</p>
      <p>This fact can be explained because adipose tissue is influenced by several signals, such as insulin, cortisol and catecholamines, and, in response, it secretes other substances that act both locally and systemically, participating in several metabolic processes. Some of these secreted substances, such as leptin, adiponectin, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-a), among others, play a key role in insulin resistance, with abdominal fat having the greatest impact on this process. This fact suggests that this is a consistent indicator in the association of body fat distribution with cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The literature also reports that there is a lower tendency in women to have areas of visceral adipose tissue when compared to men. However, they have greater areas of subcutaneous fat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The metabolic behavior of visceral fat differs from that of subcutaneous adipose tissue. The first is more subject to lipolysis, expressing a greater number of glucocorticoid receptors and is more sensitive to catecholamines, showing a lower expression of IRS-1, which leads to a greater deterioration of insulin sensitivity and an increase in blood pressure and in the atherosclerotic process. For these reasons, VFV quantification is important, since the visceral fat deposition profile is more associated with CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance and ultrasonography are the best methods of VFV quantification, but they have disadvantages, such as the high cost.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies have developed predictive equations to estimate VFV, which are easy to use and low cost. Most of them have been performed in populations that are very different from the Brazilian population and in male individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> The equation developed by Petrib&#250; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> is the one closest to the study population.</p>
      <p>In the present study, VFV showed a high-risk chance for diabetes mellitus and a slight chance for systemic hypertension. However, the sample had a mean of 96 cm<sup>2</sup> of VFV, that is, it was below the established cutoff point.</p>
      <p>Piernas S&#225;nchez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> obtained similar data in their study, in which they applied a predictive equation to a population of women with a mean age of 39 &#177; 2 years and mean BMI of 29 &#177; 5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The authors observed that, even though they were overweight, had high body fat percentage and high cardiovascular risk, according to the waist circumference, the women had subcutaneous fat, and not visceral fat, according to the VFV.</p>
      <p>These authors draw attention to the fact that women tend to gain more subcutaneous fat in the abdominal than in the visceral region, which could justify the observed results.</p>
      <p>When analyzing the BMI with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, no association was observed with these parameters. The BMI is the most popular measure among health professionals to diagnose obesity because it is easy to apply. However, this index does not predict body fat distribution and does not distinguish lean mass from fat mass, and should be associated with other anthropometric parameters of body fat distribution to establish an increased risk of developing CVD, which is directly associated to central fat deposition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the measurement of abdominal circumference, the studied sample can be diagnosed with abdominal obesity and increased risk for CVD, with a mean of 110 &#177; 16.07 cm. However, this measure showed no association with the analyzed risk factors, highlighting only a slight risk of dyslipidemia. This finding can be explained by the fact that age is one of the important risk factors for CVD development<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and the studied population had a mean age of 44.18 &#177; 14.42 years, suggesting that women who participated of this study did not yet have some of the assessed morbidities, since they were still fertile (10 to 49 years).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> During menopause, changes in body fat distribution increase the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a study carried out in Africa with 169 postmenopausal women, abdominal circumference was correlated with systemic arterial hypertension. The results can be explained by the typical hormonal changes that occur in menopause, most prevalent at this age, when women are more vulnerable to metabolic diseases, such as dyslipidemia and systemic arterial hypertension, and which may increase the risk of CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Other studies have shown equivalent results. Moraes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> found a high percentage of participants with an increased risk for CVD. Silva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> found 91.6% of females with altered abdominal circumference and BMI. Crist&#243;v&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> investigated women treated at the Family Health Strategy units in the eastern region of S&#227;o Paulo and observed that 57.4% of the participants had values &gt;80 cm.</p>
      <p>The multiplicity of anthropometric indicators to estimate obesity contributed to the selection of one of them that considered criteria such as the studied population, gender, age and, mainly, evidence based on population studies or clinical interventions. It is worth noting that tools are needed to take the necessary measurements, which must be always available and feasible. Through the results shown in this study, it is suggested that all the anthropometric indicators used showed different performances to differentiate cardiovascular risk in women.</p>
      <p>This study has as limitations the small number of participants in the sample, due to resource limitations, non-assessment of the participants' ethnicity and patients who missed the consultations. Furthermore, the diagnosis of hypertension and/or diabetes was reported by the participants according to the knowledge of prior medical consultations.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Overweight and obesity were observed in the studied population, which showed greater accumulation of fat in the abdominal region, associated with diseases such as systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemias. These facts are of concern, as they are associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, increased metabolic complications and other health problems.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of completion of course work submitted by Taianah Almeida Barroso, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o Entre a Obesidade Central e a Incid&#234;ncia de Doen&#231;as e Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Taianah Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marins</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Braga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Renata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Caroline Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Gir&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Taianah Almeida Barroso</bold>, Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Diet&#233;tica da Faculdade de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Rua M&#225;rio Santos Braga, 30, 4&#186; andar, Valonguinho, Centro. CEP: 24020-140, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>taianahbarroso@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Alves R, Gon&#231;alves ACS, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Alves R, Gon&#231;alves ACS, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Alves R, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Alves R, Barroso SG, Rocha GS. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Barroso TA, Marins LB, Barroso SG, Rocha GS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A obesidade tem sido apontada como um dos principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o da obesidade central com a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as e fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal, realizado com pacientes atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, que apresentavam &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#8805; 24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Foram analisados o estado nutricional, os exames laboratoriais (perfil lip&#237;dico e glicemia) e o uso de anti-hipertensivos. Os participantes foram estratificados em grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a ou &#224; aus&#234;ncia dos seguintes fatores de risco: diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Mulheres (n = 39), com idade m&#233;dia de 44,18 &#177; 14,42 anos, sendo 70% obesos e 38% hipertensos corresponderam &#224; maioria da amostra estudada. A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal encontrada foi de 110,19 cm &#177; 15,88 cm; os triglicer&#237;deos de 153,72 mg/dL &#177; 7,07 mg/dL; a glicemia de jejum de 188,6 mg/dL &#177; 116 mg/dL. Foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/estatura e os achados de hipertens&#227;o (p = 0,007); entre o volume de gordura visceral e diabetes (p = 0,01); entre o &#237;ndice de conicidade e os achados de hipertens&#227;o (p = 0,009) e diabetes (p = 0,006). N&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o &#237;ndice de massa corporal e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal com os achados de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A obesidade central esteve associada a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de desenvolvimento de fatores de risco relacionados a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Circunfer&#234;ncia Abdominal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o em que os fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes melito ocorrem no indiv&#237;duo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> representada pela combina&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos tr&#234;s dos cinco componentes a seguir: obesidade abdominal; hipertrigliceridemia; baixo Colesterol-Lipoprote&#237;na de Alta Densidade (HDL) e Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade (LDL); hipertens&#227;o arterial; e hiperglicemia de jejum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Dentre as altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas associadas &#224; obesidade abdominal que contribuem para o aumento da ocorr&#234;ncia da SM, destaca-se o dist&#250;rbio glic&#234;mico, que est&#225; associado ao risco de Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular (DCV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A obesidade &#233; definida como excesso de gordura corporal, resultante do desequil&#237;brio cr&#244;nico entre consumo alimentar e gasto energ&#233;tico, que vem crescendo anualmente e adquirindo propor&#231;&#245;es alarmantes.<sup>((</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) aponta a obesidade como um dos maiores problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no mundo. Em 2014, mais de 1,9 milh&#227;o de adultos estavam acima do peso. Destes, 600 milh&#245;es j&#225; est&#227;o obesos. De 1980 a 2013, a obesidade e o sobrepeso, em conjunto, aumentaram 27,5% entre os adultos e 47,1% entre as crian&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No Brasil, a obesidade cresce cada vez mais. Alguns levantamentos apontam que mais de 50% da popula&#231;&#227;o est&#225; acima do peso, ou seja, na faixa de sobrepeso e obesidade.<sup>((</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De acordo com Pesquisa de Or&#231;amentos Familiares (POF) 2008-2009, h&#225; uma invers&#227;o de grupos na pir&#226;mide alimentar brasileira: o grupo das frutas e hortali&#231;as troca de lugar com os grupos dos &#243;leos e gorduras, e dos a&#231;ucares e refrigerantes, demonstrando que estes alimentos s&#227;o altamente consumidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O consumo insuficiente de frutas e hortali&#231;as, e o consumo excessivo de alimentos ricos em gorduras e a&#231;&#250;cares est&#227;o associados ao desenvolvimento e ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia de obesidade e de outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, como as DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As DCV s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo. Dados publicados pela OMS apontam que cerca de 27% dos registros de mortalidade no mundo foram decorrentes de DCV, enquanto, no Brasil, elas foram respons&#225;veis por 31% das mortes.<sup>((</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Este cen&#225;rio epidemiol&#243;gico preocupa por implicar em diminui&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida das popula&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m de custos elevados e crescentes para o governo, a sociedade, a fam&#237;lia e os indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho justifica-se pela influ&#234;ncia da ocorr&#234;ncia da SM no risco de desenvolvimento de DCV e pelas repercuss&#245;es destas desordens no estado de sa&#250;de do indiv&#237;duo, que est&#227;o cada vez mais frequentes na popula&#231;&#227;o. Observa-se, ent&#227;o, a necessidade de estudar os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e bioqu&#237;micos de pacientes com SM, a fim de auxiliar profissionais de sa&#250;de que trabalhem especificamente com este grupo.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o da obesidade central com a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as e fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Metodologia</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com pacientes atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica da Faculdade de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Em&#237;lia de Jesus Ferreiro, da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o a novembro de 2016. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da UFF, sob o n&#250;mero 59604916.0.0000.5243. Todos os pacientes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes que atendiam os seguintes crit&#233;rios: ser do sexo feminino, com idade entre 18 e 59 anos, e que apresentavam &#237;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) &gt; 24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e os exames bioqu&#237;micos solicitados.</p>
        <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional, foram utilizados peso, estatura e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, obtidos na consulta de rotina. O peso foi aferido em uma balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica Even(r) com capacidade total de 300 kg. Para a aferi&#231;&#227;o da altura, foi utilizado estadi&#244;metro com capacidade total de 200 cm e capacidade m&#237;nima de 100 cm. A partir destas medidas, foi calculado o IMC [peso (kg)/estatura (m)&#178;]. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o do IMC, foi utilizada a classifica&#231;&#227;o segundo a OMS: eutrofia se entre 18,5 a 24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; sobrepeso se entre 25,0 a 29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; e obesidade se entre 30,0 a 34,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A obesidade abdominal foi definida a partir do ponto de corte da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal para o risco cardiovascular aumentado em mulheres (&#8805; 80 cm) definido pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Para Raz&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia Abdominal/Estatura (RCE), o ponto de corte utilizado foi a mediana encontrada na amostra (percentil 50) de 0,65.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O Volume de Gordura Visceral (VGV) foi estimado por equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva, que utiliza como vari&#225;veis independentes a RCE e a Glicemia de Jejum (GJ). Foi considerado, para o VGV, o ponto de corte de 100 cm<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O &#237;ndice de conicidade foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Valdez, e o valor de 1,18 foi considerado como o melhor ponto de corte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Foi avaliada a GJ considerando os pontos de corte de adequa&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 99 mg/dL para indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e foram classificados com diabetes aqueles indiv&#237;duos com GJ &#8805; 126 mg/dL<sup>(14</sup> ou que fizessem uso de hipoglicemiantes; Triglicer&#237;deos (TG), considerando adequados valores at&#233; 150 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Foram utilizados como refer&#234;ncia os valores adotados pela American Heart Association<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> para HDL ou seja, valores adequados se &gt; 50 mg/dL para mulheres; o c&#225;lculo da LDL, pela f&#243;rmula de Friedwald,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> considerados valores adequados abaixo de 160 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Pacientes com valores acima dos preestabelecidos ou que estivessem em uso de hipolipemiantes foram considerados com dislipidemia.</p>
        <p>Foram classificadas como hipertensas pacientes que tiveram diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de hipertens&#227;o e que faziam uso das classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, definidos para o tratamento medicamentoso da hipertens&#227;o: diur&#233;ticos, inibidores adren&#233;rgicos, vasodilatadores diretos, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, Inibidores da Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores do receptor AT1 e inibidor direto da renina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Foram exclu&#237;das da amostra pessoas que n&#227;o tinham diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o e que n&#227;o faziam uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados s&#227;o expressos por estat&#237;stica descritiva, como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e a normalidade foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Por conta do uso de medica&#231;&#227;o, optou-se por usar dados categ&#243;ricos (diagn&#243;stico), para verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas antropom&#233;tricas com a presen&#231;a de diabetes, hipertens&#227;o ou dislipidemia, por meio do teste exato de Fisher, para que o uso das medica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o influenciassem na an&#225;lise, calculando as Raz&#245;es de Chance (RC) para verificar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos e fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Devido ao tamanho da amostra, optamos por n&#227;o utilizar as raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia. Os resultados foram considerados significativos quando p &lt; 0,05. Para estas an&#225;lises, foi utilizado o <italic>software</italic> GraphPad Prism 5.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O ambulat&#243;rio atendeu 98 pacientes no per&#237;odo estudado; destes, 60 eram mulheres, por&#233;m apenas 39 atendiam todos os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o preestabelecidos e concordaram em assinar o Termo de Consentimento Livre Esclarecido.</p>
        <p>De acordo com o IMC, 30% (n = 12) das pacientes apresentaram estado nutricional de sobrepeso e 70% (n = 27) eram obesas, e 63% das pacientes obesas tinham mais de 40 anos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dados antropom&#233;tricos desta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o geral da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">M&#237;n-M&#225;x</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">44,18 &#177; 14,42</td>
                <td align="center">18-60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso, kg</td>
                <td align="center">90,48 &#177; 20,25</td>
                <td align="center">52,4-132,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatura, m</td>
                <td align="center">159,6 &#177; 7,1</td>
                <td align="center">150-175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (sobrepeso)</td>
                <td align="center">27,67 &#177; 1,44</td>
                <td align="center">25,1-29,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (obesidade)</td>
                <td align="center">37,78 &#177; 8,03</td>
                <td align="center">31,5-54,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, cm</td>
                <td align="center">110 &#177; 16,07</td>
                <td align="center">80,0-140,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/estatura</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,55-0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume de gordura visceral, m<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">96,8 &#177; 90,1</td>
                <td align="center">63,2-492,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de conicidade</td>
                <td align="center">1,34 &#177; 0,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,16-1,57</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Valores expressos em n&#250;meros absolutos. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco, 38% (n = 15) da amostra apresentou hipertens&#227;o; 26% (n = 10), diabetes; e 79% (n = 31) apresentavam dislipidemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>). &#201; poss&#237;vel observar que 95% (n = 37) da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentava circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal &#8805; 80 cm, e quase metade da amostra (48%; n=19) apresentou os n&#237;veis de TG acima de 150 mg/dL.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores de risco encontrados na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, por grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Fator</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">M&#237;n-M&#225;x</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">27,67 &#177; 1,45</td>
                <td align="center">25,1-29,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">37,78 &#177; 8,04</td>
                <td align="center">31,5-54,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal &#8805; 80 cm</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">110,19 &#177; 15,88</td>
                <td align="center">89-142</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">153,72 &#177; 7,07</td>
                <td align="center">151-394</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL &lt; 50 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">47,97 &#177; 11,95</td>
                <td align="center">29-48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL &gt; 160 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">182,5 &#177; 30,4</td>
                <td align="center">161-204</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia de jejum &gt; 126 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">188,6 &#177; 116</td>
                <td align="center">129-396</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica evidenciou associa&#231;&#227;o entre RCE e os achados de hipertens&#227;o (p = 0,007). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros par&#226;metros, diabetes e dislipidemia, n&#227;o foram encontrados resultados significativos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/estatura e hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Ponto de corte</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&#8805; 0,65</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&lt; 0,65</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">RC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertenso</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">8,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o hipertenso</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diab&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,26</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o Diab&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipid&#234;micos</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o dislipid&#234;micos</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>Valores expressos em n&#250;meros absolutos.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fischer (p &lt; 0,05). RC: raz&#227;o de chance.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o VGV e os achados de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabela 4</xref>. Foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (p = 0,01) entre o VGV e diabetes, mas n&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa quando outros par&#226;metros foram analisados.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre o volume de gordura visceral e hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Ponto de corte</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&#8805; 100 cm<sup>2</sup></th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&lt; 100 cm<sup>2</sup></th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">RC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertenso</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o hipertenso</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diab&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o diab&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipid&#234;micos</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o dislipid&#234;micos</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>Valores expressos em n&#250;meros absolutos.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fischer (p &lt; 0,05). RC: raz&#227;o de chance.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice conicidade e os achados de hipertens&#227;o (p = 0,009) e diabetes (p = 0,006) apresentou resultados significativos. Apesar de n&#227;o ter sido encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dislipidemia, segundo a raz&#227;o de risco, foi poss&#237;vel observar chance aumentada em 6,6 vezes na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada para o desenvolvimento de dislipidemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de conicidade e hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Ponto de corte</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&#8805; 1,33</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&#8804; 1,33</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">RC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertenso</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">7,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o hipertenso</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diab&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">9,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o diab&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipid&#234;micos</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,06</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">3,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o dislipid&#234;micos</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>Valores expressos em n&#250;meros absolutos.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fischer (p &lt; 0,05). RC: raz&#227;o de chance</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e os achados de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">tabela 6</xref>, n&#227;o sendo evidenciada associa&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros analisados. Por&#233;m, pelo c&#225;lculo da raz&#227;o de risco, foi poss&#237;vel observar uma chance aumentada na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, para o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o (3,6 vezes), diabetes (2,5 vezes) e dislipidemia (3,3 vezes).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de massa corporal e hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Ponto de corte</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sobrepeso</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Obesidade</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">RC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertenso</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,15</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">3,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o hipertenso</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diab&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,44</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o diab&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipid&#234;micos</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,17</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">3,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o dislipid&#234;micos</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>Valores expressos em n&#250;meros absolutos.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <p>* Teste exato de Fischer (p &lt; 0,05). RC: raz&#227;o de chance.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e os achados de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia no ponto de corte utilizado (&#8804; 80 cm e &#8805; 80 cm).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o analisada no estudo, em sua maioria, foi classificada como obesa segundo a m&#233;dia de IMC apresentada, al&#233;m de apresentar valores m&#233;dios de circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, &#237;ndice de conicidade e RCE maiores que os pontos de corte estabelecidos para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da obesidade abdominal. Apesar disto, apresentaram m&#233;dia de VGV inferior a 100 cm&#178;.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade no estudo (70% da popula&#231;&#227;o) chama aten&#231;&#227;o, por se tratar de uma popula&#231;&#227;o relativamente jovem e que ainda &#233; ativa, o que mostra o reflexo dos atuais h&#225;bitos alimentares no impacto a sa&#250;de. Pode-se observar que 95% da amostra apresentou obesidade abdominal, que &#233; um importante fator de risco para DCV e outras morbidades associadas.</p>
        <p>Achados similares foram observados por Petrib&#250; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, que observaram popula&#231;&#227;o com 517 mulheres com mediana de idade de 29 anos, sendo 32,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o com sobrepeso e mais da metade da amostra com obesidade abdominal e n&#227;o visceral, quando analisados circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, RCE e VGV. Os autores alertam para o fato de que mulheres tendem a um aumento de gordura subcut&#226;nea na regi&#227;o abdominal, podendo justificar os achados.</p>
        <p>A literatura mostra que a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade abdominal tem aumentado nos &#250;ltimos anos e, atualmente, &#233; maior que a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade global, principalmente em mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Isto tamb&#233;m pode ser observado no nosso estudo, no qual foi encontrada preval&#234;ncia de 70% de obesidade global e 95% de obesidade abdominal, segundo a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal.</p>
        <p>Foi observado que 48% das pacientes estudadas apresentaram dislipidemia e, destas, 46% eram obesas. Este fato pode ser explicado pelo ac&#250;mulo do tecido adiposo e pela libera&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos livres, os quais s&#227;o facilmente direcionados para o f&#237;gado para uma maior produ&#231;&#227;o de TG e Lipoprote&#237;na de Muito Baixa Densidade (VLDL).<sup>(15,21</sup> Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel relacionar esta complica&#231;&#227;o com o risco aumentado de desenvolvimento de DCV, que est&#225; diretamente ligado &#224; obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Houve um aumento na preval&#234;ncia de obesidade abdominal na popula&#231;&#227;o. Nas mulheres, isto poderia ser atribu&#237;do &#224; maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal comumente relatada no sexo feminino, por conta de gesta&#231;&#245;es e das diferen&#231;as hormonais. Isto soma-se ao fato de que o processo de envelhecimento ocasiona um decl&#237;nio do horm&#244;nio do crescimento, da taxa metab&#243;lica basal e da redu&#231;&#227;o natural do n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, al&#233;m da piora dos h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis na alimenta&#231;&#227;o, aumentando, desta forma, a redistribui&#231;&#227;o progressiva da gordura; assim, as mulheres passam a acumular mais gordura abdominal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A RCE tem sido apontada como uma boa forma de discriminar a obesidade abdominal relacionada a fatores de riscos cardiovasculares.<sup>((</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, fez-se necess&#225;ria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outros pontos de corte para o RCE, al&#233;m dos sugeridos pela literatura, pois foi observado que a maior parte da amostra estava acima desta faixa, sendo adotado o ponto de corte de 0,65 para RCE, que representa o percentil 50 da amostra.</p>
        <p>As mulheres do estudo com RCE acima do ponto de corte apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, quando comparadas com aquelas abaixo do ponto de corte. Este achado corrobora estudos atuais, que demonstram que o ac&#250;mulo de gordura visceral tende a comprimir a mec&#226;nica renal, determinante de maior absor&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio nos segmentos proximais do n&#233;fron, o que provocaria a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina aldosterona na mol&#233;cula densa, no sentido de preserva&#231;&#227;o do fluxo plasm&#225;tico renal e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular. Por meio deste mecanismo, haveria reten&#231;&#227;o hidrossalina, e aumento press&#243;rico e das press&#245;es intraglomerulares.<sup>((</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice de conicidade, alguns autores sugerem varia&#231;&#227;o entre 1,0 (um cilindro perfeito) a 1,73 (um cone duplo perfeito) nos pontos de corte; o aumento nos valores est&#227;o de acordo com a deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura na regi&#227;o central do corpo, ou seja, quanto mais pr&#243;ximo de 1,73, maior a deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura central.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Segundo Andrade et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, que estudaram o &#237;ndice de conicidade em mulheres e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com hipertens&#227;o e diabetes melito, mulheres com altos valores de &#237;ndice de conicidade tiveram 72 e 75% mais chance de ter diabetes melito e hipertens&#227;o, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Pitanga e Lessa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> sugeriram 1,18 como o melhor ponto de corte em mulheres brasileiras em idade f&#233;rtil para o &#237;ndice de conicidade, apresentando valores de sensibilidade (73,39%) e especificidade (61,15%), e &#225;rea sob a curva Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor (ROC) de 0,75 (Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% - IC 95% = 0,70-0,80). Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o &#237;ndice de conicidade pode ser utilizado para discriminar o risco cardiovascular, mesmo que a sensibilidade e a especificidade n&#227;o sejam muito altas. No entanto, classifica&#231;&#245;es incorretas s&#227;o poss&#237;veis, o que leva a um maior n&#250;mero de resultados falso-positivos.<sup>((</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, utilizamos 1,33, valor da mediana da amostra, como ponto de corte para o &#237;ndice de conicidade, pois apenas 4% (n = 1) da popula&#231;&#227;o apresentou &#237;ndice &lt; 1,18. Este par&#226;metro se associou com hipertens&#227;o (p = 0,009) e diabetes (p = 0,006), que s&#227;o fatores de risco para DCV. Estes achados corroboram o encontrado por Ghosh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> que compararam a associa&#231;&#227;o de indicadores de obesidade e h&#225;bitos alimentares com fatores de risco metab&#243;licos para a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, e encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre alto &#237;ndice de conicidade com glicemia, TG e colesterol total elevados.</p>
        <p>Este fato pode ser explicado porque o tecido adiposo recebe a influ&#234;ncia de diversos sinais, como da insulina, do cortisol e de catecolaminas, e, em resposta, secreta outras subst&#226;ncias que atuam tanto local como sistemicamente, participando de diversos processos metab&#243;licos; algumas destas subst&#226;ncias secretadas, como a leptina, adiponectina, Fator de Necrose Tumoral Alfa (TNF-a), entre outras, apresentam papel fundamental na resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, sendo a gordura abdominal a que tem maior impacto neste processo. Este fato prop&#245;e que este &#233; um indicador consistente na associa&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal com fatores de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A literatura relata ainda que existe uma menor tend&#234;ncia nas mulheres em apresentar &#225;rea de tecido adiposo visceral, se comparadas aos homens. Entretanto, elas possuem maior &#225;rea de gordura subcut&#226;nea.<sup>((</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O comportamento metab&#243;lico da gordura visceral difere do tecido adiposo subcut&#226;neo. O primeiro &#233; mais sujeito &#224; lip&#243;lise, expressando maior n&#250;mero de receptores de glicocorticoides e &#233; mais sens&#237;vel &#224;s catecolaminas, apresentando menor express&#227;o de IRS-1, o que leva a maior deteriora&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade &#224; insulina, e ao aumento de press&#227;o arterial e do processo arteroescler&#243;tico. Por estes motivos, &#233; de import&#226;ncia a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do VGV, pois o perfil de deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura visceral est&#225; mais associado a DCV.<sup>((</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Destacam-se a tomografia computadorizada, a resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica e a ultrassonografia como os melhores m&#233;todos de quantifica&#231;&#227;o do VGV, por&#233;m s&#227;o m&#233;todos que apresentam desvantagens como o alto custo.<sup>((</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos desenvolveram equa&#231;&#245;es preditivas para estimar o VGV, pela facilidade de aplica&#231;&#227;o e baixo custo. A maioria deles foi realizada em popula&#231;&#245;es muito diferentes da brasileira e em homens.<sup>((</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> A equa&#231;&#227;o desenvolvida por Petrib&#250; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> &#233; a que mais se aproxima da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        <p>Na presente pesquisa, o VGV apresentou altas chances de risco para diabetes melito e leve chance para hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. No entanto, a amostra teve m&#233;dia de 96 cm<sup>((</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> de VGV, ou seja, esteve abaixo do ponto de corte estabelecido.</p>
        <p>Piernas S&#225;nchez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> obtiveram dados similares em seu estudo, no qual aplicaram uma equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia de 39 &#177; 2 anos e IMC m&#233;dio de 29 &#177; 5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Os autores observaram que, mesmo com o sobrepeso, porcentual de gordura corporal elevados e alto risco cardiovascular, segundo a circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, as mulheres tinham gordura subcut&#226;nea, e n&#227;o visceral, segundo o VGV.</p>
        <p>Estes autores chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que mulheres tendem a ganhar mais gordura subcut&#226;nea na regi&#227;o abdominal do que visceral, o que poderia justificar os resultados encontrados.</p>
        <p>Quando analisado o IMC com os fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, n&#227;o foi observada nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o com tais par&#226;metros. O IMC &#233; a medida mais popular entre os profissionais da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de para se diagnosticar a obesidade, devido &#224; facilidade de sua aplica&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, este &#237;ndice n&#227;o prev&#234; a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal e n&#227;o distingue massa magra de massa gorda, devendo estar associado a outros par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal, a fim de se estabelecer risco aumentado de desenvolvimento de DCV, que est&#225; diretamente ligada &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura central.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, a amostra estudada pode ser diagnosticada com obesidade abdominal e risco aumentado para DCV, apresentando m&#233;dia de 110 &#177; 16,07 cm. Entretanto, esta medida n&#227;o mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com os fatores de risco analisados, destacando-se apenas uma leve chance de risco para dislipidemia. Tal achado pode ser explicado pelo fato de que a idade &#233; um dos importantes fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> e a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada tinha idade m&#233;dia de 44,18 &#177; 14,42 anos, sugerindo que as mulheres que fizeram parte deste estudo ainda n&#227;o apresentavam algumas das morbidades avaliadas, pois estavam em idade f&#233;rtil (10 a 49 anos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Na menopausa, as mudan&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal elevam o risco cardiovascular e de doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em estudo realizado na &#193;frica com 169 mulheres p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas, a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi correlacionada com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Os resultados podem ser explicados pelas altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais t&#237;picas da menopausa, mais prevalentes nesta idade, em que as mulheres s&#227;o mais vulner&#225;veis &#224;s doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas, como dislipidemia e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, e podem aumentar o risco de DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outras pesquisas demonstram resultados parecidos. Moraes et al.<sup>((</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> encontraram elevado porcentual das participantes com risco aumentado para DCV. Silva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> encontrou 91,6% do sexo feminino com circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e o IMC alterados. Crist&#243;v&#227;o et al.<sup>((</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> investigaram mulheres frequentadoras da Estrat&#233;gia Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia no leste de S&#227;o Paulo e observaram 57,4% das participantes com valores acima de 80 cm.</p>
        <p>A multiplicidade de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos para estimar a obesidade contribui para que a escolha de um deles levasse em considera&#231;&#227;o crit&#233;rios como popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, sexo, idade e, principalmente, as evid&#234;ncias baseadas em pesquisas populacionais ou interven&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Cabe ressaltar que h&#225; necessidade de instrumentos para aferi&#231;&#227;o das medidas necess&#225;rias, que devem estar sempre dispon&#237;veis e ser vi&#225;veis. Mediante os resultados apresentados neste estudo, sugere-se que todos os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos utilizados apresentaram diferentes desempenhos para diferenciar o risco cardiovascular em mulheres.</p>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta como limita&#231;&#245;es o pequeno n&#250;mero de participantes da amostra, resultado da limita&#231;&#227;o de recursos, da n&#227;o avalia&#231;&#227;o da etnia das participantes e da aus&#234;ncia dos pacientes a consulta. Al&#233;m disto, o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial e/ou diabetes foi relatado pelos participantes de acordo com o conhecimento por consultas m&#233;dicas pr&#233;vias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Sobrepeso e obesidade foram manifestados na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, que teve maior ac&#250;mulo de gordura na regi&#227;o abdominal, associada a doen&#231;as como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito e dislipidemias. Estes s&#227;o fatores preocupantes, visto que est&#227;o associados ao risco de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, aumento de complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e outros problemas de sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho de conclus&#227;o de curso de Taianah Almeida Barroso pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
