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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Wps7QLmMHX8QkVs5Bpv6vtb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000500401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170067</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hypertensive Adolescents: Correlation with Body Mass Index and Lipid and Glucose Profiles</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Liz Andr&#233;a Villela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sylvestre</surname>
            <given-names>Lucimary de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Varotto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giroldo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcieli da Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pecoits</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini</bold>, Rua Buenos Aires, 764, ap. 601. Postal Code: 80250-070. Batel, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lizavb@cardiol.br</email>; <email>lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Giroldo ML, Pr&#233;coma DB, Pecoits Filho R. Acquisition of data: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Baroncini CV, Giroldo ML. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Baroncini CV, Giroldo ML, Pr&#233;coma DB, Pecoits Filho R. Statistical analysis: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Giroldo ML, Pr&#233;coma DB, Pecoits Filho R. Writing of the manuscript: Baroncini LAV. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Baroncini LAV, Pecoits Filho R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Sep-Oct</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>401</fpage>
      <lpage>407</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The occurrence of hypertension during adolescence correlates with metabolic changes, obesity, and overweight.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To correlate the lipid and glucose profiles of hypertensive and nonhypertensive adolescents with age, gender, body mass index (BMI), weight, and height.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We selected 53 hypertensive adolescents and 182 healthy, nonhypertensive adolescents. The adolescents were divided into three groups: group I (GI; n = 108, 58 males, mean age 15.2 &#177; 2.2 years), consisted of healthy, nonhypertensive adolescents of healthy parents without a diagnosis of hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes; group II (GII, n = 53, 28 males, mean age 13.9 &#177; 1.4 years), consisted of adolescents with confirmed hypertension; and group III (GIII; n = 74, 31 males, mean age 14.9 &#177; 2.2 years), consisted of healthy, nonhypertensive adolescents of parents with a diagnosis of hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Gender and weight did not differ significantly among the groups. The subjects in GII were overall younger (around 1 year), shorter, and had a higher BMI compared with those in GI and GIII. After adjustment for age and BMI, GII presented higher glucose and LDL-C levels and lower HDL-C levels compared with GI and GIII. Total cholesterol and triglycerides levels showed no differences between groups. GI and GIII had no significant differences with regard to the analyzed variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Hypertensive adolescents showed higher values of BMI, and serum glucose and LDL-C levels, and lower serum HDL-C levels. These findings reveal that the changes in lipid profile and glucose metabolism that occur during adolescence may be influenced by the occurrence of hypertension during this developmental phase.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Mass Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Overwehight</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The continuously growing rates of obesity and overweight in children and adolescents has led to an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome and hypertension in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Children with primary hypertension are usually overweight and obese, which complicates the dissociation of the effects of the blood pressure (BP) levels from those of the metabolic abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The prevalence of hypertension increases progressively with increasing values of body mass index (BMI), and both the aging process (with physiological and biochemical changes) and obesity are known to contribute to BP changes during adolescence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Furthermore, hypertension in childhood and adolescence can lead to hypertension in adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Guidelines for the diagnosis of high BP in children and adolescents provide reference BP levels based on gender, age, and height.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Particularly during puberty, accelerated rates of BP changes may be associated with height and Tanner stage of pubertal development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Height and serum lipid levels are associated with the process of sexual maturation, and the levels of total cholesterol (TC) show a negative association with height.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> According to findings by Kouda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> height velocity is inversely associated with dynamic changes in serum lipids during puberty. These metabolic changes at puberty could reflect a potential cardiovascular risk in adulthood since a shorter stature is associated with a higher risk of development of coronary artery disease (CAD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Based on these observations, the objective of the present study was to assess and correlate the lipid and glucose profiles of hypertensive and nonhypertensive adolescents with these individuals' age, gender, BMI, weight, and height.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>We selected 148 consecutive adolescents regularly attending a hypertension ambulatory of a Pediatric Nephrology Clinic at the public health care system due to a diagnosis of hypertension. All hypertensive subjects had an office systolic and/or diastolic BP equal to or above the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile for gender and height on three or more occasions (office hypertension). The diagnosis of hypertension was confirmed by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), in which the presence of hypertension was defined as an average daytime and/or nighttime BP equal to or above the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile for gender and height according to ABPM pediatric standards.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> We excluded from the study subjects without confirmed hypertension and included those with essential or secondary hypertension. For the control group, 182 healthy adolescents (90 males, mean age 15.1 &#177; 2.2 years) were selected from the public healthcare unit.</p>
        <p>Each adolescent had their height and weight measured at the time of their appointment. In regard to BP assessment, all measurements were obtained from non-sedated subjects in the supine position and at rest. Systolic and diastolic BP recordings were obtained from the right arm with appropriately sized cuffs, after a minimum of 30 minutes of rest. Three BP measurements were obtained using a standard manual mercury sphygmomanometer, and the average of the three readings was used in the analysis. Levels of BP were classified according to established guidelines:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> normal (systolic &lt; 120 mmHg; diastolic &lt; 80 mmHg), prehypertension (systolic 120-139 mmHg; diastolic 80-89 mmHg), or hypertension (systolic &#8805; 140 mmHg; diastolic &#8805; 90 mmHg). Participants who reported taking BP medications were considered as having hypertension regardless of their BP measurements.</p>
        <p>The adolescents were considered overweight or obese when presenting BMI values equal to or above the 85<sup>th</sup> and 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles for age and gender, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The BMI was calculated using the standard formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Both parents and adolescents were asked to collect blood samples between 1 week before and 1 week after the appointment, for assessment of fasting serum glucose, TC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and creatinine. The parents' data were only used to establish diagnoses of diabetes and dyslipidemia and were not further analyzed in the study.</p>
        <p>In the hypertensive and control groups, the exclusion criteria were subjects without blood samples and adolescents with a diagnosis of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease. The presence of obesity or overweight was not considered an exclusion criterion. The following tests were additionally obtained from the subjects in the hypertensive group: microalbuminuria (abnormal values between 30 to 300 mg/g creatinine),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> glomerular filtration rate (GFR; abnormal values below 75 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and basal insulin (normal values between 5 and 25 &#181;U/mL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The adolescents were divided into three groups: group I (GI; n = 108, 58 males, mean age 15.2 &#177; 2.2 years), comprising healthy, nonhypertensive adolescents born to healthy parents without a diagnosis of or taking any medication for hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes; group II (GII; n = 53, 28 males, mean age 13.9 &#177; 1.4 years), comprising adolescents with confirmed hypertension; and group III (GIII; n = 74, 31 males, mean age 14.9 &#177; 2.2 years), comprising healthy, nonhypertensive adolescents whose parents a) were being treated for dyslipidemia or presented baseline levels of TC &#8805; 200 mg/dL, LDL-C &gt; 130 mg/dL, HDL-C &lt; 40 mg/dL, or TG &#8805; 150 mg/dL; b) had diabetes mellitus or a fasting plasma glucose &#8805; 100 mg/dL; and c) were taking medications for hypertension or presented a systolic BP &#8805; 140 mmHg or diastolic BP &#8805; 90 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the institution's Ethics Committee. The legal representative of each adolescent signed an informed consent form before the examination. All adolescents also signed a consent form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood sample analysis</title>
        <p>Levels of fasting serum glucose, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, creatinine, GFR, and microalbuminuria were determined using standard techniques and assays at a central laboratory. Briefly, for measurements of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and glucose values, approximately 5 mL of venipuncture blood were collected from each subject and placed in Vacutainer tubes after a 12- to 14-hour fast. The serum was separated from the red cells by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4&#186;C up to 2 hours after the venipuncture procedure. The serum was then placed in microtubes and stored at -20&#186;C for subsequent determination of lipid fractions and glucose levels. Serum levels of TC, HDL-C, TG, and glucose were determined by enzymatic methods (Roche Diagnostics), while LDL-C values were estimated by the Friedewald formula: LDL-C = TC - (HDL-C + TG / 5).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The results of the quantitative variables are described as means and standard deviations. Frequencies and percentages for gender as a variable are presented, and the chi-square test was used to compare the groups. For age, weight, height, and BMI, the groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Lipid variables were compared with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) including age, height, and BMI as covariables. The least significant difference (LSD) test was used for <italic>post hoc</italic> multiple comparisons. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The data were analyzed with the program IBM SPSS Statistics, v.20.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 95 hypertensive adolescents from the GII, who were younger than 12 years of age and lacked laboratory tests, were excluded from the study. Since the information regarding the Tanner pubertal stage was unavailable, the age of 11 years was used as a surrogate marker for the onset of puberty. A total of 53 hypertensive adolescents (28 males, mean age 13.9 &#177; 1.4 years) remained in the study. All these subjects were receiving antihypertensive therapy comprising angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs; n = 19), amlodipine (n = 5), propranolol (n = 1), or combinations of ACEI and amlodipine (n = 11), amlodipine and propranolol (n = 2), ACEI and propranolol (n = 1), and ACEI and angiotensin II receptor blockers (n = 1). None of the patients was using diuretics. In 19 adolescents (35%), we identified potential causes of secondary hypertension including coarctation of the aorta, reflux nephropathy, ectopic kidney, polycystic kidney disease, chronic pyelonephritis, renal artery stenosis, solitary kidney, and renal atrophy.</p>
      <p>Levels of creatinine (0.6 &#177; 0.14 mg/dL), microalbuminuria (12.1 &#177; 16.7 mg/g creatinine), and GFR (161 &#177; 47 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) were normal in the hypertensive adolescents. There were no significant differences in gender and weight among the three groups. The subjects in GII were younger (maximum 1 year), shorter, and had higher BMI values compared with those in GI and GIII (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). After adjustment for age and BMI values, the subjects in GII presented higher glucose and LDL-C levels and lower HDL-C levels when compared with those in GI and GIII (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Levels of TC and TG did not differ between groups. In regard to height, 25 adolescents (23%) in GI, 12 (22%) in GII, and 12 (16%) in GIII were considered short or very short for age. In regard to weight, 25 adolescents (22%) in GI, 28 (52%) in GII, and 16 (21%) in GIII were considered obese or overweight for age. When only the GII was analyzed, there was no significant difference in relation to age, height (p = 0.8), weight (p = 0.1), or levels of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and glucose in adolescents with essential or secondary hypertension (data not shown). In both GI and GIII, there were no significant differences in regard to the analyzed variables.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Basal characteristics of each group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Group</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mean</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Standard Deviation</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">15.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">13.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">*0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">14.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI x GII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI x GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**0.392</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GII x GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">58.3</td>
              <td align="center">15.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">62.8</td>
              <td align="center">20.8</td>
              <td align="center">*0.093</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">56.3</td>
              <td align="center">15.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">1.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">1.60</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
              <td align="center">*0.024</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">1.62</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI x GII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI x GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**0.147</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GII x GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**0.195</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body Mass Index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">21.2</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">24.5</td>
              <td align="center">6.7</td>
              <td align="center">*&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">21.1</td>
              <td align="center">4.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI x GII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI x GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**0.844</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GII x GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Least significant difference (LSD), p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Lipids and glucose levels</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Group</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mean</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Standard Deviation</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">77.5</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">88.7</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">*&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">78.8</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI x GII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI x GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**0.409</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GII x GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">68.2</td>
              <td align="center">26.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">82.4</td>
              <td align="center">20.5</td>
              <td align="center">*0.018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">72.9</td>
              <td align="center">28.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI x GII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI x GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**0.240</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GII x GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**0.042</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">62.7</td>
              <td align="center">13.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">46.3</td>
              <td align="center">14.2</td>
              <td align="center">*&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">61.3</td>
              <td align="center">13.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI x GII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GI x GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**0.507</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GII x GIII</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">**&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">79.6</td>
              <td align="center">37.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">99.7</td>
              <td align="center">63.2</td>
              <td align="center">*0.814</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">82.3</td>
              <td align="center">42.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">146.8</td>
              <td align="center">26.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">148.0</td>
              <td align="center">23.9</td>
              <td align="center">*0.643</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">150.1</td>
              <td align="center">27.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Least significant difference (LSD), p &lt; 0.05. LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study revealed that hypertensive adolescents, regardless of the cause of hypertension and after adjustments for age and BMI, presented higher glucose and LDL-C values and lower HDL-C levels when compared with nonhypertensive adolescents. Additionally, among the nonhypertensive patients, even those born to parents with diagnosed dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes, the values of glucose and lipid variables did not differ significantly. These findings suggest a correlation between hypertension and metabolic abnormalities during adolescence. The increased BMI in the group of hypertensive adolescents was mainly associated with height since weight did not differ significantly among the groups. Although the hypertensive group was somewhat younger (about 1 year in relation to the other groups), the values of height related to age in both males and females in this group were considered short or very short in only 22% of the cases. A similar finding was identified in GI and GIII, which comprised nonhypertensive adolescents. We were unable to rule out the possibility that this age difference of 1 year could have influenced the final height of the subjects in this group when compared with those in GI and GIII. Moreover, these findings corroborate those from other studies that have revealed an inverse relationship between height and lipid profile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Adolescents with a significant increase in height are likely to present decreased serum lipid levels, whereas those with a lower increase in height are likely to present increased serum lipid levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A short height is also associated with other CAD risk factors such as hypertension, high LDL-C levels, and diabetes. A prospective study involving these adolescents would be required to analyze their final height and correlate it to their lipid profile.</p>
      <p>As far as diabetes is concerned, the present study also identified higher glucose levels in hypertensive adolescents. However, this association between metabolic and lipid profiles, which was not the objective of the present study, may also be genetically determined, as indicated by Nelson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Several changes occur during puberty, the developmental period of the population analyzed in this study. These changes include an increase in height, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and modifications in the cardiovascular system, which may lead to electrocardiographic and BP abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> It is known that BP and arterial stiffness increase with age and that an early hormonal control (hormone levels and expression of receptors) may simultaneously influence the growth of long bones and arteries, leading to further developmental changes in vascular structure and function, as well as changes in the susceptibility to artery stiffness and hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> These alterations may also influence the thickness of the media layer which, when increased, is considered a marker of atherosclerotic disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Height, as a means to calculate BMI, is widely used to quantify the risk of CAD. Recent studies have questioned the direct or inverse association of BMI values with CAD severity, which would explain the obesity paradox,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> considering that most studies consider only the final BMI value, instead of weight or height values alone. Additionally, results from meta-analysis have suggested that height may be regarded as an independent factor in the calculation of coronary risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Unfortunately, few studies have correlated the progression of height with the lipid profile, glucose levels, and hypertension in children and adolescents, as most seek to associate these variables with childhood and juvenile obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> A study by Batide-Alanore et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> including 865 families has confirmed that short height is associated with an adverse cardiovascular profile. Despite the small number of participants, the findings of this study, showing that hypertensive adolescents (with essential or secondary hypertension) were shorter and presented higher glucose and LDL-C serum levels and lower HDL-C serum levels, may contribute to the development of further prospective studies assessing the behavior of these variables at adult age and their correlation with the incidence of CAD. These findings show the correlation and complexity of the mechanisms involving hypertension in growing adolescents, who are constantly affected by metabolic changes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The present study has some important limitations, including a small number of assessed individuals, lack of fasting insulin levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> in all groups, younger age of subjects in GII (which may have influenced their shorter height in relation to the other groups), the inclusion of adolescents with primary and secondary hypertension, and the absence of Tanner stage information to determine the sexual development of the participants (considering that early puberty is associated with short height, lipid profile alterations, and increased cardiovascular risk).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In regard to essential and secondary hypertension, we only included in the present study those adolescents without chronic kidney disease, confirmed by levels of GFR, creatinine, and microalbuminuria, and chose adolescents with similar weight and height in both groups. Also, we lacked data on the birth weight and abdominal circumference of the subjects, which could have added more information about these individuals. </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Hypertensive adolescents had higher BMI values and increased serum glucose and LDL-C levels, and lower serum HDL-C levels. These findings reveal that the changes in lipid profile and glucose metabolism that occur during adolescence might be influenced by the presence of hypertension at this developmental phase.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of PhD submitted by Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini, from PUC-Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adolescentes Hipertensos: Correla&#231;&#227;o com &#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea e Perfis Lip&#237;dico e Glic&#234;mico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Liz Andr&#233;a Villela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sylvestre</surname>
            <given-names>Lucimary de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Varotto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giroldo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcieli da Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Pecoits</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini</bold>, Rua Buenos Aires, 764, ap. 601. CEP: 80250-070. Batel, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lizavb@cardiol.br</email>; <email>lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Giroldo ML, Pr&#233;coma DB, Pecoits Filho R. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Baroncini CV, Giroldo ML. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Baroncini CV, Giroldo ML, Pr&#233;coma DB, Pecoits Filho R. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre LC, Giroldo ML, Pr&#233;coma DB, Pecoits Filho R. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Baroncini LAV. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Baroncini LAV, Pecoits Filho R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o durante a adolesc&#234;ncia est&#225; correlacionada a mudan&#231;as metab&#243;licas, obesidade e sobrepeso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Correlacionar o perfil lip&#237;dico e glic&#234;mico de adolescentes hipertensos e n&#227;o hipertensos com idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), peso e altura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados 53 adolescentes hipertensos e 182 adolescentes saud&#225;veis n&#227;o hipertensos. Os adolescentes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: grupo I (GI; n = 108, 58 do sexo masculino, idade m&#233;dia 15,2 &#177; 2,2 anos), que incluiu adolescentes saud&#225;veis n&#227;o hipertensos, filhos de pais saud&#225;veis e sem diagn&#243;stico de dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o ou diabetes; grupo II (GII; n = 53, 28 do sexo masculino, idade m&#233;dia 13,9 &#177; 1,4 anos), que incluiu adolescentes com hipertens&#227;o confirmada; e grupo III (GIII; n = 74, 31 do sexo masculino, idade m&#233;dia 14,9 &#177; 2,2 anos), que incluiu adolescentes saud&#225;veis n&#227;o hipertensos, cujos pais possu&#237;am diagn&#243;stico de dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o ou diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Sexo e peso n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos. Os sujeitos no GII eram em geral mais jovem (ao redor de 1 ano), mais baixos e com IMC mais alto em compara&#231;&#227;o aos do GI e GIII. Ap&#243;s ajustes para idade e IMC, o GII apresentou valores mais altos de glicose e LDL-colesterol e mais baixos de HDL-colesterol em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GI e GIII. Os valores de colesterol total e triglicer&#237;deos n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos. O GI e GIII n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis estudadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Adolescentes hipertensos apresentaram valores mais elevados de IMC e de glicose e LDL-colesterol s&#233;ricos, al&#233;m de n&#237;veis mais reduzidos de HDL-colesterol. Esses achados revelam que as mudan&#231;as no metabolismo glic&#237;dico e no perfil lip&#237;dico que ocorrem durante a adolesc&#234;ncia podem ser influenciadas pela presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o durante esta fase do desenvolvimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrepeso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O cont&#237;nuo aumento nas taxas de obesidade e sobrepeso em crian&#231;as e adolescentes tem levado a um aumento na preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Crian&#231;as com HAS prim&#225;ria geralmente apresentam sobrepeso e obesidade, o que complica a dissocia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos da press&#227;o arterial (PA) dos efeitos ocasionados pelos dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A preval&#234;ncia de HAS aumenta progressivamente com o aumento dos valores de &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) e tanto o processo de envelhecimento (com altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e bioqu&#237;micas) quanto a obesidade s&#227;o conhecidos por contribuir para as altera&#231;&#245;es da PA durante a adolesc&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a HAS na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia pode levar &#224; HAS na vida adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diretrizes para o diagn&#243;stico de PA elevada em crian&#231;as e adolescentes oferece n&#237;veis padr&#245;es de PA com base no sexo, idade e altura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Especialmente durante a puberdade, taxas aceleradas de altera&#231;&#245;es da PA podem estar associadas com a altura e o est&#225;dio de desenvolvimento puberal de Tanner.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A altura e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de lip&#237;dios est&#227;o associados com o processo de matura&#231;&#227;o sexual e os n&#237;veis de colesterol total (CT) mostram uma associa&#231;&#227;o negativa com a altura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> De acordo com os achados de Kouda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> a velocidade do crescimento em altura est&#225; inversamente associada com altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas dos lip&#237;dios s&#233;ricos durante a puberdade. Estas altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas na puberdade podem refletir um potencial risco cardiovascular na idade adulta, j&#225; que uma estatura mais baixa est&#225; associada a um risco maior de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com base nestas observa&#231;&#245;es, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e correlacionar os perfis de lip&#237;dios e glicose de adolescentes hipertensos e n&#227;o hipertensos com a idade, sexo, IMC, peso e altura destes indiv&#237;duos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>N&#243;s selecionamos 148 adolescentes consecutivos em acompanhamento regular por diagn&#243;stico de HAS em um ambulat&#243;rio de HAS de uma Cl&#237;nica de Nefrologia Pedi&#225;trica do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de. Todos os sujeitos hipertensos apresentavam PA ambulatorial sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica igual ou acima do percentil 95 para sexo e altura em tr&#234;s ou mais ocasi&#245;es (HAS ambulatorial). O diagn&#243;stico de HAS foi confirmado por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) de 24 horas, no qual a presen&#231;a de HAS foi definida como uma m&#233;dia diurna e/ou noturna da PA igual ou acima do percentil 95 para sexo e altura, de acordo com os padr&#245;es pedi&#225;tricos para o MAPA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> N&#243;s exclu&#237;mos do estudo os indiv&#237;duos sem HAS confirmada e inclu&#237;mos aqueles com HAS essencial ou secund&#225;ria. Para o grupo controle, 182 adolescentes saud&#225;veis (90 do sexo masculino, m&#233;dia de idade 15,1 &#177; 2,2 anos) foram selecionados a partir da unidade do centro de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.</p>
          <p>Cada adolescente teve sua altura e peso avaliados no momento da consulta. No que diz respeito &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA, todas as medidas foram obtidas de indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o sedados, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e em repouso. As medidas da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram obtidas do bra&#231;o direito com manguitos de tamanho adequado, ap&#243;s pelo menos 30 minutos de repouso. Tr&#234;s medidas de PA foram obtidas com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio manual padr&#227;o, e a m&#233;dia das tr&#234;s leituras foi utilizada na an&#225;lise. Os n&#237;veis de PA foram classificados de acordo com diretrizes estabelecidas:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> normal (sist&#243;lica &lt; 120 mmHg; diast&#243;lica &lt; 80 mmHg), pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o (sist&#243;lica 120-139 mmHg; diast&#243;lica 80-89 mmHg), ou HAS (sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg; diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg). Os participantes que relataram tomar medicamentos para press&#227;o foram considerados como tendo HAS independentemente de suas medidas de PA.</p>
          <p>Os adolescentes foram considerados como tendo sobrepeso ou obesidade quando apresentaram valores de IMC iguais ou acima dos percentis 85 e 95 para a idade e sexo, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O IMC foi calculado com a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Tanto os pais quanto os adolescentes foram solicitados a coletar amostras de sangue entre 1 semana antes e 1 semana ap&#243;s a consulta para avalia&#231;&#227;o de glicose s&#233;rica de jejum, CT, colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C), triglicer&#237;deos (TG) e creatinina. Os dados dos pais foram somente utilizados para estabelecimento do diagn&#243;stico de diabetes e dislipidemia e n&#227;o foram analisados no estudo.</p>
          <p>Nos grupos com HAS e controles, os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram indiv&#237;duos sem amostras de sangue e adolescentes com diagn&#243;stico de diabetes, dislipidemia e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. A presen&#231;a de obesidade ou sobrepeso n&#227;o foi considerada como um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o. Os seguintes testes foram adicionalmente obtidos dos indiv&#237;duos no grupo de hipertensos: microalbumin&#250;ria (valores anormais entre 30 a 300 mg/g de creatinina),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG; valores anormais abaixo de 75 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e insulina basal (valores normais entre 5 e 25 &#181;U/mL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os adolescentes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: grupo I (GI; n = 108, 58 do sexo masculino, m&#233;dia de idade de 15,2 &#177; 2,2 anos), compreendendo adolescentes saud&#225;veis e sem HAS, nascidos de pais saud&#225;veis e sem diagn&#243;stico ou em uso de qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o para HAS, dislipidemia ou diabetes; grupo II (GII; n = 53, 28 do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 13,9 &#177; 1,4 anos), compreendendo adolescentes com HAS confirmada; e grupo III (GIII; n = 74, 31 do sexo masculino, m&#233;dia de idade de 14,9 &#177; 2,2 anos), compreendendo adolescentes saud&#225;veis e sem HAS cujos pais a) recebiam tratamento para dislipidemia ou apresentavam n&#237;veis basais de CT &#8805; 200 mg/dL, LDL-C &gt; 130 mg/dL, HDL-C &lt; 40 mg/dL, ou TG &#8805; 150 mg/dL; b) apresentavam diabetes mellitus ou glicemia de jejum &#8805; 100 mg/dL; e c) tomavam medicamentos para HAS ou apresentavam PA sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg ou PA diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o. O representante legal de cada adolescente assinou um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes do exame. Todos os adolescentes tamb&#233;m assinaram um termo de consentimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise das amostras de sangue</title>
          <p>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose de jejum, CT, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, creatinina, TFG e microalbumin&#250;ria foram determinados com uso de t&#233;cnicas e ensaios padr&#245;es em um laborat&#243;rio central. Resumidamente, para medidas de CT, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG e glicemia, cerca de 5 mL de sangue foram coletados de cada sujeito por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa e colocados em tubos Vacutainer ap&#243;s 12 a 14 horas de jejum. O soro foi separado dos eritr&#243;citos por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 3.000 rpm por 10 minutos a 4&#176;C at&#233; 2 horas ap&#243;s a pun&#231;&#227;o venosa. O soro foi ent&#227;o colocado em microtubos e armazenado a -20&#186;C para posterior determina&#231;&#227;o das fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas e glicemia. N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CT, HDL-C, TG e glicose foram determinados por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos (Roche Diagnostics), enquanto os valores de LDL-C foram estimados pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald: LDL-C = CT - (HDL-C + TG / 5).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados das vari&#225;veis quantitativas est&#227;o descritos como m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o. As frequ&#234;ncias e os percentuais para a vari&#225;vel sexo s&#227;o apresentados e o teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar os grupos. Para a idade, peso, altura e IMC, os grupos foram comparados por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unifatorial. As vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas foram comparadas por an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA) incluindo idade, estatura e IMC como covari&#225;veis. O teste de diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa (LSD) foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas post hoc. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. Os dados foram analisados com o programa IBM SPSS Statistics, v.20.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo 95 adolescentes hipertensos do GII com idade inferior a 12 anos e sem testes laboratoriais. Como as informa&#231;&#245;es a respeito do est&#225;dio puberal de Tanner estava indispon&#237;vel, a idade de 11 anos foi utilizada como marcadora substituta para o in&#237;cio da puberdade. No total, 53 adolescentes hipertensos (28 do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 13,9 &#177; 1,4 anos) permaneceram no estudo. Todos estes sujeitos estavam em uso de terapia anti-hipertensiva composta por inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (IECA; n = 19), anlodipino (n = 5), propranolol (n = 1), ou combina&#231;&#245;es de IECA e anlodipino (n = 11), anlodipino e propranolol (n = 2), IECA e propranolol (n = 1) e IECA e bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II (n = 1). Nenhum dos pacientes estava em uso de diur&#233;tico. Em 19 adolescentes (35%), n&#243;s identificamos causas potenciais de HAS secund&#225;ria, incluindo coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, nefropatia de refluxo, rim ect&#243;pico, doen&#231;a renal polic&#237;stica, pielonefrite cr&#244;nica, estenose da art&#233;ria renal, rim &#250;nico e atrofia renal.</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de creatinina (0,6 &#177; 0,14 mg/dL), microalbumin&#250;ria (12,1 &#177; 16,7 mg/g de creatinina) e TFG (161 &#177; 47 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>) nos adolescentes hipertensos estavam normais. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo e peso entre os tr&#234;s grupos. Os sujeitos no GII eram mais jovens (m&#225;ximo de 1 ano), mais baixos e apresentavam valores mais altos de IMC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos sujeitos em GI e GIII (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s ajuste para a idade e valores do IMC, os sujeitos em GII apresentaram valores mais altos de glicose e LDL-C e mais baixos de HDL-C quando comparados com aqueles em GI e GIII (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). Os n&#237;veis de CT e TG n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; altura, 25 adolescentes (23%) no GI, 12 (22%) no GII e 12 (16%) no GIII foram considerados baixos ou muito baixos para a idade. No que se refere ao peso, 25 adolescentes (22%) no GI, 28 (52%) no GII e 16 (21%) no GIII foram considerados obesos ou com sobrepeso para a idade. Quando somente o GII foi analisado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, altura (p = 0,8), peso (p = 0,1), ou n&#237;veis de CT, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG e glicose entre os adolescentes com HAS essencial ou secund&#225;ria (dados n&#227;o apresentados). Tanto em GI quanto em GIII, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis analisadas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais de cada grupo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">15,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">14,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI x GII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI x GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>0,392</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GII x GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">58,3</td>
                <td align="center">15,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">62,8</td>
                <td align="center">20,8</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>0,093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">56,3</td>
                <td align="center">15,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">1,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">1,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>0,024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">1,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI x GII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI x GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>0,147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GII x GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>0,195</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">21,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">24,5</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">21,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI x GII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI x GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>0,844</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GII x GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unifatorial, p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa (LSD), p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#237;veis de lip&#237;deos e glicose</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">77,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">88,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">78,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI x GII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI x GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>0,409</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GII x GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">68,2</td>
                <td align="center">26,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">82,4</td>
                <td align="center">20,5</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">72,9</td>
                <td align="center">28,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI x GII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI x GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>0,240</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GII x GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">62,7</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">46,3</td>
                <td align="center">14,2</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">61,3</td>
                <td align="center">13,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI x GII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GI x GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>0,507</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GII x GIII</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">79,6</td>
                <td align="center">37,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">99,7</td>
                <td align="center">63,2</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>0,814</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">82,3</td>
                <td align="center">42,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">146,8</td>
                <td align="center">26,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">148,0</td>
                <td align="center">23,9</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>0,643</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">150,1</td>
                <td align="center">27,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unifatorial, p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa (LSD), p &lt; 0,05. LDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo mostrou que adolescentes hipertensos, independentemente da causa da HAS e ap&#243;s ajustes para idade e IMC, apresentaram valores mais altos de glicose e LDL-C e mais baixos de HDL-C quando comparados a adolescentes n&#227;o hipertensos. Al&#233;m disso, dentre os adolescentes sem HAS, mesmo aqueles nascidos de pais com diagn&#243;stico de dislipidemia, HAS e diabetes, os valores de glicose e vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas n&#227;o diferiram significativamente. Esses achados sugerem uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre HAS e anormalidades metab&#243;licas durante a adolesc&#234;ncia. O aumento do IMC no grupo de adolescentes hipertensos foi associado principalmente com a altura, uma vez que o peso n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos. Embora o grupo de hipertensos tenha sido um pouco mais jovem (cerca de 1 ano em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros grupos), os valores de altura relacionada com a idade tanto no sexo masculino quanto feminino neste grupo foram considerados baixos ou muito baixos em apenas 22% dos casos. Um achado semelhante foi identificado em GI e GIII, que inclu&#237;ram adolescentes sem HAS. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel excluir a possibilidade de que esta diferen&#231;a de idade de 1 ano possa ter influenciado a altura final dos sujeitos neste grupo quando comparados com aqueles em GI e GIII. Al&#233;m disso, esses achados corroboram os de outros estudos que revelam a exist&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre altura e perfil lip&#237;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Adolescentes com um aumento significativo na altura s&#227;o suscept&#237;veis a apresentar n&#237;veis mais baixos de lip&#237;dios s&#233;ricos, enquanto aqueles com um menor aumento de altura s&#227;o suscept&#237;veis a apresentar aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de lip&#237;dios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A baixa altura tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada com outros fatores de risco para DAC, como HAS, altos n&#237;veis de LDL-C e diabetes. Um estudo prospectivo envolvendo estes adolescentes seria necess&#225;rio para analisar suas alturas finais e correlacion&#225;-las com seus perfis lip&#237;dicos.</p>
        <p>No que diz respeito ao diabetes, o presente estudo identificou tamb&#233;m n&#237;veis mais altos de glicose em adolescentes hipertensos. No entanto, esta associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfis lip&#237;dicos e metab&#243;licos, que n&#227;o foi o objetivo do presente estudo, tamb&#233;m pode ser geneticamente determinada, como indicado por Nelson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> V&#225;rias mudan&#231;as ocorrem durante a puberdade, o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento da popula&#231;&#227;o analisada neste estudo. Estas altera&#231;&#245;es incluem o aumento na altura, desenvolvimento de caracteres sexuais secund&#225;rios e modifica&#231;&#245;es no sistema cardiovascular, que podem levar a anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e press&#243;ricas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Sabe-se que a PA e a rigidez arterial aumentam com a idade e que um controle hormonal precoce (n&#237;veis hormonais e express&#227;o de receptores) pode influenciar simultaneamente o crescimento de ossos longos e de art&#233;rias, levando a altera&#231;&#245;es adicionais no desenvolvimento da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o vascular, bem como na susceptibilidade &#224; rigidez arterial e &#224; HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m podem influenciar a espessura da camada m&#233;dia, que quando aumentada &#233; considerada um marcador de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A altura, como meio para c&#225;lculo do IMC, &#233; amplamente utilizada para quantificar o risco de DAC. Estudos recentes t&#234;m questionado a associa&#231;&#227;o direta ou inversa entre valores de IMC e gravidade da DAC, o que explicaria o paradoxo da obesidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> considerando que apenas o &#250;ltimo valor do IMC foi avaliado, ao inv&#233;s do peso ou altura isoladamente. Al&#233;m disso, resultados de metan&#225;lise t&#234;m sugerido que a altura possa ser considerada um fator independente no c&#225;lculo de risco coronariano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Infelizmente, h&#225; poucos estudos correlacionando a progress&#227;o da altura com o perfil lip&#237;dico, n&#237;veis de glicose e HAS em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, j&#225; que a maioria procura associar estas vari&#225;veis com a obesidade infantil e juvenil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Um estudo de La Batide-Alanore et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> incluindo 865 fam&#237;lias confirmou que a baixa altura est&#225; associada a um perfil cardiovascular adverso. Apesar do baixo n&#250;mero de participantes, os achados deste estudo, mostrando que adolescentes hipertensos (com HAS essencial ou secund&#225;ria) eram mais baixos e apresentavam n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais altos de glicose e LDL-C e mais baixos de HDL-C, pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de mais estudos prospectivos avaliando o comportamento de tais vari&#225;veis na idade adulta e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a incid&#234;ncia de DAC. Estes achados mostram a correla&#231;&#227;o e a complexidade dos mecanismos que envolvem a HAS em adolescentes em crescimento, que s&#227;o constantemente afetados por altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es importantes, incluindo um pequeno n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos avaliados, aus&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis de insulina de jejum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> em todos os grupos, idade mais baixa dos sujeitos no GII (que pode ter influenciado na altura mais baixa destes indiv&#237;duos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros grupos), inclus&#227;o de adolescentes com HAS prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria e aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a escala puberal de Tanner para determinar o desenvolvimento sexual dos participantes (considerando que a puberdade precoce est&#225; associado &#224; baixa estatura, altera&#231;&#245;es do perfil lip&#237;dico e risco cardiovascular aumentado).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> No que se refere &#224; HAS essencial e secund&#225;ria, n&#243;s inclu&#237;mos no presente estudo apenas os adolescentes sem doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica confirmada por n&#237;veis da TFG, creatinina e microalbumin&#250;ria, e escolhemos adolescentes com peso e altura semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Al&#233;m disto, n&#227;o dispomos de dados sobre o peso ao nascimento e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal dos sujeitos, o que poderia ter acrescentado mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre estes indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Adolescentes hipertensos apresentaram valores mais elevados de IMC e de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose e LDL-C, al&#233;m de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais baixos de HDL-C. Estes achados revelam que as altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico e no metabolismo da glicose, que ocorrem durante a adolesc&#234;ncia, podem ser influenciadas pela presen&#231;a de HAS nesta fase do desenvolvimento.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de p&#243;s-doutorado de Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini pela PUC-Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
