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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XzMLwz45zHRXgptNwzyr7pm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000500391</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170065</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Doppler Echocardiographic Follow-Up of Mitral and Aortic Regurgitation in Children and Adolescents with Subclinical and Mild Rheumatic Carditis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Lelia Maria de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima Derlene da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meira</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Maria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8722; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: F&#225;tima Derlene da Rocha Ara&#250;jo</bold>, Rua Indiana, 789, apto. 301. Postal Code: 30460-350. Jardim Am&#233;rica, Belo Horiozonte, MG &#8722; Brazil. E-mail: <email>fatima.derlene@hotmail.com</email>; <email>cleverpsi@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Meira ZMA. Acquisition of data: Meira ZMA, Ara&#250;jo FDR, Almeida LMC. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Meira ZMA, Ara&#250;jo FDR, Almeida LMC. Statistical analysis: Ara&#250;jo FDR, Almeida LMC. Writing of the manuscript: Meira ZMA, Ara&#250;jo FDR, Almeida LMC. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Meira ZMA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Sep-Oct</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>391</fpage>
      <lpage>400</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Mild rheumatic carditis (MRC) and subclinical rheumatic carditis (SRC) are basically differentiated through auscultation of mitral regurgitation murmur. The evolution of these forms is not well established in the literature.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the evolution of mild and subclinical rheumatic carditis, considering mitral and aortic regurgitation (acute phase) and regression, maintenance or worsening of these diseases at the end of follow-up (chronic phase).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective, longitudinal study, including patients with mild and subclinical rheumatic carditis. The echocardiographic evolution of mitral and aortic regurgitation was compared in both groups, considering the analysis at the end of follow-up. The Chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used, with significance level established at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 125 patients were included, 69 (55.2%) with subclinical rheumatic carditis and 56 (44.8%) with mild rheumatic carditis, with a mean age in the acute phase of 10.4 &#177; 2.6 years and, at the end of study, 19.9 &#177; 4.6 years. The time of follow-up ranged from 2 to 23 years (mean: 9.38 &#177; 4.3 years). In the acute phase, mild/moderate or moderate mitral regurgitation was more frequent in patients with mild rheumatic carditis (p = 0.001). Mild or mild/moderate aortic regurgitation was also more common in the mild rheumatic carditis group (p = 0.045). In the chronic phase, we observed that both mitral (p &lt; 0.0001) and aortic regurgitation (p = 0.009) were more frequent in patients with mild rheumatic carditis, and survival free of rheumatic heart disease was higher in the subclinical rheumatic carditis group (p = 0.010). Residual mitral regurgitation was higher in the mild rheumatic carditis group p &lt; 0.0001), and residual aortic regurgitation was similar in both groups (p = 0.099).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Mitral regurgitation resolution was higher in patients with subclinical rheumatic carditis, and the involution of aortic regurgitation was less frequent and similar in both groups. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2017;30(5):391-400)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Rheumatic Heart Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve / abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve / abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Rheumatic fever (RF) is still responsible for high morbidity and mortality in young individuals in developing countries, despite the decline in Acute RF (ARF) and Chronic Rheumatic Cardiopathy (CRC) in developed countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Brazil is considered a country with a medium prevalence of the disease, with a rate of 3.6/1,000.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Echocardiographic (echo) screening studies carried out in schoolchildren in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, showed a prevalence of around 40/1,000.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is known that carditis is the most severe manifestation of ARF, being the only one that can leave sequelae. Carditis may be subclinical - normal cardiac auscultation - or clinical - auscultation of Mitral Regurgitation (MR) and/or aortic regurgitation murmurs, with or without signs and symptoms of heart failure. Mild carditis is characterized by MR murmur auscultation, whereas in the subclinical form, cardiac auscultation is normal, and the echocardiographic alterations are similar to those observed in mild carditis. The evolution of these two forms of carditis is not well established in the literature, particularly in relation to subclinical carditis. In moderate or severe carditis, a higher frequency of residual valve lesions is expected. However, in mild and subclinical cardiac involvement, the possibility of resolution of these lesions is not known, or even if evolution to more severe regurgitation or mitral stenosis will occur.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the last review of the Jones criteria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> subclinical carditis was considered the major manifestation in all patients, whether from countries with high or low prevalence. In our service, echocardiography has been performed since 1992 in all patients diagnosed with ARF, with or without cardiac auscultation, and during patient follow-up.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of mild and subclinical rheumatic carditis, considering mitral and/or aortic valve regurgitation (acute phase) and disease regression, maintenance or worsening at the end of follow-up (chronic phase).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a retrospective, longitudinal, observational study (concurrent cohort), carried out in an outpatient clinic specific for the care of patients with RF. The patients were recruited from data recorded in the service, from 1992 to 2014.</p>
      <p>Patients with a diagnosis of ARF according to the Jones criteria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> with subclinical carditis (normal cardiac auscultation and mitral and/or aortic regurgitation in the echocardiography) and mild carditis (MR murmur and mitral and/or aortic regurgitation in the echocardiography) making regular use of secondary prophylaxis were included. All patients had echocardiographic examination performed in the acute and chronic phases, after a follow-up period of 2 or more years.</p>
      <p>Patients were allocated to two groups, namely those with subclinical rheumatic carditis (SRC) and mild rheumatic carditis (MRC).</p>
      <p>The degree of valvular regurgitation at the echocardiographic Doppler examination in the acute and chronic phases was classified as absent, mild, mild/moderate, and moderate according to criteria established by the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The morphological and Doppler echocardiographic criteria used for the definition of MR and non-physiological Aortic Regurgitation (AoR) were based on a consensus established by the World Health Organization working group and other authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the analysis of the evolution of the valvular lesions, the first echocardiography of the acute phase and the last one of the chronic phase were considered. Residual valvulopathy was defined as the presence of any degree of MR associated with AoR or greater than mild MR. The good evolution was defined as absence of valvular dysfunction or permanence of mild MR in the last evaluation.</p>
      <p>The research protocol was approved by the UFMG Research Ethics Committee (CAAE 31821614.0.0000.5149).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The analyses were processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The normal distribution of the variables was tested by the Shapiro-Wilkstest. The continuous quantitative variables with normal distribution wereshown as mean and standard deviation, and the variables with non-parametric distribution, as median and their maximum and minimum values. Categorical variables were described as numbers and/or percentages. The unpaired Student's t test was used to compare age means. For the categorical variables, Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's test was used, as appropriate. For the evaluation of survival free of residual valvulopathy, the Kaplan-Meier curve was used with the log-rank test. All tests were performed considering a significance level of 5%, two-tailed probability and 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 462 patients who were regularly followed at the service and underwent echocardiography assessments in the acute and chronic phases, 330 had carditis, of which 135 (40.9%) were classified as having mild rheumatic carditis and 72 (21.8%) as subclinical rheumatic carditis. Of these, 125 patients met the inclusion criteria, of which 69 (55.2%) were allocated in the MRC Group and 56 (44.8%) in the SRC Group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart: selection of patients with subclinical and mild rheumatic. </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0391-70065-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The age of presentation of the acute phase was 5 to 15 years (mean of 10.4 &#177; 2.6 years). The age at the end of the study was 10 to 34 years (mean 19.9 &#177; 4.6 years), and follow-up ranged from 2 to 23 years (mean of 9.38 &#177; 4.3 years). At the end of the study, 51.2% patients were aged between 10 and 20 years and 47.2% between 21 and 30 years. There was a predominance of females (64%) and ARF was more frequent in the age range of 5 to 10 years (54.4%).</p>
      <p>There was a higher association of chorea with subclinical carditis (p &lt; 0.0001) and of arthritis with mild carditis (p &lt; 0.0001). The general characteristics of the population of the two groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of patients with subclinical (n = 69) and mild (n = 56) carditis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Rheumatic carditis</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Subclinical</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mild</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">0.551</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Presenceof chorea</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Presenceofarthritis</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ageat theacute phase, mean, years</td>
              <td align="center">10.3 &#177; 2.6</td>
              <td align="center">10.4 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.913</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age at theendof the study,mean, years</td>
              <td align="center">19.2 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">20.7 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>None of the patients in the MRC and SRC groups used corticosteroids in the acute phase, even those in which moderate valve regurgitation was observed at the echocardiography. According to the current therapeutic protocol in the service, corticosteroids were used only in patients with moderate or severe carditis. All patients were receiving regular secondary prophylaxis with penicillin G benzathine every 21 (most) or 28 days. No recurrence was reported in any of the patients.</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic analysis of rheumatic mitral and aortic valve disease (acute phase)</p>
      <p>All patients with mild rheumatic carditis had MR at the echocardiography performed in the acute phase. Only one patient with subclinical rheumatic carditis did not have MR, but showed altered mitral valve morphology and mild non-physiological AoR. In the MRC Group, there was a higher frequency of mild/ moderate or moderate MR when compared to the SRC Group (p = 0.001).</p>
      <p>AoR was present in 20 (29%) patients with subclinical rheumatic carditis and 27 (48%) with mild rheumatic carditis. In the SRC group, all AoR cases were mild ones, but in the MRC group, there were four cases of mild/moderate AoR (p = 0.045). The mitral and aortic valve involvement in each group is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Valvular involvement in subclinical and mild rheumatic carditis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valve involvement</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Rheumatic carditis</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Subclinical</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mild</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Isolated MR</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Isolated AoR</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RM + AoR</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>MR: mitralregurgitation; AoR: aortic regurgitation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic analysis of rheumatic mitral and aortic valve diseases (chronic phase)</title>
        <p>In the chronic phase of RF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), according to the echocardiographic evaluation, MR was present in 47 (68%) patients of the SRC Group, and in only two the degree of the lesion was mild / moderate. In the MRC group, MR persisted in 54 (96.4%), of which 15 (28.8%) had mild / moderate or moderate degree (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic evolution of mitral regurgitation in patients with subclinical (A) and mild (B) rheumatic carditis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0391-70065-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the echocardiographic assessment of the aortic valve in the chronic phase (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), AoR was mild in nine (13%) patients of the SRC Group and in 19 (34%) patients in the MRC Group, whereas mild/moderate AoR was found in four patients from the MRC Group (p = 0.009).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic evolution of aortic regurgitation in patients with subclinical (A) and mild (B) rheumatic carditis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0391-70065-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The type of mitral and aortic valve involvement in each group is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chronic rheumatic valve disease in patients with subclinical and mild carditis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valve involvement</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Rheumatic carditis</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Subclinical</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mild</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isolated MR</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isolated AoR</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MR + AoR</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>MR: mitral regurgitation; AoR: aortic regurgitation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evolutionary analysis of valve lesions</title>
        <p>The time of echocardiography in the chronic phase ranged from 2 to 23 years, with a mean of 9.38 &#177; 4.3 years (median of 9 years).</p>
        <p>Regarding the MR evolution, it was observed that of the 69 patients in the SRC Group, 22 (31.9%) had full resolution. Among those who had full resolution, in 18 (81.8%) the MR was mild and in four (18.2%) the MR was mild / moderate in the acute phase. Of the 56 patients in the MRC Group, only four (7.1%) had full MR resolution, one (25%) mild MR and three (75%) moderate MR in the acute phase. A higher rate of MR resolution was observed in the SRC Group (p &lt; 0.0001). MR also regressed more frequently when it was isolated and not associated with AoR (p &lt; 0.0001, odds ratio 2.51, 95%CI: 1.53-4.09) in both groups. None of the patients showed evolution to stenotic lesions. Only two patients from the SRC group had mild worsening of the MR: from mild in the acute phase to mild/moderate in the chronic phase.</p>
        <p>Regarding the evolution of the AoR, in patients with subclinical rheumatic carditis, resolution occurred in 13 (18.8%) of them, all of them with previously mild AoR. In patients with mild rheumatic carditis, AoR resolution was observed in nine (16.1%) patients, all of them also with previously mild lesions. There was no difference between the groups (p = 0.099). Neither of the two groups showed mild to moderate AoR resolution.</p>
        <p>Data on the echocardiographic evolution of mitral and aortic valve lesions are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier curve of survival free of residual valvulopathy (greater than light mitral regurgitation, associated or not to aortic regurgitation) in patients with subclinical and mild carditis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0391-70065-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The evaluation of Kaplan-Meier survival curves regarding survival free of residual valvulopathy (CRC), defined as the presence of MR greater than mild or mild MR associated with AoR, showed a difference between the two groups (p = 0.010), being higher in SRC patients, due to the higher MR resolution. When considering the AoR-free survival, there was no difference between the two groups (p = 0.099).</p>
        <p>The survival curves for residual valvulopathy (CRC) and for residual aortic valvulopathy are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier curve for survival free of residual aortic valvulopathy in patients with subclinical and mild carditis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0391-70065-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The frequency of mild and subclinical rheumatic carditis in the study population was 40.9% and 21.8%, respectively. The literature shows great variation in the frequency of subclinical rheumatic carditis, varying from 16.7 to 43.3%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> the same occurring in relation to mild rheumatic carditis, which can be explained by the difference in the classification criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The highest observed association frequency between arthritis with mild rheumatic carditis and of chorea with subclinical rheumatic carditis agrees with that described by other authors. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> There was also agreement on the predominance of mitral valve involvement in both groups, both in the acute and chronic phases. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Previous studies have concluded that CRC progression is proportional to the severity of carditis: the more severe the valve lesion in the initial outbreak, the worse the valve damage in the chronic phase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, the echocardiographic evolution of valvular lesions (mitral and aortic) observed in patients with SRC and MRC regarding progression to greater severity or onset of stenotic lesions, or whether they remain stable or regress, remains to be elucidated.</p>
      <p>Historically, prior to the use of the echocardiographic examination, D&#233;court<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> described that, in patients with mild carditis, approximately 80% of clinical manifestations disappeared, as well as residual valvular lesions. Thomas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> in the 1960s, also reported that the clinical examination remained normal in the follow-up of patients who had no cardiac abnormalities in the acute phase, without murmurs. Differently from this pre-echocardiographic era, when only the clinical evolution (murmur persistence) was considered, later studies showed that the valvular lesion persists at a higher frequency. Of the 56 patients with mild rheumatic carditis evaluated here, only four (7%) showed MR regression, according to the echocardiographic evaluation. In the 69 patients with subclinical rheumatic carditis, 22 (31.9%) had total MR resolution. These data corroborate the findings of a previous study, in which MR resolution was observed in 28% of patients with subclinical rheumatic carditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several authors have concluded that subclinical valvular lesions may persist for a long time. Figueroa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> observed that half of the patients, at the end of 5 years of follow-up, remained with valvular lesions at the echocardiographic examination, with no evolution being observed to severe regurgitation or stenotic lesion. Of the 40 patients with subclinical rheumatic carditis from the Ozkutho and Hallioglu study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> 33 had MR, 6 has AoR and only one had MR associated with AoR. After a mean follow-up period of 18 months, it was observed that the valvular lesion disappeared in 23 patients (57.5%). However, in the present study, considering a mean evolution of 10 years, there was a lower frequency of total MR regression, which occurred in 22/69 patients (31.9%). Karaaslanet al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> followed 23 patients with subclinical rheumatic carditis (19 with MR, one with AoR and three with MR and AoR), for a mean follow-up period of 9.91 months. The echocardiographic analysis in this period showed that the degree of MR improved in 13 patients (59.1%) and disappeared completely in six (27.3%). The AoR improved in two and disappeared completely in two.</p>
      <p>Meira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> in a comparative study of the echocardiographic evolution of valvular lesions in 258 children and adolescents with RF during a follow-up period of 2 to 15 years, observed the regression of the lesions in 25% in the patients with mild rheumatic carditis, 2.5% of those with moderate carditis and in none of those with severe carditis. When compared to the present study, regression in the MRC group occurred in 7% of patients.</p>
      <p>Pekpaket al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> when assessing 56 patients with ARF, observed that 103 (66%) had carditis, of which 29 (28.2%) had subclinical rheumatic carditis. After 1 year or more of follow-up, none of the patients had worsening of the valvular lesion; in four (15%), valvular dysfunction remained unaltered; and in 25 (85%), the lesion regressed. The regression rate was higher than that observed in the present study (37.6%).</p>
      <p>Basturk et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> followed 30 patients with subclinical rheumatic carditis and compared their echocardiographic evolution with that of 82 patients with clinical carditis after at least 2 years of disease. They observed that the regression rate was similar in both groups and there was no resolution of isolated AoR, but there was a significant recovery of the isolated MR or when associated with AoR.</p>
      <p>The current study is the first to compare the echocardiographic evolution of subclinical with mild rheumatic carditis, during a mean period of almost a decade. The most favorable evolution was that of MR in the SRC Group and was associated with the occurrence of MR alone in ARF. A greater persistence of alterations was observed in patients with an association of MR and AoR. In this association, there is a lower probability that the mitral and aortic dysfunctions will be physiological. This fact allows us to infer it may be difficult to differentiate non-physiological mild MR from physiological MR. When murmur corresponding to MR occurs, there is more significant valve dysfunction at the echocardiographic examination, and the possibility of confusion with physiological MR is also less likely. Physiological AoR is rare at the assessed age range, and neither patients with mild rheumatic carditis nor those with subclinical rheumatic carditis had a corresponding murmur in the acute phase.</p>
      <p>In patients with other major manifestations in the acute phase (chorea and / or arthritis), the echocardiographic assessment at this phase does not influence the diagnosis or the therapeutic approach, but it is important to determine if there is persistence or worsening of valve involvement during the follow-up of these patients, with echocardiographic assessment being carried out at the end of the period proposed for secondary prophylaxis. Patients with normal auscultation at 25 years of age or after 10 years of secondary prophylaxis may present with greater than mild valvular dysfunction or even progress to mitral stenosis (valve area &lt; 4 cm<sup>2</sup> and &gt; 2.5 cm<sup>2</sup>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study has limitations inherent to a longitudinal study, with a long follow-up period. In the initial phase of the study, the echocardiographic criteria of valvular disease/ mitral and aortic valvulopathy were not well established yet. This may have influenced the findings, especially regarding the differentiation between physiological mild MR and non-physiological MR. Echocardiographic evaluations of mitral and aortic valve dysfunctions carried out after the publication of the World Heart Federation criteria in 2012 might have been more accurate after this date.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The best evolution of subclinical rheumatic carditis was attributed to the lower frequency of residual mitral regurgitation. However, considering the evolution of aortic regurgitation, there was no difference between patients who had subclinical or mild rheumatic carditis. This fact may be related to the difficulty in the echocardiographic differentiation between mild physiological and non-physiological mitral regurgitation. Despite well-established echocardiographic criteria for the determination of mild non-physiological mitral regurgitation, there is still the influence of the echocardiographist's experience. Considering the evolution of aortic regurgitation, both in patients with subclinical rheumatic carditis and in those with mild rheumatic carditis, the medical conduct regarding the duration of secondary prophylaxis should be similar in the two groups, that is, up to 25 years of age or more, if there is worsening of the valve lesion. Thus, patients with subclinical or mild rheumatic carditis and aortic regurgitation alone or associated with mild mitral regurgitation would undergo prophylaxis for a similar period of time. As for patients in the subclinical rheumatic carditis group with isolated mild mitral regurgitation, whose evolution is more favorable, prophylaxis could be maintained up to 21 years, as currently recommended, unless there is worsening of the valve lesion.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by L&#233;lia M. C. Almeida, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Doppler Ecocardiogr&#225;fica das Les&#245;es Valvares Mitral e A&#243;rtica em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes com Cardite Reum&#225;tica Subcl&#237;nica e Leve</article-title>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
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            <given-names>F&#225;tima Derlene da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8722; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: F&#225;tima Derlene da Rocha Ara&#250;jo</bold>, Rua Indiana, 789, apto. 301. CEP: 30460-350. Jardim Am&#233;rica, Belo Horiozonte, MG &#8722; Brasil. E-mail: <email>fatima.derlene@hotmail.com</email>; <email>cleverpsi@hotmail.com</email>
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        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Meira ZMA. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Meira ZMA, Ara&#250;jo FDR, Almeida LMC. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Meira ZMA, Ara&#250;jo FDR, Almeida LMC. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ara&#250;jo FDR, Almeida LMC. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Meira ZMA, Ara&#250;jo FDR, Almeida LMC. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Meira ZMA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As cardites reum&#225;ticas leve e subcl&#237;nica se diferenciam basicamente pela ausculta de sopro regurgitativo mitral. A evolu&#231;&#227;o destas formas n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida na literatura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o das cardites reum&#225;ticas leve e subcl&#237;nica, considerando as valvites mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica (fase aguda) e a regress&#227;o, manuten&#231;&#227;o ou piora delas ao final do seguimento (fase cr&#244;nica).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo, longitudinal, incluindo pacientes com cardites reum&#225;ticas leve e subcl&#237;nica. A evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica das valvites mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica foi comparada nos dois grupos, considerando a an&#225;lise ao final do seguimento. Foram utilizados o teste qui quadrado e as curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 125 pacientes, sendo 69 (55,2%) com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica e 56 (44,8%) com cardite reum&#225;tica leve, com m&#233;dia de idade na fase aguda de 10,4 &#177; 2,6 anos e, ao final do estudo, de 19,9 &#177; 4,6 anos. O tempo de seguimento variou de 2 a 23 anos (m&#233;dia: 9,38 &#177; 4,3 anos). Na fase aguda, a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral leve/moderada ou moderada foi mais frequente nos pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica leve (p = 0,001). A regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica leve ou leve/moderada tamb&#233;m foi mais comum no grupo de cardite reum&#225;tica leve (p = 0,045). Na fase cr&#244;nica, observou-se que tanto a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (p &lt; 0,0001) quanto a regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (p = 0,009) foram mais frequentes nos pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica leve, e a sobrevida livre de valvopatia residual foi maior no grupo de cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica (p = 0,010). A regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral residual foi maior no grupo de cardite reum&#225;tica leve p &lt; 0,0001), e a regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica residual foi semelhante nos dois grupos (p = 0,099).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A resolu&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral foi maior nos pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica, e a involu&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica foi menos frequente e semelhante nos dois grupos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatia Reum&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Valva Mitral / anormalidades</kwd>
        <kwd>Valva A&#243;rtica / anormalidades</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Febre Reum&#225;tica (FR) ainda &#233; respons&#225;vel por alta morbidade e mortalidade entre jovens de pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, apesar do decl&#237;nio da FR Aguda (FRA) e da Cardiopatia Reum&#225;tica Cr&#244;nica (CRC) nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O Brasil &#233; considerado um pa&#237;s de m&#233;dia preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a, com taxa de 3,6/1.000.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Estudos de screening ecocardiogr&#225;fico (eco) realizados em escolares na regi&#227;o metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (MG) mostraram preval&#234;ncia em torno de 40/1.000.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que a cardite &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais grave da FRA, por ser a &#250;nica que pode deixar sequelas. A cardite pode ser subcl&#237;nica (ausculta card&#237;aca normal) ou cl&#237;nica (ausculta de sopros de Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Mitral - RM e/ou a&#243;rtica, com ou sem sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). A cardite leve caracteriza-se basicamente pela ausculta de sopro de RM, enquanto que, na subcl&#237;nica, a ausculta card&#237;aca &#233; normal, e as altera&#231;&#227;oes ecocardiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;s observadas na cardite leve. A evolu&#231;&#227;o destas duas formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da cardite n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida na literatura, particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cardite subcl&#237;nica. Na cardite moderada ou grave, j&#225; &#233; esperada maior frequ&#234;ncia de les&#245;es valvares residuais. Por&#233;m, no envolvimento card&#237;aco leve e subcl&#237;nico, n&#227;o se sabe qual a possibilidade de resolu&#231;&#227;o destas les&#245;es ou mesmo se h&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o para regurgita&#231;&#227;o mais grave ou estenose mitral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na &#250;ltima revis&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de Jones,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> passou-se a considerar a cardite subcl&#237;nica como manifesta&#231;&#227;o maior em todos os pacientes, sejam eles procedentes de pa&#237;ses de alta ou baixa preval&#234;ncia. No nosso servi&#231;o, o exame eco j&#225; vem sendo realizado desde 1992 em todos os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de FRA, com ou sem altera&#231;&#227;o na ausculta card&#237;aca, e no seguimento dos mesmos.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o das cardites reum&#225;ticas leve e subcl&#237;nica, considerando as valvites mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica (fase aguda) e a regress&#227;o, manuten&#231;&#227;o ou piora delas ao final do seguimento (fase cr&#244;nica).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo observacional, longitudinal, retrospectivo (coorte concorrente), conduzido em ambulat&#243;rio espec&#237;fico para o atendimento de pacientes com FR. Os pacientes foram recrutados a partir de dados registrados no servi&#231;o, no per&#237;odo de 1992 a 2014.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de FRA segundo os crit&#233;rios de Jones,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> com cardite subcl&#237;nica (ausculta card&#237;aca normal e valvite mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica no eco) e cardite leve (sopro de RM e valvite mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica no eco) em uso regular da profilaxia secund&#225;ria. Todos tinham exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico realizado nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica, ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de seguimento de 2 ou mais anos.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos, a saber aqueles com Cardite Reum&#225;tica Subcl&#237;nica (CRS) e com Cardite Reum&#225;tica Leve (CRL).</p>
        <p>O grau da regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar ao exame Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;fico, nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica, foi classificado em ausente, leve, leve/moderado e moderado, segundo crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pela American Society of Echocardiography (ASE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os crit&#233;rios morfol&#243;gicos e Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;ficos utilizados para a defini&#231;&#227;o da RM e da Regurgita&#231;&#227;o A&#243;rtica (Rao) n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica foram baseados em consenso estabelecido pelo grupo de trabalho da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de e outros autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise da evolu&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares, foram considerandos o primeiro eco da fase aguda e o &#250;ltimo da fase cr&#244;nica. Valvopatia residual foi definida comopersist&#234;ncia de qualquer grau de RM associada &#224; RAo ou &#224; RM maior que leve. A boa evolu&#231;&#227;o foi definida como aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar ou perman&#234;ncia de RM leve na &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o UFMG (CAAE 31821614.0.0000.5149).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises foram processadas pelo Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), vers&#227;o 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi testada pela estat&#237;stica de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica, como mediana e seus valores m&#225;ximo e m&#237;nimo. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como n&#250;meros e/ou porcentagens. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias das idades, foi utilizado o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi utilizado o teste qui quadrado de Pearson ou teste de Fisher, quando apropriado. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de valvopatia residual, empregou-se a curva de Kaplan-Meier com teste de Log-rank. Todos os testes foram realizados considerando n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, probabilidade bicaudal e Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 462 pacientes que estavam em acompanhamento regular no servi&#231;o e tinham realizado eco nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica, 330 apresentaram cardite, sendo 135 (40,9%) classificadas como com cardite reum&#225;tica leve e 72 (21,8%) com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica. Destes, 125 pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, sendo que 69 (55,2%) foram alocados no Grupo CRL e 56 (44,8%) no Grupo CRS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma: sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica (CR) subcl&#237;nica e leve.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0391-70065-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A idade da apresenta&#231;&#227;o da fase aguda foi de 5 a 15 anos (m&#233;dia de 10,4 &#177; 2,6 anos). A idade ao final do estudo foi de 10 a 34 anos (m&#233;dia de 19,9 &#177; 4,6 anos), e o tempo de seguimento variou de 2 a 23 anos (m&#233;dia de 9,38 &#177; 4,3 anos). Ao final do estudo, 51,2% tinham idade entre 10 e 20 anos e 47,2% entre 21 e 30 anos. Houve predomin&#226;ncia do sexo feminino (64%) e a FRA foi mais frequente na faixa et&#225;ria de 5 a 10 anos (54,4%).</p>
        <p>Houve maior associa&#231;&#227;o de coreia com cardite subcl&#237;nica (p &lt; 0,0001) e de artrite com cardite leve (p &lt; 0,0001). As caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o dos dois grupos est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes com cardite subcl&#237;nica (n=69) e leve (n=56)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Cardite reum&#225;tica</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Subcl&#237;nica</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Leve</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">0,551</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presen&#231;a de coreia</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presen&#231;a de artrite</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade na fase aguda, m&#233;dia, anos</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,4 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,913</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade ao final do estudo, m&#233;dia, anos</td>
                <td align="center">19,2 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">20,7 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nenhum paciente dos Grupos CRL e CRS fez uso de corticoide na fase aguda, mesmo aqueles nos quais foi constatada regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar de grau moderado ao eco. De acordo com o protocolo terap&#234;utico vigente no servi&#231;o, o corticoide apenas era usado em paciente com cardite moderada ou grave. Todos estavam em profilaxia secund&#225;ria regular com penicilina G benzatina aplicada a cada 21 (a maioria) ou 28 dias. N&#227;o houve relato de recidivas em nenhum dos pacientes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica das valvites reum&#225;ticas mitral e a&#243;rtica (fase aguda)</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica leve apresentavam RM no eco realizado na fase aguda. Apenas um paciente com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica n&#227;o apresentou RM, mas exibia altera&#231;&#227;o da morfologia da valva mitral e RAo leve n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica. No Grupo CRL, houve maior frequ&#234;ncia de RM leve/moderada ou moderada em compara&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo CRS (p = 0,001).</p>
          <p>J&#225; a RAo esteve presente em 20 (29%) pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica e em 27 (48%) com cardite reum&#225;tica leve. No Grupo CRS, todas as RAo foram de grau leve, mas no Grupo CRL, ocorreram quatro casos de RAo leve/moderada (p = 0,045). A forma de acometimento valvar mitral e a&#243;rtico em cada grupo est&#225; discriminada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Envolvimento valvar na cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica e leve</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Envolvimento valvar</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Cardite reum&#225;tica</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Subcl&#237;nica</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Leve</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RM isolada</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RAo isolada</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RM + RAo</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral; RAo: regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica das valvopatias reum&#225;ticas mitral e a&#243;rtica (fase cr&#244;nica)</title>
          <p>Na fase cr&#244;nica da FR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>), segundo a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, a RM esteve presente em 47 (68%) dos pacientes do Grupo CRS, sendo que em apenas dois o grau da les&#227;o era leve/moderado. J&#225; no Grupo CRL, houve persist&#234;ncia da RM em 54 (96,4%), sendo em 15 (28,8%) de grau leve/moderado ou moderado (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral nos pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica (A) e leve (B). </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0391-70065-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecardiogr&#225;fica da valva a&#243;rtica na fase cr&#244;nica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>), a RAo foi leve em nove (13%) pacientes do Grupo CRS e em 19 (34%) pacientes do Grupo CRL, sendo que RAo leve/moderada foi encontrada em quatro pacientes do Grupo CRL (p = 0,009).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica nos pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica (A) e leve (B). </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0391-70065-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A forma de acometimento valvar mitral e a&#243;rtico em cada grupo est&#225; discriminada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valvopatia reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica nos pacientes que apresentaram cardite subcl&#237;nica e leve</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Envolvimento valvar</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Cardite reum&#225;tica</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Subcl&#237;nica</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Leve</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RM isolada</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RAo isolada</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RM + RAo</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral; RAo: regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise evolutiva das les&#245;es valvares</title>
          <p>O tempo de realiza&#231;&#227;o do eco na fase cr&#244;nica variou de 2 a 23 anos com m&#233;dia de 9,38 &#177; 4,3 anos (mediana de 9 anos).</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o da RM observou-se que, dos 69 pacientes do Grupo CRS, 22 (31,9%) tiveram resolu&#231;&#227;o total. Dentre os que resolveram, em 18 (81,8%) a RM era leve e, em quatro (18,2%), a RM era leve/moderada na fase aguda. J&#225; dos 56 pacientes do Grupo CRL, apenas quatro (7,1%) tiveram resolu&#231;&#227;o total da RM, sendo um (25%) RM leve e tr&#234;s (75%) RM moderada na fase aguda. Observou-se maior resolu&#231;&#227;o da RM no Grupo CRS (p &lt; 0,0001). A RM tamb&#233;m regrediu mais frequentemente quando isolada e n&#227;o associada com RAo (p &lt; 0,0001; odds ratio 2,51; IC95% 1,53-4,09) nos dois grupos. Nenhum paciente apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o para les&#245;es esten&#243;ticas. Apenas dois pacientes do Grupo CRS apresentaram leve piora da RM: de grau leve, na fase aguda, para leve/moderado, na fase cr&#244;nica.</p>
          <p>Quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o da RAo, nos pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica, sua resolu&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em 13 (18,8%) deles, sendo todos com RAo anteriormente leve. Nos pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica leve, a resolu&#231;&#227;o da RAo foi observada em nove (16,1%) pacientes, sendo todos eles tamb&#233;m com les&#227;o previamente leve. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (p = 0,099). Em nenhum dos dois grupos houve resolu&#231;&#227;o da Rao de grau leve/moderado.</p>
          <p>Os dados relativos &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica das les&#245;es valvares mitral e a&#243;rtica est&#227;o discriminados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">4</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva de Kaplan-Meier para sobrevida livre de valvopatia residual (regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral maior que leve, associada ou n&#227;o &#224; regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica) nos pacientes com cardite subcl&#237;nica e leve</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0391-70065-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o das curvas de sobrevida por Kaplan-Meier quanto a sobrevida livre de valvopatia residual (CRC), definida como presen&#231;a de RM maior que leve ou RM leve associada &#224; RAo, mostrou diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos (p = 0,010), sendo maior nos pacientes com CRS, devido &#224; maior resolu&#231;&#227;o da RM. Quando considerada a sobrevida livre de Rao, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos dois grupos (p = 0,099).</p>
          <p>As curvas de sobrevida para valvopatia residual (CRC) e para valvopatia residual a&#243;rtica est&#227;o demonstradas nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">5</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva de Kaplan-Meier para sobrevida livre de valvopatia a&#243;rtica residual nos pacientes com cardite subcl&#237;nica e leve.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-05-0391-70065-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A frequ&#234;ncia cardite reum&#225;tica leve e cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 40,9% e 21,8%, respectivamente. Na literatura, observa-se grande varia&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica, variando de 16,7 a 43,3%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> o mesmo ocorrendo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cardite reum&#225;tica leve, o que pode ser explicado pela diferen&#231;a nos crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maior frequ&#234;ncia observada de associa&#231;&#227;o de artrite com cardite reum&#225;tica leve e de coreia com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica est&#225; de acordo com o descrito por outros autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Houve concord&#226;ncia tamb&#233;m sobre a predomin&#226;ncia do acometimento valvar mitral nos dois grupos estudados, tanto na fase aguda quanto na cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos pregressos j&#225; conclu&#237;ram que a evolu&#231;&#227;o para CRC &#233; proporcional &#224; gravidade da cardite: quanto mais grave a les&#227;o valvar no surto inicial, pior o dano valvar na fase cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Todavia, ainda &#233; pouco elucidada a evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica das les&#245;es valvares (mitral e a&#243;rtica) presentes nos pacientes com CRS e CRL quanto &#224; progress&#227;o para maior gravidade ou surgimento de les&#245;es esten&#243;ticas, ou se permanecem est&#225;veis ou se regridem.</p>
        <p>Historicamente, antes do uso do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, D&#233;court<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> descreveu que, em pacientes com cardite de grau leve, cerca de 80% das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas desapareciam, assim como as les&#245;es valvares residuais. Thomas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> na d&#233;cada de 1960, tamb&#233;m relatou que, no acompanhamento de pacientes que n&#227;o tiveram anormalidades card&#237;acas na fase aguda, o exame cl&#237;nico se manteve normal, sem sopro. Diferentemente desta era pr&#233;-ecocardiogr&#225;fica, quando se considerava apenas a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (persist&#234;ncia do sopro), estudos posteriores demonstraram que a les&#227;o valvar persiste com maior frequ&#234;ncia. Dos 56 pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica leve aqui avaliados, em apenas quatro (7%) a RM regrediu segundo a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica. J&#225; nos 69 pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica, 22 (31,9%) tiveram resolu&#231;&#227;o total da RM. Estes dados corroboram os achados de estudo anterior, no qual observou-se resolu&#231;&#227;o da RM em 28% dos pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversos autores conclu&#237;ram que as les&#245;es valvares subcl&#237;nicas podem persistir por longo tempo. Figueroa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> observaram que metade dos pacientes, ao final de 5 anos de acompanhamento, permanecia com les&#245;es valvares ao exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, sem observar evolu&#231;&#227;o para regurgita&#231;&#227;o grave ou les&#227;o esten&#243;tica. Dos 40 pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica do estudo de Ozkutho e Hallioglu,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> 33 apresentaram RM, seis RAo e somente um RM associada com RAo. Ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de seguimento m&#233;dio de 18 meses, constatou-se que a les&#227;o valvar desapareceu em 23 pacientes (57,5%). Entretanto, no presente estudo, considerando evolu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 10 anos, houve menor frequ&#234;ncia de regress&#227;o total da RM, que ocorreu em 22/69 (31,9%). Karaaslan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> acompanharam 23 pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica (19 com RM, um com RAo e tr&#234;s com RM e RAo), com seguimento m&#233;dio de 9,91 meses. A an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica neste per&#237;odo demonstrou que o grau de RM melhorou em 13 pacientes (59,1%) e desapareceu completamente em seis (27,3%). A RAo melhorou em dois e desapareceu completamente em dois.</p>
        <p>Meira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> em estudo comparativo da evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica das les&#245;es valvares em 258 crian&#231;as e adolescentes com FR, em seguimento de 2 a 15 anos, observaram a involu&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es em 25% nos pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica leve, 2,5% com cardite moderada e em nenhum com cardite grave. Comparando com o presente estudo, a involu&#231;&#227;o no Grupo CRL ocorreu em 7%.</p>
        <p>Pekpak et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> em avalia&#231;&#227;o de 56 pacientes com FRA, 103 (66%) apresentaram cardite, dos quais em 29 (28,2%) foi cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica. Ap&#243;s 1 ano ou mais de acompanhamento, nenhum paciente apresentou piora da les&#227;o valvar; em quatro (15%), a disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar manteve-se inalterada; e em 25 (85%) regrediu. A taxa de regress&#227;o foi maior que a observada no presente estudo (37,6%).</p>
        <p>Basturk et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> acompanharam 30 pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica e compararam a evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica deles com a de 82 pacientes com cardite cl&#237;nica, ap&#243;s pelo menos 2 anos de doen&#231;a. Eles observaram que a taxa de regress&#227;o foi similar nos dois grupos e que n&#227;o houve resolu&#231;&#227;o da RAo isolada, mas houve recupera&#231;&#227;o significativa da RM isolada ou quando associada &#224; RAo.</p>
        <p>O atual estudo &#233; o primeiro que compara a evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica com a leve, em um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de quase uma d&#233;cada. A evolu&#231;&#227;o mais favor&#225;vel foi da RM no Grupo CRS e esteve relacionada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de RM isolada na FRA. Observou-se maior persist&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es nos pacientes com associa&#231;&#227;o de RM e RAo. Nesta associa&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; menor probalidade de as disfun&#231;&#245;es mitral e a&#243;rtica serem fisiol&#243;gicas. Este fato nos leva a deduzir que pode haver dificuldade de diferencia&#231;&#227;o da RM leve n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da fisiol&#243;gica. Quando ocorre sopro correspondente &#224; RM, h&#225; disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar mais significativa no exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, e a possibilidade de confus&#227;o com RM fisiol&#243;gica &#233; tamb&#233;m menos prov&#225;vel. A RAo fisiol&#243;gica &#233; rara na idade avaliada, e nem os pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica leve e nem aqueles com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica apresentaram sopro correspondente na fase aguda.</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes que apresentam outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es maiores na fase aguda (coreia e/ou artrite), a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica nesta fase n&#227;o influencia no diagn&#243;stico e nem na abordagem terap&#234;utica, mas no acompanhamento destes pacientes &#233; importante determinar se h&#225; persist&#234;ncia ou piora do envolvimento valvar, com avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica no final do per&#237;odo proposto para a profilaxia secund&#225;ria. Pacientes com ausculta normal aos 25 anos de idade ou ap&#243;s 10 anos de uso de profilaxia secund&#225;ria podem apresentar disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar maior que grau leve ou mesmo evolu&#231;&#227;o para estenose mitral (&#225;rea valvar &lt; 4 cm<sup>2</sup> e &gt; 2,5 cm<sup>2</sup>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo possui limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes a estudo longitudinal, com longo per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. Na fase inicial do estudo, os crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de valvite/valvopatia mitral e a&#243;rtica n&#227;o estavam ainda bem estabelecidos. Isto pode ter influenciado nos achados, principalmente com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; diferencia&#231;&#227;o da RM leve fisiol&#243;gica e n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica. As avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas das disfun&#231;&#245;es valvares mitral e a&#243;rtica, realizadas ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios da World Heart Federation em 2012, podem ter sido mais acuradas a partir desta data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o da cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica foi atribu&#237;da &#224; menor frequ&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral residual. Entretanto, considerando-se a evolu&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes que tiveram cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica ou leve. Este fato pode estar relacionado &#224; dificuldade na diferencia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral leve fisiol&#243;gica da n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica. Apesar de crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos bem estabelecidos na determina&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral leve n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica, ainda h&#225; influ&#234;ncia da experi&#234;ncia do ecocardiografista.</p>
        <p>Tendo em vista a evolu&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, tanto nos pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica quanto nos com cardite reum&#225;tica leve, a conduta em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da profilaxia secund&#225;ria deveria ser semelhante nos dois grupos, isto &#233;, at&#233; 25 anos de idade ou mais, se houver piora da les&#227;o valvar. Assim, pacientes com cardite reum&#225;tica subcl&#237;nica ou leve e regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica isolada ou associada a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral leve fariam profilaxia por per&#237;odo de tempo semelhante.</p>
        <p>J&#225; nos pacientes do Grupo Cardite Reum&#225;tica Subcl&#237;nica com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral leve isolada, cuja evolu&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais favor&#225;vel, a profilaxia poderia ser mantida at&#233; 21 anos, como &#233; atualmente recomendada, exceto se houver agravamento da les&#227;o valvar.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de L&#233;lia M. C. Almeida pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
