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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jPXxg7gDphfHKh9fdKVjkVy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000400363</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170025</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>CASE REPORTS</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Without Aortography Guidance Due To Vascular Access Constraints Or Limitations</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ergene</surname>
            <given-names>Oktay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duygu</surname>
            <given-names>Hamza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Emren</surname>
            <given-names>Volkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kocabas</surname>
            <given-names>Ugur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerit</surname>
            <given-names>Levent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University, Izmir - Turquia</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Near East University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Nicosia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CY">Chipre</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Near East University, Nicosia, Chipre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Afyon Kocatepe University School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Afyonkarahisar</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Afyon Kocatepe University School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turquia</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Afyon Kocatepe University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ataturk Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ataturk Training and Research Hospital Department of Cardiology, Izmir - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Adress: Levent Cerit</bold>. Near East University. Postal Code 07100, Nicosia - Chipre. E-mail: <email>drcerit@hotmail.com</email>, <email>drcerit@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ergene O, Duygu H, Emren V, Kocabas U, Cerit L. Acquisition of data: Ergene O, Duygu H, Emren V, Kocabas U, Cerit L. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ergene O, Duygu H, Kocabas U. Writing of the manuscript: Ergene O, Duygu H, Emren V, Kocabas U, Cerit L. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ergene O, Duygu H, Emren V, Kocabas U, Cerit L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>363</fpage>
      <lpage>366</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
        <kwd>Dissection</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is an established treatment modality in patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Given the increased mortality and morbidity of AVR for the high-risk patients and the poor long-term results of balloon aortic valvuloplasty, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is increasingly accepted treatment option who are not candidates for AVR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> We describe here a case of succesfully implanted Edwards SAPIEN XT transcatheter heart valve without aortography guidance due to multiple arterial access problems and complicated by iatrogenic De Bakey type III aortic dissection and severe paravalvular leak.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>A 79-year-old woman was admitted with dyspnea (NYHA III) over a period of 3 months. She had a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and chronic renal failure. A grade 3/6 systolic murmur was heard over the aortic area. Rhythm was sinus and electrocardiography fulfilled the criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a severely calcified aortic stenosis with valve area of 0.6 cm<sup>2</sup>, maximum gradient of 92 mmHg, mean gradient of 55 mmHg, left ventricular ejection fraction of 60%, aortic annular diameter of 20 mm, and ascending aorta of 35 mm.</p>
      <p>Patient was evaluated by a heart team and deemed to be high risk for AVR (STS:12, euroscore:21) and accordingly decided to proceed to TAVI. Coronary angiography demonstrated the stenosis of LAD by 40%, first diagonal 40%, circumflex 85%, and proximal right coronary artery 50%. A mild to moderate aortic regurgitation was detected by aortography. The distance between left main coronary ostium (LMC) and aortic annulus was 11 mm. Right iliac artery was severly tortuous and no stenotic lesion was detected (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1B</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiographic images showing severe tortuous iliac artery (A. B), retrograd aortic dissection (C), and aortography via right femoral artery (D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0363-70025-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>We aimed to revascularize critical circumflex lesion before the procedure and percutaneous coronary intervention was performed. One month later, TAVI procedure scheduled. Under general anesthesia a left femoral cutdown was performed because of the severly tortuous right iliac artery. A pacemaker was placed from the right femoral vein. However, left Amplatz catheter over a Terumo and Exchange stiff wire was not got through to arcus aorta and an attemt to cross the aortic valve failed. Accordingly we noticed that the catheter was in the false aortic lumen extending from just below the left subclavian artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>). Soon after, catheter was completely removed and than left femoral artery repaired surgically. We were able to advance the pig-tail catheter to the ascending aorta to show the dissection by aortography via right femoral artery albeit severe tortuosity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1D</xref>). We decided to perform the TAVI procedure via right femoral artery despite of severe tortuosity. A pig-tail catheter, which is used to guide for the appropriate positioning of the prosthetic valve into aortic annulus thanks to aortography, couldn't moved due to bilateral severe brachial and subclavian artery tortuosity. Upon this, left main ostium and aortic annulus marked by a coloured pen on angiography screen accompanied by rapid ventricular pacing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>). Immediately after, X-ray tube's angle and the patient left fixed positon, and prosthetic valve was started to implant without aortography. A 23 mm Edwards SAPIEN XT prosthetic aortic valve was deployed with rapid pacing at 180 bpm in accordance with this index drawings without aortography guidance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>). But, aortogram following implantation showed severe paravalvular aortic regurgitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2C</xref>). In order to solve this problem, prosthetic valve was crossed with AL-1 catheter and a straight and stiff wire, and successfully dilated with a 23 mm aortic balloon. Severe aortic regurgitation decreased to mild degree (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2D</xref>). Transthorasic echocardiography obtained one day after the procedure revealed a dramatic decrease in aortic valve gradient (20/10 mmHg) and no aortic regurgitation. The patient was discharged from hospital on 6th postoperative day without any complication.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Deployment of prosthetic aortic valve based on index drawings (A, B), severe paravalvular aortic regurgitation following implantation (C), and aortogram showing mild regurgitation just after aortic balloon dilatation (D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0363-70025-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>TAVI is increasingly becoming an accepted option in the treatment of patients with severe symtomatic AS who are not eligible for surgery due to prohibitive risks and frailtiy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Although TAVI is less invasive than conventional open heart surgery, it has several complications including the occlusion of coronary ostia, annular rupture, ventricular perforation, paravalvular reg&#252;rgitation, heart block, device malposition or embolisation, stroke, major bleeding, vascular injury, and acute kidney injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This case report highlightes how to cope with multiple complications during TAVI procedure. Dissection or perforation of the ilio-femoral arteries might occur in the presence of traumatic sheath insertion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Dissection of the ascending or descending aorta might similarly occur due to catheter trauma or as an unpredictable complication of aortic valvuloplasty.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Nonocclusive retrograde dissections commonly heal once antegrade flow is restored; therefore limited dissections are often best managed conservatively as in our case.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Another issue is to place the valve into appropriate position. Due to arterial access problems we had to use only right femoral artery and we had no extra arterial access for aortography in order to show LMC ostium and aortic annulus. Upon this, first we marked the LMC ostium and aortic anulus on screen by a colourful pen during aortography accompanying with rapid pacing, then patient and X-ray tube fixed, and immediately after, the prosthesis valve implanted in accordance with this index drawing without aortography guidance. Another possible option could further define the annulus (landing zone) is to perform balloon aortic valvuloplasty (pre-dilatation) and to mark in the screen the waist and use it as a marker.</p>
      <p>Mild or moderate aortic regurgitation can be seen after implantation. However hemodynamically severe post-procedural aortic regurgitation is rare.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> These are generally caused by inadequate inflation of the balloon or by calcium deposits that prevent the valve unit to properly seat and seal within the annulus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Severe paravalvular leak assuming incomplet expansion of prosthetic valve was declined dramatically after balloon dilatation in our patient.</p>
      <p>Also in case of thoracoabdominal dissection a different second approach (transapical or transaortic) could be suggested. These approaches give the possibility to do the procedure with pig tail on the right femoral artery and more important avoid any contact with the new dissected fragile thoracoabdominal aorta/aortic arch and Novaflex system. Additionally, transesophageal echocardiography could have been used to position the valve.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, this case demonstrates that maybe safe to implant percutaneous aortic valve with a single fixed contrast fluoro image after an acute major vascular complication occurred, and transradial approach is an important option during TAVI procedures and can also reduce the bleeding risks as a secondary vascular access site.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <lpage>350</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Ong SH, Mueller R, Gerckens U. Iatrogenic dissection of the ascending aorta during TAVI sealed with the CoreValve revalving prosthesis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;77(6):910-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ong</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mueller</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerckens</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Iatrogenic dissection of the ascending aorta during TAVI sealed with the CoreValve revalving prosthesis</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>910</fpage>
          <lpage>914</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implante de Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter sem Orienta&#231;&#227;o Aortogr&#225;fica Devido a Limita&#231;&#245;es de Acesso Vascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ergene</surname>
            <given-names>Oktay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duygu</surname>
            <given-names>Hamza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Emren</surname>
            <given-names>Volkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kocabas</surname>
            <given-names>Ugur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerit</surname>
            <given-names>Levent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University, Izmir, Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Near East University, Nicosia, Chipre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Afyon Kocatepe University School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Ataturk Training and Research Hospital Department of Cardiology, Izmir - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Levent Cerit</bold>. Near East University. Postal Code 07100, Nicosia - Chipre. E-mail: <email>drcerit@hotmail.com</email>, <email>drcerit@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ergene O, Duygu H, Emren V, Kocabas U, Cerit L. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ergene O, Duygu H, Emren V, Kocabas U, Cerit L. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ergene O, Duygu H, Kocabas U. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ergene O, Duygu H, Emren V, Kocabas U, Cerit L. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ergene O, Duygu H, Emren V, Kocabas U, Cerit L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Disseca&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Substitui&#231;&#227;o Valvar A&#243;rtica (SVA) &#233; uma modalidade de tratamento bem estabelecida em pacientes com Estenose A&#243;rtica (EA) sintom&#225;tica severa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Por conta do aumento da mortalidade e da morbidade da SVA para pacientes de alto risco, e dos resultados ruins em longo prazo da valvoplastia a&#243;rtica por bal&#227;o, o Implante Transcateter de Valva A&#243;rtica (TAVI) &#233; cada vez mais aceito como op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento para os que n&#227;o s&#227;o candidatos para a SVA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Descrevemos aqui um caso de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca transcateter Edwards SAPIEN XT implantada com sucesso sem orienta&#231;&#227;o aortogr&#225;fica, devido a m&#250;ltiplos problemas de acesso arterial, e complicada pela dissec&#231;&#227;o iatrog&#234;nica tipo III de DeBakey e vazamento paravalvular grave.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do caso</title>
        <p>Mulher, 79 anos, internada com dispneia (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic> &#8722; NYHA III) que j&#225; durava 3 meses. Tinha hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes melito, hiperlipidemia e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica. Um sopro sist&#243;lico grau 3/6 foi ouvido sobre a &#225;rea a&#243;rtica. O ritmo era sinusal, e o eletrocardiograma preenchia os crit&#233;rios de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica mostrou EA grave, com &#225;rea valvar de 0,6 cm<sup>2</sup>, gradiente m&#225;ximo de 92 mmHg, gradiente m&#233;dio de 55 mmHg, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de 60%, di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico de 20 mm e aorta ascendente de 35 mm.</p>
        <p>A paciente foi avaliada por uma equipe cardiol&#243;gica e considerada de alto risco para SVA (<italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons</italic> &#8722; STS: 12; euroSCORE: 21). Consequentemente, decidiu-se prosseguir com o TAVI. A angiografia coron&#225;ria demonstrou 40% de estenose na Art&#233;ria Descendente Anterior (ADA), 40% na primeira diagonal, 85% na circunflexa e 50% na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita proximal. Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica leve a moderada foi detectada por aortografia. A dist&#226;ncia entre o &#243;stio da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Esquerda (ACE) e o anel a&#243;rtico foi de 11 mm. A art&#233;ria il&#237;aca direita era severamente tortuosa, e nenhuma les&#227;o esten&#243;tica foi detectada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">1B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagens angiogr&#225;ficas mostrando art&#233;ria il&#237;aca severamente tortuosa (A e B), dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica retr&#243;grada (C) e aortografia via art&#233;ria femoral direita (D).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0363-70025-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Objetivou-se revascularizar a les&#227;o circunflexa cr&#237;tica antes do procedimento, e foi realizada interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea. Um m&#234;s mais tarde, o procedimento TAVI foi realizado. Sob anestesia geral, foi feita uma redu&#231;&#227;o femoral esquerda por causa da art&#233;ria il&#237;aca direita severamente tortuosa. Um marca-passo foi colocado na veia femoral direita. No entanto, um cateter Amplatz esquerdo, sobre um fio guia r&#237;gido Terumo e Exchange n&#227;o pode ser inserido atrav&#233;s do arco da aorta, e a tentativa de atravessar a v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica falhou. Observou-se, ent&#227;o, que o cateter estava no falso lume a&#243;rtico, estendendo-se desde logo abaixo da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1C</xref>).</p>
        <p>Logo ap&#243;s, o cateter foi completamente removido, e a art&#233;ria femoral esquerda foi reparada cirurgicamente. Foi poss&#237;vel avan&#231;ar o cateter <italic>pigtail</italic> at&#233; a aorta ascendente, para mostrar a dissec&#231;&#227;o por aortografia, atrav&#233;s da art&#233;ria femoral direita, embora houvesse uma tortuosidade severa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 1B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">1D</xref>).</p>
        <p>Decidimos realizar o procedimento TAVI via art&#233;ria femoral direita, apesar da tortuosidade severa. Um cateter <italic>pigtail</italic>, usado para guiar o posicionamento apropriado da v&#225;lvula no anel a&#243;rtico, gra&#231;as &#224; aortografia, n&#227;o pode ser movido, por conta da tortuosidade severa braquial bilateral e subcl&#225;via bilateral. Assim, o &#243;stio coron&#225;rio esquerdo e o anel a&#243;rtico foram marcados, utilizando-se uma caneta colorida na angiografia, acompanhando-se de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular r&#225;pida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2A</xref>). Imediatamente ap&#243;s, o &#226;ngulo do tubo de raio X e o paciente deixaram a posi&#231;&#227;o fixa, e a v&#225;lvula foi implantada sem aortografia.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Implanta&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica com base em desenho-&#237;ndice (A e B), regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica paravalvular severa ap&#243;s implanta&#231;&#227;o (C) e aortograma com regurgita&#231;&#227;o leve logo ap&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica com bal&#227;o (D).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0363-70025-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A v&#225;lvula implantada era Edwards SAPIEN XT, de 23 mm, e o procedimento foi feito em ritmo r&#225;pido, a 180 bpm, de acordo com estes desenhos-&#237;ndice e sem orienta&#231;&#227;o aortogr&#225;fica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2B</xref>). No entanto, o aortograma, ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o, mostrou regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica paravalvular severa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2C</xref>). Para resolver este problema, a v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica foi cruzada com um cateter AL-1 e um fio reto e r&#237;gido, sendo dilatada com &#234;xito com um bal&#227;o a&#243;rtico de 23 mm.</p>
        <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica severa diminuiu para grau leve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2D</xref>). O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico obtido 1 dia ap&#243;s o procedimento revelou diminui&#231;&#227;o dr&#225;stica no gradiente valvular a&#243;rtico (20/10 mmHg) e aus&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. A paciente recebeu alta hospitalar no sexto dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio sem qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O TAVI est&#225; se tornando cada vez mais uma op&#231;&#227;o aceita no tratamento de pacientes com EA grave e sintom&#225;tica n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para a cirurgia por riscos proibitivos e fragilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Embora o TAVI seja menos invasivo do que a cirurgia convencional de cora&#231;&#227;o aberto, o procedimento apresenta v&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo oclus&#227;o dos &#243;stios coronarianos, ruptura anular, perfura&#231;&#227;o ventricular, regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvular, bloqueio card&#237;aco, posi&#231;&#227;o errada ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, acidente vascular cerebral, sangramento grave, les&#227;o vascular e inj&#250;ria renal aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este relato de caso destaca como lidar com complica&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas durante o procedimento de TAVI. A dissec&#231;&#227;o ou a perfura&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias &#237;lio-femorais podem ocorrer na presen&#231;a de inser&#231;&#227;o traum&#225;tica de introdutores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente ou descendente pode ocorrer de forma similar, devido ao trauma do cateter ou como complica&#231;&#227;o imprevis&#237;vel da valvoplastia a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dissec&#231;&#245;es retr&#243;gradas n&#227;o oclusivas geralmente cicatrizam, uma vez que o fluxo anter&#243;grado &#233; restaurado; portanto, dissec&#231;&#245;es limitadas s&#227;o frequentemente melhor manejadas da forma conservadora, como em nosso caso.<sup>5</sup> Outra quest&#227;o &#233; colocar a v&#225;lvula na posi&#231;&#227;o apropriada. Devido a problemas de acesso arterial, tivemos de utilizar apenas a art&#233;ria femoral direita, e n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel o acesso arterial extra para a aortografia, com a finalidade de expor o &#243;stio e o anel a&#243;rtico da ACE. Portanto, marcou-se o orif&#237;cio da ACE e o &#226;nulo a&#243;rtico na tela, por meio de uma caneta colorida durante a aortografia, acompanhada de ritmo r&#225;pido; ent&#227;o, o paciente e o tubo de raios X foram fixados e, imediatamente ap&#243;s, a pr&#243;tese foi implantada de acordo com este desenho-&#237;ndice, sem orienta&#231;&#227;o da aortografia. Outra op&#231;&#227;o, que poderia definir ainda mais o anel (zona de implante), era realizar a valvoplastia a&#243;rtica por bal&#227;o (pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o), marcar na tela a cintura e us&#225;-la como um marcador.</p>
        <p>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica leve ou moderada pode ser observada ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, a regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica hemodinamicamente severa p&#243;s-procedimento &#233; rara.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Estas s&#227;o geralmente causadas por infla&#231;&#227;o inadequada do bal&#227;o ou por dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio, que impedem a unidade de v&#225;lvula de assentar e selar adequadamente dentro do anel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Um vazamento paravalvular severo, considerando-se expans&#227;o incompleta da v&#225;lvula, foi reduzido dramaticamente ap&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o em nosso paciente.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m, em caso de dissec&#231;&#227;o toracoabdominal, uma segunda e diferente abordagem pode ser sugerida: a transapical ou transa&#243;rtica. Estas abordagens possibilitam a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento com cateter <italic>pigtail</italic> na art&#233;ria femoral direita e, mais importante, permitem evitar qualquer contato da recentemente dissecada e fr&#225;gil aorta toracoabdominal/arco a&#243;rtico com o sistema NovaFlex . Al&#233;m disso, a ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica poderia ter sido utilizada para posicionar a v&#225;lvula.</p>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, este caso demonstra que pode ser seguro implantar a v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica percut&#226;nea com uma &#250;nica imagem fixa de fluoroscopia de contraste ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia de uma complica&#231;&#227;o vascular severa aguda. Ainda, a abordagem transradial &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o importante durante os procedimentos de TAVI e tamb&#233;m pode reduzir os riscos de hemorragia, como um local de acesso vascular secund&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
