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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bbjgKg7fRHdXJKS7gJ3LxKK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000400343</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170059</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome in the Elderly: A Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Cunha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Emanuelle Dias da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roriz</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Karla Carneiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Mansueto</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Medicina e Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), BA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, SE</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFBA</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Resid&#234;ncia em Nutri&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Resid&#234;ncia em Nutri&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica - UFBA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFBA</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimentos, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimentos, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de- UFBA, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carolina Cunha de Oliveira</bold>, Rua Conego Jos&#233; Felix de Olieira, 485, Ap 10. Postal Code: 49035-170, Coroa do Meio, Aracaju, SE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>carol_cunh@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>carol_cunh104@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira CC, Roriz AKC, Ramos LB, Gomes Neto M. Acquisition of data: Oliveira CC, Costa ED. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira CC, Roriz AKC, Ramos LB, Gomes Neto M. Statistical analysis: Oliveira CC. Obtaining financing: Ramos LB. Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira CC, Costa ED, Gomes Neto M. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira CC, Roriz AKC, Ramos LB, Gomes Neto M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>343</fpage>
      <lpage>353</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The article aimed to critically analyse studies which evaluated the capacity of anthropometric and clinical indicators to predict MetS in the elderly. Bibliographical research was performed using the electronic databasese Medline/PubMed, LILACS e SciELO , references from selected articles and contact with several authors. Twenty one articles involving anthropometric and clinical indicators in the elderly were analysed, using different MS criteria. Fourteen studies report anthropometric indicators, being the waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), described as the best MS predictors, with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) over 0.70 (p &lt; 0.05). The neck circumference was also described as an alternative indicator but with less discriminatory power. Lipid accumulation product (LAP) was the parameter with the best performance to identify MS, with an AUC over 0.85 and efficiency greater than 70%. The WC, WHtR and LAP indicators were the most sensitive for predicting MS. The use of these parameters may facilitate the early identification of MS, with good accuracy and low cost. In addition, it is important to determine specific cutoff points for the elderly, since obesity alone does not appear to be a strong predictor of MS in the elderly.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Body weights and Measures</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Anthropometry</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicators</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESB - Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia</funding-source>
          <award-id>007/2013</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by FAPESB - Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (parecer n&#186; 0007/2013).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a set of risk factors that includes resistance to insulin, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity and high blood pressure, and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The most up-to-date criteria to define MetS were prepared by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) task force.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In their guidelines, it has been established that abdominal obesity is no longer a compulsory component, and specific cut-off points should be used to classify waist circumference (WC) by ethnic groups, in addition to criteria for changes in glucose and lipid metabolism and high blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The use of clinical and anthropometric indicators can help to identify the presence of MetS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Clinical indicators are those which associate biochemical parameters to analysis measurements, particularly the lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Anthropometric indicators include body mass index (BMI), WC, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), the sagittal abdominal indicator (SAD) and neck circumference (NC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The use of indicators to predict MetS may facilitate its identification in clinical practice, as they are simple, quick and functional. However, there is no consensus on the best indicator able to identify MetS in the elderly due to different functional characteristics and varied cut-off points, many of which are specific to young adults, and with different criteria for defining MetS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Nevertheless, early identification of MetS is important in this age group since it may assist health teams to decide on strategies aimed at reducing global cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This review aimed to critically analyse studies that evaluated the capability of anthropometric and clinical indicators to predict MetS in the elderly.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Search strategy</title>
        <p>The search was performed on the MEDLINE/PUBMED, LILACS and SciELO bibliographic databases, using the following word combinations: ("metabolic syndrome" or "syndrome X" or "plurimetabolic syndrome") and ("elderly" or "older adults" or "aged") and ("predict" or "identify" or "ability"). These expressions were searched either in combination with each other or alone. Articles of interest listed in the references were also identified and reviewed. Several authors were contacted for relevant information not provided in the articles.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Criteria for including the articles</title>
        <p>Only original articles written in English, Spanish or Portuguese were included in the review. Articles published between January 2010 and January 2016 were selected and classic studies published on the topic prior to this period were also included. Population-based studies in the elderly or studies on institutionalised elderly people that evaluated anthropometric and clinical indicators (LAP, VAI or lipid ratios) as predictors of MetS were included.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data extraction</title>
        <p>After screening of titles and abstracts according to eligibility criteria, relevant articles were selected for full-text reading (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of selection of papers for the review.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0343-70059-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The following data were extracted independently: 1) characteristics of the article (authors, journal and year of publication); 2) location where the study was performed (city and country); 3) characteristics of the population studied (number of participants, sex and age range); 4) indicators studied (anthropometric indicators: BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR, SAD, NC and clinical indicators: LAP, VAI and lipid ratios: HDLc/TC, HDL/LDL and TG/LDL); 5) MetS classification criteria (IDF, National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III or the harmonized criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> for MetS); 6) main results (area under the ROC curve: AUC; 95% CI: Confidence Interval; Cut-off points, SENS: sensitivity and SPEC: specificity).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Two hundred and eighty-nine studies were identified on the bibliographic databases searched. After reading the titles and abstracts, 244 studies were excluded. Thus, 45 articles were eligible for evaluation, and 26 of these papers were excluded as: 7 presented data on a young adult population; 5 evaluated global cardiovascular risk; 4 evaluated isolated MetS components (dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, diabetes or obesity); 2 evaluated predictors of resistance to insulin; 5 evaluated complete blood count components as predictors of MetS; 1 were with patients admitted to hospital and 2 studies written in Chinese. Finally, after reviewing the bibliographic references for articles of interest, two further papers were included. Thus, 21 articles were analysed in this review (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Of the articles analysed, 13 discussed anthropometric indicators (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>), 7 evaluated clinical indicators (LAP, VAI and lipid ratios) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>) and one article<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> compared anthropometric indicators and lipid ratios to predict MetS in the elderly (and hence is cited in anthropometric and clinical indicators' tables).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Studies evaluating the anthropometric indicators as predictors of metabolic syndrome in the elderly</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Authors and publication year (Ref. n&#186;.)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">City, country</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Number of participants (W, M)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Age range (years)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Indicator</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Criteria for MetS diagnosis</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gharipour et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Isfahan, Iran</td>
              <td align="center">206 men</td>
              <td align="center">71.85&#177;5.44</td>
              <td align="center">BMI, WC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>, WHR, and WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">2 or more factors of NCEP ATPIII without WC</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Liang et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Canton, China</td>
              <td align="center">4706 women</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 50</td>
              <td align="center">WC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>, WHR, WHtR, BMI</td>
              <td align="center">Harmonized criteria for MetS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yan et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Shanghai,China</td>
              <td align="center">2092 subjects(1121 W, 971 M)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 65</td>
              <td align="center">NC</td>
              <td align="center">Harmonized criteria for MetS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Guasch-Ferr&#233; et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Spain</td>
              <td align="center">7447 subjects</td>
              <td align="center">M: 55-80 W: 60-80</td>
              <td align="center">WC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>, WHR, WHtR, BMI</td>
              <td align="center">Harmonized criteria for MetS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chu et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Taipei, Taiwan</td>
              <td align="center">2848 women</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805;65</td>
              <td align="center">BMI, WC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>, WHR and WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">IDF without WC</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gharipour et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Isfahan, Iran</td>
              <td align="center">468 subjects(232 W; 236 M)</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 60</td>
              <td align="center">WC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>, BMI, WHR</td>
              <td align="center">NCEP ATPIII</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Zeng et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">China</td>
              <td align="center">221270 subjects (84014 W; 137256 M)</td>
              <td align="center">45-79</td>
              <td align="center">BMI, WC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>, WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">2 or more factors</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Paula et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Vi&#231;osa, Brazil</td>
              <td align="center">113 women</td>
              <td align="center">60-83</td>
              <td align="center">BMI, WC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup>, WHR, SS</td>
              <td align="center">NCEP ATPIII without WC</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ris&#233;rus et al. 2010 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Stockholm, Sweden</td>
              <td align="center">4032 subjects(2096 W; 1936 M)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 60</td>
              <td align="center">SAD, BMI, WC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> and WHR</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiometabolic risk score</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sharda et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Kota, India</td>
              <td align="center">400 subjects(200 W, 200 M)</td>
              <td align="center">60-90</td>
              <td align="center">SAD</td>
              <td align="center">IDF</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aoi et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Mihara, Japan</td>
              <td align="center">64 women</td>
              <td align="center">63.6 &#177; 7.1</td>
              <td align="center">BMI, %BF, WC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup> and NC</td>
              <td align="center">MetS components</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Limpawattana et al. 2016 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Khon Kaen, Thailand</td>
              <td align="center">587 subjects(386 W, 201 M)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 50</td>
              <td align="center">NC</td>
              <td align="center">NCEP ATPIIIand IDF</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hoebel et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">North West ProvinceSouth Africa</td>
              <td align="center">409 subjects(207 W, 202 M)</td>
              <td align="center">25-65</td>
              <td align="center">NC, WC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">IDF</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Liu et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Beijing, China</td>
              <td align="center">1698 subjects(593 W; 1689 M)</td>
              <td align="center">20-79</td>
              <td align="center">BMI, FMI and %BF</td>
              <td align="center">NCEP ATPIII</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>W: women; M: men; MetS: metabolic syndrome; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; NCEP ATPIII: National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio; SAD: sagittal abdominal diameter; NC: neck circumference; SS: sum of the four skinfolds; %BF: percentage of body fat; FMI: fat mass index.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>plane the midpoint between the lower costal rib and the iliac crest, perpendicular to the long axis of the trunk.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>at the level of the umbilicus.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cut-offs and areas under the ROC curve, sensitivity and specificity of anthropometric indicators to determine metabolic syndrome in the elderly</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Authors and publication year (Ref. n&#186;.)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Indicator</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Men </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Women</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>AUC (95% CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Cut-off point</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Sens (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Spec (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>AUC (95% CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Cut-off point</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Sens (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Spec (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Gharipour et al. 2014 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">WC</td>
              <td align="center">0.683 (0.606-0.761)</td>
              <td align="center">94.5 cm</td>
              <td align="center">64.0</td>
              <td align="center">68.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WHR</td>
              <td align="center">0.645 (0.563-0.727)</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
              <td align="center">6.0</td>
              <td align="center">69.0</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="2">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.641 (0.561-0.722)</td>
              <td align="center">26.65 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">48.0</td>
              <td align="center">76.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">0.680 (0.602-0.758)</td>
              <td align="center">58.66</td>
              <td align="center">52.0</td>
              <td align="center">79.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Liang et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">WC</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
              <td align="center">79.5 cm</td>
              <td align="center">72.7</td>
              <td align="center">76.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WHR</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
              <td align="center">0.86</td>
              <td align="center">62.8</td>
              <td align="center">72.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
              <td align="center">67.6</td>
              <td align="center">72.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.71</td>
              <td align="center">22.47 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">64.8</td>
              <td align="center">67.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Yan et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">NC</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 38 cm</td>
              <td align="center">80.0</td>
              <td align="center">55.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 35 cm</td>
              <td align="center">75.0</td>
              <td align="center">67.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Guasch-Ferr&#233; et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">0.74 (0.72-0.75)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WC</td>
              <td align="center">0.72 (0.71-0.73)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="7">Presented results without stratification by sex</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.69 (0.68-0.70)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Chu et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.66 (0.58-0.74)</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WC</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.68 (0.60-0.76)</td>
              <td align="center">82.4 cm</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WHR</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.63 (0.56-0.71)</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.58 (0.50-0.68)</td>
              <td align="center">24.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">78</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Gharipour et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">WC</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 (0.70-0.85)</td>
              <td align="center">92.0cm</td>
              <td align="center">81.4</td>
              <td align="center">55.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WHR</td>
              <td align="center">0.76 (0.68-0.83)</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
              <td align="center">82.9</td>
              <td align="center">52.3</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4">Presented results without stratification by sex</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 (0.70-0.84)</td>
              <td align="center">28.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">80.0</td>
              <td align="center">61.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Zeng et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.640 (0.648-0.666)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#11799;</xref></sup> 0.665 (0.654-0.675)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">24.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
								<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#11799;</xref></sup> 23.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
								<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">69.171.7</td>
              <td align="center">54.352.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.637 (0.624-0.650)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#11799;</xref></sup> 0.665 (0.648-0.682)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">23,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>23,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">70.465.3</td>
              <td align="center">49.759.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WC</td>
              <td align="center">0.640 (0.631-0.654)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#11799;</xref></sup> 0.646 (0.636-0.657)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">83.5 cm82.3 cm</td>
              <td align="center">74.374.0</td>
              <td align="center">45.847.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.641 (0.628-0.645)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#11799;</xref></sup> 0.668 (0.651-0.685)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">78,5 cm78,5 cm</td>
              <td align="center">65.270.1</td>
              <td align="center">55.654.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">0.645 (0.636-0.654)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#11799;</xref></sup> 0.651 (0.641-0.662)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.520.50</td>
              <td align="center">62.371.9</td>
              <td align="center">58.450.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.640 (0.627-0.653)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#11799;</xref></sup>0.659 (0.642-0.676)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0,490,52</td>
              <td align="center">76.065.2</td>
              <td align="center">44.559.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Paula et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">WC</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.694 (0.600-0.777)</td>
              <td align="center">92.0 cm</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">58.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.619 (0.523-0.708)</td>
              <td align="center">25.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">66.7</td>
              <td align="center">55.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WHR</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.752 (0.662-0.829)</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">59.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">SS</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.669 (0.574-0.726)</td>
              <td align="center">108 mm</td>
              <td align="center">66.7</td>
              <td align="center">64.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Ris&#233;rus et al. 2010 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">SAD</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 (0.77-0.82)</td>
              <td align="center">22.2 cm</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 (0.75-0.80)</td>
              <td align="center">20.1 cm</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WC</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 (0.75-0.80)</td>
              <td align="center">100 cm</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 (0.75-0.80)</td>
              <td align="center">88.4 cm</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WHR</td>
              <td align="center">0.74 (0.71-0.77)</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.76 (0.74-0.79)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 (0.76-0.81)</td>
              <td align="center">27.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.74 (0.72-0.77)</td>
              <td align="center">27.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Sharda et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">SAD</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 22 cm</td>
              <td align="center">88.0</td>
              <td align="center">83.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 20 cm</td>
              <td align="center">87.0</td>
              <td align="center">80.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Aoi et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">NC</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="8">NC was associated with BMI (r = 0.747, p &lt; 0.0001), %BF (r = 0.715, p &lt; 0.0001), TG (r = 0.276, p = 0.028), decrease in HDLc (r = -0.401, p &lt; 0.001) and HbA1c (r = 0.298, p = 0.019), HOMA-R and leptin (r = 0.488, p &lt; 0.001)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Limpawattana et al. 2016 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">NC</td>
              <td align="center">0.84 (0.79-0.90)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref></sup>0.71 (0.64-0.78)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 39 cm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">70.89</td>
              <td align="center">81.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 (0.75-0.84)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref></sup>0.77(0.72-0.82)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 33 cm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">86.54</td>
              <td align="center">59.39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Hoebel et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">NC</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 (0.50-1.00)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></sup>0.70 (0.60-0.90)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 35 cm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></sup>&gt; 41 cm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 (0.40-0.80)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></sup>0.80 (0.70-0.90)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 35 cm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></sup>&gt; 33 cm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Liu et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.904 (0.882-0.925)</td>
              <td align="center">27.45 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">80.6</td>
              <td align="center">84.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.869 (0.869-0.928)</td>
              <td align="center">23.85 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">92.7</td>
              <td align="center">72.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">BF</td>
              <td align="center">0.883 (0.859-0.908)</td>
              <td align="center">23.95%</td>
              <td align="center">84.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.855 (0.818-0.892)</td>
              <td align="center">31.35%</td>
              <td align="center">77.1</td>
              <td align="center">81.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">FMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.920 (0.900-0.940)</td>
              <td align="center">7.00 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">80.2</td>
              <td align="center">86.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.898 (0.869-0.927)</td>
              <td align="center">7.90 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">78.9</td>
              <td align="center">85.7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>AUC: area under ROC curve; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; Sens: sensitivity; Spec: specificity; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio; SAD: sagittal abdominal diameter; NC: neck circumference; SS: sum of the four skinfolds; %BF: percentage of body fat; FMI: fat mass index; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Older African group;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Older caucasian group;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>IDF Criteria;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>NCEP ATP III Criteria;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>&#11799;</label>
            <p>60-69 years;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>&#182;</label>
            <p>70-79 years.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Studies evaluating the clinical indicators as predictors of metabolic syndrome in the elderly</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Authors and publication year (Ref. n&#186;.)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">City, country</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Number of participants</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Age range (anos)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Indicator</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Criteria for MetS diagnosis</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Liang et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Canton, China</td>
              <td align="center">4706 women</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 50</td>
              <td align="center">TG/HDL, HDL/TC, HDL/LDL</td>
              <td align="center">Harmonized criteria for MetS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arthur et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Kumasi, Ghana</td>
              <td align="center">250 women</td>
              <td align="center">20-78</td>
              <td align="center">TG/HDL, HDL/TC</td>
              <td align="center">Harmonized criteria for MetS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tellechea et al. 2009 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Buenos Aires, Argentina</td>
              <td align="center">601 men</td>
              <td align="center">18-65</td>
              <td align="center">LAP</td>
              <td align="center">NCEP ATPIII</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Taverna et al. 2011 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Province of Segovia, Central Spain</td>
              <td align="center">768 subjects (416 W; 352 M)</td>
              <td align="center">36-77</td>
              <td align="center">LAP, TG/HDL, TG, WC and BMI</td>
              <td align="center">NCEP ATPIII vs. IDF</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chiang &amp; Koo 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Taiwan</td>
              <td align="center">513 subjects (247 W; 266 M)</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 50</td>
              <td align="center">LAP, WHtR, BMI and WC</td>
              <td align="center">MetS criteria for Taiwanese people</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejike 2011 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Abia State, Nigeria</td>
              <td align="center">40 men</td>
              <td align="center">65-84</td>
              <td align="center">LAP, VAI, BMI, WHtR and WHR</td>
              <td align="center">IDF</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Motamed et al. 2015 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Amol, Iran</td>
              <td align="center">5511 subjects (2392 W; 3119 M)</td>
              <td align="center">18-90</td>
              <td align="center">LAP, WC, BMI, WHtR, WHR</td>
              <td align="center">IDF</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Amato et al. 2011 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Alcamo, Italy</td>
              <td align="center">1764 subjects (1179 W; 585 M)</td>
              <td align="center">16-99</td>
              <td align="center">VAI</td>
              <td align="center">NCEP ATPIII</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <p>W: women; M: men; MetS: metabolic syndrome IDF: international diabetes federation; NCEP ATPIII: National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III; LAP: lipid accumulation product; VAI: visceral adiposity index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist to-hip ratio; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio. BMI: body mass index; HDLc/TC: HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio; HDL/LDL:HDL-cholesterol to LDL: cholesterol ratio; TG/LDL: triglyceride to HDL: cholesterol ratio. </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cut-offs and areas under the ROC curve, sensitivity and specificity of clinical indicators to determine metabolic syndrome in the elderly</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Authors (Ref. n&#186;.)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Indicators</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Men </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Women</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>AUC (95% CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Cut-off point</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Sens (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Spec (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>AUC (95% CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Cut-off point</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Sens (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Spec (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Amato et al. 2010 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">VAI</td>
              <td align="center">0.840 (0.98-1.00)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">1.93</td>
              <td align="center">77.0</td>
              <td align="center">82.3</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="2">No stratification by sex</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">0.783 (0.73-0.82)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">2.00</td>
              <td align="center">68.5</td>
              <td align="center">76.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Liang et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">TG/HDLc</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
              <td align="center">0.88</td>
              <td align="center">77.7</td>
              <td align="center">76.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">HDLc/TC</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
              <td align="center">70.1</td>
              <td align="center">64.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">HDLc/LDLc</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
              <td align="center">78.3</td>
              <td align="center">65.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Arthur et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">TG/HDLc</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 (0.70-0.90)</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
              <td align="center">87.2</td>
              <td align="center">80.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">HDLc/TC</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 (0.70-0.90)</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
              <td align="center">96.6</td>
              <td align="center">83.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Tellechea et al. 2010 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">LAP</td>
              <td align="center">0.91 (p &lt; 0.05)</td>
              <td align="center">53.63</td>
              <td align="center">83.0</td>
              <td align="center">83.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="9">Taverna et al. 2011 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="6">LAP</td>
              <td align="center">61-70 years old:</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">&gt; 51.82<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">61-70 years old:</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">&gt; 33.28<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">0.89 (0.82-0.97)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 (0.69-0.90)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">0.84 (0.74-0.93)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 (0.67-0.89)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">71-77 years old:</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">71-77 years old:</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">0.89 (0.77-1.01)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">&gt; 48.09 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 (0.76-0.99)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">&gt; 31.7<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">0.91 (0.82-1.00)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 (0.74-0.99)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">WC</td>
              <td align="center">61-70 years old:</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">61-70 years old:</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">0.82 (0.72-0.93)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 (0.68-0.87)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 (0.75-0.95)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.74 (0.63-0.85)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Chiang &amp; Koo 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">LAP</td>
              <td align="center">0.916 (0.880-0.953)</td>
              <td align="center">31.6</td>
              <td align="center">88.0</td>
              <td align="center">82.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.901 (0.855-0.946)</td>
              <td align="center">31.6</td>
              <td align="center">66.0</td>
              <td align="center">93.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">0.827 (0.762-0.892)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.819 (0.755-0,883)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.776 (0.709-0.844)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.793 (0.726-0.859)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">WC</td>
              <td align="center">0.825 (0.760-0.890)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.817 (0.755-0.879)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Ejike 2011 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">LAP</td>
              <td align="center">0.937 (p &lt; 0.05)</td>
              <td align="center">43.91</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">81.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">VAI</td>
              <td align="center">0.640</td>
              <td align="center">4.44</td>
              <td align="center">67.0</td>
              <td align="center">84.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.793</td>
              <td align="center">30.47 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">73.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">0.905 (p &lt; 0.05)</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">78.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">WHR</td>
              <td align="center">0.635</td>
              <td align="center">1.08</td>
              <td align="center">67.0</td>
              <td align="center">76.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Motamed et al. 2015 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">LAP</td>
              <td align="center">0.901 (0.890-0.913)</td>
              <td align="center">39.89</td>
              <td align="center">86.0</td>
              <td align="center">79.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.904 (0.892-0.916)</td>
              <td align="center">49.71</td>
              <td align="center">85.2</td>
              <td align="center">82.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WC</td>
              <td align="center">0.907 (0.897-0.917)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.782 (0.764-0.801)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.862 (0.849-0.876)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.701 (0.680-0.722)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">0.878 (0.868-0.889)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.788 (0.769-0.806)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">WHR</td>
              <td align="center">0.840 (0.826-0.855)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.785 (0.766-0.803)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <p>AUC: area under ROC curve; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; Sens: sensitivity; Spec: specificity; LAP: Lipid Product Accumulation; VAI: Visceral Adiposity Index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio; BMI: body mass index; HDLc/TC: HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio; HDL/LDL: HDL-cholesterol to LDL: cholesterol ratio; TG/LDL: triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>IDF Criteria;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>NCEP ATP III Criteria</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN15">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>52 - 66 years old;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN16">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>&gt; 66 years old.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The IDF's and the NCEP-ATP III's criteria were most commonly used criteria for definition of MetS). Only 5 articles used the most recent harmonized criteria for MetS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The harmonized criteria states that obesity itself is not a prerequisite for diagnosis of MetS, which should be established based on the presence of any 3 or 5 risk factors (among which obesity is included).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric indicators</title>
        <p>Fourteen studies reported anthropometric indicators as predictors of MetS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>). Among the anthropometric indicators, those most cited were BMI, WC and WHR. The most recent studies analysed WHtR, SAD and NC.</p>
        <p>The majority of the papers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> which evaluated anthropometric indicators highlight WC and WHtR as the best predictors of MetS in the elderly, when compared to BMI and WHR.</p>
        <p>The works of Liang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and Guasch-Ferr&#233; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> reported an AUC over 0.70 for WC and WHtR to detect MetS, considering the harmonized criteria for MetS. For women, Liang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> identified the cut-off points of 79.5 cm for WC (sens: 72.7%; spec: 76.7%) and 0.53 for WHtR (sens: 67.6%; spec: 72.9%), with efficiency higher than 70%. Zeng et al,.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> evaluating the presence of a minimum of two MetS components and stratifying the results by sex and age, observed similar AUCs and cut-off points for elderly women at the age range of 60-69 and 70-79 years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Among the indicators with unsatisfactory performance, Paula et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> established that the BMI and the sum of four skinfolds were the anthropometric parameters of adiposity which presented the least efficiency in identifying MetS.</p>
        <p>Another indicator cited was SAD, which is able to estimate the excess of visceral fat and, consequently, is a better predictor of cardiometabolic risk than classic indicators.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Only two studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> evaluated SAD in the elderly; Sharda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> aimed to identify the best SAD cut-off points to predict MetS, and suggested the cut-off points of 22 cm for men and 20 cm for women, with sensitivity and specificity higher than 80% for both sexes. Similar cut-offs were found by Ris&#233;rus et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> using a cardiometabolic risk in elderly subjects.</p>
        <p>In relation to NC, the articles analysed its performance in identifying MetS and its isolated components. Aoi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> showed that the increase in NC is associated to a rise in metabolic risk factors, such as resistance to insulin (leptin, HbA1c and HOMA-IR) and lipid profile (TG and HDL).</p>
        <p>In the studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> which evaluated the predictive capacity of the NC, the cut-off points suggested by the authors were quite similar, varying between 35 and 41 cm for men and 33 and 35 cm for women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Hoebel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> observed that white men presented a higher cut-off point (41 cm) when compared to black men (35 cm). The cut-off points for women were similar between white and black women, although the cut-off point for black women did not predict MetS, in contrast to what was observed for men. Limpawattana et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and Yan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> presented similar cut-off points for NC to predict MetS in individuals aged over 50 and 65 respectively, and Limpawattana et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> showed an efficiency over 72% for the cut-off point suggested for men (sens: 70.89%; spec: 81.15%) and women (sens: 86.54%; spec: 59.39%).</p>
        <p>A parameter that has been insufficiently investigated was the Fat Mass Index (FMI), which is normalizes body fat for individual's height. This index has been suggested to independently evaluate body fat from changes in fat free mass. In the study performed by Liu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> FMI was the parameter with the highest AUC, and high FMI showed significantly higher odds ratio for MetS than the low FMI in both sexes. These authors suggested that a FMI of 7.00 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for men and 7.90 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for women, evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis, could predict the presence of MetS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical indicators</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> demonstrate the characteristics and results, respectively, of the eight studies which evaluated LAP and VAI clinical indicators and lipid ratios as predictors of MetS according to NCEP and IDF criteria and harmonized criteria for MetS.</p>
        <p>LAP is an indicator proposed to estimate lipid concentration in adults, described for the first time by Kahn.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> It is an emerging cardiovascular risk index based on the product of WC multiplied by fasting triglyceride concentration. LAP has proven to be a reliable marker for cardiovascular disease in adults, outperforms other predictors of this risk as BMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Most of the studies analysed evaluated a mixed population, stratified by sex and/or age range. The cut-off point for LAP suggested by the authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> varied from 31.6 to 51.8, with a difference between the sexes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Among men, the LAP AUC to predict MetS varied from 0.84 to 0.937, while for women the lowest AUC was 0.78 and highest was 0.904 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>Taverna et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> reported a lower AUC for men and women in the 61-70 age range, considering the IDF criteria (area under the curve, AUC: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.74-0.93 for men and 0.78; 95% CI: 0.76-0.99 for women) when compared to the other studies.</p>
        <p>Ejike CECC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> investigated LAP as a predictor of MetS in the elderly (aged between 65 and 84); the authors reported an AUC of 0.937 (p=0.013) and suggested a LAP cut-off point of 43.9 (sens: 100%; spec: 81%). Tellechea et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, Chiang &amp; Koo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and Motamed et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> also observed the high predictive capacity of LAP to identify MetS (AUC higher than 0.90). Among these studies, the lowest LAP cut-off point to identify MetS was reported by Chiang &amp; Koo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> (31.6 for both sexes).</p>
        <p>VAI is a gender-specific, empirical-mathematical model based on a combination of anthropometric measurements (WC and BMI) with biochemical parameters (TG and HDLc), which may be and indicator of fat distribution and function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The Alkam Metabolic Syndrome Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> introduced VAI as a new marker of adipose tissue dysfunction, independently associated with cardiovascular events, which was not observed for WC and BMI. Only two studies investigated this indicator in MetS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> For Amato et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, a VAI value higher than 2.00 (sens: 68.5% and spec: 76.0%) for individuals aged over 66 was able to predict MetS. However, in the study by Ejike CECC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> VAI showed an AUC of 0.640 but without statistical significance (p = 0.426), suggesting a cut-off point higher than 4.4, with relatively better sensitivity and specificity to identify MetS in the elderly (sens: 67% and spec: 84%).</p>
        <p>Two papers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> described the results of lipid ratios, with different cut-off points between the studies. Arthur et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> observed that the TG/HDL and HDL/CT ratios presented AUC of 0.80 (95% IC: 0.70-0.90) for both ratios, suggesting a cut-off point of 0.61 (sens: 87.2% and spec: 80%) for the TG/HDL ratio and 0.34 (sens: 96.6% and spec: 83.3%) for the HDL/CT ratio, therefore demonstrating efficiency of over 83%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The anthropometric indicators that showed a better performance in identifying MetS were WC and WHtR (among the classic indicators) and NC (among the recently studied indicators). Regarding the clinical parameters, LAP was the best indicator, followed by the HDL/CT ratio.</p>
      <p>An important point to be discussed is the criteria used to define MetS (IDF, NCEP ATPIII and harmonized criteria), which may justify the diversity of results discussed in this review. In addition, the use of different criteria and measurement techniques, particularly in relation to WC, does not ensure comparability between the studies.</p>
      <p>WC and WHtR were the best parameters evaluated,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> with WC showing higher sensitivity among the obesity indexes. In addition, it was observed that the WC cut-off points suggested were lower than those proposed by the MetS criteria used, revealing that non-specific cut-off points for ethnic and age groups can underestimate the presence of MetS, depending on the criterion used for its classification. However, Chu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> observed that WC and WHtR showed similar results to BMI and WHR, with an AUC lower than 0.70 to detect a minimum of three MetS criteria in women. This divergence could be attributed to the age of the elderly (average of 71.9 years), with high prevalence of other comorbidities, apart from obesity, that contribute to the development of MetS. Therefore, obesity appears not to be a decisive criterion for MetS detection in this age range.</p>
      <p>A further indicator discussed in the literature is SAD. Although very few studies have evaluated this indicator as a predictor of MetS, the cut-off points suggested by Ris&#233;rus et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and Sharda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> are in line with other studies that evaluated SAD as a predictor of visceral fat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Despite being related to visceral abdominal fat deposits, SAD has not been widely used in clinical practice since it requires a specific measuring instrument (abdominal caliper - Holtain, Ltd, Dyfed, Wales, U.K).</p>
      <p>NC was also evaluated, with similar cut-off points suggested by the authors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> which can be explained by the fact that this measurement is little affected by aging-related changes in body composition. The association between NC and MetS may be related to the fact that subcutaneous fat in the neck area is responsible for higher systemic release of free fatty acids.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> This excess of free fatty acids is associated with resistance to insulin, hypertriglyceridemia, vascular lesion and high blood pressure, and could predict MetS.</p>
      <p>Differences between sexes and ethnic groups were reported in the study by Hoebel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The authors observed that a NC cut-off point of 35 cm was not able to predict MetS in black women, in contrast with what was observed in men, suggesting a concept of "healthy obesity". However, a limitation of this study was that the authors considered individuals aged between 46 and 65 as the elderly group and, for this reason, their results cannot be extrapolated to individuals aged over 65. Altogether, the studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> suggested the use of NC, as it is a simple and practical anthropometric parameter, able to identify MetS. Another advantage of the NC is the fact that it is not affected during respiratory movement or in the postprandial period.</p>
      <p>FMI was only discussed in the study by Liu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Although the authors suggested a cut-off point, it is worth pointing out that there was no stratification by age group in the data analysis. In addition, the study was conducted in China, in a smaller population with brevilineal biotype, which limit the extrapolation of results to other populations.</p>
      <p>The studies included showed that the cut-off points for obesity indicators need to be specific for the elderly, with higher values when compared to other age groups, as obesity does not appear to be a strong predictor of MetS in the elderly.</p>
      <p>With regards to clinical indicators, LAP was the parameter most discussed in the studies. Kahn<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> highlights that the WC and TG levels tend to increase with age, accumulating over time. From this perspective and considering that lipid accumulation intensifies cardiometabolic consequences, the use of LAP seems an advantageous approach in evaluating MetS and cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>The cut-off points for LAP suggested by the studied showed a wide variety, which could be justified by ethnic diversity, extensive age ranges and different criteria used to define MetS. In addition, two studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> did not adequately define the age group of the elderly. While Motamed et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> did not stratify the results between adults and the elderly, Tellechea et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> considered the elderly group to be aged between 45 and 65. These facts limit the understanding of this indicator's performance, specifically among the elderly.</p>
      <p>Although Taverna et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> has reported the lowest LAP AUC for the elderly aged between 61-70 years when compared with other studies, these authors show a better performance of LAP as a predictor of MetS in the elderly. Besides, although Ejike CECC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> demonstrated good results using the LAP indicator, a small sample (only 40 men) was included, which was an important limitation of the study.</p>
      <p>The lowest LAP cut-off point to predict MetS suggested by Chiang &amp; Koo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> could be related to the criterion used to define MetS and the physical characteristics of the population evaluated. The capacity of LAP to identify MetS, compared with that of other parameters, is associated to the fact that this indicator reflects anatomical and physiological alterations associated to visceral fat and its accumulation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> indicating that, regardless of how excess lipids are stored, it will be identified by LAP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another clinical indicator also related to the dysfunction of the adipose tissue is VAI, which uses WC, BMI, TG and LDL measurements for its calculation. Only two studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> have analysed its performance and proposed a VAI cut-off point to identify MetS. However, the cut-off points suggested diverged among the authors. It is of note that three of the variables on which VAI is based (WC, TG and HDL) are also MetS components, which makes the use of this index in patients with clear MetS pointless.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> The studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> using lipid ratios showed that the use of this indicator in isolation is not able to identify MetS, particularly among the elderly, but rather to identify isolated cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p>The results were clear in showing that WC, WHtR and LAP indicators were the most sensitive ones for predicting MetS. Therefore, the use of these parameters may facilitate the early identification of MetS through easily-applied, precise and low cost diagnostic methods. The use of these indicators by health professionals is important to optimise MetS prevention and treatment, and to minimize its complications.</p>
      <p>To summarise, the studies included propose different indicators to predict MetS. However, the cut-off points suggested vary between each other, as they are linked to different populations, with different age and ethnic characteristics. Further studies are required to identify the best practical, validated method to predict MetS. Also, studies comparing different indicators are needed, considering specific aspects, such as sex, well-defined age ranges and ethnic groups.</p>
      <p>Different MetS classification criteria have been adopted, which makes the comparison between the studies problematic and the standardisation of the criteria essential. In addition, there is no consensus on the best indicator to predict MetS in the elderly, and studies in this population is still scare. These data affect the understanding of the indicators' performance in predicting MetS in this age group.</p>
      <p>The most of these studies presented to methodological differences and study designs, as well as limitations inherent to observational studies, which make the comparison between results and the control of population biases difficult.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Analysis of the studies included in this review allowed us to infer that the WC, WHtR and LAP indicators presented the best predictive power for MetS in the elderly because they are strongly related to visceral abdominal fat deposits. However, the disparate values between the studies substantiated that the prevalence of other comorbidities, rather than obesity, may be contributing to the development of MetS in this population. Thus, the results revealed that the distribution of abdominal fat, instead of overweight appears to be a fundamental criterion for this age group, but the distribuition of abdominal fat. The need to identify a simple method which facilitates the approach and detection of high risk for MetS in the elderly is highlighted, allowing the early prevention of cardiovascular events.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESB - Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (parecer n&#186; 0007/2013).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Carolina Cunha de Oliveira, from Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica em Idosos: Uma Revis&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Cunha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Emanuelle Dias da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roriz</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Karla Carneiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Mansueto</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Medicina e Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), BA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, SE</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Resid&#234;ncia em Nutri&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica - UFBA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimentos, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de - UFBA, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carolina Cunha de Oliveira</bold>, Rua Conego Jos&#233; Felix de Olieira, 485, Ap 10. CEP: 49035-170, Coroa do Meio, Aracaju, SE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>carol_cunh@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>carol_cunh104@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira CC, Roriz AKC, Ramos LB, Gomes Neto M. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira CC, Costa ED. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira CC, Roriz AKC, Ramos LB, Gomes Neto M. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira CC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ramos LB. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira CC, Costa ED, Gomes Neto M. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira CC, Roriz AKC, Ramos LB, Gomes Neto M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O artigo teve como objetivo analisar criticamente estudos que avaliaram a habilidade dos indicadores antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos enquanto capazes de predizer a SM em idosos. Foi realizado uma pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, al&#233;m das refer&#234;ncias de artigos selecionados e contato com autores. Foram analisados 21 artigos envolvendo indicadores antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos em idosos, atrav&#233;s de diferentes crit&#233;rios da SM. Catorze estudos reportam aos indicadores antropom&#233;tricos, sendo a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e a raz&#227;o cintura-estatura (RCEst) descritos como os melhores preditores de SM, com &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (AUC) superior a 0,70 (p &lt; 0,05). A circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o tamb&#233;m foi descrita como indicador alternativo, por&#233;m com menor poder discriminat&#243;rio. Para os indicadores cl&#237;nicos, o <italic>lipid product accumulation</italic> (LAP) foi o par&#226;metro com melhor desempenho em identificar a SM em idosos, com AUC superior 0,85 e efici&#234;ncia superior a 70%. Os indicadores CC, RCEst e LAP foram os mais sensiveis na predica&#231;&#227;o da SM. Desta forma, o emprego desses par&#226;metros podem facilitar a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da SM atrav&#233;s de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o, boa precis&#227;o e baixo custo. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante a determina&#231;&#227;o de pontos de corte espec&#237;ficos para idosos, uma ver que a obesidade por si s&#243;, parece n&#227;o ser forte preditor de SM em idosos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesos e Medidas Corporais</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Antropometria</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; definida como um conjunto de fatores de risco que inclui resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, dislipidemia, obesidade abdominal e hipertens&#227;o, e aumenta o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Os crit&#233;rios mais atuais utilizados para definir SM foram preparados pela Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional do Diabetes (International Diabetes Federation, IDF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em seu relat&#243;rio, foi definido que a obesidade abdominal deixa de ser um componente obrigat&#243;rio, e pontos de corte espec&#237;ficos devem ser usados para classificar circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) por grupo &#233;tnico, al&#233;m de crit&#233;rios para altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo de glicose e lip&#237;dios, e press&#227;o arterial elevada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O uso de indicadores cl&#237;nicos e antropom&#233;tricos pode auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o da SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Indicadores cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o aqueles que associam par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos a medidas anal&#237;ticas, particularmente o produto da acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica (PAL) e o &#237;ndice de adiposidade visceral (IAV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Indicadores antropom&#233;tricos incluem &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), CC, rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ), rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-estatura (RCE), di&#226;metro abdominal sagital (DAS) e circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o (CP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O uso de indicadores como preditores de SM pode facilitar a identifica&#231;&#227;o dessa condi&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, por sua simplicidade, rapidez e funcionalidade. No entanto, n&#227;o existe um consenso sobre qual melhor indicador capaz de identificar SM em idosos, dada &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas funcionais e diferentes pontos de corte, muitos deles espec&#237;ficos para jovens adultos, e com diferentes crit&#233;rios para definir SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Contudo, a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da SM &#233; importante nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, ao auxiliar as equipes de sa&#250;de na decis&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias direcionadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular global.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o teve como objetivo analisar criticamente estudos que avaliaram a capacidade de indicadores cl&#237;nicos e antropom&#233;tricos em predizer SM em idosos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
          <p>A busca por artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PUBMED, LILACS e SciELO, usando as seguintes combina&#231;&#245;es: ("metabolic syndrome" ou "syndrome X" ou "plurimetabolic syndrome") e ("elderly" ou "older adults" ou "aged") e ("predict" ou "identify" ou "ability"). Essas express&#245;es foram pesquisadas combinadas entre si ou isoladas. Artigos listados nas refer&#234;ncias tamb&#233;m foram identificados e revisados. V&#225;rios autores foram contatados para obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes n&#227;o informadas nos artigos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios para inclus&#227;o dos artigos</title>
          <p>Somente artigos escritos em ingl&#234;s, espanhol ou portugu&#234;s foram inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o. Foram selecionados artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2010 e janeiro de 2016, e estudos cl&#225;ssicos sobre o t&#243;pico, publicados antes desse per&#237;odo, tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos. Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos de base populacional em idosos e estudos em idosos institucionalizados que avaliaram indicadores antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos (PAL, IAV ou raz&#245;es lip&#237;dicas) como preditores de SM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s triagem dos t&#237;tulos e resumos de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, os artigos considerados relevantes foram selecionados para serem lidos na &#237;ntegra (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos para a revis&#227;o.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0343-70059-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Os seguintes dados foram extra&#237;dos de maneira independente: 1) caracter&#237;sticas dos artigos (autores, revista e ano de publica&#231;&#227;o); 2) local onde o estudo foi realizado (cidade e pa&#237;s); 3) caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (n&#250;mero de participantes, sexo e faixa et&#225;ria); 4) indicadores estudados (indicadores antropom&#233;tricos: IMC, CC, RCQ, RCE, DAS, CP, e indicadores cl&#237;nicos: PAL, IAV e as raz&#245;es lip&#237;dicas: HDLc/TC, HDL/LDL e TG/LDL); 5) crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o da SM seguidos: IDF, Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o do Colesterol-Painel de Tratamento do Adulto III (NCEP-ATP III), ou o crit&#233;rio harmonizado;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> 6) principais resultados: AUC (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC); IC 95%, pontos de corte, sensibilidade (SEN) e especificidade (ESP).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Duzentos e oitenta e nove estudos foram identificados nas bases de dados pesquisadas. Ap&#243;s a leitura dos t&#237;tulos e resumos, 244 estudos foram exclu&#237;dos. Assim, 45 artigos foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para an&#225;lise, e 26 desses foram exclu&#237;dos: 7 por avaliarem jovens adultos em vez de idosos, 5 por avaliarem o risco cardiovascular global, 4 por avaliarem componentes isolados da SM (dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes ou obesidade), 2 por avaliarem preditores de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, 5 por avaliarem componentes do hemograma como preditores de SM; 1 por avaliar pacientes admitidos no hospital, e 2 artigos escritos em chin&#234;s. Ainda, ap&#243;s a revis&#227;o das refer&#234;ncias bibliogr&#225;ficas dos artigos de interesse, dois outros foram inclu&#237;dos. Ao final, 21 artigos foram analisados nesta revis&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Dos artigos analisados, 13 abordaram indicadores antropom&#233;tricos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">2</xref>), 7 avaliaram indicadores cl&#237;nicos (PAL, IAV e raz&#245;es lip&#237;dicas) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">4</xref>) e um artigo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> comparou indicadores antropom&#233;tricos e raz&#245;es lip&#237;dicas na predi&#231;&#227;o de SM em idosos (por isso, encontra-se citado nas tabelas de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estudos que avaliaram indicadores antropom&#233;tricos como preditores de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em idosos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Autores e ano de publica&#231;&#227;o (Ref. n&#186;.)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Cidade, pa&#237;s </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#250;mero de participantes </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Indicadores</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Crit&#233;rios para diagn&#243;stico de SM </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gharipour et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Isfahan, Iran</td>
                <td align="center">206 homens</td>
                <td align="center">71.85&#177;5.44</td>
                <td align="center">IMC, CCC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref></sup>, RCQ e RCE</td>
                <td align="center">2 ou mais fatores do NCEP ATPIII sem CC</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Liang et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Cant&#227;o, China</td>
                <td align="center">4706 mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 50</td>
                <td align="center">CC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref></sup>, RCQ, RCE, IMC</td>
                <td align="center">Crit&#233;rio harmonizado para SM</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yan et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Xangai,China</td>
                <td align="center">2092 indiv&#237;duos (1121M, 971 H)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 65</td>
                <td align="center">CP</td>
                <td align="center">Crit&#233;rio harmonizado para SM</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Guasch-Ferr&#233; et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Espanha</td>
                <td align="center">7447 indiv&#237;duos</td>
                <td align="center">M: 55-80 W: 60-80</td>
                <td align="center">CC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>, RCQ, RCE, IMC</td>
                <td align="center">Crit&#233;rio harmonizado para SM</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chu et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Taip&#233;, Taiwan</td>
                <td align="center">2848 M</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805;65</td>
                <td align="center">CC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>, RCQ, RCE, IMC</td>
                <td align="center">IDF sem CC</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gharipour et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Isfahan, Iran</td>
                <td align="center">468 indiv&#237;duos(232 M; 236 H)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 60</td>
                <td align="center">CC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref></sup>, IMC, RCQ</td>
                <td align="center">NCEP ATPIII</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Zeng et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">China</td>
                <td align="center">221270 indiv&#237;duos (84014 M; 137256 H)</td>
                <td align="center">45-79</td>
                <td align="center">IMC, CC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref></sup>, RCE</td>
                <td align="center">2 ou mais fatores</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Paula et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Vi&#231;osa, Brasil</td>
                <td align="center">113 M</td>
                <td align="center">60-83</td>
                <td align="center">IMC, CC, RCQ, SP (Somat&#243;rio de quatro pregas)</td>
                <td align="center">NCEP ATPIII sem CC</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ris&#233;rus et al. 2010 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Estocolmo, Su&#233;cia</td>
                <td align="center">4,032 indiv&#237;duos (2096 M; 1936 H)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 60</td>
                <td align="center">DAS, IMC, CC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref></sup> e RCQ</td>
                <td align="center">Score de risco cardiometab&#243;lico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sharda et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Kota, &#205;ndia</td>
                <td align="center">400 indiv&#237;duos(200 M, 200 H)</td>
                <td align="center">60-90</td>
                <td align="center">DAS</td>
                <td align="center">IDF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aoi et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Mihara, Jap&#227;o.</td>
                <td align="center">64 M</td>
                <td align="center">63.6 &#177; 7.1</td>
                <td align="center">IMC, %GC, CC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup> e CP</td>
                <td align="center">Componentes da SM</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Limpawattana et al. 2016 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Khon Kaen, Tail&#226;ndia</td>
                <td align="center">587 indiv&#237;duos(386 M, 201 H)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 50</td>
                <td align="center">CP</td>
                <td align="center">NCEP ATPIII e IDF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hoebel et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Prov&#237;ncia Noroeste, &#193;frica do Sul</td>
                <td align="center">409 indiv&#237;duos(207 M, 202 H)</td>
                <td align="center">25-65</td>
                <td align="center">CP, CC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">IDF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Liu et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pequim, China</td>
                <td align="center">1698 indiv&#237;duos(593 M; 1689 H)</td>
                <td align="center">20-79</td>
                <td align="center">IMC, IMG e %GC</td>
                <td align="center">NCEP ATPIII</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>M: mulheres; H: homens; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; IDF: International Diabetes Federation (Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabetes); NCEP ATPIII: National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III (Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o do Colesterol-Painel de Tratamento do Adulto III); IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; RCQ: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril; RCE: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-estatura, DAS: di&#226;metro abdominal sagital; CP: circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o; SP: soma de quatro pregas cut&#226;neas; %GC: porcentagem de gordura corporal; IMG: &#237;ndice de massa gorda.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca, perpendicular ao eixo corporal.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>na altura do umbigo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pontos de cortes e &#225;reas sob a curva ROC, sensibilidade e especificidade dos indicadores antropom&#233;tricos para determinar a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em idosos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Autores e ano de publica&#231;&#227;o (Ref. &#186;.)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Indicadores</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Homens</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Mulheres</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>AUC (95% CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Ponto de corte</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>SEN (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>ESP (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>AUC (95% CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Ponto de corte</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>SEN (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>ESP (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Gharipour et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">0,683 (0,606-0,761)</td>
                <td align="center">94,5 cm</td>
                <td align="center">64,0</td>
                <td align="center">68,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RCQ</td>
                <td align="center">0,645 (0,563-0,727)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">69,0</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="2">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,641 (0,561-0,722)</td>
                <td align="center">26,65 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">48,0</td>
                <td align="center">76,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">RCE</td>
                <td align="center">0,680 (0,602-0,758)</td>
                <td align="center">58,66</td>
                <td align="center">52,0</td>
                <td align="center">79,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Liang et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">79,5 cm</td>
                <td align="center">72,7</td>
                <td align="center">76,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RCQ</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
                <td align="center">62,8</td>
                <td align="center">72,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RCE</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
                <td align="center">67,6</td>
                <td align="center">72,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
                <td align="center">22,47 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">64,8</td>
                <td align="center">67,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Yan et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">CP</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 38 cm</td>
                <td align="center">80,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 35 cm</td>
                <td align="center">75,0</td>
                <td align="center">67,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Guasch-Ferr&#233; et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">RCE</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 (0,72-0,75)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 (0,71-0,73)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="7">Resultados apresentados sem estratifica&#231;&#227;o por sexo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 (0,68-0,70)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Chu et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">RCE</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,66 (0,58-0,74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,68 (0,60-0,76)</td>
                <td align="center">82,4 cm</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RCQ</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,56-0,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,58 (0,50-0,68)</td>
                <td align="center">24,4 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Gharipour et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,70-0,85)</td>
                <td align="center">92,0cm</td>
                <td align="center">81,4</td>
                <td align="center">55,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RCQ</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 (0,68-0,83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
                <td align="center">82,9</td>
                <td align="center">52,3</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4">Resultados apresentados sem estratifica&#231;&#227;o por sexo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 (0,70-0,84)</td>
                <td align="center">28,8 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">80,0</td>
                <td align="center">61,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Zeng et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,640 (0,648-0,666)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup><break/>0,665 (0,654-0,675)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">24,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
									<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup> 23,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
									<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">69,171,7</td>
                <td align="center">54,352,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,637 (0,624-0,650)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup><break/>0,665 (0,648-0,682)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">23,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup><break/>23,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">70,465,3</td>
                <td align="center">49,759,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">0,640 (0,631-0,654)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup><break/>0,646 (0,636-0,657)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">83,5 cm82,3 cm</td>
                <td align="center">74,374,0</td>
                <td align="center">45,847,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,641 (0,628-0,645)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup><break/>0,668 (0,651-0,685)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">78,5 cm78,5 cm</td>
                <td align="center">65,270,1</td>
                <td align="center">55,654,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">RCE</td>
                <td align="center">0,645 (0,636-0,654)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup><break/>0,651 (0,641-0,662)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,520,50</td>
                <td align="center">62,371,9</td>
                <td align="center">58,450,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,640 (0,627-0,653)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup>0,659 (0,642-0,676)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,490,52</td>
                <td align="center">76,065,2</td>
                <td align="center">44,559,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Zeng et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,640 (0,648-0,666)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup><break/>0,665 (0,654-0,675)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">24,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
									<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup> 23,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
									<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">69,171,7</td>
                <td align="center">54,352,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,637 (0,624-0,650)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup><break/>0,665 (0,648-0,682)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">23,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>23,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">70,465,3</td>
                <td align="center">49,759,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">0,640 (0,631-0,654)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup><break/>0,646 (0,636-0,657)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">83,5 cm<break/>82,3 cm</td>
                <td align="center">74,374,0</td>
                <td align="center">45,847,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,641 (0,628-0,645)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup><break/>0,668 (0,651-0,685)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">78,5 cm<break/>78,5 cm</td>
                <td align="center">65,270,1</td>
                <td align="center">55,654,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RCE</td>
                <td align="center">0,645 (0,636-0,654)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup><break/>0,651 (0,641-0,662)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,520,50</td>
                <td align="center">62,371,9</td>
                <td align="center">58,450,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,640 (0,627-0,653)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#11799;</xref></sup><break/>0,659 (0,642-0,676)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#182;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,490,52</td>
                <td align="center">76,065,2</td>
                <td align="center">44,559,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Paula et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,694 (0,600-0,777)</td>
                <td align="center">92,0 cm</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">58,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,619 (0,523-0,708)</td>
                <td align="center">25,4 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">55,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RCQ</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,752 (0,662-0,829)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">59,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">SP</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,669 (0,574-0,726)</td>
                <td align="center">108 mm</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">64,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Ris&#233;rus et al. 2010 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">DAS</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,77-0,82)</td>
                <td align="center">22,2 cm</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 (0,75-0,80)</td>
                <td align="center">20,1 cm</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,75-0,80)</td>
                <td align="center">100 cm</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 (0,75-0,80)</td>
                <td align="center">88,4 cm</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RCQ</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 (0,71-0,77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 (0,74-0,79)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,76-0,81)</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 (0,72-0,77)</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Sharda et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">DAS</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 22 cm</td>
                <td align="center">88,0</td>
                <td align="center">83,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 20 cm</td>
                <td align="center">87,0</td>
                <td align="center">80,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Aoi et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">CP</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="8">CP foi associada com IMC (r = 0,747, p &lt; 0,0001), %GC (r = 0,715, p &lt; 0,0001), TG (r = 0,276, p = 0,028), redu&#231;&#227;o em HDLc (r = -0,401, p &lt; 0,001) e HbA1c (r = 0,298, p = 0,019), HOMA-R e leptina (r = 0,488, p &lt; 0,001),</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Limpawattana et al. 2016 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">CP</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 (0,79-0,90)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#8225;</xref></sup><break/>0,71 (0,64-0,78)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 39 cm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">70,89</td>
                <td align="center">81,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 (0,75-0,84)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#8225;</xref></sup><break/>0,77(0,72-0,82)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 33 cm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">86,54</td>
                <td align="center">59,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Hoebel et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">CP</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 (0,50-1,00)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref></sup><break/>0,70 (0,60-0,90)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 35 cm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref></sup>&gt; 41 cm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 (0,40-0,80)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref></sup><break/>0,80 (0,70-0,90)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 35 cm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref></sup>&gt; 33 cm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Liu et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,904 (0,882-0,925)</td>
                <td align="center">27,45 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">80,6</td>
                <td align="center">84,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,869 (0,869-0,928)</td>
                <td align="center">23,85 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">92,7</td>
                <td align="center">72,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GC</td>
                <td align="center">0,883 (0,859-0,908)</td>
                <td align="center">23,95%</td>
                <td align="center">84,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,855 (0,818-0,892)</td>
                <td align="center">31,35%</td>
                <td align="center">77,1</td>
                <td align="center">81,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IMG</td>
                <td align="center">0,920 (0,900-0,940)</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">80,2</td>
                <td align="center">86,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,898 (0,869-0,927)</td>
                <td align="center">7,90 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">78,9</td>
                <td align="center">85,7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <p>AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva ROC: IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; SEN: sensibilidade; ESP: especificidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; RCQ: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril; RCE: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-estatura; DAS: di&#226;metro abdominal sagital; CP: circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o; SP: soma de quatro pregas cut&#226;neas; %GC: porcentagem de gordura corporal; IMG: &#237;ndice de massa gorda</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Grupo de idosos africanos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Grupo de idosos caucasianos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Crit&#233;rios da IDF;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>Crit&#233;rios da NCEP ATP III;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>&#11799;</label>
              <p>60:69 anos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>70-79 anos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estudos que avaliaram os indicadores cl&#237;nicos como preditores da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em idosos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Autores e anos de publica&#231;&#227;o (Ref. n&#186;.)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Cidade, pa&#237;s</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#250;mero de participantes</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Indicadores</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Crit&#233;rios para diagn&#243;stico de SM</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Liang et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Cant&#227;o, China</td>
                <td align="center">4706 M</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 50</td>
                <td align="center">TG/HDL, HDL/TC, HDL/LDL</td>
                <td align="center">Crit&#233;rio harmonizado para SM</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arthur et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Kumasi, Ghana</td>
                <td align="center">250 M</td>
                <td align="center">20-78</td>
                <td align="center">TG/HDL, HDL/TC</td>
                <td align="center">Crit&#233;rio harmonizado para SM</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tellechea et al. 2009 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Buenos Aires, Argentina</td>
                <td align="center">601 H</td>
                <td align="center">18-65</td>
                <td align="center">PAL</td>
                <td align="center">NCEP ATPIII</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taverna et al. 2011 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Prov&#237;ncia de Seg&#243;via, Espanha central</td>
                <td align="center">768 indiv&#237;duos (416 M; 352 H)</td>
                <td align="center">36-77</td>
                <td align="center">PAL, TG/HDL, TG, CC e IMC</td>
                <td align="center">NCEP ATPIII vs. IDF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chiang &amp; Koo 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Taiwan</td>
                <td align="center">513 indiv&#237;duos (247 M; 266 H)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 50</td>
                <td align="center">PAL, RCE, IMC e CC</td>
                <td align="center">Crit&#233;rios de SM para a popula&#231;&#227;o de Taiwan</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejike 2011 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Estado de Abia, Nig&#233;ria</td>
                <td align="center">40 H</td>
                <td align="center">65-84</td>
                <td align="center">PAL, IAV, IMC, RCE e RCQ</td>
                <td align="center">IDF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Motamed et al. 2015 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Amul, Ir&#227;</td>
                <td align="center">5511 indiv&#237;duos (2392 M; 3119 H)</td>
                <td align="center">18-90</td>
                <td align="center">PAL, CC, IMC, RCE, RCQ</td>
                <td align="center">IDF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amato et al. 2011 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Alcamo, It&#225;lia</td>
                <td align="center">1764 indiv&#237;duos (1179 M; 585 H)</td>
                <td align="center">16-99</td>
                <td align="center">IAV</td>
                <td align="center">NCEP ATPIII</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <p>M: mulheres; H: homens; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; IDF: International Diabetes Federation (Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabetes); NCEP ATPIII: National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III (Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o do Colesterol-Painel de Tratamento do Adulto III); PAL: produto de acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica; IAV: &#237;ndice de adiposidade visceral; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; RCQ: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril; RCE: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-estatura; HDLc/TC: HDL- raz&#227;o entre colesterol e colesterol total; HDL/LDL: HDL- raz&#227;o entre HDL colesterol e LDL: colesterol; TG/LDL: raz&#227;o entre triglicer&#237;deos e HDL-colesterol.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pontos de corte e &#225;reas sob a curva ROC, sensibilidade e especificidade dos indicadores cl&#237;nicos para determinar s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em idosos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Autores e anos de publica&#231;&#227;o (Ref. n&#186;.)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Indicadores</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Homens </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Mulheres</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>AUC (IC95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Ponto de corte</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Sen (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Esp (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>AUC (IC95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Ponto de corte</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Sen (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Esp (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Amato et al. 2010 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">IAV</td>
                <td align="center">0,840 (0,98-1,00)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,93</td>
                <td align="center">77,0</td>
                <td align="center">82,3</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="2">Sem estratifica&#231;&#227;o por sexo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">0,783 (0,73-0,82)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN32">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,00</td>
                <td align="center">68,5</td>
                <td align="center">76,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Liang et al. 2013 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">TG/HDLc</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">77,7</td>
                <td align="center">76,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">HDLc/TC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">70,1</td>
                <td align="center">64,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">HDLc/LDLc</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
                <td align="center">78,3</td>
                <td align="center">65,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Arthur et al. 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">TG/HDLc</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,70-0,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">87,2</td>
                <td align="center">80,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">HDLc/TC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,70-0,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
                <td align="center">96,6</td>
                <td align="center">83,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Tellechea et al. 2010 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">PAL</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (p&lt;0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">53,63</td>
                <td align="center">83,0</td>
                <td align="center">83,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="7">Taverna et al. 2011 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="5">PAL</td>
                <td align="center">61-70 anos:</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">61-70 anos:</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,82-0,97)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 (0,69-0,90)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">0,84 (0,74-0,93)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,67-0,89)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">71-77 anos:0,89 (0,77-1,01)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">71-77 anos:0,88 (0,76-0,99)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,82-1,00)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,85 (0,74-0,99)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">61-70 anos: 0,82 (0,72-0,93)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">61-70 anos:0,78 (0,68-0,87)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 (0,75-0,95)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 (0,63-0,85)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Chiang &amp; Koo 2012 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">PAL</td>
                <td align="center">0,916 (0,880-0,953)</td>
                <td align="center">31,6</td>
                <td align="center">88,0</td>
                <td align="center">82,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,901 (0,855-0,946)</td>
                <td align="center">31,6</td>
                <td align="center">66,0</td>
                <td align="center">93,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RCE</td>
                <td align="center">0,827 (0,762-0,892)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,819 (0,755-0,883)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,776 (0,709-0,844)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,793 (0,726-0,859)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">0,825 (0,760-0,890)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,817 (0,755-0,879)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Ejike 2011 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">PAL</td>
                <td align="center">0,937 (p &lt; 0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">43,91</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">81,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IAV</td>
                <td align="center">0,640</td>
                <td align="center">4,44</td>
                <td align="center">67,0</td>
                <td align="center">84,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,793</td>
                <td align="center">30,47 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">73,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RCE</td>
                <td align="center">0,905 (p &lt; 0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">78,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">RCQ</td>
                <td align="center">0,635</td>
                <td align="center">1,08</td>
                <td align="center">67,0</td>
                <td align="center">76,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Motamed et al. 2015 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">PAL</td>
                <td align="center">0,901 (0,890-0,913)</td>
                <td align="center">39,89</td>
                <td align="center">86,0</td>
                <td align="center">79,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,904 (0,892-0,916)</td>
                <td align="center">49,71</td>
                <td align="center">85,2</td>
                <td align="center">82,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">0,907 (0,897-0,917)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,782 (0,764-0,801)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,862 (0,849-0,876)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,701 (0,680-0,722)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RCE</td>
                <td align="center">0,878 (0,868-0,889)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,788 (0,769-0,806)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RCQ</td>
                <td align="center">0,840 (0,826-0,855)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,785 (0,766-0,803)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <p>AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva ROC; IC 95%: Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; Sen: sensibilidade; Esp: especificidade; PAL: produto da acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica; IAV: &#237;ndice de adiposidade visceral; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; RCQ: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril; RCE: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-estatura;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN29">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Crit&#233;rios da IDF;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN30">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Crit&#233;rios da NCEP ATP III</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN31">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>52 - 66 anos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN32">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>&gt; 66 anos</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios do IDF e da NCEP-ATP III foram os mais utilizados para a defini&#231;&#227;o de SM. O mais recente crit&#233;rio harmonizado foi usado em somente 5 artigos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Segundo os crit&#233;rios harmonizados, a obesidade em si n&#227;o &#233; um pr&#233;-requisito para o diagn&#243;stico de SM, o qual deve ser estabelecido com base na presen&#231;a de 3 dos 5 fatores de risco (entre os quais a obesidade est&#225; inclu&#237;da).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Indicadores antropom&#233;tricos</title>
          <p>Quatorze estudos relataram indicadores antropom&#233;tricos como preditores de SM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">2</xref>). Entre os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos, os mais citados foram IMC, CC e RCQ. Estudos mais recentes analisaram RCE, DAS e CP.</p>
          <p>A maioria dos artigos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> que avaliaram indicadores antropom&#233;tricos destacam a CC e a RCE como os melhores preditores de SM em idosos, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao IMC e RCQ.</p>
          <p>Os estudos de Liang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e Guasch-Ferr&#233; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> relataram uma AUC maior que 0,70 para CC e RCE para detectar SM, considerando o crit&#233;rio harmonizado para SM. Para mulheres, Liang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> identificaram os pontos de corte de 79,5 cm para CC (SEN: 72,7%; ESP: 76,7%) e 0,53 para RCE (SEN: 67,6%; ESP: 72,9%), com efici&#234;ncia superior a 70%. Zeng et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> avaliando a presen&#231;a de pelo menos dois componentes da SM e estratificando os resultados por sexo e idade, observaram valores similares de AUCs e pontos de corte para mulheres nas faixas et&#225;rias 60-69 e 70-79 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>Entre os indicadores com desempenho insatisfat&#243;rio, Paula et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> estabeleceram que o IMC e a soma de quatro dobras cut&#226;neas foram os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos de adiposidade com a menor efici&#234;ncia para identificar SM.</p>
          <p>Outro indicador citado foi DAS, capaz de estimar o excesso de gordura visceral e, por isso, um melhor preditor de risco cardiometab&#243;lico em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indicadores cl&#225;ssicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Somente dois estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> avaliaram DAS em idosos. Sharda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> com o objetivo de identificar os melhores pontos de corte do DAS na predi&#231;&#227;o de SM, sugeriram os pontos de corte de 22 cm para homens e de 20 cm para mulheres, com sensibilidade e especificidade superior a 80% para ambos os sexos. Pontos de corte similares foram encontrados por Ris&#233;rus et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> usando um risco cardiometab&#243;lico em pacientes idosos.</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; CP, os estudos analisaram seu desempenho em identificar SM e seus componentes isolados. Aoi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> mostraram que o aumento na CP est&#225; associado com um aumento nos fatores de risco metab&#243;lico, tais como resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (leptina, HbA1c e HOMA-IR) e perfil lip&#237;dico (TG e HDL).</p>
          <p>Nos estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> que avaliaram a capacidade preditiva da CP, o ponto de corte sugerido pelos autores foram similares, variando entre 35 e 41 cm para homens e 33 e 35 cm para mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). Hoebel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> observaram que homens brancos apresentaram um ponto de corte maior (41 cm) que homens da ra&#231;a negra (35 m). Os pontos de corte para mulheres foram similares entre mulheres brancas e negras, apesar do fato de que o ponto de corte n&#227;o predisseram SM nas mulheres negras, diferente do observado em homens. Limpawattana et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e Yan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> apresentaram pontos de corte semelhantes da CP na predi&#231;&#227;o de SM em indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 50 e 65 anos, respectivamente. No entanto, Limpawattana et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> mostraram uma efici&#234;ncia superior a 72% do ponto de corte sugerido para homens (SEN: 70,89%; ESP: 81,15%) e mulheres (SEN: 86,54%; ESP: 59,39%).</p>
          <p>Um par&#226;metro que n&#227;o foi investigado de modo suficiente pelos estudos foi o &#205;ndice de Massa Gorda (IMG), que considera a altura do indiv&#237;duo na estimativa da gordura corporal. Esse &#237;ndice parece avaliar, independentemente, a gordura corporal a partir de mudan&#231;as na massa livre de gordura. No estudo realizado por Liu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> o IMG foi o par&#226;metro com a maior AUC, e IMG elevado mostrou valores de raz&#227;o de chances (odds ratio) significativamente mais altos para SM em compara&#231;&#227;o a IMG baixo em ambos os sexos. Esses autores sugeriram que um IMG de 7,00 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para homens e 7,90 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres, avaliado por bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica, pode predizer SM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indicadores cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">4</xref> apresentam as caracter&#237;sticas e resultados, respectivamente, dos oito estudos que avaliaram os indicadores cl&#237;nicos PAL e IAV e raz&#245;es lip&#237;dicas como preditores de SM segundo crit&#233;rios do NCEP, IDF e o crit&#233;rio harmonizado.</p>
          <p>PAL &#233; um indicador proposto para estimar a concentra&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios em adultos, descrito pela primeira vez por Kahn.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Trata-se de um &#237;ndice de risco cardiovascular emergente baseado no produto da CC multiplicada pela concentra&#231;&#227;o de triglicer&#237;deos em jejum. O PAL &#233; um marcador de doen&#231;a cardiovascular confi&#225;vel em adultos e supera outros preditores do risco, tal como o IMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A maioria dos estudos analisados avaliaram uma popula&#231;&#227;o mista, estratificada por sexo e/ou faixa et&#225;ria. O ponto de corte de PAL sugerido pelos autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> variou de 31,6 a 51,8, com uma diferen&#231;a entre os sexos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). Entre os homens, a AUC para predizer SM variou de 0,84 a 0,937 e, entre as mulheres, a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC mais baixa foi 0,78 e a mais alta 0,904 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>Taverna et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> apresentaram uma AUC mais baixa para homens e mulheres na faixa et&#225;ria de 61 a 70 anos, considerando os crit&#233;rios do IDF (&#225;rea sob a curva, AUC: 0,84; IC 95%: 0,74-0,93 para homens e 0,78; IC95%: 0,76-0,99 para mulheres) quando comparada &#224;quela relatada em outros estudos.</p>
          <p>Ejike CECC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> investigou o PAL como um preditor de SM em idosos (idade entre 65 e 84 anos); os autores relataram uma AUC de 0,937 (p = 0,013) e sugeriram um ponto de corte para PAL de 43,9 (SEM: 100%; ESP: 81%). Tellechea et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Chiang &amp; Koo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e Motamed et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> tamb&#233;m observaram a alta capacidade preditiva do PAL na identifica&#231;&#227;o de SM (AUC &gt; 0,90). Entre esses estudos, o ponto de corte mais baixo do PAL para identificar SM foi relatado por Chiang &amp; Koo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> (31,6 para ambos os sexos).</p>
          <p>O IAV &#233; um modelo matem&#225;tico emp&#237;rico, espec&#237;fico por sexo, baseado em uma combina&#231;&#227;o de medidas antropom&#233;tricas (CC e IMC) com par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos (TG e HDLc), que pode ser um indicador de distribui&#231;&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O estudo Alkam Metabolic Syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> introduziu o IAV como um novo marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o do tecido adiposo independentemente associado com eventos cardiovasculares, o que n&#227;o foi observado com CC e IMC. Somente dois estudos investigaram esse indicador na SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Para Amato et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> um valor de IAV maior que 2,00 (SEM: 68,5% e ESP: 76,0%) para indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 66 anos foi capaz de predizer SM. No entanto, no estudo de Ejike CECC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> IAV mostrou uma AUC de 0,640, mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,426), sugerindo um ponto de corte maior que 4,4, com melhores sensibilidade e especificidade para identificar SM em idosos (SEN: 67% e ESP: 84%).</p>
          <p>Dois artigos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> descreveram resultados das raz&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, com diferentes pontos de cortes entre os estudos. Arthur et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> observaram que TG/HDL e HDL/CT apresentaram AUC de 0,80 (IC95%: 0,70-0,90) para ambas as raz&#245;es, sugerindo um ponto de corte de 0,61 (SEN: 87,2% e ESP: 80%) para TG/HDL e 0,34 (SEN: 96,6% e ESP: 83,3%) para HDL/CT, e efici&#234;ncia superior a 83%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos que apresentaram melhor desempenho na identifica&#231;&#227;o de SM foram CC e RCE (entre os indicadores cl&#225;ssicos), e CP (entre os indicadores recentes). Quanto aos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, PAL foi o melhor indicador, seguido da raz&#227;o HDL/CT.</p>
        <p>Um ponto importante a ser discutido s&#227;o os crit&#233;rios utilizados para definir SM (IDF, NCEP ATPIII e o crit&#233;rio harmonizado), os quais podem justificar a diversidade dos resultados apresentados nesta revis&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o uso de diferentes crit&#233;rios e t&#233;cnicas de medidas, particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; CC, n&#227;o garante a comparabilidade entre os estudos.</p>
        <p>A CC e a RCE foram os melhores par&#226;metros avaliados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> com a CC apresentando a maior sensibilidade entre os indexes de obesidade. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se que os pontos de corte da CC sugeridos foram mais baixos que aqueles propostos pelos crit&#233;rios de defini&#231;&#227;o de SM, indicando que o uso de pontos de cortes n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos para grupos &#233;tnicos e et&#225;rios pode subestimar a presen&#231;a de SM, dependendo do crit&#233;rio de classifica&#231;&#227;o utilizado. Contudo, Chu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> observaram que a CC e a RCE apresentaram resultados semelhantes ao IMC e &#224; RCQ, com uma AUC menor que 0,70 para detectar um m&#237;nimo de tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios de SM em mulheres. Tal diverg&#234;ncia pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; idade dos idosos (m&#233;dia de 71,9 anos), com alta preval&#234;ncia de outras comorbidades al&#233;m de obesidade, que contribuem para o desenvolvimento da SM. Portanto, a obesidade parece n&#227;o ser um crit&#233;rio decisivo para a detec&#231;&#227;o de SM nessa faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Outro indicador discutido na literatura &#233; o DAS. Apesar de muitos poucos estudos terem avaliados esse indicador como um preditor de SM, os pontos de corte sugeridos por Ris&#233;rus et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e Sharda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> est&#227;o de acordo com aqueles apresentados em outros estudos que avaliaram esse par&#226;metro como preditor de gordura visceral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Apesar de estar relacionado a dep&#243;sitos de gordura abdominal visceral, o DAS n&#227;o tem sido amplamente utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, j&#225; que requer um instrumento de medida espec&#237;fico (caliper abdominal - Holtain, Ltd, Dyfed, Wales, Reino Unido).</p>
        <p>A CP tamb&#233;m foi avaliada, com pontos de corte similares sugeridos pelos autores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> o que pode ser explicado pelo fato de essa medida ser pouco afetada por mudan&#231;as na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal relacionadas com a idade. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre CP e SM pode estar relacionada com o fato de gordura subcut&#226;nea na &#225;rea do pesco&#231;o ser respons&#225;vel por maior libera&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos livres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Esse excesso de &#225;cidos graxos livres est&#225; associado com resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, hipertrigliceridemia, les&#227;o vascular e hipertens&#227;o, e pode predizer a SM.</p>
        <p>Diferen&#231;as entre sexos e grupos &#233;tnicos foram relatadas no estudo de Hoebel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Os autores observaram que um ponto de corte para a CP de 35 cm n&#227;o foi capaz de predizer SM em mulheres negras, diferentemente do observado em homens, sugerindo o conceito de "obesidade saud&#225;vel". No entanto, uma limita&#231;&#227;o desse estudo foi o fato de os autores considerarem indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 46 e 65 como o grupo de idosos e, por esse motivo, esses resultados n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados a indiv&#237;duos com idade maior que 65 anos. De modo geral, os estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> sugeriram o uso da CP por ser um par&#226;metro antropom&#233;trico simples e pr&#225;tico, capaz de identificar a SM. Outra vantagem da CP &#233; o fato de o &#237;ndice n&#227;o ser afetado durante movimentos respirat&#243;rios ou no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-prandial.</p>
        <p>O IMG foi discutido apenas no estudo de Liu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Apesar de os autores sugerirem um ponto de corte, vale destacar que n&#227;o houve estratifica&#231;&#227;o por faixa et&#225;ria na an&#225;lise dos dados. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo foi conduzido na China, em uma amostra menor, de uma popula&#231;&#227;o com bi&#243;tipo brevil&#237;neo, o que limita a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados a outras popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Os estudos analisados nesta revis&#227;o mostraram que os pontos de corte para os indicadores de obesidade precisam ser espec&#237;ficos para idosos, com valores mais altos quando comparados a outros grupos, uma vez que a obesidade parece n&#227;o ser um forte preditor de SM nos idosos.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indicadores cl&#237;nicos, o PAL foi o par&#226;metro mais discutido nos estudos. Kahn<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> destaca que a CC e n&#237;veis de TG tendem a aumentar com a idade, acumulando ao longo do tempo. A partir dessa perspectiva e considerando que o ac&#250;mulo de lip&#237;dios intensifica consequ&#234;ncias cardiometab&#243;licas, o uso do PAL parece ser uma abordagem vantajosa na avalia&#231;&#227;o de SM e risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Houve uma grande variedade nos pontos de cortes para PAL sugeridos nos estudos, o que pode ser justificado pela diversidade &#233;tnica, amplas faixas de idade e diferentes crit&#233;rios utilizados para definir a SM. Ainda, dois estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> n&#227;o definiram adequadamente a faixa de idade dos idosos. Enquanto Motamed et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> n&#227;o estratificaram os resultados entre adultos e idosos, Tellechea et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> consideraram como idosos, indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 45 e 65 anos. Esses fatos limitam o entendimento do desempenho desse indicador em idosos especificamente.</p>
        <p>Apesar de Taverna et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> relatarem os menores valores da AUC para o PAL em idosos com idade entre 61 e 70 anos em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros estudos, esses autores mostraram um melhor desempenho do PAL como um preditor de SM em idosos. Al&#233;m disso, apesar de resultados satisfat&#243;rios terem sido descritos no estudo de Ejike CECC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> uma pequena amostra (40 homens) foi estudada, o que constituiu uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
        <p>O ponto de corte mais baixo do PAL para prever a SM sugerido por Chiang &amp; Koo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> poderia estar relacionado aos crit&#233;rios usados para definir a SM e as caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada. A capacidade do PAL em identificar a SM, comparada a de outros par&#226;metros, est&#225; associada ao fato de esse indicador refletir mudan&#231;as anat&#244;micas e fisiol&#243;gicas associadas &#224; gordura visceral e seu ac&#250;mulo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Tal fato indica que o PAL &#233; capaz de identificar o ac&#250;mulo de lip&#237;dios em excesso, independentemente de como o esteja armazenado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro indicador cl&#237;nico relacionado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do tecido adiposo &#233; o IAV, o qual &#233; calculado a partir de CC, IMC, TG e LDL. Somente dois estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> analisaram seu desempenho e propuseram um ponto de corte para o IAV na identifica&#231;&#227;o de SM. Contudo, os pontos de corte sugeridos divergem ente os autores. Vale ressaltar que tr&#234;s das vari&#225;veis em que o IAV se baseia (WC, TG e HDL) tamb&#233;m s&#227;o componentes da SM, o que torna a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse &#237;ndice nos pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas claras de SM sem fundamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> que utilizaram as raz&#245;es lip&#237;dicas mostraram que o uso desse indicador isoladamente n&#227;o &#233; capaz de identificar a SM, particularmente em idosos, e sim identificar fatores de risco cardiovasculares isolados.</p>
        <p>Os resultados demonstraram claramente que os indicadores mais sens&#237;veis na predi&#231;&#227;o de SM foram CC, RCE e PAL. Portanto, o uso desses par&#226;metros pode facilitar a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da SM por meio de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos precisos, de baixo custo, e de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o. O uso desses indicadores por profissionais de sa&#250;de &#233; importante para otimizar a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento da SM, bem como para minimizar suas complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Em resumo, os estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o prop&#245;em diferentes indicadores na predi&#231;&#227;o de SM. Contudo, os resultados s&#227;o divergentes quanto aos pontos de corte sugeridos, por estarem associados a diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, com idade e caracter&#237;sticas &#233;tnicas distintas. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para identificar o m&#233;todo mais pr&#225;tico, v&#225;lido, e adequado para a predi&#231;&#227;o de SM. Ainda, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos estudos que comparem diferentes indicadores, considerando aspectos espec&#237;ficos como sexo, faixas et&#225;rias bem definidas e grupos &#233;tnicos.</p>
        <p>Diferentes crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o da SM foram usados, o que torna a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os estudos dif&#237;cil e a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios essencial. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre o melhor indicador para predizer SM em idosos, e estudos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o escassos. Esses dados afetam o entendimento do desempenho dos indicadores em predizer SM nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A maioria desses estudos apresentam diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas e delineamento dos estudos, bem como limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes aos estudos observacionais, o que torna dif&#237;cil a compara&#231;&#227;o entre resultados e o controle de vieses das popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nessa revis&#227;o permite-nos concluir que a CC, a RCE, e o PAL apresentaram o melhor poder preditivo para SM em idosos dada &#224; forte rela&#231;&#227;o com dep&#243;sitos de gordura visceral abdominal. No entanto, a discrep&#226;ncia nos valores entre os estudos indica que a preval&#234;ncia de outras comorbidades, al&#233;m da obesidade, pode estar contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da SM nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura abdominal, e n&#227;o o sobrepeso em si, &#233; um crit&#233;rio fundamental para esse grupo et&#225;rio. Destaca-se a necessidade de se identificar um m&#233;todo simples que facilite a abordagem e a detec&#231;&#227;o de alto risco para a SM em idosos, permitindo a preven&#231;&#227;o precoce de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESB - Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (parecer n&#186; 0007/2013</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Carolina Cunha de Oliveira pelo Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal da Bahia</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
