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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3gF4nwvLG6nrfg8KJCpyMKq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000400334</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170052</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Study of Dabigatran Use in a Brazilian Public Hospital Specialized in Cardiology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Luise Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Ivis Levy Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ra&#237;ssa Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Val&#233;ria dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scaramello</surname>
            <given-names>Christianne Bretas Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro;</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Christianne B. V. Scaramello</bold>, Rua Professor Hernani Mello, 101. Postal Code: 24210-130, Ing&#225;, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>chrisbretas@gmail.com</email>; <email>christiannebretas@vm.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Almeida FVS, Scaramello CBV. Acquisition of data: Martins LB. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Scaramello CBV. Statistical analysis: Scaramello CBV. Writing of the manuscript: Scaramello CBV. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Martins ILF, Silva RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>334</fpage>
      <lpage>342</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>During its commercialization phase, unprecedented effects of new medicaments can be discovered. Dabigatran is an anticoagulant approved by Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency in 2008.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess safety, effectiveness adverse event profile and adherence to dabigatran (110 mg and 150 mg) prescribed for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients taking dabigatran were subjected to interviews during the first year of treatment, evaluating the prescription depending on the dose, age, gender and risk factors as well as the prevalence of adverse events and the profile of the patients involved.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Between the beginning and the end of the study there was a reduction in the number of subjects using this anticoagulant (10% for the dose of 110 mg and 30% for the dose of 150 mg), without changes in the proportions of individuals regarding to gender (men &#8773;65%), age (age &lt;75 anos &#8773;80%), anticoagulation previous history (&#8773;85%) and risk scores for thromboembolic (CHA2DS2&#8805;VASc = 2 &#8773;80%) and bleeding (HASBLED &lt;3 &#8773;50% dose 110 mg and &#8773;85% dose 150 mg) events. The most common adverse event was dyspepsia (&#8805;10%), regardless of gender, but less frequently in patients over 75 years of age (&#8773;20% of cases). Dyspepsia related to dabigatran was mainly associated to its combination with beta-blockers (&#8773;70%), but minoritarily with oral hypoglycemic (&#8773;20%), antiplatelet agents (&#8773;10%), proton pump inhibitors (&#8773;30%) and antagonists H2 (&#8773;3%). Therapeutic adherence was &#8773;60% regardless of the described adverse events. There were no cases of thromboembolic event and major bleeding.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Dabigatran has shown to be safe and effective in the evaluated conditions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pharmacovigilance</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombin</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation is a supraventricular arrhythmia associated to several complications, such as systemic thromboembolism, which is responsible for the morbidity and mortality of patients with this arrhythmia. Therefore, treatment includes the use anticoagulants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Dabigatran etexilate, a prodrug, is quickly converted into dabigatran, an anticoagulant that directly and reversibly inhibits thrombin, impeding the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Doses of 110 mg and 150 mg of dabigatran etexilate, to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, were approved by the FDA in 2010, and by the EMA and ANVISA in 2011.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The development of new medication involves the synthesis of molecules with therapeutic potential that are submitted to pre-clinical tests in animals, and then to clinical studies in humans.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> These are divided into four stages, the last of which encompasses post-marketing surveillance to map: adverse and rare effects or those which can only be observed in the long run; adherence to the treatment; and drug interaction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In Brazil, dabigatran etexilate is not distributed by the Unified Health System (SUS), nor is it standardized in many hospitals, which hinders the monitoring of its use. Thus, the objective of the present study includes the assessment of safety, effectiveness, and adherence to dabigatran prescribed to non-valvular atrial fibrillation in a public Brazilian hospital, specialized in cardiology, by characterizing the profile of adverse events.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This pharmacovigilance study was observational, analytical, longitudinal and prospective, to evaluate effectiveness and safety and characterize adverse events associated to a 12-month use of 110 and 150 mg doses of dabigatran in outpatients with non-valvar atrial fibrillation. The drug was obtained with resources from the hospital where the study was developed upon a bidding process and after its insertion on the list of medications standardized by the Institution's Pharmacy and Therapeutics Commission.</p>
      <p>The study started with 139 patients, of which 33 received 110 mg. Exclusion criteria included: pregnancy, age &lt; 18 years, and the presence of a heart valve prosthesis. Data collection was done between January 2013 and December 2014 (CAAE 03455512.5.0000.5272). All participants, or legal guardians, signed a free consent form.</p>
      <p>Monthly interviews were done, and data were analysed by trimester for the following factors: patients' age and gender, risk scores for bleeding events (HASBLED) and thromboembolic events (CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc), therapeutic associations, and adverse reactions observed after the beginning of the new anticoagulant pharmacotherapy.</p>
      <p>Estimation on patient adherence to the use of dabigatran was done through the method of recording drug removal described by Obreli-Neto et al. (2011),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and patients considered as having adhered were those with an agreement level of 80 to 115%.</p>
      <p>The study had a few limitations:</p>
      <list list-type="simple">
        <list-item>
          <p>- Relatively short follow-up time, small sample for analysis and monitoring of patients in only one health unit;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>- Deaths, suspensions, and withdrawals from the treatment;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>- Lack of accessibility to data on events that took place outside the health unit since it does not have emergency care.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The descriptive statistical analysis was done through SPSS 22.0, with determination of absolute and relative frequency for categorical variables, thus determining a confidence interval of 95% and relative variation.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> compares the profile of patients who joined the study to those who remained in it for at least one year of treatment with dabigatran. Most patients were under 75 years of age, and, in the case of the higher dose, most of them were male. Regarding risk scores, both the higher and the lower doses of dabigatran were prescribed especially to patients with a high risk of thromboembolic events, which was assessed by the score CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc. By analysing HASBLED, it was possible to see that the 150 mg dose was prescribed especially to patients at a low risk for bleeding. On the other hand, the frequency of 110 mg prescriptions was similar among patients with high and low risk of bleeding. By comparing the profiles of patients at the beginning and at the end of the study, we can observe that there was no variation of proportions. We can, however, see a reduction of approximately 30% of the number of individuals on anticoagulants in the 150 mg dose group, while that reduction is only of 10% in the 110 mg dose.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between the profiles of patients who entered the study and those who remained for the 1st year of treatment with dabigatran 110 and 150 mg</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Dabigatran 110 mg</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Dabigatran 150 mg</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Beginning of the study (N = 33)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">End of the study (N = 30)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Relative variation (CI) Beginning x End</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Beginning of the study (N = 106)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">End of the study (N = 68)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Relative variation (CI) Beginning x End</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age Group</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 75 years (%; N)</td>
              <td align="center">75.8% (25)</td>
              <td align="center">76.7% (23)</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 (0.77-1.33)</td>
              <td align="center">87.7% (93)</td>
              <td align="center">92.6% (63)</td>
              <td align="center">1.05 (0.96-1.16)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805;75 years (%; N)</td>
              <td align="center">24.2% (8)</td>
              <td align="center">23.3% (7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 (0.40-2.33)</td>
              <td align="center">12.3% (13)</td>
              <td align="center">7.3% (5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 (0.22-1.61)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative variation (CI) Age Group</td>
              <td align="center">0.32 (0.17-0.60)</td>
              <td align="center">0.30 (0.15-0.60)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.14 (0.08-0.23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.08 (0.03-0.18)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female (%; N)</td>
              <td align="center">42.4% (14)</td>
              <td align="center">36.7% (11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 (0.47-1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">34% (36)</td>
              <td align="center">29.4% (20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 (0.55-1.36)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male (%; N)</td>
              <td align="center">57.6% (19)</td>
              <td align="center">63.3% (19)</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 (0.74-1.64)</td>
              <td align="center">66% (70)</td>
              <td align="center">70.6% (48)</td>
              <td align="center">1.07 (0.87-1.31)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative variation (CI) Gender</td>
              <td align="center">1.36 (0.83-2.22)</td>
              <td align="center">1.73 (1.00-2.97)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.94 (1.44-2.62)</td>
              <td align="center">2.40 (1.61-3.60)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0 - 1 (%; N)</td>
              <td align="center">12.1% (4)</td>
              <td align="center">16.7% (5)</td>
              <td align="center">1.38 (0.41-4.65)</td>
              <td align="center">21.7% (23)</td>
              <td align="center">26.5% (18)</td>
              <td align="center">1.22 (0.71-2.08)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 2 (%; N)</td>
              <td align="center">87.9% (29)</td>
              <td align="center">83.3% (25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 (0.77-1.16)</td>
              <td align="center">78.3% (83)</td>
              <td align="center">73.5% (50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.94 (0.79-1.12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative variation (CI) CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc</td>
              <td align="center">7.25 (2.89-18.33)</td>
              <td align="center">5.00 (2.21-11.31)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">3.61 (2.48-5.25)</td>
              <td align="center">2.78 (1.82-4.23)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HASBLED score</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0 - 2 (%; N)</td>
              <td align="center">48.5% (16)</td>
              <td align="center">56.7% (17)</td>
              <td align="center">1.17 (0.73-1.87)</td>
              <td align="center">86.8% (92)</td>
              <td align="center">85.3% (58)</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.87-1.11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 3 (%; N)</td>
              <td align="center">51.5% (17)</td>
              <td align="center">43.3% (13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.84 (0.50-1.42)</td>
              <td align="center">13.2% (14)</td>
              <td align="center">14.7% (10)</td>
              <td align="center">1.11 (0.52-2.36)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative variation (CI) HASBLED</td>
              <td align="center">1.06 (0.65-1.72)</td>
              <td align="center">0.76 (0.46-1.28)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.15 (0.09-0.25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.17 (0.10-0.31)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CI: confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Analysis of the data about prescription frequency of 110 mg and 150 mg doses for patients over 75 years of age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) at the end of the study shows that the lower dose was prioritized for older patients (Relative variation = 0.31; CI - 0.11 - 0.91).</p>
      <p>The most frequently reported adverse events during the monthly dispensing of dabigatran are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. It is noteworthy that, in general, dyspepsia was the highest occurrence, with a mean frequency above 10%, followed by minor bleeding. Additionally, we can observe a reduction of adverse events and of the number of patients who remained in the study with each trimester. However, specifically in the third trimester, the number of individuals on the 110 mg dose increased, while the use of the higher dose went down. In the fourth trimester, the number of patients on the 110 mg dose was maintained, while the number of those on the higher dose decreased again.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Adverse events reported in each of the treatment's four trimesters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Adverse events</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">1&#186; trimester</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">2&#186; trimester</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">3&#186; trimester</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">4&#186; trimester</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg <break/>N=33</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg <break/>N=106</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg <break/>N=27</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg <break/>N=80</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg <break/>N=30</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg <break/>N=71</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg <break/>N=30</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg <break/>N=68</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Dyspepsia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">36.4 % (12)</td>
              <td align="center">44.3 % (47)</td>
              <td align="center">3.7% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">12.5 % (10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">16.9% (12)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0% (3)</td>
              <td align="center">10.3% (7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IC</td>
              <td align="center">22.2-53.4</td>
              <td align="center">35.2-53.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.7-18.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.9-21.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.0-11.3</td>
              <td align="center">9.9-27.3</td>
              <td align="center">3.5-25.6</td>
              <td align="center">5.1-19.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Vomiting</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">3.0% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">4.7% (5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">1.4% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IC</td>
              <td align="center">0.5-15.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.0-10.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.0-12.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.0- 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.0-11.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.2- 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.0-11.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.0-5.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Dyspnea</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">12.1 % (4)</td>
              <td align="center">4.7% (5)</td>
              <td align="center">7.4% (2)</td>
              <td align="center">6.2% (5)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0% (3)</td>
              <td align="center">1.4% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0% (3)</td>
              <td align="center">1.5% (1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IC</td>
              <td align="center">4.8-27.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.0-10.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.1-23.4</td>
              <td align="center">2.7-13.8</td>
              <td align="center">3.5-25.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.2- 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.5-25.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.3-7.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Bleeding</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">15.1 % (5)</td>
              <td align="center">11.3 % (12)</td>
              <td align="center">3.7% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0% (8)</td>
              <td align="center">6.7% (2)</td>
              <td align="center">9.9% (7)</td>
              <td align="center">3.5-25.6</td>
              <td align="center">5.9% (4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IC</td>
              <td align="center">6.6-30.9</td>
              <td align="center">6.6-18.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.7-18.28</td>
              <td align="center">5.1-18.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.8-21.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.9-19.0</td>
              <td align="center">5.3-29.7</td>
              <td align="center">2.3-14.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Edema</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">3.0 % (1)</td>
              <td align="center">1.9% (2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">2.5% (2)</td>
              <td align="center">3.3% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">2.8% (2)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0% (3)</td>
              <td align="center">2.9% (2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IC</td>
              <td align="center">0.5-15.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.5- 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.0-12.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.7- 8.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.6-16.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.8- 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">3.5-25.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.8-10.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Fatigue</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">6.1% (2)</td>
              <td align="center">6.6 % (7)</td>
              <td align="center">14.8% (4)</td>
              <td align="center">7.5% (6)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0% (3)</td>
              <td align="center">5.6% (4)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0% (3)</td>
              <td align="center">2.9% (2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IC</td>
              <td align="center">1.7-19.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.2-13.0</td>
              <td align="center">5.9-32.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.5-15.4</td>
              <td align="center">3.5-25.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.2-13.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.5-25.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.8-10.1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>CI: confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the profile of patients who reported dyspepsia. In general, most individuals were under 75 years of age and presented high risk for thromboembolic events and low risk for bleeding events. No difference was found between genders.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characterization of patients who presented dyspepsia associated to dabigatran use in each of the four trimesters of follow-up</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Dyspepsia</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">1&#186; Trimester</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">2&#186; Trimester</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">3&#186; Trimester</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">4&#186; Trimester</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 12)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 47)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 1)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 10)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 0)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 12)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 2)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 8)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age Group</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 75 years % (N)</td>
              <td align="center">83.3% (10)</td>
              <td align="center">82.9%(39)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">90.0%(9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(12)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">75.0%(6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805;75 years % (N)</td>
              <td align="center">16.7%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">17.1%(8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">25.0%(2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative variation (CI)</td>
              <td align="center">0.20<break/>(0.06-0.73)</td>
              <td align="center">0.20<break/>(0.11-0.39)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">0.11<break/>(0.17-0.72)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">0.33<break/>(0.09-1.18)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">58.3%(7)</td>
              <td align="center">42.5%(20)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">33.3%(4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">50.0%(4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">41.6%(5)</td>
              <td align="center">57.4%(27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">90.0%(9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">66.7%(8)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">50.0%(4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative variation (CI)</td>
              <td align="center">0.71<break/>(0.32-1.63)</td>
              <td align="center">1.35<break/>(0.89-2.04)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">9.00<break/>(1.38-58.44)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">2.00<break/>(0.82-4.89)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">1.00<break/>(0.37-2.66)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0 - 1% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">8.3%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">17.1%(8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">20.0%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">33.3%(4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">12.5%(1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 2% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">91.7%(11)</td>
              <td align="center">82.9%(39)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">80.0%(8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">66.7%(8)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">87.5%(7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative variation (CI)</td>
              <td align="center">11.00<break/>(1.67-72.40)</td>
              <td align="center">4.87<break/>(2.56-9.30)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">4.00<break/>(1.11-14.35)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">2.00<break/>(0.82-4.89)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">7.00<break/>(1.10-44.60)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HASBLED score</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0 - 2% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">50.0%(6)</td>
              <td align="center">89.4%(42)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">90.0%(9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(12)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 3% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">50.0%(6)</td>
              <td align="center">10.6%(5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0% (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative variation (CI)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00<break/>(0.45-2.23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.12<break/>(0.05-0.27)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">0.11<break/>(0.02-0.72)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>CI: confidence interval; ND: not determinable.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There was a positive correlation between the use of beta-blockers and the occurrence of dyspepsia, as well as an inversely proportional relation between the occurrence of this adverse event and dabigatran association to proton pump inhibitors, histamine H2-receptor antagonists, oral hypoglycemic agents, and antiplatelets (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). The other reported therapeutic combinations did not influence the occurrence of this adverse event (data not shown).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Therapeutic associations to dabigatran in patients who presented dyspepsia in each of the four trimesters of follow-up</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Dyspepsia</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">1&#186; Trimester</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">2&#186; Trimester</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">3&#186; Trimester</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">4&#186; Trimester</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 12)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 47)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 0)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 12)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 0)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 12)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 2)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 8)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hypoglycemic agent</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">16.7%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">23.4%(11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">16.7%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">16.7%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">50.0%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">12.5%(1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">83.3% (10)</td>
              <td align="center">76.6% (36)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">83.3%(10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">83.3%(10)</td>
              <td align="center">50.0% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">87.5%(7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative variation (CI)</td>
              <td align="center">5.00<break/>(1.38-18.17)</td>
              <td align="center">3.27<break/>(1.90-5.62)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">5.00<break/>(1.38-18.17)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">5.00<break/>(1.38-18.17)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00<break/>(0.14-7.10)</td>
              <td align="center">7.00<break/>(1.10-44.61)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Antiplatelet agent</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">8.3%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">10.6%(5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">40.0%(4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">8.3%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">12.5%(1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">91.7%(11)</td>
              <td align="center">89.4%(42)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">60.0%(6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">91.7%(11)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">87.5%(7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative variation (CI)</td>
              <td align="center">11.00<break/>(1.67-72.40)</td>
              <td align="center">8.40<break/>(3.65-19.35)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">1.50<break/>(0.60-3.73)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">11.00<break/>(1.67-72.40)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">7.00<break/>(1.10-44.61)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>&#914;eta-blocker</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">75.0%(9)</td>
              <td align="center">59.6%(28)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">80.0%(8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">91.7%(11)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">62.5%(5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">25.0%(3)</td>
              <td align="center">40.4%(19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">20.0%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">8.3%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">37.5%(3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative variation (CI)</td>
              <td align="center">0.33<break/>(0.12-0.94)</td>
              <td align="center">0.68<break/>(0.45-1.03)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">0,25<break/>(0.07-0.90)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">0.09<break/>(0.01-0.60)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">0.60<break/>(0.21-1.70)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>PPI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">8.3%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">23.4%(11)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">40.0%(4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">16.7%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">50.0%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">12.5%(1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">91.7%(11)</td>
              <td align="center">76.6%(36)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">60.0%(6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">83.3%(10)</td>
              <td align="center">50.0%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">87.5%(7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative variation (CI)</td>
              <td align="center">11.00<break/>(1.67-72.40)</td>
              <td align="center">3.27<break/>(1.90-5.62)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">1.50<break/>(0.60-3.73)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">5.00<break/>(1.38-18.17)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00<break/>(0.14-7.10)</td>
              <td align="center">7.00<break/>(1.10-44.61)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Antagonist H2</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">4.2%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">8.3%(1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No% (N)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(12)</td>
              <td align="center">95.8%(45)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">90.0%(9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%(0)</td>
              <td align="center">91.7%(11)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
              <td align="center">100%(8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative variation (CI)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">22.5<break/>(5.79-87.44)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">9.00<break/>(1.39-58.44)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">11.00<break/>(1.67-72.40)</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
              <td align="center">ND</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>PPI: proton pump inhibitors; CI: confidence interval; ND: not determinable</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Throughout the four trimesters, most patients adhered to the treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). The occurrence of dyspepsia and minor bleeding did not differ between those who adhered and those who did not. The percentage of individuals that adhered to the treatment was higher among those on dabigatran 110 mg, while in the fourth trimester, the percentage of adherence was higher among those on 150 mg.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characterization of patients who did and did not adhere to the treatment with dabigatran in each of the four trimesters of follow-up</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Trimester</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">1&#186; (N=139)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">2&#186; (N=107)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">3&#186;(N=101)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">4&#186; (N=98)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">% (N)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Relative variation (CI)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">% (N)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Relative variation (CI)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">% (N)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Relative variation (CI)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">% (N)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Relative variation (CI)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">56.8% (79)</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
              <td align="center">59.8% (64)</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
              <td align="center">62.4% (63)</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
              <td align="center">63.3% (62)</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">43.2% (60)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.60-0.96)</td>
              <td align="center">40.2% (43)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.51-0.89)</td>
              <td align="center">37.6% (38)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.45-0.81)</td>
              <td align="center">36.7% (36)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.43-0.78)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">110 mg</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">15.8% (22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
              <td align="center">17.7% (19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
              <td align="center">20.8% (21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
              <td align="center">16.3% (16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"> No Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">7.9% (11)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.25-0.99)</td>
              <td align="center">7.5% (8)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.19-0.92)</td>
              <td align="center">8.9% (9)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.21-0.89)</td>
              <td align="center">14.3% (14)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.45-1.69)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">150 mg</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">41.0% (57)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86</td>
              <td align="center">42.0% (45)</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
              <td align="center">41.6% (42)</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
              <td align="center">46.9% (46)</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"> No Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">35.2% (49)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.64-1.16)</td>
              <td align="center">32.7% (35)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.55-1.10)</td>
              <td align="center">28.7% (29)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.47-1.01)</td>
              <td align="center">22.4% (22)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.31-0.73)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 75 years</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">48.9% (68)</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
              <td align="center">51.4% (55)</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
              <td align="center">53.5% (54)</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
              <td align="center">57.1% (56)</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"> No Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">36.0% (50)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.56-0.97)</td>
              <td align="center">35.5% (38)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.50-0.95)</td>
              <td align="center">32.7% (33)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.44-0.85)</td>
              <td align="center">30.6% (30)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.38-0.76)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 75 years</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">7.9% (11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.91</td>
              <td align="center">8.4% (9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
              <td align="center">8.9% (9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
              <td align="center">6.1% (6)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">7.2% (10)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.40-2.07)</td>
              <td align="center">4.7% (5)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.19-1.60)</td>
              <td align="center">4.9% (5)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.19-1.60)</td>
              <td align="center">6.1% (6)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.33-2.99)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">19.4% (27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
              <td align="center">16.8% (18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
              <td align="center">19.8% (20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
              <td align="center">18.4% (18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"> No Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">16.5% (23)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.51-1.41)</td>
              <td align="center">14.9% (16)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.48-1.65)</td>
              <td align="center">10.9% (11)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.28-1.09)</td>
              <td align="center">13.3% (13)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.37-1.39)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">37.4% (52)</td>
              <td align="center">0,71</td>
              <td align="center">43.0% (46)</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
              <td align="center">42.6% (43)</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
              <td align="center">44.9% (44)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">26.6% (37)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.50-1.01)</td>
              <td align="center">25.2% (27)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.40-0.87)</td>
              <td align="center">26.7% (27)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.42-0.93)</td>
              <td align="center">23.5% (23)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.34-0.79)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyspepsia</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">23.7% (33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
              <td align="center">4.7% (5)</td>
              <td align="center">1.20</td>
              <td align="center">7.9% (8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
              <td align="center">7.1% (7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">18.7% (26)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.50-1.24)</td>
              <td align="center">5.6% (6)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.38-3.81)</td>
              <td align="center">4.0% (4)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.15-1.61)</td>
              <td align="center">3.1% (3)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.11-1.61)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Minor bleeding</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">7.9% (11)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.50-1.24)</td>
              <td align="center">5.6% (6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
              <td align="center">5.9% (6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
              <td align="center">4.1% (4)</td>
              <td align="center">1.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No Adherence</td>
              <td align="center">4.3% (6)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.21-1.43)</td>
              <td align="center">2.8% (3)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.13-1.95)</td>
              <td align="center">3.0% (3)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.13-1.94)</td>
              <td align="center">5.1% (5)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.34-4.52)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>CI: confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>No cases of major bleeding or thromboembolic event were recorded during the study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Although the profile of patients at the end of the treatment is similar to that of the beginning, we found a reduction in the total number of individuals on the medication due to treatment suspension or termination and deaths. Such reduction occurred mainly in the higher dose, considering also that, in some cases, there was a recommendation to switch to the lower dose of 110 mg.</p>
      <p>At the end of the study, the proportion of patients over 75 years of age and on the 110 mg dose was larger in comparison to individuals of the same age on the higher dose. Some studies argue that elderly patients present a decrease in blood flow, kidney mass and function, leading to a reduction of creatinine clearance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> This, in turn, reflects the clearance of drugs eliminated through urine, such as dabigatran.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In around 67% of elderly individuals, kidney function decline relative to age was associated to the presence of cardiovascular diseases, among other risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In elderly patients, a great dispositional variability of drugs is particularly prominent; the complexity of interactions between comorbidity, polypharmacy, and changes related to age in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics justifies the well-known aphorism: "start low, go slow".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Furthermore, age is taken into account for the calculation of the risk score for bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Data shows that prescription and dose determination for the drug were given based on the risk for thromboembolic event and susceptibility to bleeding, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> When the risks for stroke and hemorrhage are high, dabigatran seems to offer more clinical benefits than warfarin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> However, according to the study RE-LY,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> the 150 mg dose of dabigatran determined hemorrhagic events in similar proportion, which may justify the inference. It is noteworthy that dabigatran was prescribed to some patients with a CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc below 2. According to Seno et al. (2014),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> antithrombotic agents should only be administered under those circumstances, if the patients are male with a risk score of 1.</p>
      <p>Adverse reactions to drugs are a type of adverse event considered non-avoidable and are always associated to patient harm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> According to Costa (2015),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> adverse events are in general responsible for non-adherence and/or consequent therapy alteration, and are also related to treatment termination and medical suspension, according to reports. Minor bleedings are predictable adverse events in any anticoagulant treatment;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> however, in the present study, its incidence decreased considerably throughout the trimesters. Regarding dyspepsia, its occurrence is also described in the literature in relation to dabigatran use, and that is associated to the drug's pharmaceutical formulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Gastric pH affects the solubility of some drugs and, therefore, their absorption when taken orally.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In the present case, the drug consists of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose capsules that hold tartaric acid granules coated with dabigatran etexilate. This medication was designed to promote an acidic microenvironment, favoring dissolution and absorption of the anticoagulant regardless of gastric pH variations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, dyspepsia was less frequent among individuals over 75 years of age, which may highlight a mechanism that protects gastric mucosa, due to its atrophy in older patients, that leads to an elevation of the local pH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole are largely prescribed for conditions related to an increase in gastric acidity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Some show the association between dabigatran and gastroprotective agents, not only proton pump inhibitors, but also histamine H2-receptor antagonists.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> These therapeutic associations were also observed in the present work and may explain the reduction of dyspepsia occurrences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> However, changes in gastric pH may alter the drug's solubility, and proton pump inhibitors have proven able to decrease serum concentrations of dabigatran, even though the interaction is not considered clinically significant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Apparently, such associations did not compromise the anticoagulant's effectiveness in the present study because no thromboembolic events were recorded.</p>
      <p>Dyspepsia syndrome is expected with the use of antidiabetic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> and antiplatelet agents, especially those that decrease the biosynthesis of prostaglandins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Maybe because of that, patients on such drugs have not associated dyspepsia to the use of dabigratan, as described by Sherid et al. (2014).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Tominaga et al. (2016)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> reported the association between autonomic activity alterations and dyspepsia symptoms, concluding that Tofisopam, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that elevates intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> can help patients with functional dyspepsia. Since beta-blockers impede adrenergic receptor activation by endogenous agonists, thus decreasing cytosolic levels of cyclic nucleotides,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> we can relate this mechanism to the higher prevalence of dyspepsia observed in users of this drug class.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the occurrence of adverse events does not seem to have influenced adherence to anticoagulant therapy. Literature describes that emotional problems such as depression may be associated to a lack of treatment adherence, and that men are less susceptible to stress and alterations in mental health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> That may explain the higher percentage of adherence to treatment among male patients. The literature also suggests that, in general, older patients adhere less to drug treatments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Indeed, the proportion of patients who adhered to the treatment was higher than that of those who did not among individuals under 75 years of age. The literature also suggests that the dose of the drug may impact on the patient's decision to adhere or not to a treatment, though the source of this conclusion is not available.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> In this study, in the first nine months of follow-up, the percentage of those who did adhere to the treatment was higher among users of dabigatran 110 mg. However, in the fourth trimester, the percentage of adherence was higher among those on 150 mg.</p>
      <p>Since there was no occurrence of major bleeding or thromboembolic events, this medication can be associated to safety and effectiveness, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Dyspepsia was observed more frequently than mentioned at literature. The association of dabigatran with medication to protect the gastric mucosa seems to explain the reduction in frequency of this adverse event, while the use of beta-blockers seems to increase it. In this study, dabigatran proved to be safe and effective.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by the Comiss&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Ensino Superior - CAPES - through the provision of master's scholarships.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the Master's thesis of Luise Barros Martins from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares of Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Ciechanowski</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katon</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russo</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walker</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The patient-provider relantionship: attachment theory and adherence to treatment in diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Am J Psychiatry</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>158</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
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              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
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          <article-title>A review of the factors associated with patient compliance and the taking of prescribed medicines</article-title>
          <source>Br J Gen Pract</source>
          <year>1990</year>
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        <mixed-citation>38 Gryfe CI, Gryfe BM. Drug therapy of the aged: the problem of compliance and the roles of physicians and pharmacists. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1984;32(4):301-7.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Gryfe</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo do Uso do Dabigatrana em Hospital P&#250;blico Brasileiro Especializado em Cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Luise Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Ivis Levy Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ra&#237;ssa Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Val&#233;ria dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scaramello</surname>
            <given-names>Christianne Bretas Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasi</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Christianne B. V. Scaramello</bold> Rua Professor Hernani Mello, 101. CEP: 24210-130, Ing&#225;, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>chrisbretas@gmail.com</email>; <email>christiannebretas@vm.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Almeida FVS, Scaramello CBV. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Martins LB. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Scaramello CBV. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Scaramello CBV. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Scaramello CBV. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Martins ILF, Silva RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Durante a comercializa&#231;&#227;o de novos medicamentos, efeitos in&#233;ditos podem ser descobertos. O dabigratana &#233; um anticoagulante aprovado pela ANVISA em 2008.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar seguran&#231;a, efetividade, perfil de eventos adversos e ades&#227;o terap&#234;utica ao dabigatrana (110 e 150 mg) prescrito para pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes em uso de dabigatrana foram submetidos a entrevistas ao longo do primeiro ano de tratamento, avaliando-se a prescri&#231;&#227;o em fun&#231;&#227;o da dose, idade, g&#234;nero e fatores de risco, bem como a preval&#234;ncia de eventos adversos e o perfil dos pacientes envolvidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O estudo come&#231;ou com 139 pacientes havendo redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de sujeitos em uso do anticoagulante ao final (10% dose 110 mg e 30% dose 150 mg), sem varia&#231;&#227;o nas propor&#231;&#245;es dos indiv&#237;duos quanto ao g&#234;nero (homens&#8773;65%), faixa et&#225;ria (idade inferior a 75 anos?80%), escores de risco para eventos tromboemb&#243;licos (CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc&#8805;2 &#8773;80%) e hemorr&#225;gicos (HASBLED&lt;3 &#8773;50% dose 110mg e ?85% dose 150 mg). O evento adverso mais comum foi a dispepsia (&#8805;10%), independentemente do g&#234;nero, por&#233;m com menor frequ&#234;ncia na faixa et&#225;ria superior a 75 anos (&#8773;20% dos casos). A dispepsia relacionada ao dabigatrana foi principalmente associada a sua combina&#231;&#227;o com betabloqueadores (&#8773;70%), por&#233;m, minoritariamente com antidiab&#233;ticos (&#8773;20%), antiplaquet&#225;rios (&#8773;10%), inibidores da bomba de pr&#243;tons (&#8773;30%) e antagonistas de receptores H2 (&#8773;3%). A ades&#227;o foi de &#8773;60%, independentemente dos eventos adversos relatados. N&#227;o foram observados casos de evento tromboemb&#243;lico e nem sangramento maior.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O dabigatrana mostrou-se seguro e efetivo nas condi&#231;&#245;es avaliadas</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras Chave:</title>
        <kwd>Farmacovigil&#226;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombina</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; uma arritmia supraventricular associada a in&#250;meras complica&#231;&#245;es como o tromboembolismo sist&#234;mico, respons&#225;vel pela morbidade e mortalidade de pacientes com essa arritmia. Seu tratamento inclui, portanto, o uso de anticoagulantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O etexilato de dabigatrana, pr&#243;-f&#225;rmaco, &#233; rapidamente convertido em dabigatrana, anticoagulante que inibe direta e reversivelmente a trombina impedindo a convers&#227;o do fibrinog&#234;nio em fibrina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Para a preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, o etexilato de dabigatrana nas doses de 110 mg e 150 mg foi aprovado, em 2010, pelo Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e, em 2011 pela EMA e pela ANVISA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos envolve a s&#237;ntese de mol&#233;culas com potencial terap&#234;utico que s&#227;o submetidas a testes pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos em animais e, na sequ&#234;ncia, a estudos cl&#237;nicos em humanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Estes s&#227;o divididos em quatro fases, das quais a &#250;ltima engloba a vigil&#226;ncia p&#243;s-comercializa&#231;&#227;o, visando mapear os efeitos adversos, raros ou s&#243; observados em longo prazo, a ades&#227;o ao tratamento e as intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> No Brasil, o etexilato de dabigatrana n&#227;o &#233; fornecido pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) nem padronizado em muitos hospitais, o que dificulta o acompanhamento de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o Desse modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho abrange a avalia&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a, efetividade e ades&#227;o ao dabigatrana prescrito para pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar em um hospital p&#250;blico brasileiro especializado em Cardiologia, caracterizando o perfil de eventos adversos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo de Farmacovigil&#226;ncia foi do tipo observacional, anal&#237;tico, longitudinal e prospectivo para avalia&#231;&#227;o da efetividade e da seguran&#231;a, bem como para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos, associados ao uso, por 12 meses, do dabigatrana nas doses de 110 e 150 mg em pacientes ambulatoriais portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar. O medicamento foi obtido com recursos pr&#243;prios do hospital, onde o estudo foi desenvolvido, mediante processo licitat&#243;rio e ap&#243;s sua inser&#231;&#227;o na lista de medicamentos padronizados pela Comiss&#227;o de Farm&#225;cia e Terap&#234;utica da Institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi iniciado com 139 pacientes, destes, 33 receberam 110 mg. Foram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: gravidez, idade inferior a 18 anos e presen&#231;a de pr&#243;teses de v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2014 (CAAE 03455512.5.0000.5272). Todos os sujeitos da pesquisa, ou seus representantes legais, assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Foram realizadas entrevistas mensais sendo os dados analisados por trimestre: idade e g&#234;nero do paciente, escores de risco para eventos hemorr&#225;gicos (HASBLED) e tromboemb&#243;licos (CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc), associa&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas e rea&#231;&#245;es adversas observadas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da nova farmacoterapia anticoagulante.</p>
        <p>A estimativa da ades&#227;o dos pacientes em uso de dabigatrana foi realizada por meio do m&#233;todo do registro de retirada de medicamentos descritos por Obreli-Neto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> sendo considerados aderentes os pacientes com grau de concord&#226;ncia de 80 a 115%.</p>
        <p>O estudo apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, a saber:</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>- Tempo de acompanhamento relativamente curto, amostra pequena para an&#225;lise e acompanhamento dos pacientes de uma &#250;nica unidade de sa&#250;de;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- &#211;bitos, suspens&#245;es e abandonos de tratamento;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Inacessibilidade aos dados de eventos ocorridos fora da unidade de sa&#250;de, uma vez que esta n&#227;o disp&#245;e de atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva foi realizada no SPSS 22.0, compreendendo determina&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, determinando-se o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% e varia&#231;&#227;o relativa.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref> compara o perfil dos pacientes que entraram no estudo com os que ali permaneceram at&#233; pelo menos um ano de tratamento com dabigatrana. A maioria dos pacientes tinha menos de 75 anos, e, no caso da maior dose, a maioria deles era do sexo masculino. Quanto aos escores de risco, tanto a maior quanto a menor dose do dabigatrana foram prescritas principalmente para pacientes com alto risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, o que foi avaliado pela pontua&#231;&#227;o CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc. Ao se analisar o HASBLED, &#233; poss&#237;vel apontar que a dose de 150 mg foi prescrita especialmente para os pacientes com baixo risco de sangramento. J&#225; a frequ&#234;ncia de prescri&#231;&#227;o da dose de 110 mg foi semelhante entre pacientes com alto e baixo risco de sangramento. Comparando o perfil dos pacientes do in&#237;cio e do final do estudo, observa-se que n&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o das propor&#231;&#245;es. Nota-se, entretanto, redu&#231;&#227;o de cerca de 30% do n&#250;mero de sujeitos em uso do anticoagulante na dose de 150 mg e de apenas 10% para a dose de 110 mg.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre o perfil dos pacientes que entraram no estudo, e o daqueles que ali permaneceram at&#233; o final do 1&#186; ano de tratamento utilizando dabigatrana 110 mg e 150 mg</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Dabigatrana 110 mg</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Dabigatrana 150 mg</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">In&#237;cio do estudo(N = 33)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Final do estudo(N = 30)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC) In&#237;cio x Fim</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">In&#237;cio do estudo(N = 106)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Final do estudo(N = 68)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC) In&#237;cio x Fim </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 75 anos (%; N)</td>
                <td align="center">75,8% (25)</td>
                <td align="center">76,7% (23)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,77-1,33)</td>
                <td align="center">87,7% (93)</td>
                <td align="center">92,6% (63)</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (0,96-1,16)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805;75 anos (%; N)</td>
                <td align="center">24,2% (8)</td>
                <td align="center">23,3% (7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,40-2,33)</td>
                <td align="center">12,3% (13)</td>
                <td align="center">7,3% (5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 (0,22-1,61)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC) Faixa et&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">0,32 (0,17-0,60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30 (0,15-0,60)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,14 (0,08-0,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08 (0,03-0,18)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino (%; N)</td>
                <td align="center">42,4% (14)</td>
                <td align="center">36,7% (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,47-1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">34% (36)</td>
                <td align="center">29,4% (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,55-1,36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino (%; N)</td>
                <td align="center">57,6% (19)</td>
                <td align="center">63,3% (19)</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (0,74-1,64)</td>
                <td align="center">66% (70)</td>
                <td align="center">70,6% (48)</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 (0,87-1,31)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC)G&#234;nero</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 (0,83-2,22)</td>
                <td align="center">1,73 (1,00-2,97)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,94 (1,44-2,62)</td>
                <td align="center">2,40 (1,61-3,60)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0 - 1 (%; N)</td>
                <td align="center">12,1% (4)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7% (5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,38 (0,41-4,65)</td>
                <td align="center">21,7% (23)</td>
                <td align="center">26,5% (18)</td>
                <td align="center">1,22 (0,71-2,08)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 2 (%; N)</td>
                <td align="center">87,9% (29)</td>
                <td align="center">83,3% (25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,77-1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">78,3% (83)</td>
                <td align="center">73,5% (50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 (0,79-1,12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC) CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc</td>
                <td align="center">7,25 (2,89-18,33)</td>
                <td align="center">5,00 (2,21-11,31)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3,61 (2,48-5,25)</td>
                <td align="center">2,78 (1,82-4,23)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HASBLED score</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0 - 2 (%; N)</td>
                <td align="center">48,5% (16)</td>
                <td align="center">56,7% (17)</td>
                <td align="center">1,17 (0,73-1,87)</td>
                <td align="center">86,8% (92)</td>
                <td align="center">85,3% (58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,87-1,11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 3 (%; N)</td>
                <td align="center">51,5% (17)</td>
                <td align="center">43,3% (13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 (0,50-1,42)</td>
                <td align="center">13,2% (14)</td>
                <td align="center">14,7% (10)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 (0,52-2,36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC) HASBLED</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (0,65-1,72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 (0,46-1,28)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,15 (0,09-0,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17 (0,10-0,31)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados de frequ&#234;ncia de prescri&#231;&#227;o das doses de 110 mg e 150 mg para pacientes com idade superior a 75 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>) ao final do estudo aponta que a menor dose foi priorizada para sujeitos de maior faixa et&#225;ria (Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa = 0,31; IC = 0,11 - 0,91).</p>
        <p>Os eventos adversos mais relatados durante as dispensa&#231;&#245;es mensais do dabigatrana s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>. &#201; importante notar que, de modo geral, a dispepsia foi o mais observado, com frequ&#234;ncia m&#233;dia superior a 10%, seguido de sangramento menor. Adicionalmente, observa-se que houve redu&#231;&#227;o do relato de eventos adversos bem como do n&#250;mero de pacientes que permaneceram no estudo a cada trimestre. Entretanto, especificamente no terceiro trimestre, o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos em uso da dose de 110 mg aumentou, enquanto os em uso da maior dose diminuiu. No quarto trimestre, o n&#250;mero de pacientes em uso da dose de 110 mg se manteve, enquanto o de sujeitos em uso da maior dose foi novamente reduzido.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Eventos adversos relatados em cada um dos quatro trimestres de tratamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Eventos adversos</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">1&#186; trimestre</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">2&#186; trimestre</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">3&#186; trimestre</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">4&#186; trimestre</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mgN=33</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mgN=106</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mgN=27</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mgN=80</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mgN=30</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mgN=71</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mgN=30</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mgN=68</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dispepsia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">36,4 % (12)</td>
                <td align="center">44,3 % (47)</td>
                <td align="center">3,7% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 % (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">16,9% (12)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">10,3% (7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC</td>
                <td align="center">22,2-53,4</td>
                <td align="center">35,2-53,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,7-18,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,9-21,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,0-11,3</td>
                <td align="center">9,9-27,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,5-25,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,1-19,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>V&#244;mito</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">4,7% (5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,4% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC</td>
                <td align="center">0,5-15,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,0-10,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,0-12,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,0- 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,0-11,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,2- 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,0-11,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,0-5,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dispneia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">12,1 % (4)</td>
                <td align="center">4,7% (5)</td>
                <td align="center">7,4% (2)</td>
                <td align="center">6,2% (5)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,4% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,5% (1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC</td>
                <td align="center">4,8-27,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,0-10,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,1-23,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,7-13,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,5-25,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,2- 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,5-25,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,3-7,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sangramento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">15,1 % (5)</td>
                <td align="center">11,3 % (12)</td>
                <td align="center">3,7% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0% (8)</td>
                <td align="center">6,7% (2)</td>
                <td align="center">9,9% (7)</td>
                <td align="center">3,5-25,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,9% (4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC</td>
                <td align="center">6,6-30,9</td>
                <td align="center">6,6-18,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,7-18,28</td>
                <td align="center">5,1-18,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,8-21,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,9-19,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,3-29,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,3-14,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Edema</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 % (1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9% (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">2,5% (2)</td>
                <td align="center">3,3% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">2,8% (2)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">2,9% (2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC</td>
                <td align="center">0,5-15,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,5- 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,0-12,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,7- 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,6-16,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,8- 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,5-25,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,8-10,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fadiga</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">6,1% (2)</td>
                <td align="center">6,6 % (7)</td>
                <td align="center">14,8% (4)</td>
                <td align="center">7,5% (6)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">5,6% (4)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">2,9% (2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC</td>
                <td align="center">1,7-19,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,2-13,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,9-32,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,5-15,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,5-25,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,2-13,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,5-25,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,8-10,1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta o perfil dos pacientes que relataram dispepsia. Em geral, a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos tinha menos de 75 anos e apresentava alto risco para eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, bem como baixo risco para eventos hemorr&#225;gicos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os g&#234;neros.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que apresentaram dispepsia associada ao uso de dabigatrana em cada um dos quatro trimestres de acompanhamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Dispepsia</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">1&#186; Trimestre</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">2&#186; Trimestre</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">3&#186; Trimestre</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">4&#186; Trimestre</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 12)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 47)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 1)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 10)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 0)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 12)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 2)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 8)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 75 anos % (N)</td>
                <td align="center">83,3% (10)</td>
                <td align="center">82,9%(39)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">90,0%(9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(12)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">75,0%(6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805;75 anos % (N)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">17,1%(8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">25,0%(2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20<break/>(0,06-0,73)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20<break/>(0,11-0,39)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">0,11<break/>(0,17-0,72)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">0,33<break/>(0,09-1,18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">58,3%(7)</td>
                <td align="center">42,5%(20)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">33,3%(4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">50,0%(4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">41,6%(5)</td>
                <td align="center">57,4%(27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">90,0%(9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">66,7%(8)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">50,0%(4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71<break/>(0,32-1,63)</td>
                <td align="center">1,35<break/>(0,89-2,04)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">9,00<break/>(1,38-58,44)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">2,00<break/>(0,82-4,89)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">1,00<break/>(0,37-2,66)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc escore</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0 - 1% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">8,3%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">17,1%(8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">20,0%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">33,3%(4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">12,5%(1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 2% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">91,7%(11)</td>
                <td align="center">82,9%(39)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">80,0%(8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">66,7%(8)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">87,5%(7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC)</td>
                <td align="center">11,00<break/>(1,67-72,40)</td>
                <td align="center">4,87<break/>(2,56-9,30)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">4,00<break/>(1,11-14,35)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">2,00<break/>(0,82-4,89)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">7,00<break/>(1,10-44,60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HASBLED escore</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0 - 2% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">50,0%(6)</td>
                <td align="center">89,4%(42)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">90,0%(9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(12)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 3% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">50,0%(6)</td>
                <td align="center">10,6%(5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0% (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00<break/>(0,45-2,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12<break/>(0,05-0,27)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">0,11<break/>(0,02-0,72)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ND: n&#227;o determin&#225;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o uso de beta bloqueador e a incid&#234;ncia de dispepsia, al&#233;m de uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversamente proporcional entre a ocorr&#234;ncia desse evento adverso e a associa&#231;&#227;o do dabigatrana aos inibidores da bomba de pr&#243;tons, antagonistas de receptores H2 para histamina, hipoglicemiantes orais e antiplaquet&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>). As demais combina&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas relatadas n&#227;o influenciaram a incid&#234;ncia deste evento adverso (dados n&#227;o mostrados).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas &#224; dabigatrana procedidas nos pacientes que apresentaram dispepsia em cada um dos quatro trimestres de acompanhamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Dispepsia</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">1&#186; Trimestre</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">2&#186; Trimestre</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">3&#186; Trimestre</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">4&#186; Trimestre</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 12)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 47)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 0)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 12)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 0)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 12)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">110 mg(N = 2)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">150 mg(N = 8)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hipoglicemiante</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">23,4%(11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">50,0%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">12,5%(1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">83,3% (10)</td>
                <td align="center">76,6% (36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">83,3%(10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">83,3%(10)</td>
                <td align="center">50,0% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">87,5%(7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC)</td>
                <td align="center">5,00<break/>(1,38-18,17)</td>
                <td align="center">3,27<break/>(1,90-5,62)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">5,00<break/>(1,38-18,17)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">5,00<break/>(1,38-18,17)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00<break/>(0,14-7,10)</td>
                <td align="center">7,00<break/>(1,10-44,61)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Antiplaquet&#225;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">8,3%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">10,6%(5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">40,0%(4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,3%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">12,5%(1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">91,7%(11)</td>
                <td align="center">89,4%(42)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">60,0%(6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">91,7%(11)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">87,5%(7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC)</td>
                <td align="center">11,00<break/>(1,67-72,40)</td>
                <td align="center">8,40<break/>(3,65-19,35)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">1,50<break/>(0,60-3,73)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">11,00<break/>(1,67-72,40)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">7,00<break/>(1,10-44,61)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>&#914;-bloqueador</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">75,0%(9)</td>
                <td align="center">59,6%(28)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">80,0%(8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">91,7%(11)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">62,5%(5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">25,0%(3)</td>
                <td align="center">40,4%(19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">20,0%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,3%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">37,5%(3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33<break/>(0,12-0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68<break/>(0,45-1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">0,25<break/>(0,07-0,90)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">0,09<break/>(0,01-0,60)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">0,60<break/>(0,21-1,70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>IBP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">8,3%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">23,4%(11)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">40,0%(4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">50,0%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">12,5%(1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">91,7%(11)</td>
                <td align="center">76,6%(36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">60,0%(6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">83,3%(10)</td>
                <td align="center">50,0%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">87,5%(7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC)</td>
                <td align="center">11,00<break/>(1,67-72,40)</td>
                <td align="center">3,27<break/>(1,90-5,62)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">1,50<break/>(0,60-3,73)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">5,00<break/>(1,38-18,17)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00<break/>(0,14-7,10)</td>
                <td align="center">7,00<break/>(1,10-44,61)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Antagonista H2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">4,2%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,3%(1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o% (N)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(12)</td>
                <td align="center">95,8%(45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">90,0%(9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%(0)</td>
                <td align="center">91,7%(11)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(2)</td>
                <td align="center">100%(8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o relativa (IC)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">22,5<break/>(5,79-87,44)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">9,00<break/>(1,39-58,44)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">11,00<break/>(1,67-72,40)</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>IBP: inibidores da bomba de pr&#243;tons; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ND: n&#227;o determin&#225;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao longo dos quatro trimestres, a maior parte dos pacientes foi aderente ao tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). A incid&#234;ncia de dispepsia e sangramento menor n&#227;o foi diferente entre os aderentes e n&#227;o-aderentes. O percentual de sujeitos aderentes ao tratamento foi maior dentre os homens e pacientes com menos de 75 anos de idade. Nos nove primeiros meses, o percentual daqueles que aderiram ao tratamento foi maior dentre os usu&#225;rios de dabigatrana 110 mg, enquanto no quarto trimestre o percentual de aderentes foi maior dentre os usu&#225;rios da dose de 150 mg.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes aderentes e n&#227;o aderentes ao tratamento com dabigatrana em cada um dos quatro trimestres de acompanhamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Trimestre</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">1&#186; (N=139)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">2&#186; (N=107)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">3&#186;(N=101)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">4&#186; (N=98)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">% (N)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Varia&#231;&#227;o Relativa (IC)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">% (N)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Varia&#231;&#227;o Relativa (IC)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">% (N)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Varia&#231;&#227;o Relativa (IC)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">% (N)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Varia&#231;&#227;o Relativa (IC)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aderente</td>
                <td align="center">56,8% (79)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">59,8% (64)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">62,4% (63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">63,3% (62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o aderente</td>
                <td align="center">43,2% (60)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,60-0,96)</td>
                <td align="center">40,2% (43)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,51-0,89)</td>
                <td align="center">37,6% (38)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,45-0,81)</td>
                <td align="center">36,7% (36)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,43-0,78)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">110 mg</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aderente</td>
                <td align="center">15,8% (22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
                <td align="center">17,7% (19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
                <td align="center">20,8% (21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
                <td align="center">16,3% (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"> N&#227;o aderente</td>
                <td align="center">7,9% (11)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,25-0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">7,5% (8)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,19-0,92)</td>
                <td align="center">8,9% (9)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,21-0,89)</td>
                <td align="center">14,3% (14)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,45-1,69)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">150 mg</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aderente</td>
                <td align="center">41,0% (57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
                <td align="center">42,0% (45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center">41,6% (42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
                <td align="center">46,9% (46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"> N&#227;o aderente</td>
                <td align="center">35,2% (49)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,64-1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">32,7% (35)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,55-1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">28,7% (29)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,47-1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">22,4% (22)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,31-0,73)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 75 anos</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aderente</td>
                <td align="center">48,9% (68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">51,4% (55)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
                <td align="center">53,5% (54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">57,1% (56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"> N&#227;o aderente</td>
                <td align="center">36,0% (50)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,56-0,97)</td>
                <td align="center">35,5% (38)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,50-0,95)</td>
                <td align="center">32,7% (33)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,44-0,85)</td>
                <td align="center">30,6% (30)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,38-0,76)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 75 anos</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aderente</td>
                <td align="center">7,9% (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">8,4% (9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">8,9% (9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">6,1% (6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"> N&#227;o aderente</td>
                <td align="center">7,2% (10)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,40-2,07)</td>
                <td align="center">4,7% (5)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,19-1,60)</td>
                <td align="center">4,9% (5)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,19-1,60)</td>
                <td align="center">6,1% (6)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,33-2,99)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulher</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aderente</td>
                <td align="center">19,4% (27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">16,8% (18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
                <td align="center">19,8% (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
                <td align="center">18,4% (18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"> N&#227;o aderente</td>
                <td align="center">16,5% (23)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,51-1,41)</td>
                <td align="center">14,9% (16)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,48-1,65)</td>
                <td align="center">10,9% (11)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,28-1,09)</td>
                <td align="center">13,3% (13)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,37-1,39)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homem</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aderente</td>
                <td align="center">37,4% (52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
                <td align="center">43,0% (46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
                <td align="center">42,6% (43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
                <td align="center">44,9% (44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"> N&#227;o aderente</td>
                <td align="center">26,6% (37)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,50-1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">25,2% (27)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,40-0,87)</td>
                <td align="center">26,7% (27)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,42-0,93)</td>
                <td align="center">23,5% (23)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,34-0,79)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dispepsia</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aderente</td>
                <td align="center">23,7% (33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">4,7% (5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,20</td>
                <td align="center">7,9% (8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
                <td align="center">7,1% (7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o aderente</td>
                <td align="center">18,7% (26)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,50-1,24)</td>
                <td align="center">5,6% (6)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,38-3,81)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0% (4)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,15-1,61)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,11-1,61)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sangramento menor</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aderente</td>
                <td align="center">7,9% (11)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,50-1,24)</td>
                <td align="center">5,6% (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
                <td align="center">5,9% (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
                <td align="center">4,1% (4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"> N&#227;o aderente</td>
                <td align="center">4,3% (6)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,21-1,43)</td>
                <td align="center">2,8% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,13-1,95)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0% (3)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,13-1,94)</td>
                <td align="center">5,1% (5)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,34-4,52)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao longo do estudo, n&#227;o houve nenhum caso de sangramento maior nem de evento tromboemb&#243;lico registrado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora o perfil dos pacientes ao final do tratamento seja semelhante ao do inicial, constata-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero total de indiv&#237;duos em uso do medicamento devido &#224; suspens&#227;o ou abandono do tratamento, bem como a &#243;bitos. Tal redu&#231;&#227;o se deu principalmente no que tange a maior dose, inclusive porque foi, em alguns casos, recomendada a diminui&#231;&#227;o da dose para 110 mg.</p>
        <p>Ao final do estudo, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com idade superior a 75 anos e dose de 110 mg foi maior, comparada &#224; de indiv&#237;duos de mesma faixa et&#225;ria em uso da dose maior. Alguns estudos discutem que o fluxo sangu&#237;neo, a fun&#231;&#227;o e a massa renal encontram-se diminu&#237;dos no paciente idoso, sendo observada a redu&#231;&#227;o da depura&#231;&#227;o da creatinina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Esta, por sua vez, reflete a depura&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos eliminados pela urina, como o dabigatrana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Em cerca de 2/3 dos indiv&#237;duos idosos, o decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o renal relativo &#224; idade foi associado &#224; coexist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, entre outros fatores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Nos idosos, uma grande variabilidade disposicional de f&#225;rmacos &#233; particularmente proeminente; a complexidade das intera&#231;&#245;es entre comorbidade, polifarm&#225;cia e mudan&#231;as relacionadas &#224; idade na farmacocin&#233;tica e farmacodin&#226;mica de f&#225;rmacos justifica o conhecido aforismo: "come&#231;ar de baixo, ir devagar".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a idade &#233; considerada para c&#225;lculo do escore de risco de sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os dados apontam que a prescri&#231;&#227;o e a determina&#231;&#227;o da dose do medicamento decorreu, respectivamente, do risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e da susceptibilidade a sangramentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Quando os riscos tanto de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico quanto de hemorragia s&#227;o elevados, dabigatrana parece ter um benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico superior a varfarina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Entretanto, de acordo com o estudo RE-LY,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> a dose de 150 mg de dabigatrana determina eventos hemorr&#225;gicos em propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante, o que pode justificar a infer&#234;ncia feita. &#201; importante notar que foi prescrito dabigatrana para alguns pacientes com CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc inferior a 2. De acordo com Senoo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> a administra&#231;&#227;o de antitromb&#243;ticos s&#243; deve ser realizada nessa circunst&#226;ncia, se os pacientes forem do sexo masculino com escore de risco igual a 1.</p>
        <p>As rea&#231;&#245;es adversas a medicamentos s&#227;o um tipo de evento adverso considerado n&#227;o evit&#225;vel e sempre associado a dano ao paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Segundo Costa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> os eventos adversos s&#227;o, geralmente, os respons&#225;veis pela n&#227;o-ades&#227;o e/ou a consequente modifica&#231;&#227;o da terapia, estando relacionados ao abandono do tratamento e &#224; suspens&#227;o m&#233;dica, conforme relatos. Os sangramentos menores s&#227;o eventos adversos previs&#237;veis em qualquer terapia anticoagulante;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> por&#233;m, no presente estudo, sua incid&#234;ncia diminuiu consideravelmente ao longo dos trimestres. No que tange &#224; dispepsia, sua ocorr&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m se encontra descrita na literatura mediante o uso do dabigatrana, sendo associada &#224; formula&#231;&#227;o farmac&#234;utica desse medicamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> O pH g&#225;strico afeta a solubilidade de alguns f&#225;rmacos e, por consequ&#234;ncia, sua absor&#231;&#227;o quando administrados por via oral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> No presente caso, o medicamento consiste de c&#225;psulas de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose contendo em seu interior gr&#226;nulos de &#225;cido tart&#225;rico revestidos por etexilato de dabigatrana. O medicamento foi projetado para promover um microambiente &#225;cido, favorecendo a dissolu&#231;&#227;o e a absor&#231;&#227;o do anticoagulante independentemente de varia&#231;&#245;es do pH g&#225;strico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de dispepsia, entretanto, foi menor entre os indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 75 anos, o que pode salientar um mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o &#224; mucosa g&#225;strica decorrente de sua atrofia no idoso, com consequente eleva&#231;&#227;o do pH local.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os inibidores da bomba de pr&#243;tons como o omeprazol s&#227;o altamente prescritos para condi&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao aumento da acidez g&#225;strica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> H&#225; estudos que mostram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre dabigatrana e agentes "gastroprotetores", n&#227;o s&#243; inibidores da bomba de pr&#243;tons como antagonistas de receptores H2 para histamina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Essas associa&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas tamb&#233;m foram observadas no presente trabalho e podem explicar a redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de dispepsia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Entretanto, mudan&#231;as no pH g&#225;strico podem alterar a solubilidade do f&#225;rmaco, e inibidores da bomba de pr&#243;tons t&#234;m se mostrado capazes de diminuir as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de dabigatrana, apesar da intera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ser considerada clinicamente significativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Aparentemente, tais associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o comprometeram a efetividade do anticoagulante no presente estudo, pois n&#227;o foi registrado nenhum evento tromboemb&#243;lico.</p>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome disp&#233;ptica &#233; esperada mediante o uso de antidiab&#233;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> e antiplaquet&#225;rios, especialmente aqueles que diminuem a bioss&#237;ntese de prostaglandinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Talvez, em fun&#231;&#227;o disso, os pacientes em uso de tais medicamentos n&#227;o tenham associado dispepsia ao uso de dabigatrana, assim como descrito por Sherid et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tominaga et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> relataram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a altera&#231;&#227;o da atividade auton&#244;mica e sintomas de dispepsia concluindo que o Tofisopam, um inibidor de fosfodiesterase que eleva os n&#237;veis intracelulares de nucleot&#237;deos c&#237;clicos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> pode ser &#250;til para pacientes com dispepsia funcional. Como betabloqueadores impedem a ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptores adren&#233;rgicos por agonistas end&#243;genos, diminuindo os n&#237;veis citoss&#243;licos de nucleot&#237;deos c&#237;clicos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> podemos relacionar este mecanismo &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de dispepsia observada em usu&#225;rios desta classe de f&#225;rmacos.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos n&#227;o parece ter influenciado a ades&#227;o &#224; terapia anticoagulante. A literatura descreve que problemas emocionais como depress&#227;o podem estar associados &#224; falta de ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso, e que os indiv&#237;duos do g&#234;nero masculino s&#227;o menos propensos ao estresse e menos suscept&#237;veis a altera&#231;&#245;es na sa&#250;de mental,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> o que pode justificar o maior percentual de sujeitos aderentes ao tratamento quando comparado aos n&#227;o aderentes dentre os homens. A literatura ainda re&#250;ne dados que indicam que, de modo geral, os pacientes mais velhos s&#227;o menos aderentes ao tratamento medicamentoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> De fato, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes aderentes foi superior &#224; de n&#227;o aderentes dentre os indiv&#237;duos com idade inferior a 75 anos. Mesmo sem elucidar como, a literatura ainda descreve que a dose do f&#225;rmaco pode, tamb&#233;m, impactar na ades&#227;o ao tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Neste estudo, nos nove primeiros meses de acompanhamento, o percentual daqueles que aderiram ao tratamento foi maior dentre os usu&#225;rios de dabigatrana 110 mg. Entretanto, no quarto trimestre, o percentual de aderentes foi maior dentre os usu&#225;rios da dose de 150 mg.</p>
        <p>Como n&#227;o houve nenhuma ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento maior nem relatos de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, o medicamento pode ser associado, respectivamente, &#224; seguran&#231;a e &#224; efetividade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A dispepsia foi observada em uma frequ&#234;ncia maior do que a esperada. A associa&#231;&#227;o do dabigatrana com medicamentos contendo f&#225;rmacos protetores da mucosa g&#225;strica parece explicar a redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia deste evento adverso, enquanto o uso de betabloqueadores parece aument&#225;-la. Neste estudo, o dabigatrana se mostrou seguro e efetivo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Comiss&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Ensino Superior - CAPES - mediante o fornecimento de bolsas de mestrado.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Luise Barros Martins pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.onlineijcs.org">http://www.onlineijcs.org</ext-link>
					</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
