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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QQy9tnqfCcCS4QQWjq7Yqwb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000400325</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170062</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Green Tea Attenuates Hypotension Induced by Physical Exercise: A Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel Suelen Brito da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ta&#237;s Feitosa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiano Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (UFPB), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alexandre S&#233;rgio Silva</bold>, Rua Silvino Lopes, 410, apto 804. Postal Code: 58039-190, Tamba&#250;, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil. E-mail: <email>alexandresergiosilva@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>ass974@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva AS. Acquisition of data: Miranda Neto M, Silva TF, Lima FF. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Miranda Neto M, Silva RSB, Silva TF, Lima FF, Silva AS. Statistical analysis: Miranda Neto M, Silva TF, Lima FF, Silva AS. Obtaining financing: Silva TF, Silva AS. Writing of the manuscript: Miranda Neto M, Silva RSB, Silva TF, Lima FF, Silva AS. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Miranda Neto M, Silva RSB, Silva TF, Lima FF, Silva AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>325</fpage>
      <lpage>333</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Studies have shown that chronic administration of green tea decreases blood pressure (BP) at rest, while a single exercise session also promotes reduction of BP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate whether if a single dose of green tea prior to aerobic exercise session improves post-exercise hypotension (PEH).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Fifteen hypertensive patients (53 &#177; 3.3 years) participated in two study sessions: green tea+exercise (GTE) and placebo+exercise (PLE). Thirty minutes after ingesting 2 g of green tea or placebo, they performed 60 minutes of treadmill walking at 60 to 85% of maximum heart rate. BP was measured at rest and at every 10 minutes after exercise for 60 minutes. Blood samples were taken before ingestion of green tea or placebo and immediately after exercise to determine malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite (NO) concentrations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>On PLE day, systolic PEH was detected at all post-exercise time points (BP reduction by 6.5-11.8 mmHg), whereas on GTE day, PEH was found only at 20 and 40 minutes post-exercise (BP reduction by 5.9 and 5.8 mmHg, respectively). BP reduction was significantly higher in PLE at 10, 20 and 30 minutes post-exercise compared with GTE. In addition, GTE resulted in hypertensive diastolic response, while on PLE day, diastolic PEH was seen only at 20 minutes post-exercise. No changes in MDA or NO concentrations in response to exercise were observed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Green tea supplementation prior to an aerobic exercise session attenuated systolic PEH and induced diastolic hypertensive response to aerobic exercise in hypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Camellia sinensis / drug effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypotension</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidants</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>It is known that a single bout of aerobic exercise can promote significant and clinically relevant reduction in blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This phenomenon is called post-exercise hypotension (PEH). The magnitude and duration of PEH are dependent of intensity and duration of the exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> However, other factors may influence PEH, such as genetic characteristics<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and initial blood pressure level. Our group has tested the influence of food on PEH and found that isolated caffeine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> or coffee intake before or after exercise,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> abolished hypotension induced by a session of aerobic exercise in hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>Previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> have shown that green tea, despite containing caffeine, promotes reduction of resting BP. This effect can be explained by the high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of catechins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, one cannot disregard the presence of caffeine in green tea, and the possibility that isolated intakes of the beverage result in vasoconstriction and elevation of BP at rest, or attenuation of PEH, similarly to what has been reported with coffee.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>So far, it is unknown whether the consumption of green tea can alleviate PEH or optimize exercise-induced BP reduction due to the presence of antioxidants. Thus, this study was conducted to verify the effect of a single dose of green tea before an aerobic exercise session on BP and oxidative stress response in hypertensive middle-aged adults.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, performed on fifteen hypertensive individuals (8 women) aged 53 &#177; 3.3 years. These subjects were physically active at least 3 months prior to the trial. This sample size was determined based on previous studies in which hypertensive individuals have experienced the phenomenon of PEH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> All patients used anti-hypertensive medications and maintained medication throughout the study period. Diabetic subjects and menopaused women were excluded from the study.</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Health Sciences Centre of the Federal University of Paraiba (identification number 0120/13). All participants signed the informed consent form, according to the National Health Council resolution (no. 466/12).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>Each subject participated in two experiments, performed on two days separated by 48 hours. Experiments were conducted in the afternoon always at the same time. On each day, each participant received one dose of green tea (GTE, green tea + exercise) or placebo (PLE, placebo + exercise) 30 minutes before the aerobic exercise protocol. Heart rate was measured at rest and in every ten minutes during exercise. BP measurements were taken before (at rest), immediately after exercise and in every ten minutes during the 60-minute recovery period after the exercise. Blood samples were collected prior and immediately after exercise for analysis of plasmatic concentration of nitrite (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The experiment protocol is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Experimental design diagram.</title>
              <p>BP: blood pressure; MDA: malondialdehyde; NO: nitrite; HR: heart rate.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0325-70062-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Physical exercise</title>
        <p>Aerobic exercise program consisted of 60-minute of treadmill walking at 60% to 85% of maximum heart rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Heart rate was monitored using a Polar heart rate monitor (Polar RS800CX, Polar ElectroOy, Kempele, Finland). Furthermore, exercise should be performed at intensity between 11 and 14 on Borg and Noble's 6-20 perceived exertion scale.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Supplementation of green tea or placebo</title>
        <p>Green tea and placebo capsules were produced in a compounding laboratory. Green tea dose was based on the study by Panza et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Participants received green tea capsules containing 2 g of concentrated powder - approximately 1,960 mg in polyphenols (636 mg of epigallocatechin gallate) and 20 mg of caffeine - or placebo containing 2 g of cornstarch powder, both swallowed with water. The capsules were administered to patients after blood sample collection. Thirty minutes later, exercise sessions were initiated.</p>
        <p>Regular consumption of green tea, polyphenols, catechins and caffeine, as well as consumption of these products on the previous day were assessed 24-hour recall as proposed by Fisberg et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The instrument was applied on three non-consecutive days to evaluate dietary intake on two weekdays and one weekend day.</p>
        <p>During a 48-hour washout period, prior to the sessions, all participants were instructed to refrain from foods rich in polyphenols and epigallocatechin - dark chocolate, red wine, black and green tea, grapes, and apples. Data were analyzed using the Nutwin software (version 1.5, 2003, Brazil). Hypertensive patients were asked to maintain their eating habits during the study period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure measurement</title>
        <p>BP was measured in triplicate at intervals of one minute between measurements in the arm with the highest reading. Individuals had their BPs checked before (at rest), immediately after, and during the 60-minute period post-exercise. BP at rest was verified after the subjects remained seated for 10 minutes; right after the treadmill walking session, BP was checked in seated position and, during the 60-minute recovery period, measurements were taken every 10 minutes. All measurements were performed according to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and the Brazilian Society of Hypertension guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood collection and laboratory analysis</title>
        <p>Samples of 10 mL of blood were collected from the antecubital vein before and after the exercise, of which 5 mL was placed in test tubes containing EDTA, and carefully homogenized by repeated inversion, and 5 mL was placed in tubes without anticoagulant. The samples were then centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 20 minutes. Plasma was transferred to microtubes and refrigerated until analysis.</p>
        <p>Oxidative activity was quantified by the thiobarbituric acid reaction with products from hydroperoxides decomposition. A volume of 250 &#181;L of sample was homogeneized with KCl and incubated at 37&#176; C in a water bath for 60 minutes. The mixture was then precipitated with 35% perchloric acid and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4&#176; C. The supernatant was transferred to new tubes to which 400 &#181;l of 0.6% thiobarbituric acid was added, and the mixture incubated at 95-100&#176; C for 30 min. After cooling, the material was read by a spectrophotometer at wavelength of 532 nm. NO measurement was based on the Griess method. Reagent was prepared utilizing equal parts of 5% phosphoric acid, 0.1% N-1-naphthalenediamine (NEED), 1% sulphanilamide, 5% in phosphoric acid and distilled water. To accomplish the test, 100 &#181;L of 10% homogenate supernatant made with potassium phosphate buffer was added to 100 &#181;L of Griess reagent. Regarding the control, 100 &#181;L of the reagent was added to 100 &#181;L of buffer and series of dilutions were prepared to construct the standard curve (100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.12, 1.56 &#181;m) of NO concentration. The test was performed in a 96 well-plate template and absorbance was read at 560 nm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>The Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests were used to test the normality and variability of data, respectively. One-way ANOVA test was applied to compare baseline data between the procedures, and repeated measures ANOVA was used for analysis of heart rate and blood pressure measurements. Data are expressed in mean and standard deviation. Statistical significance was set at 0.05. Analyses were performed using the Instat software (GraphPAdInstat, San Diego, CA, USA) version 3.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Subjects had normal glucose and cholesterol levels, and controlled BP despite being diagnosed with hypertension. Before the two experimental procedures, participants had similar values of HR and BP at rest, as well as plasma MDA and NO levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Analyses of the 24-hour recall questionnaires revealed an average consumption of 298 &#177; 67 mg of antioxidants and 135 &#177; 49 mg of caffeine.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline anthropometric, hemodynamic and biochemical data of participants</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">GTE</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PLE</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p values</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HRR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">79.2 &#177; 10.8</td>
              <td align="center">75.5 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBPR (mm/Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">117.6 &#177; 10.0</td>
              <td align="center">118.1 &#177; 12.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBPR (mm/Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">79.3 &#177; 7.8</td>
              <td align="center">79.2 &#177; 8.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">28.7 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">96.6 &#177; 20.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">171.1 &#177; 43.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">44.3 &#177; 16.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">191.8 &#177; 73.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Malondialdehyde (&#181;M)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">5.8 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nitrite (&#181;M)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">67.7 &#177; 43.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>HRR: heart rate at rest; SBPR: systolic blood pressure at rest; DBPR: diastolic blood pressure at rest; BMI: body mass index; GTE: green tea + exercise; PLE: placebo + exercise; HDL: high density lipoprotein. Data as mean and standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There was no statistical difference in HR at any time between both procedures as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>, and the intensity of exercise was similar in both occasions. Ratings of perceived exertion reported by the subjects were 11-14 on Borg scale. However, participants exercised at an intensity that was lower than that requested by the investigators. On the GTE day, the minimum mean intensity reached by hypertensive patients was 27.8 &#177; 12.6% of the HRmax at 10 minutes, whereas the maximum was 52.3 &#177; 12.2% at 60 minutes, with a mean between the minimum and the maximum of 39.8 &#177; 8.7% of the HRmax. On PLE day, the minimum mean intensity was 29.2 &#177; 14.1% at 10 minutes and the maximum was 50.2 &#177; 18.9% at 60 minutes, with an average of 38.0 &#177; 7.0% of the HRmax.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Heart rate response to exercise and green tea or placebo intake.</title>
            <p>Data as mean and standard deviation. No statistically significant difference was observed between procedures (p &gt; 0.05). GTE: green tea + exercise; PLE: placebo + exercise</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0325-70062-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>BP response to exercise can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>. On PLE day, there was a significant decrease in post-exercise systolic BP as compared with the rest period. On the other hand, in the GTE procedure, significant PEH occurred only at 20 and 40 minutes post exercise (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively). The magnitude of PEH was statistically higher on PLE day at 10 to 30 minutes as compared with those on GTE (p = 0.03 for both), indicating a significant PEH inhibition promoted by the ingestion of green tea.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Absolute variation in blood pressure post-exercise compared with systolic (panel A) and diastolic components (panel B) at rest.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0325-70062-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Diastolic PEH occurred only on PLE day, and was significant at 20 minutes of recovery (p = 0.04). The ingestion of green tea caused a post-exercise hypertensive response, unlike the PLE experiment. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). However, no statistical differences were found between diastolic values post-PLE and post-GTE.</p>
      <p>The effects of MDA and NO are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>. There was a subtle, but not relevant reduction in MDA values between pre- and post-exercise conditions in both procedures. Similarly, no changes were observed in NO concentration in response to exercise or to green tea ingestion.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Plasma malondialdehyde (panel A) and nitrite (panel B) before and after exercise session.</title>
            <p>Data as mean and standard deviation. GTE: green tea + exercise; PLE: placebo + exercise. There was no statistically significant difference between pre and post-exercise in all moments (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0325-70062-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Data presented in this study showed that the ingestion of green tea significantly inhibited systolic hypotension and promoted a subtle hypertensive diastolic response after a session of aerobic exercise in middle-aged hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>Previous studies of Bogdanski et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and Mozaffari-Khosravi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> showed that treatment with 379 mg of green tea for three months and 3 g for four months, respectively, resulted in decreased BP in hypertensive adults. This benefits of green tea are attributed to its high content of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory catechins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Nonetheless, this data may not reflect the effects of a single dose of green tea administration neither in BP nor in antioxidant activity in response to a session of physical exercise. Belza et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> found that a single dose of green tea (500 mg) did not cause significant effects on the blood pressure response of young adults. The study, however, did not include physical exercise in its protocol.</p>
      <p>In addition, a single dose of green tea would not be enough to promote an antioxidant activity that could potentiate the PEH. On the other hand, it is known that the vasoconstrictor effects of caffeine occur soon after intestinal absorption, reaching its maximal bloodstream concentration in 15 to 120 minutes after ingestion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> This is reinforced by previous studies showing that intravenous,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> oral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> administration of caffeine and even coffee intake<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> promoted a hypertensive response after sessions of aerobic exercises. Therefore, in spite of the various substances present in green tea, we may suggest that caffeine contained in green tea was responsible for the attenuating effect on PEH and the hypertensive diastolic response observed in this study.</p>
      <p>As far as we know, this was the first study to investigate the effects of green tea ingestion on post-exercise BP response. Arazi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> supplemented hypertensive women for three weeks prior to the intervention with resistance exercise. The authors showed no changes in PEH, except in mean arterial pressure immediately and 15 minutes after the exercise session. Comparisons between these results with ours are inadequate because these authors worked with chronic supplementation and resistance exercise, while we investigated a single dose of green tea and aerobic exercise.</p>
      <p>Practical implication of these findings is that it is common for people to use green tea in their diets. This type of tea is one of the most popular drinks in the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Thus, hypertensive consumers must be instructed to avoid the ingestion of green tea prior, during or after exercise sessions. However, since this is the first study to demonstrate that green tea ingestion affects BP response to exercise, it is prudent that further studies be undertaken to confirm the presence of other influential factors, as well as green tea dose-dependent effects and duration of the effects.</p>
      <p>The following aspects should be considered in future studies: first, it is still necessary to know how long before or after exercise the ingestion of green tea could affect the PEH. Our results suggest a 30 minute-period before exercise. Second, our study did not determine the duration of green tea effects on post-exercise BP. To clarify this point, further studies should include a longer BP monitoring period after exercise than that we used in the present study (60 minutes). Third, other dosages of green tea should be tested, to analyze whether doses lower than 2 g (used in this study) would prevent the post-exercise hypertensive phenomenon. Finally, since the subjects of this study were not regular users of green tea prior to the study, we cannot affirm that attenuation in PEH in response to 2 g of green tea intake would also be observed in regular consumers.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Data obtained from this study showed that 2 g of green tea supplementation prior to a session of aerobic exercises decreases the magnitude of post-exercise systolic hypotension and promotes a diastolic hypertensive response after exercise in middle-aged hypertensive patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Pr&#243;-reitoria de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa - PRPG, Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We thank the Committee of Postgraduate Studies of the Federal University of Paraiba.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ch&#225; Verde Atenua a Hipotens&#227;o Induzida por Exerc&#237;cio: Um Estudo Randomizado, Placebo-Controlado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel Suelen Brito da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ta&#237;s Feitosa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiano Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (UFPB), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexandre S&#233;rgio Silva</bold>, Rua Silvino Lopes, 410, apto 804. CEP: 58039-190, Tamba&#250;, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil. E-mail: <email>alexandresergiosilva@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>ass974@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva AS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Miranda Neto M, Silva TF, Lima FF. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Miranda Neto M, Silva RSB, Silva TF, Lima FF, Silva AS. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Miranda Neto M, Silva TF, Lima FF, Silva AS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Silva TF, Silva AS. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Miranda Neto M, Silva RSB, Silva TF, Lima FF, Silva AS. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Miranda Neto M, Silva RSB, Silva TF, Lima FF, Silva AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Estudos mostram que a administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de ch&#225; verde reduz a press&#227;o arterial (PA) de repouso, enquanto que uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio tamb&#233;m promove redu&#231;&#227;o da PA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar se uma &#250;nica dose de ch&#225; verde antes da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio melhora a hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (HPE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo randomizado, placebo-controlado, duplo cego. Quinze pacientes hipertensos (53 &#177; 3,3 anos) participaram de duas sess&#245;es: ch&#225; verde + exerc&#237;cio (CVE) e placebo + exerc&#237;cio (PLE). Trinta minutos ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o de 2 g de ch&#225; verde ou placebo, os pacientes realizaram 60 minutos de caminhada na esteira a 60-85% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima. A PA foi medida em repouso e a cada 10 minutos ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio por 60 minutos. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas antes da ingest&#227;o do ch&#225; verde ou placebo e imediatamente ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio para determinar as concentra&#231;&#245;es de malondialde&#237;do (MDA) e nitrito (NO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>No dia PLE, a HPE foi detectada em todos os tempos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (redu&#231;&#227;o na PA de 6,5 a 11,8 mmHg), enquanto que no dia CVE, HPE ocorreu somente aos 20 e 40 minutos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, respectivamente. A redu&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea foi significativamente maior no PLE aos 10, 20 e 30 minutos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o a CVE. Al&#233;m disso, CVE causou uma resposta diast&#243;lica hipertensiva, enquanto no dia PLE, a HPE diast&#243;lica foi observada somente aos 20 minutos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. N&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de MDA ou NO em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A suplementa&#231;&#227;o com ch&#225; verde anterior a uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico atenuou a HPE sist&#243;lica e induziu uma resposta hipertensiva ao exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd><italic>Camellia sinensis</italic> / efeitos de drogas</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipotens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidantes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Sabe-se que uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico pode promover uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa e clinicamente relevante na press&#227;o arterial (PA) em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Esse fen&#244;meno &#233; chamado de hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (HPE). A magnitude e a dura&#231;&#227;o da HPE dependem da intensidade e da dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No entanto, outros fatores podem influenciar a HPE, tais como caracter&#237;sticas gen&#233;ticas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea inicial. Nosso grupo testou a influ&#234;ncia do alimento sobre a HPE e encontrou que a ingest&#227;o de cafe&#237;na isolada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> ou de caf&#233;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> antes e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio aboliu a hipotens&#227;o induzida por uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> demonstraram que o ch&#225; verde, apesar de conter cafe&#237;na, promove redu&#231;&#227;o da PA de repouso. Tal efeito pode ser explicado pela alta capacidade antioxidante e anti-inflamat&#243;ria das catequinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Contudo, a presen&#231;a de cafe&#237;na no ch&#225; verde n&#227;o pode ser negligenciada, bem como a possibilidade de que a ingest&#227;o de doses isoladas da bebida promova vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o e eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA de repouso, ou ainda atenua&#231;&#227;o da HPE, similarmente ao demonstrado previamente com caf&#233;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o se sabe se o consumo de ch&#225; verde pode amenizar a HPE ou otimizar a redu&#231;&#227;o na PA induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio pela presen&#231;a de antioxidantes. Portanto, o presente estudo foi conduzido para verificar o efeito de uma &#250;nica dose de ch&#225; verde oferecido antes de uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico sobre a PA e o estresse oxidativo em adultos hipertensos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sujeitos</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, placebo controlado, conduzido em 15 indiv&#237;duos hipertensos (8 mulheres) com idade de 53 &#177; 3,3 anos. Todos eram fisicamente ativos pelo menos 3 meses anteriores ao estudo. O tamanho da amostra foi determinado com base em estudos pr&#233;vios em que indiv&#237;duos hipertensos sofreram HPE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Todos os pacientes eram usu&#225;rios de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva e a mantiveram durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos e mulheres na menopausa foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (processo n&#250;mero 0120/13). Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, de acordo com a resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#250;mero 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
          <p>Cada indiv&#237;duo participou de dois experimentos, realizados em dois dias separados por 48 horas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos sempre no mesmo hor&#225;rio, &#224; tarde. No dia do estudo, cada participante recebeu uma dose de ch&#225; verde (CVE, ch&#225; verde + exerc&#237;cio) ou placebo (PE, placebo + exerc&#237;cio) 30 minutos antes da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi medida em repouso e a cada dez minutos durante exerc&#237;cio. Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea foi medida a cada dez minutos durante o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o (60 minutos) ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, ou no per&#237;odo equivalente em que permaneceram sentados. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes e imediatamente ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio ou ap&#243;s per&#237;odo equivalente sem exerc&#237;cio para an&#225;lise da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de nitrito (NO) e malondialde&#237;do (MDA). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref> ilustra, esquematicamente, o protocolo do estudo.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Diagrama do delineamento experimental.</title>
                <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; MDA: malondialde&#237;do; NO: nitrito; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0325-70062-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</title>
          <p>O programa de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico consistiu em 60 minutos de caminhada em esteira na intensidade de 60% a 80% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi monitorada utilizando-se um monitor Polar (Polar RS800CX, Polar ElectroOy, Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia). Al&#233;m disso, o exerc&#237;cio deveria ser realizado em uma intensidade entre 11 a 14 na escala de 6 a 20 de percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do esfor&#231;o de Borg e Noble.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Suplementa&#231;&#227;o de ch&#225; verde ou placebo</title>
          <p>As c&#225;psulas de ch&#225; verde e de placebo foram produzidas em um laborat&#243;rio de manipula&#231;&#227;o. A dose de ch&#225; verde foi estabelecida com base no estudo de Panza et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Os participantes receberam c&#225;psulas de ch&#225; verde contendo 2 g de p&#243; concentrado - aproximadamente 1960 mg em polifenois (636 mg de epigalocatequina galato) e 20 mg de cafe&#237;na - ou placebo contendo 2 g de amido de milho em p&#243;, ambos ingeridos com &#225;gua. As c&#225;psulas foram administradas aos pacientes ap&#243;s a coleta de sangue. Trinta minutos depois, a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio era iniciada.</p>
          <p>O consumo regular de ch&#225; verde, polifenois, catequinas e cafe&#237;na, bem como o consumo desses produtos e compostos no dia anterior foi avaliado pelo m&#233;todo de recordat&#243;rio 24 horas proposto por Fisberg et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O instrumento foi aplicado em tr&#234;s dias n&#227;o consecutivos para avaliar o consumo alimentar de dois dias da semana e um dia no fim de semana.</p>
          <p>Durante um per&#237;odo de 48 horas antes das sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio, todos os participantes foram orientados a n&#227;o consumirem alimentos ricos em polifenois e epigalocatequina - chocolate amargo, vinho tinto, ch&#225; verde, ch&#225; preto, uvas e ma&#231;&#227;s. Os dados foram analisados usando o programa Nutwin (vers&#227;o 1.5, 2003, Brasil). Os indiv&#237;duos hipertensos foram solicitados a manterem sua alimenta&#231;&#227;o habitual durante o per&#237;odo de estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida de press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea</title>
          <p>A PA foi medida em triplicata, em intervalos de um minuto entre as medidas, no bra&#231;o em que foi feita a maior medida de PA. As medidas foram realizadas antes, imediatamente ap&#243;s, e durante o per&#237;odo de 60 minutos ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio. A PA de repouso foi verificada ap&#243;s os indiv&#237;duos permanecerem sentados durante 10 minutos. Logo ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de caminhada na esteira, a PA foi medida com os indiv&#237;duos sentados e, durante o per&#237;odo de repouso (60 minutos), as medidas foram realizadas a cada 10 minutos. Todas as medidas foram realizadas seguindo-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de amostras sangu&#237;neas e an&#225;lise laboratorial</title>
          <p>Um volume de 10 mL foi coletado da veia antecubital antes e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio. Desse, 5 mL foi transferido para tubos contendo EDTA e cuidadosamente homogeneizado por invers&#227;o, e 5 mL foi transferido para tubos sem anticoagulantes. Em seguida, as amostras foram centrifugadas a 3000 rpm por 20 minutos. O plasma foi transferido para microtubos e refrigerado at&#233; ser analisado.</p>
          <p>A atividade oxidativa foi quantificada pela rea&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico com produtos da decomposi&#231;&#227;o de hidroper&#243;xidos. Um volume de 250 &#181;L da amostra foi homogeneizado com KCl, e incubado a 37<sup>&#176;</sup>C em banho-maria por 60 minutos. A mistura foi precipitada com &#225;cido percl&#243;rico a 35% e centrifugado a 14000 rpm por 10 minutos a 4<sup>&#176;</sup>C. O sobrenadante foi transferido para outros tubos, aos quais 400 &#181;l de &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico a 0.6% foram adicionados, e a mistura incubada a 95-100&#176; C por 30 min. Ap&#243;s resfriado, o material foi lido por um espectrofot&#244;metro em comprimento de onda de 532 nm. A dosagem de nitrito baseou-se no m&#233;todo de <italic>Griess</italic>. O reagente foi preparado utilizando-se partes iguais de &#225;cido fosf&#243;rico 5%, N-1-diaminonaftaleno 0,1%, sulfanilamida 1%, &#225;cido fosf&#243;rico 5% e &#225;gua destilada. Para realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste, 100 &#181;L do sobrenadante homogeneizado 10% constitu&#237;do por tamp&#227;o fosfato pot&#225;ssio foi adicionado a 100 &#181;L de reagente Griess. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao branco (controle da rea&#231;&#227;o) 100 &#181;L do reagente foi adicionado a 100 &#181;L do tamp&#227;o, e uma s&#233;rie de dilui&#231;&#245;es foi preparada para construir a curva padr&#227;o (100; 50; 25; 12,5; 6,25; 3,12; 1,56 &#181;m) das concentra&#231;&#245;es de nitrito. O teste foi realizado em uma placa de 96 po&#231;os, e a absorb&#226;ncia determinada a 560 nm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>O teste de Shapiro-Wilk e o teste de Levene foram usados para testar a normalidade e variabilidade dos dados, respectivamente. A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) univariada foi usada para comparar dados basais entre os procedimentos, e a ANOVA de medidas repetidas foi usada para analisar as medidas de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea. Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. O valor de p &lt; 0.05 foi adotado como estatisticamente significativo. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando-se o programa Instat (GraphPAdInstat, San Diego, CA, EUA), vers&#227;o 3.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos apresentaram valores plasm&#225;ticos normais de glicose e colesterol, e PA controlada apesar do diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o. Antes dos experimentos, os participantes apresentavam valores similares de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e PA de repouso, al&#233;m dos valores plasm&#225;ticos de MDA e NO (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). As an&#225;lises dos question&#225;rios de recordat&#243;rio 24 horas mostraram uma m&#233;dia de consumo de 298 &#177; 67 mg de antioxidantes e 135 &#177; 49 mg de cafe&#237;na.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados antropom&#233;tricos, hemodin&#226;micos e bioqu&#237;micos dos participantes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">CVE</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PLE</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valores p </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FCR(bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">79,2 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">75,5 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PASR (mm/Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">117,6 &#177; 10,0</td>
                <td align="center">118,1 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PADR (mm/Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">79,3 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">79,2 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">28,7 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">96,6 &#177; 20,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">171,1 &#177; 43,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">44,3 &#177; 16,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">191,8 &#177; 73,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Malondialde&#237;do (&#181;M)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nitrito (&#181;M)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">67,7 &#177; 43,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>FCR: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso; PASR: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de repouso; PADR: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica de repouso; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CVE: ch&#225; verde + exerc&#237;cio; PLE: placebo + exerc&#237;cio; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade. Dados em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre os dois procedimentos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>), e a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio foi similar entre esses dois dias. Os participantes deram uma pontua&#231;&#227;o entre 11 e 14 na escala Borg. No entanto, a intensidade em que se exercitaram foi inferior &#224;quela solicitada pelos pesquisadores. No dia CVE, a intensidade m&#237;nima m&#233;dia alcan&#231;ada pelos pacientes foi de 27,8 &#177; 12,6% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima aos 10 minutos, e a intensidade m&#225;xima foi de 52,3 &#177; 12,2% aos 60 minutos, com uma m&#233;dia entre os valores m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo de 39,8 &#177; 8,7% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima. No dia PE, a intensidade m&#237;nima m&#233;dia alcan&#231;ada pelos pacientes foi 29,2 &#177; 14,1% m&#225;xima aos 10 minutos, e a intensidade m&#225;xima foi de 50,2 &#177; 18,9% aos 60 minutos, com uma m&#233;dia entre os valores m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo de 38,0 &#177; 7,0% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em resposta &#224; ingest&#227;o de ch&#225; verde ou placebo.</title>
              <p>Dados em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os procedimentos (p &gt; 0,05). CVE: ch&#225; verde + exerc&#237;cio; PLE: placebo + exerc&#237;cio</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0325-70062-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A resposta da PA &#233; representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>. No dia PLE, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PA sist&#243;lica p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo de repouso. Por outro lado, no dia CVE, HPE significativa ocorreu somente aos 20 e 40 minutos ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio (p = 0,02 e p = 0,03, respectivamente). A magnitude da HPE foi estatisticamente maior no dia PLE aos 10 e 30 minutos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao dia CVE (p = 0,03 para ambos), indicando uma inibi&#231;&#227;o significativa da HPE promovida pela ingest&#227;o de ch&#225; verde.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta na press&#227;o arterial p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o a componentes sist&#243;licos (A) e diast&#243;licos (B).</title>
              <p>* HPE estatisticamente significativo (p &lt; 0,05); # p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o a placebo.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0325-70062-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A HPE ocorreu somente no dia PLE, e foi significativa aos 20 minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,04). A ingest&#227;o de ch&#225; verde gerou uma hipertens&#227;o em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio, diferente do observado ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o de placebo seguido de exerc&#237;cio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>). No entanto, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre valores diast&#243;licos p&#243;s-PLE e p&#243;s-CVE.</p>
        <p>Os efeitos do MDA e do NO s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>. Observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o sutil, por&#233;m n&#227;o relevante, entre os valores de MDA pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio e p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em ambos os procedimentos. Ainda, n&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as na concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio ou &#224; ingest&#227;o de ch&#225; verde.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Malondialde&#237;do (A) e nitrito (B) antes e ap&#243;s sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</title>
              <p>Dados em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. CVE: ch&#225; verde + exerc&#237;cio; PLE: placebo + exerc&#237;cio. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nos valores pr&#233; e p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (p &gt; 0,05</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0325-70062-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os dados apresentados neste estudo mostraram que a ingest&#227;o de ch&#225; verde inibiu significativamente hipotens&#227;o sist&#243;lica e promoveu uma resposta diast&#243;lica hipertensiva leve ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em pacientes hipertensos de meia idade.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios de Bogdanski et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e Mozaffari-Khosravi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> mostraram que o tratamento com 379 mg de ch&#225; verde por tr&#234;s meses e 3 g por quatro meses, respectivamente, resultou em diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA em adultos hipertensos. Os benef&#237;cios do ch&#225; verde s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos ao alto teor de antioxidantes e catequinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> No entanto, esses dados podem n&#227;o refletir os efeitos de uma &#250;nica dose de ch&#225; verde na PA ou na atividade antioxidante em resposta &#224; sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Belza et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> relataram que uma &#250;nica dose de ch&#225; verde (500 mg) n&#227;o causou efeitos significativos na PA em adultos jovens. Esse estudo, por&#233;m, n&#227;o incluiu exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em seu protocolo.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, uma &#250;nica dose de ch&#225; verde n&#227;o seria suficiente para promover atividade antioxidante capaz de potencializar a HPE. Contudo, sabe-se que os efeitos vasoconstritores da cafe&#237;na ocorre logo ap&#243;s a absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal, atingindo a m&#225;xima concentra&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea 15 a 120 minutos ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Tal fato &#233; refor&#231;ado por estudos pr&#233;vios mostrando que a administra&#231;&#227;o endovenosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> ou oral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> da cafe&#237;na, ou mesmo a ingest&#227;o de caf&#233;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> promoveu uma resposta hipertensiva ap&#243;s sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos. Portanto, apesar de v&#225;rias subst&#226;ncias presentes no ch&#225; verde, podemos sugerir que a cafe&#237;na presente no ch&#225; verde foi respons&#225;vel por atenuar a HPE e a resposta diast&#243;lica hipertensiva observada neste estudo.</p>
        <p>Em nosso conhecimento, este foi o primeiro estudo a investigar os efeitos do ch&#225; verde sobre a PA p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Arazi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> suplementou mulheres hipertensas por tr&#234;s semanas antes da interven&#231;&#227;o com exerc&#237;cio resistido. Os autores mostraram que n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;as na HPE, com exce&#231;&#227;o da PA m&#233;dia imediatamente ap&#243;s e 15 minutos ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre esses resultados com os nossos s&#227;o inadequadas, uma vez que esses autores investigaram os efeitos de suplementa&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e exerc&#237;cio resistido, diferente de nosso estudo em que foram estudados os efeitos de uma &#250;nica dose de ch&#225; verde e exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico.</p>
        <p>Uma implica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica desses achados &#233; o fato de que &#233; comum as pessoas consumirem ch&#225; verde na dieta. O ch&#225; verde &#233; uma das bebidas mais populares no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Assim, consumidores hipertensos devem ser orientados a evitarem a ingest&#227;o de ch&#225; verde antes, durante ou ap&#243;s sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios. Contudo, uma vez que este &#233; o primeiro estudo a demonstrar que a ingest&#227;o de ch&#225; verde afeta a PA em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio, sugere-se que novos estudos sejam realizados para confirmar a presen&#231;a de outros fatores influentes, bem como os efeitos dependentes da dose de ch&#225; verde e a dura&#231;&#227;o desses efeitos.</p>
        <p>Os seguintes aspectos devem ser considerados em estudos futuros: primeiramente, ainda &#233; necess&#225;rio saber quanto tempo antes e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio a ingest&#227;o de ch&#225; verde afetaria a HPE. Nossos resultados sugerem um per&#237;odo de 30 minutos antes do exerc&#237;cio. Segundo, nosso estudo n&#227;o determinou a dura&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos do ch&#225; verde sobre a PA p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Para esclarecer esse ponto, outros estudos devem incluir um per&#237;odo mais longo de monitoramento da PA ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio que o usado neste estudo (60 minutos). Terceiro, outras dosagens de ch&#225; verde deveriam ser testadas, para analisar se doses inferiores a 2 g (usada neste estudo) preveniria o fen&#244;meno hipertensivo p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Finalmente, uma vez que os indiv&#237;duos deste estudo n&#227;o eram consumidores regulares de ch&#225; verde antes do estudo, n&#227;o podemos afirmar que a atenua&#231;&#227;o na HPE em resposta &#224; ingest&#227;o de 2 g de ch&#225; verde seria tamb&#233;m observada em consumidores regulares.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os dados obtidos neste estudo mostraram que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com 2 g de ch&#225; verde anterior a uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico diminui a magnitude da hipotens&#227;o sist&#243;lica p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio e promove uma resposta diast&#243;lica hipertensiva p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em pacientes hipertensos de meia idade.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Pr&#243;-reitoria de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa - PRPG, Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.onlineijcs.org">http://www.onlineijcs.org</ext-link>
					</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos &#224; Comiss&#227;o de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
