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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">stQNHVC7RDv6ShJJXGbhCTJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000400307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170049</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Probabilistic Model for Prediction of Prognostics in Myocardial Revascularization: Complications in Coronary Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Valcellos Jos&#233; da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Argolo</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Nilzo Augusto Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto Ferreira da</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica,</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA - Brazil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Felipe Coelho Argolo</bold>, Rua Oito de Dezembro, 190. Postal Code: 40150-000, Gra&#231;a, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>felipe.c.argolo@hotmail.com</email>, <email>felipe.c.argolo@h1estatistica.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Viana VJC, Ribeiro NAM, Silva Junior AF. Acquisition of data: Viana VJC, Ribeiro NAM, Silva Junior AF. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Argolo FC, Correia LCL. Statistical analysis: Argolo FC. Writing of the manuscript: Viana VJC. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Correia LCL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>307</fpage>
      <lpage>312</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Introduction:</title>
          <p>Risk scores evaluate pre-operatory risk and present support for clinical decisions, however the performance of these tools in samples different from the original ones remains unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>Investigate the external validity of risk scores (STS and Euroscore) in cardiac surgery and the predictive performance of clinical features derived from the sample.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective Cohort study conducted between October, 2010, and April, 2015. We used logistic regression to identify risk factors for hospital morbidity. The sample was divided for cross-validation, with 2/3 of the patients selected for model fitting and 1/3 for prediction testing. The performance of risk scores and clinical features was evaluated through AUROC and calibraton the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (H-L).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Data was retrieved from 472 patients who underwent coronary cardiac surgery in Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa, BA. Mean age was 62.8 years old and 32.5% of the sample were women. Traditional surgical risk scores did not present significant discriminative performance for this sample. Factors associated with the outcome after adjusting for covariates were: age, previous myocardial revascularization and pre-surgical creatinine levels. The adjusted model presented similar discrimination and calibration values during training (AUROC = 0,72; IC 95% 0,59-0,84; H-L valor p: 0,41) and validation (AUROC = 0,70; IC 95% 0,55 - 0,84; H-L valor p: 0,197).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Traditional scores may be inaccurate when applied to different environments. New risk scores with good predictive power can be developed using local clinical variables.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Thoracic Surgery/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Forecasting</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Multivariate probabilistic models have been used in cardiac surgery to estimate the risk of fatal and nonfatal complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The goal is to evaluate the balance between risks and benefits of procedures for patients, with a better allocation of resources.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> There are some risk scores of death and occurrence of complications in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery such as EuroSCORE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and STS Score.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Assessing the prognosis related to the natural history of a clinical condition, predictive variables are reproducible in different settings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> On the other hand, when predicting the success or complications of medical procedures, it is possible that predictor variables have a variable value depending on the environment in which the procedure is implemented. This is because differences in the way a treatment is applied can make patients more or less vulnerable to risk determinants. Using a retrospective cohort performed at a tertiary hospital in Salvador, the present study aimed to test the external validity of traditional risk scores for surgical myocardial revascularization, to identify risk markers for myocardial revascularization surgery, and to construct a regional prediction model for complications related to the procedure.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>Observational study of a retrospective cohort, using a database retrieved from the institution's records, fed with variables recorded between preoperative and patient discharge, used for research, after approval by the hospital's ethics council, under the registry number 24304713.9.3001.5544.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample selection criteria</title>
        <p>All patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery at our service at Santa Izabel Hospital between October 2010 and April 2015 were included in the study sample. Patients with associated surgeries or those performed at other institutions were excluded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variables studied</title>
        <p>The variables included in the analysis were: Gender, age, weight, height, body mass index, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - use of bronchodilator or corticoid, peripheral arteriopathy - intermittent claudication, carotid artery obstruction greater than 50%; left ventricular dysfunction - moderate 30-50% and significant less than 30%; previous neurological dysfunction - motor dysfunction affecting ambulation or daily function; previous cardiac surgery - previous opening of the pericardium; pre-and postoperative serum creatinine; endocarditis - antibiotic therapy for endocarditis at the time of surgery; unstable angina - use of venous nitrate; recent infarction - less than 90 days; pulmonary hypertension - pulmonary artery systolic pressure greater than 60 mmHg; previous myocardial revascularization; post-infarction ventricular septal defect; diabetes - use of oral hypoglycemic or insulin; smoking; hypertension - antihypertensive use; dyslipidemia - total cholesterol greater than 200 mg / dl, hypertriglyceridemia greater than 150 mg / dl, HDL cholesterol less than 40 mg / dl women and less than 50 mg / dl men; number of coronary lesions greater than 75%; left coronary trunk lesion greater than 50%; preoperative hypoxemia - artery oxygen pressure lower than 60 mmHg, emergency / urgency surgery - need for intervention within 48 hours due to imminent risk of death or unstable clinical-hemodynamic status; hemodynamic instability - ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest, mechanical ventilation, intra-aortic balloon use.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definition of outcome</title>
        <p>The main analysis was performed considering the composite outcome of major morbidity, including: stroke, stroke (central neurological deficit persisting for more than 72 hours); Prolonged intubation (more than 48 hours); Reoperation (tamponade or hemostasis); Mediastinitis (need for surgical reintervention, plus antibiotic therapy with or without positive culture), and death within 30 days after the surgical procedure. The events that made up the outcome were chosen based on models developed and validated from previous studies in cardiovascular surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Three logistic regression models were adjusted to test the predictive power of the scores in the sample: <italic>EuroSCORE, STS Mortality, and STS Morbidity</italic>. Each model was adjusted using the points of the respective score as the only independent variable. A proper model was adjusted following the algorithm proposed by Hosmer and Lemeshow<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> considering results of bivariate analysis and biological plausibility. The sample was divided into two parts: cohort derivation, intended for bivariate analysis and fit of the models (2/3 of the original sample, randomly selected); Cohort validation to test the obtained model (1/3 of the original sample, randomly selected). After obtaining the coefficients from the sample used for derivation, the model was tested using the validation sample. The Area under ROC Curve (AUROC) and model adequacy statistics are presented for comparison purposes. The analyzes were conducted using the programming language and R development environment.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Between October 2010 and April 2015, information from 472 consecutive patients submitted to myocardial revascularization was included in the database. No patient was excluded because of lack of information. The mean age was 63 &#177; 8.6 years, 22.5% were women, 37% were diabetics, 32% were smokers, 18% had left ventricular dysfunction and 29% had left coronary artery disease. The incidence of the composite outcome was 37 cases (7.8%), resulting in death 12 (2.5%), stroke 15 (3.2%), cardiac tamponade 4 (0.8%), reoperation for revision of hemostasis 9 (1.9%), mediastinitis 1 (0.2%) and prolonged intubation 21 (4.4%).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Prognostic value of traditional risk scores</title>
      <p>The EuroSCORE did not show accuracy for prediction of surgical complications, with C-statistic of 0.507 (95% CI 0.415 - 0.599, p = 0.310). The same was observed with the STS score, with STS Morbidity C-statistic of 0.568 (95% CI 0.473-0.665, p = 0.160) and STS Mortality of 0.550 (95% CI 0.452-0.643, p = 0.860). - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A: STS Mortality; B: STS Morbidity; C: Euroscore.</title>
            <p>ROC Curves.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0307-70049-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Derivation of the proper model</title>
        <p>The variables predictor candidates were selected in 2/3 random of the total sample through univariate analysis, considering statistical significance (p &lt; 0.20). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Multiple logistic regression analysis according to Hosmer-Lemeshow algorithm: cerebrovascular disease, previous myocardial revascularization, previous creatinine, age and ejection fraction.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Bivariate analysis for combined outcome in derivation sub sample</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total <break/>(n = 304)</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Combined outcome</th>
                <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Value p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">No <break/>(n = 281)</th>
                <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Yes <break/>(n = 23)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">62.4 &#177; 8.9</td>
                <td align="center">61.9 &#177; 8.9</td>
                <td align="center">67.6 &#177; 8.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">228 (75.0)</td>
                <td align="center">209 (74.4)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (82.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.531</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI(Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">26.6 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">26.6 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.788</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous clearance <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">//</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">83 (68 - 103)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (68 - 104)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (69 - 91)</td>
                <td align="center">0.454</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous creatinine <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">//</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0.8 - 1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 (0.8 - 1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (0.9 - 1.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COPD <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2.0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peripheral artery disease</td>
                <td align="center">13 (4.3)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (3.9)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.619</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (In use of Hypoglycemic agent + Insulin)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (35.9)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (35.6)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (39.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.909</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vascular Brain Disease</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> Previous CABG</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1.6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Emergency</td>
                <td align="center">19 (6.2)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (6.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoker</td>
                <td align="center">94 (30.9)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (31.3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (26.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.900</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antyhipertensive drug</td>
                <td align="center">263 (86.5)</td>
                <td align="center">242 (86.1)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (91.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.728</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipedemia</td>
                <td align="center">263 (86.5)</td>
                <td align="center">243 (86.5)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (87.0)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coronary trunk lesion</td>
                <td align="center">87 (28.6)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (29.2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (21.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.597</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection Fraction</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 50</td>
                <td align="center">238 (78.3)</td>
                <td align="center">221 (78.6)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (73.9)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.099</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">50-30</td>
                <td align="center">52 (17.1)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (21.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 30</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4.3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>BMI: body mass index;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>COPD: chronic obstructive coronary disease;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>MR: myocardial revascularization. All data presented with n (%), except stated otherwise.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>Mean +- Standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>//</label>
              <p>Average (percentile 25 - percentile 75).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The independent predictors, related to outcome, identified in the final model according to their statistical significance were: previous myocardial revascularization (OR 8.519 95% CI 1.026-59.381 p = 0.029), previous creatinine (OR 2,217 95% CI 0.815-6.018 p = 0.095) and age (OR 1.081 95% CI 1.025-1.145 p = 0.006). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. In the shunt sample (2/3 of the total sample) the ROC curve was 0.72 (95% CI 0.60-0.84, p &lt; 0.001). The resulting logistics model followed the formula below:</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coefficients for adjusted models</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Suitable model<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Odds Ratio<break/>(IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Coefficient</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Default error</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p Value of the <break/>coefficient <break/>(Statistics Wald)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous myocardial revascularization</td>
                <td align="center">8.519<break/>(1.026 - 59.381)</td>
                <td align="center">2.142</td>
                <td align="center">0.979</td>
                <td align="center">0.029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous creatinine</td>
                <td align="center">2.217<break/>(0.815 - 6.018)</td>
                <td align="center">0.796</td>
                <td align="center">0.476</td>
                <td align="center">0.095</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">1.081<break/>(1.025 - 1.145)</td>
                <td align="center">0.077</td>
                <td align="center">0.028</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE &#8804; 50</td>
                <td align="center">1.251<break/>(0.360 - 3.617)</td>
                <td align="center">0.224</td>
                <td align="center">0.577</td>
                <td align="center">0.698</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vascular Brain Disease</td>
                <td align="center">1.398<break/>(0.506 - 397.795)</td>
                <td align="center">2.637</td>
                <td align="center">1.489</td>
                <td align="center">0.077</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Constant Value for Model: -8,422; Default error: 1,955; p Value: &lt; 0,001</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <disp-formula id="e1">
            <mml:math id="e01">
              <mml:semantics>
                <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">P</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">y</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mfenced>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                      <mml:msup>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">e</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mn>8</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mn>422</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mn>07</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">Age</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mn>14</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">M</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                            <mml:msub>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">R</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">prev</mml:mi>
                            </mml:msub>
                            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mn>07</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                            <mml:msub>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">Cr</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">prev</mml:mi>
                            </mml:msub>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:mfenced>
                      </mml:msup>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mstyle>
              </mml:semantics>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>AgePrevious</title>
        <p>Validation was performed in 168 patients (1/3 of the total sample) randomly selected. The score was discriminated by the area under the ROC curve of 0.70 (95% CI: 0.55-0.84); P = 0.008. Calibration by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p = 0.197).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The use of multivariate models in the form of scores represents the most accurate mean to predict risk, being superior to that predicted subjectively by clinical impression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> And even showing good accuracy in different populations, especially in the clinical context,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> the results of the present study suggest greater caution regarding the external validity of these scores in the field of cardiac surgery. In addition, a score developed in our local sample demonstrated good accuracy in an independent validation cohort, which may be the predictor in places with different characteristics of the traditional score validator centers. Models not readjusted to the local context may present bias in predicting risk in cardiac surgery and should be systematically compared with regional models.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Among the various scores used to predict death and occurrence of complications in cardiac surgery, EuroSCORE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and STSscore<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> are the most widespread and validated. Since the end of the nineties, several centers have used EuroSCORE to validate it.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In the United States, it was more accurate compared to other predictor models when validated in the database with more than 500.000 patients of the Society of Thorac Surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, a systematic review evaluating the performance of the EuroSCORE concluded that the model overestimates surgical risk based on five studies of different nationalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The present study corroborates the findings, finding unsatisfactory results for the predictive capacity of the evaluated scores, in contrast to a good performance of the locally adjusted model. The development of local risk scores presents growth, finding difficulties in implementation, but presenting progressive improvements and contributing to the identification of risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A recent body of results shows a better performance of models fitted with local data in relation to EuroSCORE, Parsonet Score and Ontario Risk Score.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Other studies in cardiovascular surgery suggest that most information on prognosis is contained in a few clinical variables, showing that simple models are as effective as complex models.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Although it is better suited than traditional scores, the score derived from the sample in this study is not intended for use in other services. Performing in only one center limits the external validity, where characteristics of the patients and the care body of the institution may vary.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Risk scores in cardiovascular surgery should be revalidated locally and the development of simple local predictive models may present better results in a delimited environment.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Valcellos Jos&#233; da Cruz Viana, from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Modelo Probabil&#237;stico Regional para Avalia&#231;&#227;o Progn&#243;stica da Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Valcellos Jos&#233; da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Argolo</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Nilzo Augusto Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto Ferreira da</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Felipe Coelho Argolo</bold>, Rua Oito de Dezembro, 190. CEP: 40150-000, Gra&#231;a, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>felipe.c.argolo@hotmail.com</email>, <email>felipe.c.argolo@h1estatistica.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Viana VJC, Ribeiro NAM, Silva Junior AF. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Viana VJC, Ribeiro NAM, Silva Junior AF. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Argolo FC, Correia LCL. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Argolo FC. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Viana VJC. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Correia LCL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Escores de risco avaliam risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e permitem definir cuidados durante a interven&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m a performance destes instrumentos em amostras distintas das originais &#233; pouco investigada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Testar a validade externa de escores de risco cir&#250;rgico card&#237;aco (STS e Euroscore) e investigar o poder preditivo de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da amostra.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte retrospectivo realizado entre outubro de 2010 e abril de 2015. Fatores de risco para morbidade hospitalar foram identificados atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. A amostra foi separada para valida&#231;&#227;o cruzada, com 2/3 dos pacientes usados no ajuste do modelo e 1/3 para predi&#231;&#245;es. A performance do STS, do Euroscore e de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas na amostra foi avaliada atrav&#233;s de estat&#237;stica-C (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC) e calibra&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do pelo de Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>72 pacientes foram operados de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana no Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa, BA. A idade m&#233;dia foi 62,8 anos e 32,5% eram mulheres. Os escores de risco n&#227;o apresentaram poder discriminativo significativo para amostra. Os fatores identificados como preditores independentes para o desfecho foram: idade, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via e creatinina pr&#233;via. O modelo ajustado apresentou valores de discrimina&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o semelhantes no ajuste (AUROC = 0,72; IC 95% 0,59-0,84; H-L valor p: 0,410) e na valida&#231;&#227;o cruzada (AUROC = 0,70; IC 95% 0,55 - 0,84; H-L valor p: 0,197).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Escores de risco apresentaram desempenho insatisfat&#243;rio. Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas permitiram a constru&#231;&#227;o de um modelo com boa performance para predi&#231;&#227;o de morbidade nos pacientes operados de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Previs&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Modelos probabil&#237;sticos multivariados tem sido utilizados em cirurgia card&#237;aca para estimar risco de complica&#231;&#245;es fatais e n&#227;o fatais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A meta &#233; avaliar o balan&#231;o entre riscos e benef&#237;cios dos procedimentos para os pacientes, com melhor adequa&#231;&#227;o da aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Existem alguns escores de risco de morte e ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio como o <italic>EuroSCORE</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e <italic>STS Score</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico relacionado &#224; hist&#243;ria natural de uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, vari&#225;veis preditoras se mostram reprodut&#237;veis em diferentes ambientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Por outro lado, na predi&#231;&#227;o do sucesso ou complica&#231;&#245;es de procedimentos m&#233;dicos, &#233; poss&#237;vel que vari&#225;veis preditoras tenham valor vari&#225;vel a depender do ambiente em que o procedimento &#233; implementado. Isto porque diferen&#231;as na forma de aplica&#231;&#227;o de um tratamento podem tornar pacientes mais ou menos vulner&#225;veis a determinantes de risco. Utilizando um desenho de coorte retrospectiva, realizado em um hospital terci&#225;rio de Salvador, o presente estudo objetivou testar a validade externa de escores tradicionais de risco de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica, identificar marcadores de risco para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e construir um modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o regional para complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional de coorte retrospectiva, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de banco de dados resgatado dos registros assistenciais da institui&#231;&#227;o, alimentado com vari&#225;veis registradas entre pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e alta do paciente, utilizado para pesquisa, ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o do conselho de &#233;tica do hospital, sob o registro de n&#250;mero 24304713.9.3001.5544.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na amostra do estudo todos os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no nosso servi&#231;o, no Hospital Santa Izabel, entre outubro de 2010 e abril de 2015. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com cirurgias associadas ou realizadas em outras institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis estudadas</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise foram: g&#234;nero, idade, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) - uso de bronco dilatador ou corticoide, arteriopatia perif&#233;rica - claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, obstru&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas maior que 50%; disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo - moderada 30-50% e importante menor que 30%; disfun&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica pr&#233;via - disfun&#231;&#227;o motora que afete deambula&#231;&#227;o ou fun&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias; cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via - abertura pr&#233;via do peric&#225;rdio; creatinina s&#233;rica pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria; endocardite - antibioticoterapia para endocardite no momento da cirurgia; angina inst&#225;vel - uso de nitrato venoso; infarto recente - menos de noventa dias; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar - press&#227;o sist&#243;lica na art&#233;ria pulmonar maior que 60 mmHg; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via; comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular p&#243;s-infarto; diabetes - uso de hipoglicemiante oral ou insulina; fumante; hipertens&#227;o arterial - uso anti-hipertensivo; dislipidemia- colesterol total maior 200 mg/dl, hipertrigliceridemia maior que 150 mg/dl, colesterol HDL menor que 40 mg/dl mulheres e menor que 50 mg/dl homens; n&#250;mero de les&#245;es coronarianas maior que 75%; les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda maior 50%; hipoxemia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria - press&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio menor que 60 mmHg, cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia/urg&#234;ncia - necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o em at&#233; 48 horas, devido a risco iminente de morte ou estado cl&#237;nico-hemodin&#226;mico inst&#225;vel; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica - taquicardia ventricular, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o do desfecho</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise principal foi executada considerando o desfecho composto de morbidade maior, incluindo: acidente vascular cerebral, AVC (d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico central persistindo por mais de 72hs); intuba&#231;&#227;o prolongada (mais de 48hs); reopera&#231;&#227;o (tamponamento ou hemostasia); mediastinite (necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, mais antibioticoterapia com ou sem cultura positiva), e &#243;bito em at&#233; trinta dias ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Os eventos que compunham o desfecho foram escolhidos com base em modelos desenvolvidos e validados de estudos pr&#233;vios em cirurgia cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foram ajustados tr&#234;s modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para testar o poder de predi&#231;&#227;o dos escores na amostra: <italic>EuroSCORE, STS Mortality, e STS Morbidity</italic>. Cada modelo foi ajustado usando a pontua&#231;&#227;o do respectivo escore como &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente.</p>
          <p>Um modelo pr&#243;prio foi ajustado seguindo o algoritmo proposto por Hosmer e Lemeshow<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> levando em conta resultados da an&#225;lise bivariada e plausibilidade biol&#243;gica. A amostra foi dividida em duas partes: coorte deriva&#231;&#227;o, destinada a an&#225;lise bivariada e ajuste dos modelos (2/3 da amostra original, selecionados aleatoriamente); coorte valida&#231;&#227;o para teste do modelo obtido (1/3 da amostra original, selecionados aleatoriamente).</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s obten&#231;&#227;o dos coeficientes a partir da amostra usada para deriva&#231;&#227;o, o modelo foi testado usando a amostra de valida&#231;&#227;o. A &#193;rea sob Curva ROC (AUROC) e estat&#237;sticas de adequa&#231;&#227;o do modelo s&#227;o apresentadas para fins de compara&#231;&#227;o. As an&#225;lises foram conduzidas usando a linguagem de programa&#231;&#227;o e ambiente de desenvolvimento R.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre outubro de 2010 e abril de 2015, informa&#231;&#245;es de 472 pacientes consecutivamente submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foram inclu&#237;das no banco de dados. Nenhum paciente foi exclu&#237;do por falta de informa&#231;&#245;es. A m&#233;dia de idade foi 63 &#177; 8,6 anos, 22,5% eram mulheres, 37% diab&#233;ticos, 32% fumantes, 18% com disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e 29% com les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda. A incid&#234;ncia do desfecho composto foi de 7,8% (37 casos), resultado de &#243;bito 12 (2,5%), acidente vascular cerebral 15 (3,2%), tamponamento card&#237;aco 4 (0,8%) , reopera&#231;&#227;o para revis&#227;o de hemostasia 9 (1,9%) , mediastinite 1 (0,2%) e intuba&#231;&#227;o prolongada 21 (4,4%).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Valor progn&#243;stico dos Escores de Risco Tradicionais</title>
          <p>O EuroSCORE n&#227;o mostrou acur&#225;cia para predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas, com estat&#237;stica-C de 0,507 (IC 95% 0,415 - 0,599; p = 0,310). O mesmo ocorreu com os escore STS, sendo a estat&#237;stica-C do STS Morbidity de 0,568 (IC 95% 0,473 - 0,665; p=0,160) e do STS Mortality de 0,550 (IC 95% 0,452 - 0,643; p= 0,860) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A: STS Mortality; B: STS Morbidity; C: Euroscore.</title>
                <p>Curvas ROC.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-04-0307-70049-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Deriva&#231;&#227;o do modelo pr&#243;prio</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis candidatas a preditoras foram selecionadas em 2/3 rand&#244;mico da amostra total atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise univariada, considerando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,20). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. Entraram para an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, conforme algoritmo de Hosmer-Lemeshow : doen&#231;a vascular encef&#225;lica, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via, creatinina pr&#233;via, idade e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise bivariada para desfecho combinado em sub amostra de deriva&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
									</th>
                  <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total <break/>(n = 304)</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Desfecho combinado</th>
                  <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#227;o <break/>(n = 281)</th>
                  <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sim <break/>(n = 23)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">62,4 &#177; 8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">61,9 &#177; 8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">67,6 &#177; 8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">228 (75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">209 (74,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (82,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,531</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">26,6 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">26,6 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,788</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Clearance pr&#233;vio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">//</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (68 - 103)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (68 - 104)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (69 - 91)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,454</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina pr&#233;via <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">//</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,8 - 1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,8 - 1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (0,9 - 1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DPOC <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Arteriopatia perif&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (3,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,619</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes (em uso de hipoglicemiante + insulina)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (35,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (35,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (39,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,909</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular encef&#225;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,149</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8225;</xref> RM pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (6,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (30,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (31,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (26,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,900</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anti-hipertensivo</td>
                  <td align="center">263 (86,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">242 (86,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (91,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,728</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">263 (86,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">243 (86,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (87,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Les&#227;o de tronco</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (29,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (21,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,597</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 50</td>
                  <td align="center">238 (78,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (78,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (73,9)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,099</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">50-30</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (17,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (21,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>RM: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Todos os dados s&#227;o apresentados como n (%), exceto se especificado.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>&#167;</label>
                <p>M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>//</label>
                <p>Mediana (percentil 25 - percentil 75).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os preditores independentes, relacionados com o desfecho, identificados no modelo final de acordo com sua signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foram: Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via (OR 8,519 IC 95% 1,026-59,381 p=0,029), Creatinina pr&#233;via (OR 2,217 IC 95% 0,815-6,018 p=0,095) e Idade (OR 1,081 IC 95% 1,025-1,145 p=0,006). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>. Na amostra de deriva&#231;&#227;o (2/3 da amostra total) a curva ROC foi 0,72 (IC 95% 0,60-0,84; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Coeficientes para modelos ajustados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Modelo pr&#243;prio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
									</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Raz&#227;o de chances <break/>(IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Coeficiente</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Erro padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor p do coeficiente <break/>(Estat&#237;stica Wald)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">8,519<break/>(1,026 - 59,381)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,142</td>
                  <td align="center">0,979</td>
                  <td align="center">0,029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">2,217<break/>(0,815 - 6,018)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,796</td>
                  <td align="center">0,476</td>
                  <td align="center">0,095</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,081<break/>(1,025 - 1,145)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,077</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE &#8804; 50</td>
                  <td align="center">1,251<break/>(0,360 - 3,617)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,224</td>
                  <td align="center">0,577</td>
                  <td align="center">0,698</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular encef&#225;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,398<break/>(0,506 - 397,795)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,637</td>
                  <td align="center">1,489</td>
                  <td align="center">0,077</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Valor da constante para o modelo: -8,422; Erro padr&#227;o: 1,955; Valor p: &lt; 0,001.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O modelo log&#237;stico resultante seguiu a f&#243;rmula abaixo:</p>
          <p>
            <disp-formula id="e2">
              <mml:math id="e02">
                <mml:semantics>
                  <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">P</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">y</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mfenced>
                    <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                        <mml:msup>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">e</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mn>8</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mn>422</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mn>07</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">Idade</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mn>14</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                              <mml:msub>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">RM</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">previa</mml:mi>
                              </mml:msub>
                              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mn>07</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                              <mml:msub>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">Cr</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">previa</mml:mi>
                              </mml:msub>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:mfenced>
                        </mml:msup>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mfrac>
                  </mml:mstyle>
                </mml:semantics>
              </mml:math>
            </disp-formula>
          </p>
          <p>A valida&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em 168 pacientes (1/3 da amostra total) escolhidos aleatoriamente. O escore teve discrimina&#231;&#227;o avaliada pela &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,70 (IC 95%: 0,55 - 0,84); p = 0,008. A calibra&#231;&#227;o pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow (p = 0,197).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de modelos multivariados na forma de escores representa o meio mais acurado para predi&#231;&#227;o de riscos, sendo superior ao predito subjetivamente pela impress&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> E mesmo apresentando boa acur&#225;cia em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, especialmente em contexto cl&#237;nico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> os resultados do presente estudo sugerem maior cautela quanto &#224; validade externa destes escores no campo da cirurgia card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, escore desenvolvido em nossa amostra local demonstrou boa acur&#225;cia em coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o independente, podendo esta ser a solu&#231;&#227;o preditora em locais de caracter&#237;sticas diferentes dos centros validadores de escores tradicionais.</p>
        <p>Modelos n&#227;o reajustados ao contexto local podem apresentar vi&#233;s na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco na cirurgia card&#237;aca e devem ser sistematicamente comparados com modelos regionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Dos diversos escores utilizados na predi&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito e ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es na cirurgia card&#237;aca, o EuroSCORE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e o STSscore<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> s&#227;o os mais difundidos e validados. Desde o final da d&#233;cada de noventa, diversos centros utilizam o EuroSCORE objetivando valid&#225;-lo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica, ele se mostrou mais acurado em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros modelos preditores ao ser validado no banco de dados com mais de 500.000 pacientes da Society of Thorac Surgery. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Entretanto, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica avaliando a performance do EuroSCORE concluiu que o modelo superestima o risco cir&#250;rgico com base em cinco estudos de diferentes nacionalidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo corrobora os achados, encontrando resultados insatisfat&#243;rios para a capacidade preditiva dos escores avaliados, em contraste com um bom desempenho do modelo ajustado localmente. O desenvolvimento de escores de risco locais apresenta crescimento, encontrando dificuldades na implementa&#231;&#227;o, mas apresentando progressivas melhoras e contribuindo para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Um corpo recente de resultados aponta melhor desempenho de modelos ajustados com dados locais em rela&#231;&#227;o ao EuroSCORE, Parsonet Score e Ont&#225;rio Risk Score.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outros estudos em cirurgia cardiovascular sugerem que a maior parte das informa&#231;&#245;es quanto ao progn&#243;stico est&#225; contida em poucas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, evidenciando que modelos simples s&#227;o t&#227;o efetivos quando modelos complexos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Apesar de apresentar melhor adequa&#231;&#227;o que os escores tradicionais, o escore derivado da amostra deste estudo n&#227;o &#233; destinado &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o em outros servi&#231;os. A realiza&#231;&#227;o em apenas um centro limita a validade externa, onde caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e do corpo assistencial da institui&#231;&#227;o podem variar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Escores de riscos em cirurgia cardiovascular devem ser revalidados localmente e o desenvolvimento de modelos preditivos locais simples pode apresentar melhores resultados num ambiente delimitado.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Valcellos Jos&#233; da Cruz Viana pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
