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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bLBhXKsR7wGVBBz8N9N5XbT</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000400293</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170055</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Are Patients' Blood Pressure Levels Being Routinely Measured in Medical Offices?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maynarde</surname>
            <given-names>Israel Guilharde</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocca</surname>
            <given-names>Andrey Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lin</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Yana de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Mirelle Carrijo dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo Pereira Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serafim</surname>
            <given-names>X&#234;nia Larissa Motta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar Brandao Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Thiago Veiga</bold>, Jardim Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, 1<sup>a</sup> Avenida s/n, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio. Postal Code: 74605-020, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil. E-mail: <bold>thiagoveiga@cardiol.br</bold></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Maynarde IG, Jardim TSV, Jardim PCBV. Acquisition of data: Maynarde IG, Rocca AR, Lin LYC, Santos NMC, Serafim XLM. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Maynarde IG, Jardim TSV, Sousa ALL, Rocca AR, Lin LYC, Santos NMC, Serafim XLM, Jardim PCBV. Statistical analysis: Maynarde IG, Jardim TSV, Sousa ALL. Writing of the manuscript: Maynarde IG, Jardim TSV, Sousa ALL. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Maynarde IG, Jardim TSV, Souza WKSB, Sousa ALL, Rocca AR, Lin LYC, Santos NMC, Sampaio DPS, Serafim XLM, Jardim PCBV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>293</fpage>
      <lpage>298</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Blood pressure measurement is recommended in all medical evaluations, regardless of the specialty. It is a simple and easy-to-do procedure, but usually neglected or performed incorrectly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess if blood pressure is being measured routinely and compare the values obtained in the usual ambulatory consultations to those obtained when following the adequate techniques.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional and observational study that included adult (age &gt;18 years) outpatients treated in clinical and surgical specialties of a teaching hospital. Subjects answered a specific questionnaire and then three blood pressure measurements were performed according to the current guidelines by trained research staff. After that, the patients had their appointments and at the end, the medical charts were checked to see if blood pressure was measured and, if so, the observed value was recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We included 129 consecutive patients with a mean age of 53 years (&#177; 15.92) predominantly females (61.2%). Most of the appointments occurred in clinical specialties (70.5%) and 49.6% reported themselves as hypertensive. Blood pressure was not measured in 38.8% of the patients, more frequently in surgical specialties (72,5% vs. 27,5%; p &lt; 0,001). The previous diagnosis of hypertension did not influence the chance of a patient having his blood pressure measured (p = 0,082). There were no differences between the blood pressure measured by the researchers and those recorded at the medical charts (118 mmHg vs. 117 mmHg; p = 0,651; 72 mmHg vs. 75 mmHg; p = 0,055).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The patients' blood pressure levels were not measured in many of the medical appointments, especially at outpatient clinics of surgical specialties.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Outpatient Service</kwd>
        <kwd>Ambulatory Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Physician's Offices</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) is, by definition, diagnosed by the detection of high and sustained levels of Blood Pressure (BP) obtained during a casual measurement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Additionally, much of the knowledge about such a prevalent condition derives from observational and/or intervention data obtained at the approach of hypertensive patients acquired with the use of casual BP measurement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although some guidelines that address the SAH topic suggest the superiority of the Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurement (ABPM) in relation to outpatient measures for the disease diagnosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>the casual BP measurement is recommended in any medical assessment, regardless of the specialty.1, 2,4 It consists of a simple and easy to perform procedure, but it is often performed inadequately.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The indirect manual measurement techniques, available and disseminated in our country, are the auscultatory (mercury or aneroid column sphygmomanometers) and oscillometric techniques using semi-automatic devices.</p>
      <p>The problems of manual measurements at the office result from factors such as the use of inadequate or uncalibrated devices,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> measurements that do not follow the protocol adequately, by applying inadequate techniques,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> the white coat effect,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> the rounding of the values found<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and intraobserver variations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition to these situations, there is also a growing concern about the non-routine performance of BP measurement by health professionals. This fact implies serious problems in hypertension diagnosis, since it is an oligo- or asymptomatic condition, for which BP measurement is the only available tool for establishing the diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Therefore, it becomes increasingly more important to study BP measurement techniques routinely used in our health services, focusing both on the technical aspect of the measurement and on its performance. With this objective, we analyzed whether BP measurement was routinely being carried out in outpatient settings of a school hospital. Moreover, we compared the values of the BP measured in the waiting room, using the correct technique according to recommendations of guidelines,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> by trained researchers, with the values obtained by the measurements performed at the offices by the professionals responsible for patient care.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional, observational and non-intervention study, carried out in adult patients (age &gt; 18 years) treated at the outpatient (internal medicine, cardiology, pneumology, rheumatology, gastroenterology, nephrology, hematology, and endocrinology) and surgical (general surgery, coloproctology, urology, vascular and thoracic surgery) clinics of a university tertiary hospital.</p>
      <p>The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution and followed the guidelines of Resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council. Before signing the Free and Informed Consent Form (FICF) and data collection, all subjects were informed of the study purpose and the procedures they would undergo, in addition to possible risks.</p>
      <p>Sample size calculation, considering a previous publication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> on the subject, which showed that approximately 60% of the patients did not have their BP measured, and considering an absolute precision of 10%, with a significance level of 5%, was of at least 92 patients.</p>
      <p>Patients treated at the aforementioned outpatient clinics that filled out the FICF were consecutively included in the study, and those who were not able to answer the formulated questions and/or those who did not wish to undergo BP measurements were excluded.</p>
      <p>Data were collected between October and December 2015 by three teams consisting of two previously trained researchers. The data were obtained during the consultations in the outpatient and surgical specialty clinics, in the morning or in the afternoon.</p>
      <p>A questionnaire was created to collect anthropometric and clinical data from the patients, such as age (in full years), gender, self-reported ethnicity, and presence or absence of a previous hypertension diagnosis (according to the patient's self-reporting, without confirmation in medical records).</p>
      <p>The study subjects, immediately before entering the office for the consultation, were submitted to three BP measurements with a validated and calibrated device (Omron Hem 7200 semi-automatic; Kyoto, Japan), with an interval of at least 1 minute between them, according to the recommendation of the VI Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> After the consultation, the medical record was checked to verify whether the BP was measured and, when it had been measured, this value was documented, as recorded in the medical file.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The data were stored in a database, created using Microsoft Excel(tm) and analyzed comparatively. Statistical analysis was performed using the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify the normality of data and confirmed that the continuous variables had a normal distribution. Student's <italic>t</italic>-test for paired samples was used to compare continuous study variables, expressed as mean and standard deviation. The comparative analysis between the categorical variable measurement or not of the BP was performed using the chi-square test. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 129 patients treated at local outpatient clinics were consecutively selected, 91 (70.5%) from clinical specialties and 38 (29.5%) from surgical specialties. Patient age ranged from 18 to 88 years, with a mean of 53 years (&#177; 15.92). Most of the individuals (61.2%) were female and 49.6% reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender</td>
              <td align="center">79 (61.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ethnicity</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">12 (9.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">63 (48.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mixed-race</td>
              <td align="center">54 (41.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">64 (49.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">65 (50.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Outpatient clinic specialty</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clinical</td>
              <td align="center">91 (70.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surgical</td>
              <td align="center">38 (29.5)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The number of patients in which the BP measurement was not performed was very significant (38.8%), with an even higher percentage of non-BP measurement in outpatient clinics of surgical specialties (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patient description regarding blood pressure (BP) measurement in clinical and surgical specialty consultations</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Outpatient clinic specialty</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">BP measurement</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Yes <break/>n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">No <break/>n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clinical</td>
              <td align="center">66 (72.5)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (27.5)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surgical</td>
              <td align="center">13 (34.2)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (65.8)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Significant chi-square test at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When the previous diagnosis of SAH was compared with the BP measurement, there was no statistically significant difference (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of patients regarding the previous diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and recording of blood pressure (BP) levels in medical files</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Previous SAH </th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">BP recording in medical files</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Yes n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">No n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">44 (68.8)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (31.2)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.082</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">35 (53.8)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (46.2)</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Significant chi-square test at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As a strategy to evaluate the real need to recommend that the pressure be measured three times at the consultation and consider the mean of the last two as the final measure, the BP at the first measurement was compared with the mean BP of the last two (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between the first measurement of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with the arithmetic mean of the last two measurements</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">First measurement (mmHg)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mean of the last two measurements (mmHg)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">121.56 (&#177; 18.99)</td>
              <td align="center">119.04 (&#177; 18.03)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">73.64 (&#177; 12.12)</td>
              <td align="center">73.11 (&#177; 11.55)</td>
              <td align="center">0.269</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student's t test - significant at p &lt; 0.05. SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The mean values of the last two BP measurements were also compared with the BP measured at the consultation and recorded in the file, with the purpose of evaluating the quality of the measurements performed in the outpatient clinics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between the arithmetic mean of the last two measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with the values recorded in the medical files</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mean of the last two measurements</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Recorded blood pressure </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">118.70 (&#177; 18.57)</td>
              <td align="center">117.89 (&#177; 16.72)</td>
              <td align="center">0.651</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">72.76 (&#177; 11.16)</td>
              <td align="center">75.20 (&#177; 10.80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.055</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student's t test - significant at p &lt; 0.05. SD: standard deviation. </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The BP measurement in all consultations, regardless of the medical specialty, is a current recommendation of most national1 and international guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> that address the SAH topic. In spite of this fact, the data found in the present study show that, even in a tertiary referral service, together with the special characteristic of being a school hospital, this recommendation was not followed by professionals in 38.8% of the consultations.</p>
      <p>This fact becomes even more alarming when we compare the clinical and surgical specialties. In this case, there was a statistically significant difference between the number of patients in whom the pressure was not measured in the surgical specialty outpatient clinics when compared to the clinical specialties.</p>
      <p>Although there is a great deal of data assessing BP measurement techniques,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> few studies have assessed whether the measurement was actually performed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> There is also a marked difference between the studies published on the subject. Most of them used the BP measurement information reported by the physician, finding, with this methodology, percentages of BP measurement between 85 and 97%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> However, only one study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> effectively verified whether BP was being measured, with data closer to those found in the present study. This study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> analyzed 500 medical records and found annotation of BP values in only 39% of the consultations. This value is even lower than the 61.2% of measurement records we found; however, closer if we consider only the surgical specialties, in which only 34.2% of the consultations had the results of BP values.</p>
      <p>Another finding that is worth mentioning is the fact that the previous diagnosis of SAH did not positively influence BP measurement at the medical office. In the aforementioned study of Alavarce,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> the previous diagnosis of SAH seemed to influence BP measurement (79% of hypertensive patients with BP measured at the consultation vs. 46% among non-hypertensive patients), a fact not reproduced with statistical significance in our findings. These data indicate a greater need for publications on the subject, which would enable the improvement of knowledge, defining whether the fact that the individuals are previously known to be hypertensive increases or not the chance of having their BP checked during a medical appointment.</p>
      <p>There was also a statistically significant difference when comparing the mean of the last two measurements performed by the investigators with the first measurement of its systolic component alone, but not the diastolic component. This difference, even if significant only for the systolic component, is in agreement with the recommendation of the VI Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> as well as most of the international guidelines on SAH,2-4 to perform at least three BP measurements at each consultation, considering the mean of the last two measures as final value. This strategy has been extensively assessed,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> and has shown to be efficient in determining the most accurate BP of patients undergoing outpatient care and should always be reinforced.</p>
      <p>The BP values collected by the researchers followed the correct calibration technique and considered as the final value the mean of the last two measures. Nonetheless, when compared to the consultation environment, they did not differ in the systolic, or in the diastolic component. A possible explanation is the fact that the patients were treated at a school-hospital, which would hypothetically favor the correct BP measurement. However, as the researchers did not participate in the consultations, we cannot affirm that the values recorded in the medical record were the result of an isolated measurement or of more than one measurement, and that the mean values of these measures were recorded.</p>
      <p>One of the study limitations that deserves to be emphasized is the fact that the measurements were performed before the consultations in the waiting rooms of the clinics and, consequently, less subject to the white coat effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> However, this fact did not generate significant differences between the BP measured by the researchers when compared to that measured by the physicians responsible for the care.</p>
      <p>Another potential limitation is the fact that the study was carried out in a school-hospital setting. Such institutions, in which most of the consultations are carried out with an academic purpose by professionals directly involved in medical education would, in theory, offer a better-quality service.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Thus, the chance of not following the recommendation to measure BP would be lower than in other service environments. This rationale increases the concern regarding the data obtained in this study, as they may be underestimated in relation to outpatient care in general, outside the academic environment.</p>
      <p>The data of this study clearly show that the recommendation to measure the patients' BP at all medical evaluations, regardless of the medical specialty, is not being followed. Moreover, they suggest that the recommendation to measure BP at least three times and use the mean of the last two measures as the BP value is a desirable approach. Measures to raise the awareness of the medical profession in this sense should be taken immediately and as comprehensively as possible. Perhaps, in doing so, we will be able to offer to all the patients, at the doctor's offices, a low-cost, easy-to-apply BP screening and monitoring tool.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Blood pressure was not measured in many medical consultations, especially in surgical outpatient clinics. There was no difference between the blood pressure values obtained after following the correct technique in relation to those recorded in patients' files.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of Israel Guilharde Maynarde's internal medicine residency graduation work at Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Press&#227;o Arterial dos Pacientes Est&#225; Sendo Medida Rotineiramente nos Consult&#243;rios M&#233;dicos?</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maynarde</surname>
            <given-names>Israel Guilharde</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocca</surname>
            <given-names>Andrey Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lin</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Yana de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Mirelle Carrijo dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo Pereira Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serafim</surname>
            <given-names>X&#234;nia Larissa Motta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar Brandao Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Thiago Veiga</bold>, Jardim Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, 1<sup>a</sup> Avenida s/n, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio. CEP: 74605-020, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>thiagoveiga@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Maynarde IG, Jardim TSV, Jardim PCBV. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Maynarde IG, Rocca AR, Lin LYC, Santos NMC, Serafim XLM. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Maynarde IG, Jardim TSV, Sousa ALL, Rocca AR, Lin LYC, Santos NMC, Serafim XLM, Jardim PCBV. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Maynarde IG, Jardim TSV, Sousa ALL. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Maynarde IG, Jardim TSV, Sousa ALL. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Maynarde IG, Jardim TSV, Souza WKSB, Sousa ALL, Rocca AR, Lin LYC, Santos NMC, Sampaio DPS, Serafim XLM, Jardim PCBV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A medida da press&#227;o arterial &#233; recomendada em toda avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, independente da especialidade. &#201; um procedimento simples e de f&#225;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o, mas frequentemente negligenciado e realizado de forma incorreta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar se a medida da press&#227;o arterial estava sendo realizada rotineiramente e comparar os valores encontrados por medida rotineira em consulta ambulatorial &#224;s medidas realizadas, seguindo a t&#233;cnica adequada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal e observacional que incluiu pacientes adultos (&gt; 18 anos) atendidos nos ambulat&#243;rios de especialidades cl&#237;nicas e cir&#250;rgicas de um hospital universit&#225;rio. Os sujeitos responderam a question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico e, em seguida, foram submetidos a tr&#234;s medidas de press&#227;o arterial, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes vigentes, por equipe treinada. Seguiram para o atendimento ambulatorial e ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino, foi verificado em prontu&#225;rio se a press&#227;o arterial foi aferida e, em caso positivo, anotou-se o valor desta aferi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados consecutivamente 129 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 53 anos (&#177; 15,92) e predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino (61,2%). A maioria foi atendida em especialidades cl&#237;nicas (70,5%) e 49,6% referiram diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. A press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o foi aferida em 38,8% dos atendimentos, sendo mais frequente nas especialidades cir&#250;rgicas (72,5% vs. 27,5%; p &lt; 0,001). O diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica n&#227;o influenciou na chance de um paciente ter sua press&#227;o aferida (p = 0,082). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre a press&#227;o arterial aferida pelos pesquisadores e aquelas realizadas em consulta (118 mmHg vs. 117 mmHg; p = 0,651; 72 mmHg vs. 75 mmHg; p = 0,055).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial dos pacientes n&#227;o foi aferida em um grande n&#250;mero de atendimentos, principalmente nos ambulat&#243;rios de especialidades cir&#250;rgicas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;o de Acompanhamento de Pacientes</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia Ambulatorial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Consult&#243;rios M&#233;dicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; diagnosticada, por defini&#231;&#227;o, pela detec&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis elevados e sustentados de Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) obtidos pela medida casual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Al&#233;m disto, grande parte do conhecimento sobre t&#227;o prevalente condi&#231;&#227;o deriva de dados observacionais e/ou interven&#231;&#227;o na abordagem do paciente hipertenso adquiridos com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da medida casual da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de algumas diretrizes que abordam o tema HAS sugerirem a superioridade da Medida Ambulatorial da PA (MAPA) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas ambulatoriais para diagn&#243;stico da enfermidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> a medida casual da PA &#233; recomendada em toda avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, independente da especialidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Consiste em procedimento simples e de f&#225;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o, mas frequentemente realizada de forma inadequada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As t&#233;cnicas de medida manual indireta em ambulat&#243;rio, dispon&#237;veis e difundidas em nosso meio, s&#227;o as auscultat&#243;rias (por esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio ou aneroide) e oscilom&#233;tricas por aparelhos semiautom&#225;ticos.</p>
        <p>Os problemas das medidas manuais em consult&#243;rio decorrem de fatores como uso de aparelhos inadequados ou n&#227;o calibrados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> medidas que n&#227;o seguem adequadamente o protocolo, aplicando t&#233;cnicas inadequadas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> efeito do avental branco,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> arredondamento dos valores encontrados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e varia&#231;&#245;es intraobservadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m destas situa&#231;&#245;es, existe tamb&#233;m a crescente preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o rotineira da medida da PA pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de. Tal fato implica graves problemas de diagn&#243;stico da HAS, uma vez que se trata de uma condi&#231;&#227;o oligo ou assintom&#225;tica, cuja medida da PA &#233; a &#250;nica ferramenta dispon&#237;vel para o estabelecimento do diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diante disto, torna-se cada vez mais importante estudar as t&#233;cnicas de medida da PA utilizadas rotineiramente em nossos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, enfocando tanto o aspecto t&#233;cnico da medida, quanto a pr&#243;pria realiza&#231;&#227;o da mesma. Com este objetivo, analisamos se a medida da PA em ambulat&#243;rios de um hospital escola estava sendo medida rotineiramente. Al&#233;m disto, comparamos os valores da press&#227;o aferida na sala de espera, utilizando a t&#233;cnica correta conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es de diretrizes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> por pesquisadores treinados, com os valores obtidos pelas aferi&#231;&#245;es realizadas dentro dos consult&#243;rios pelos profissionais respons&#225;veis pelos atendimentos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal, observacional e sem interven&#231;&#227;o cuja popula&#231;&#227;o foi composta por pacientes adultos (&gt; 18 anos) atendidos nos ambulat&#243;rios de especialidades cl&#237;nicas (medicina interna, cardiologia, pneumologia, reumatologia, gastrenterologia, nefrologia, hematologia e endocrinologia) e cir&#250;rgicas (cirurgia geral, coloproctologia, urologia, vascular e cirurgia tor&#225;cica) de um hospital terci&#225;rio universit&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o e seguiu as diretrizes da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de. Antes da assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) e da coleta de dados, todos os sujeitos foram devidamente informados do objetivo do estudo e dos procedimentos a que seriam submetidos, al&#233;m de eventuais riscos.</p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral levando em considera&#231;&#227;o publica&#231;&#227;o anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> sobre o tema, em que cerca de 60% dos pacientes n&#227;o tiveram suas press&#245;es aferidas, e considerando uma precis&#227;o absoluta de 10, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, foi de pelo menos 92 pacientes.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos consecutivamente pacientes atendidos nos ambulat&#243;rios citados que preencheram o TCLE, sendo exclu&#237;dos os que n&#227;o foram capazes de responder &#224;s quest&#245;es formuladas e/ou os que n&#227;o quiseram se submeter &#224;s medidas de PA.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados entre outubro e dezembro de 2015 por tr&#234;s equipes compostas por dois pesquisadores previamente treinados. A obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados ocorreu durante o per&#237;odo das consultas nos ambulat&#243;rios das especialidades cl&#237;nicas e cir&#250;rgicas, no per&#237;odo da manh&#227; ou da tarde.</p>
        <p>Elaborou-se um question&#225;rio pr&#243;prio, com o qual foram coletados diretamente dos pacientes dados antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos, como idade (em anos completos), sexo, etnia autorreferida, e presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de HAS (conforme autorrefer&#234;ncia do paciente, sem confirma&#231;&#227;o em prontu&#225;rio).</p>
        <p>Os sujeitos de pesquisa foram submetidos imediatamente antes da entrada no consult&#243;rio para o atendimento a tr&#234;s medidas de PA com aparelho semiautom&#225;tico validado e calibrado da Marca Omron (Kyoto, Japan), modelo Hem 7200, com intervalo de pelo menos 1 minuto entre elas, conforme recomenda&#231;&#227;o das VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Ap&#243;s o atendimento, foi verificado em prontu&#225;rio se a PA foi aferida e, em caso positivo, foi anotado o valor desta aferi&#231;&#227;o, conforme registro no prontu&#225;rio.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram armazenados em banco de dados pr&#243;prio, estruturado no programa Excel (Microsoft) e analisados comparativamente. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada atrav&#233;s do <italic>software</italic>
						<italic>Statistical Package of Social Science</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 21.0 ( Chicago, IL, USA). O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para verificar a normalidade dos dados e confirmou que as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras pareadas foi usado para comparar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas do estudo, expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. A an&#225;lise comparativa entre a vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica aferi&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o da PA foi realizada com o teste qui quadrado. Foram considerados significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram selecionados consecutivamente 129 pacientes atendidos em ambulat&#243;rios locais, sendo 91 (70,5%) em especialidades cl&#237;nicas e 38 (29,5%) em especialidades cir&#250;rgicas. A idade variou de 18 a 88 anos, sendo a m&#233;dia de 53 anos (&#177; 15,92). A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos (61,2%) era do sexo feminino e 49,6% referiram diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de HAS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">79 (61,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etnia</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negro</td>
                <td align="center">12 (9,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branco</td>
                <td align="center">63 (48,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pardo</td>
                <td align="center">54 (41,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">64 (49,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">65 (50,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Especialidade do ambulat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cl&#237;nica</td>
                <td align="center">91 (70,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cir&#250;rgica</td>
                <td align="center">38 (29,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de pacientes em que a medida da PA n&#227;o foi realizada foi bastante significativo (38,8%), com porcentual ainda maior de n&#227;o aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA nos ambulat&#243;rios de especialidades cir&#250;rgicas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes quanto &#224; aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) em consultas de especialidades cl&#237;nicas e cir&#250;rgicas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Ambulat&#243;rio</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Medida de PA</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sim <break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N&#227;o <break/>n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cl&#237;nica</td>
                <td align="center">66 (72,5)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (27,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cir&#250;rgica</td>
                <td align="center">13 (34,2)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (65,8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste qui quadrado significativo em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quando comparou-se o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de HAS com a realiza&#231;&#227;o da medida da PA, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes quanto ao diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e o registro da press&#227;o arterial (PA) em prontu&#225;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">HAS pr&#233;via</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Registro da PA em prontu&#225;rio</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sim <break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N&#227;o <break/>n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">44 (68,8)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (31,2)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,082</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">35 (53,8)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (46,2)</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste qui quadrado significativo em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Como estrat&#233;gia de se avaliar a real necessidade de recomendar-se que a press&#227;o seja aferida tr&#234;s vezes na consulta e considerar a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas como a medida final, comparou-se a PA da primeira medida com a m&#233;dia da PA das duas &#250;ltimas medidas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a primeira medida da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) com a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica das duas &#250;ltimas medidas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Primeira medida (mmHg)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">M&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas (mmHg)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">121,56 (&#177; 18,99)</td>
                <td align="center">119,04 (&#177; 18,03)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">73,64 (&#177; 12,12)</td>
                <td align="center">73,11 (&#177; 11,55)</td>
                <td align="center">0,269</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student - significativo em p &lt; 0,05. DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Compararam-se ainda os valores da m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas da PA com a PA medida na consulta e anotada no prontu&#225;rio, com o objetivo de se avaliar a qualidade das aferi&#231;&#245;es realizadas nos ambulat&#243;rios. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica das duas &#250;ltimas medidas da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) com os valores registrados nos prontu&#225;rios</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">M&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Press&#227;o arterial registrada</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">118,70 (&#177; 18,57)</td>
                <td align="center">117,89 (&#177; 16,72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,651</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">72,76 (&#177; 11,16)</td>
                <td align="center">75,20 (&#177; 10,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,055</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student - significativo em p &lt; 0,05. DP: desvio padr&#227;o. </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A medida da PA em todas as consultas, independente da especialidade, &#233; uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o vigente da maioria das diretrizes nacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> que abordam o tema HAS. Apesar disto, os dados encontrados no presente estudo demonstram que, mesmo em um servi&#231;o terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia e com a caracter&#237;stica especial por se tratar de um hospital-escola, tal recomenda&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tem sido seguida pelos profissionais em 38,8% dos atendimentos.</p>
        <p>Tal dado se torna ainda mais alarmante quando comparamos as especialidade cl&#237;nicas e cir&#250;rgicas. Neste caso, houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre o n&#250;mero de pacientes nos quais a press&#227;o n&#227;o foi medida nos ambulat&#243;rios de especialidades cir&#250;rgicas quando comparados &#224;s especialidades cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        <p>Apesar de existirem in&#250;meros dados avaliando a t&#233;cnica de aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> poucos estudos abordaram se a aferi&#231;&#227;o estava efetivamente sendo realizada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> H&#225; ainda uma diferen&#231;a marcante entre os estudos publicados sobre o tema. A maioria deles utilizou a informa&#231;&#227;o de medida de PA referida pelo m&#233;dico, encontrando, com esta metodologia, porcentuais de medida de PA entre 85 e 97%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Entretanto, apenas um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> verificou efetivamente se a PA estava sendo medida, com dados mais pr&#243;ximos dos encontrados no presente estudo. Tal trabalho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> analisou 500 prontu&#225;rios e encontrou anota&#231;&#227;o de valores de PA em somente 39% das consultas. Tal valor &#233; ainda menor que os 61,2% de registros de medida que encontramos, entretanto mais pr&#243;ximo se considerarmos apenas as especialidades cir&#250;rgicas em que somente 34,2% dos atendimentos traziam os resultados de valores de PA.</p>
        <p>Outro achado que merece destaque &#233; o fato de que o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de HAS n&#227;o influenciou positivamente na medida da PA no consult&#243;rio m&#233;dico. No estudo de Alavarce,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> previamente citado, o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de HAS pareceu influenciar no ato de medir a PA (79% dos hipertensos com PA medida em consulta vs. 46% dentre os n&#227;o hipertensos), fato n&#227;o reproduzido com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em nossos achados. Tais dados indicam uma maior necessidade de publica&#231;&#245;es sobre o tema, o que possibilitaria o aprimoramento do conhecimento, definindo se o fato de o indiv&#237;duo ser previamente hipertenso aumenta ou n&#227;o a chance de ter sua PA aferida em uma consulta m&#233;dica.</p>
        <p>Houve ainda uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quando se comparou a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas realizadas pelos investigadores com a primeira medida isoladamente em seu componente sist&#243;lico, mas n&#227;o no componente diast&#243;lico. Esta diferen&#231;a, mesmo que significativa apenas no componente sist&#243;lico, vai ao encontro da recomenda&#231;&#227;o das VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> bem como da maioria das diretrizes internacionais sobre HAS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ao menos tr&#234;s medidas de PA em cada consulta, considerando a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas como valor final. Esta estrat&#233;gia j&#225; foi amplamente estudada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> mostrando-se eficiente na determina&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da PA dos pacientes em atendimento ambulatorial e devendo sempre ser refor&#231;ada.</p>
        <p>Os valores de PA coletados pelos pesquisadores seguiram a t&#233;cnica correta de aferi&#231;&#227;o e consideraram como valor final a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas. Mesmo assim, quando comparados aos do ambiente de consulta, n&#227;o diferiram nem em seu componente sist&#243;lico nem no diast&#243;lico. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o est&#225; no fato de que o atendimento foi realizado em um hospital-escola, hipoteticamente favorecendo a realiza&#231;&#227;o da aferi&#231;&#227;o correta da PA. Al&#233;m disto, n&#227;o podemos afirmar, uma vez que n&#227;o houve participa&#231;&#227;o na consulta por parte dos pesquisadores, que os valores registrados no prontu&#225;rio foram fruto de uma medida isolada ou de mais de uma medida, sendo anotados os valores m&#233;dios das mesmas.</p>
        <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo que merece ser destacada est&#225; na realiza&#231;&#227;o das aferi&#231;&#245;es antes das consultas, nas salas de espera dos consult&#243;rios, e consequentemente menos sujeitas ao efeito do jaleco branco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Entretanto, tal fato n&#227;o gerou diferen&#231;as significativas entre a PA aferida pelos pesquisadores quando comparada a aferida pelos m&#233;dicos respons&#225;veis pelos atendimentos.</p>
        <p>Outra potencial limita&#231;&#227;o reside no fato de que o estudo foi conduzido em um hospital-escola. Tais institui&#231;&#245;es, nas quais a maioria dos atendimentos &#233; realizada com um prop&#243;sito acad&#234;mico por profissionais envolvidos diretamente com ensino m&#233;dico, teoricamente ofereceriam um atendimento mais qualificado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Assim, a chance de que a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de se aferir a press&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; seguida acaba menor do que em outros ambientes de atendimento. Tal racioc&#237;nio aumenta a preocupa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados obtidos neste estudo, uma vez que podem estar subestimados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos atendimentos ambulatoriais de um modo geral, fora do ambiente acad&#234;mico.</p>
        <p>Os dados apresentados neste estudo mostram claramente que a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de se aferir a PA dos pacientes em todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas independente da especialidade n&#227;o est&#225; sendo seguida. Al&#233;m disso, sugerem que a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de se aferir a press&#227;o pelo menos tr&#234;s vezes e de usar a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas como o valor da PA &#233; uma abordagem desej&#225;vel. Medidas de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da classe m&#233;dica neste sentido devem ser adotadas imediatamente e da forma mais abrangente poss&#237;vel. Talvez, desta forma, consigamos oferecer a todos os pacientes, nos consult&#243;rios m&#233;dicos, uma ferramenta de triagem e acompanhamento da PA com baixo custo e de f&#225;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o foi aferida em um grande n&#250;mero de atendimentos, principalmente nos ambulat&#243;rios de especialidades cir&#250;rgicas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os valores de press&#227;o obtidos seguindo-se a t&#233;cnica correta em rela&#231;&#227;o aos registrados nos pontu&#225;rios dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte do trabalho de conclus&#227;o da resid&#234;ncia em cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica de Israel Guilharde Maynarde pelo Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.onlineijcs.org">http://www.onlineijcs.org</ext-link>
					</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
