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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YYKLHtJhj6x8QwwF35NdspB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000400285</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170061</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Predicts Outcomes of Hypertensive Patients in Primary Care: A Cohort Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grezzana</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Brasil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Airton Tetelbon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS- Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Guilherme Brasil Grezzana</bold>, Rua Oswaldo Hampe, 258. Postal Code: 95250-000, Centro, Ant&#244;nio Prado, RS &#8722; Brazil. E-mail: <email>gbgrezzana@bol.com.br</email>, <email>gbgrezzana@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Grezzana GB, Stein AT, Pellanda LC. Acquisition of data: Grezzana GB. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Grezzana GB, Stein AT, Pellanda LC. Statistical analysis: Grezzana GB. Obtaining financing: Grezzana GB. Writing of the manuscript: Grezzana GB, Stein AT, Pellanda LC. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Grezzana GB, Stein AT, Pellanda LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>285</fpage>
      <lpage>292</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Arterial hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. However, in most Primary Health Care centers, blood pressure remains at inadequate control levels. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) is a useful tool in predicting cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The implementation of 24-hour ABPM and evaluation of cardiovascular outcomes in Primary Health Care may be effective in improving strategies for monitoring hypertensive patients in this setting.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate uncontrolled arterial hypertension detected by 24-hour ABPM as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients from Primary Health Care in a low-resource environment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cohort study based on primary health care centers. The study was carried out with 143 hypertensive patients, who underwent 24-hour ABPM at baseline. Therapeutic targets were based on the Eighth Joint National Committee, the Brazilian Hypertension Guideline, and the European Hypertension Guideline. Medical records of emergency care, hospital admissions, and death certificates were reviewed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The sample consisted of 143 patients who met the inclusion criteria. After 4 years of follow-up, there were 17 deaths, 12 new cases of atrial fibrillation and 37 hospital admissions related to cardiovascular outcomes. During the follow-up period, the 24-hour ABPM showed a predictive result for new cases of atrial fibrillation (p = 0.015) and a combination of cardiovascular outcomes, mortality, and hospital admissions (p = 0.012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The 24-hour ABPM was an important predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in a hypertensive population that seeks assistance in Primary Health Care centers.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension/ complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Arterial hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Epidemiological studies have provided unequivocal evidence for the association between arterial hypertension and mortality from ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and vascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Additionally, there is a strong association between blood pressure (BP) reduction and prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) and CVA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The number of individuals with uncontrolled hypertension (systolic BP &#8805; 140 mmHg or diastolic BP &#8805; 90 mmHg) increased from 605 to 978 million, among other causes, influenced by population aging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The absolute increase of the hypertensive population should lead to an increase in the use of health services, which increases the need to identify and treat hypertension to prevent having to manage the costs of complications associated with the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is the most accurate tool to assess BP as a predictor of cardiovascular events, when compared to other methods, such as home and conventional BP measurements.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, in the primary health care (PHC) setting the availability and use of ABPM are below their indications, and general practitioners play a critical role in controlling hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several prospective studies have evaluated the predictive value of ABPM in relation to conventional BP measurement, such as the Dublin Outcome Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and the International Database of Ambulatory Blood Pressure in relation to Cardiovascular Outcome (IDACO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>, both with a significant follow-up time (8.4 and 9.5 years, respectively). Additionally, the CARDIORISC study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> with a sample size of 2,115 treated hypertensive patients, and a follow-up of 4 years, which included patients from the PHC setting, and national guidelines such as NICE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and CHEP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> recommend the ABPM method as a diagnostic tool for hypertension.</p>
      <p>However, the diagnostic accuracy of hypertension based on conventional BP measurements is low,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and there is a scarcity in prospective studies evaluating the impact of 24-hour ABPM on hypertension control in PHC. In most PHC settings, 24-hour ABPM is still a scarcely used tool, and additional studies are needed to increase its implementation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate uncontrolled hypertension detected by 24-hour ABPM as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive PHC patients in a low-resource setting.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>This cohort study was based on PHC centers, including hypertensive patients from Ant&#244;nio Prado (RS), a municipality in the Southern Region of Brazil, with a population of 12,883 inhabitants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The samples were representative of the hypertensive patients who sought care at PHC centers in the municipality, being selected from a total of 646 patients registered in the system.</p>
        <p>The inclusion criteria of the study were hypertensive patients, registered at the public health system participating in the hypertensive patient program and receiving regular pharmacological treatment in one of the two PHC centers of the municipality for at least 6 months.</p>
        <p>From January 2009 to December 2010, the random sample of hypertensive patients was selected from the total set of hypertensive patients enrolled in two Basic Health Units, through the generation of random numbers using the program Microsoft Excel 2008.</p>
        <p>Between January 2013 and October 2014, patients were invited to participate in the second phase of the study by telephone and/or by letter. Before being enrolled in this study phase, patients were reassessed by their PHC physicians. Patients who were not able to answer the questionnaire, pregnant women, those with electrocardiograms showing non-sinus rhythm, those who lived outside the coverage area of the PHC centers, those who moved to another city or were not contacted, and/or did not tolerate the use of ABPM, or had technical difficulty during the method application were excluded from the study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>All patients who agreed to participate in the study signed the Free and Informed Consent form. The results obtained from the biochemical analyses and ABPM assessment during the study were delivered to the patients. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (protocol n. 4278.08).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurements</title>
        <p>BP measurements were performed by the physicians of the PHC units. Three BP measurements were performed using a mercury sphygmomanometer - the use of the mercury sphygmomanometer is allowed in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, which follows the guidelines of the Collegiate Board Resolution n. 63-2011, Art. 23 - after being instructed to use appropriate-size cuffs.</p>
        <p>Patients were in the sitting position, with their feet flat on the floor, and measurements were taken after at least 5 minutes of rest. PHC physicians were instructed to perform BP measurements on both arms, using as reference the highest BP value obtained after an interval of approximately 3 minutes. The first measurement was discarded, and the mean of the two subsequent measurements was considered and recorded in the patient's medical record.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>After this procedure, the patients were referred to the care of a nurse trained for the study for the 24-hour ABPM device placement, questionnaire application and anthropometric measurements. The collected data also included analysis of patients' medical records, request for biochemical exams, and assessment of ABPM data by the first author of the study, who was blinded to the BP assessment performed by the PHC physicians. The ABPM was performed during the patient's normal workday, with weekends and holidays being excluded from the analysis.</p>
        <p>The ABPM monitors used in the study were adequately validated and calibrated according to international recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The ABPM recorder used was the DMS Brasil, TM 2430 model and the mercury sphygmomanometer used in the study was the MDF 800 model. The ABPM recordings were programmed to perform a BP measurement every 15 minutes during the waking period and every 30 minutes during sleep. The sleep and waking periods were individualized according to each patient's habits.</p>
        <p>Data were considered adequate when at least 60 recordings were performed during the 24-hour period, with at least two recordings every hour during sleep. The parameters assessed by ABPM were the mean systolic and diastolic BP of the 24-hour period, during the waking and sleep periods. Uncontrolled hypertension, consistent with conventional sphygmomanometer criteria was defined, according to the main hypertension guidelines, as BP values &#8805; 140 / 90 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>For uncontrolled hypertension, ABPM criteria were used according to the European Hypertension Guideline and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guideline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Thus, hypertensive patients with a mean 24-hour BP &#8805; 130/80 mmHg, &#8805; 135/85 mmHg in the waking period, and &#8805; 120/70 for the mean nocturnal BP measurement for the first criterion were considered uncontrolled.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> When the Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines were considered,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> the BP values used in the study were the borderline values considered normal as cutoff values for the 24-hour means: &gt; 125/75 mmHg, &gt; 130/85 mmHg for the waking period and &gt; 110/70 mmHg for the mean BP during sleep.</p>
        <p>The absence of nocturnal dipping was defined as the decrease in BP by ABPM &#8804; 10% in relation to the diurnal mean BP value.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The guidelines of the Eighth Joint National Committee<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> were also adapted for the group of patients aged 60 years and older.</p>
        <p>In addition to the conventional BP measurement and 24-hour ABPM assessment, the patients' biochemical profile was also evaluated considering the following items: total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, creatinine, Glycated Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), microalbuminuria in a sample and fasting glycemia. Microalbuminuria measurement in a sample was expressed by the albumin/creatinine ratio. Anthropometric data, such as muscle mass, weight, waist-to-hip ratio, and body mass index, were also evaluated. The assessment also included validated tools to estimate smoking/nicotine dependence (Fagerstr&#246;m Test), Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and the self-reported scale, indicating adherence to the proposed treatment (Morisky).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> All tests performed, both ABPM and biochemical exams were made available to patients and their PHC physicians.</p>
        <p>The death certificates and medical records were reviewed to verify the cardiovascular diseases identified in patients who sought medical care in the PHC network during the study period. Data were also collected in the emergency service of the referral hospital of the municipality. A 12-lead electrocardiogram was performed to confirm new diagnoses of atrial fibrillation reported by the PHC physicians, as well as in patients who showed an irregular heart rhythm during the 24-hour ABPM assessment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data Analysis</title>
        <p>Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21.0. Descriptive statistics were calculated using continuous and categorical variables. Considering the sample size, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify data normality. Continuous variables with normal distribution were shown as mean and standard deviation, and the categorical variables, as absolute numbers and percentages. Comparison between the subgroups was performed using the Chi-square test, Mann Whitney U-test (continuous variables with non-homogeneous variance) and t-test (variables with homogeneous variances). Student's t-test was used to compare two paired samples, the same subjects at two different times. Median and interquartile range values were used for continuous variables with non-normal distribution. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used for survival analysis calculation. The confidence interval was set at 95% with 80% power. The estimated sample size was 143 patients and the level of statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From January 2013 to October 2014, data from a sample of 143 hypertensive patients, with a mean follow-up period of 3 years and 8 months, were collected and evaluated from a previous cross-sectional study sample (standard deviation 0.27 = 3.77 &#177; 0.27)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Of this sample, 16 patients were not located and nine dropped out of the study protocol, although they did not report any clinical outcome before leaving the study during this period. There were 17 deaths and, thus, 101 hypertensive patients were included in the follow-up registry (flow chart).</p>
      <p>The analyzed sample consisted predominantly of female patients (65.3%), Caucasians (77.2%), mean age of 61.7 years (standard deviation &#177; 13.43). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 19%, dyslipidemia was 41%, and 36% of the study sample had microalbuminuria. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the patients' demographic profile and lifestyle. All patients had used antihypertensive medication for at least 6 months, with diuretics (77.3%) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (60.4%) being the most often prescribed medications.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic analysis and lifestyle</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Cohort<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (65.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">61.72 &#177; 13.43 (25-89)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caucasian ethnicity</td>
              <td align="center">78 (77.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index</td>
              <td align="center">28.52 &#177; 4.58 (20-44)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fasting glucose, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">98.97 &#177; 25.64 (65-211)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glycated hemoglobin A1c</td>
              <td align="center">5.95 &#177; 0.67 (5-8.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">196.65 &#177; 39.19 (88 -354)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">53.06 &#177; 11.47 (30-84)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">115.6 &#177; 31.75 (33-189)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">154.83 &#177; 119.54 (36-1015)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">0.91 &#177; 0.34 (0.42-3.09)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">6.9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol (&gt; 2 u/day)</td>
              <td align="center">27.7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Microalbuminuria, &gt; 30 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">36%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical activity, &gt; 150 minutes/week)</td>
              <td align="center">56%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Standard deviation, percentage, and maximum and minimum values.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After 3 years of follow-up, 56 cardiovascular outcomes were identified (14 deaths, 11 new cases of atrial fibrillation and 31 hospital admissions secondary to cardiovascular causes, such as heart failure and acute myocardial infarction). After 4 years of follow-up, three deaths, one new case of atrial fibrillation and six hospital admissions were identified and added to the outcomes observed in the study. Thus, there were a total of 17 deaths (two from heart failure, four from CVA, seven from CAD, one from sepsis, one from bronchopulmonary carcinoma, one of multiple organ failure and one from pneumonia), 12 new cases of atrial fibrillation and 37 hospital admissions secondary to cardiovascular causes.</p>
      <p>In the endpoints identified after 3 years of follow-up, uncontrolled BP evaluated by 24-hour ABPM was an independent predictor for new cases of atrial fibrillation (p = 0.029) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). After 4 years of follow-up, 24-hour ABPM was a risk predictor for new cases of atrial fibrillation (p = 0.015) and combined cardiovascular outcomes (p = 0.012) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Thus, at the end of the third year of follow-up, there were 77.8% (p = 0.092) of the total outcomes considering the BP group not controlled by ABPM and 79.7% (p = 0.012) at the end of the fourth year of follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). In the survival analysis, the mean time until the event was 32.5 months (95% Confidence Interval - 95% CI: 30.4 - 34.7).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cardiovascular outcomes after 3 years of follow-up through 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Outcome</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Controlled BP (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Uncontrolled BP(%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2"><italic>p</italic> value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death</td>
              <td align="center">7.7</td>
              <td align="center">19.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.216</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AF</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">17.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Combined outcomes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">46.2</td>
              <td align="center">67.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Chi-square;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>death, atrial fibrillation, and hospital admission; BP: blood pressure; AF: atrial fibrillation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cardiovascular outcomes after 4 years of follow-up through 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Outcome</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Controlled BP (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Uncontrolled BP (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2"><italic>p</italic> value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death</td>
              <td align="center">7.7</td>
              <td align="center">22.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.134</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AF</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">19.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Combined outcomes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">46.2</td>
              <td align="center">75.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Chi-square;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>death, atrial fibrillation, and hospital admission; BP: blood pressure; AF: atrial fibrillation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Combined cardiovascular outcomes (death, atrial fibrillation and hospital admission) after 4 years of follow-up assessed by conventional blood pressure (BP) measurement and 24 hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Uncontrolled BP</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Outcome</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2"><italic>p</italic> value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Present(%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Absent(%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Uncontrolled BP at ABPM</td>
              <td align="center">79,7</td>
              <td align="center">24,2</td>
              <td align="center">0,012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Uncontrolled BP at conventional BP measurement</td>
              <td align="center">54,5</td>
              <td align="center">45,5</td>
              <td align="center">0,064</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main outcome of this contemporary cohort study evaluating hypertensive patients coming from the PHC setting is that 24-hour ABPM is a predictor for cardiovascular outcomes at this level of health care. Moreover, many of these patients were considered as having uncontrolled BP when they were reclassified according to the BP means using the 24 hour-ABPM after a mean period of 3 years and 8 months of follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> These findings allow some interpretations when considering the control of cardiovascular risk factors and the most appropriate use of diagnostic tools in the hypertensive population treated at the PHC level. There is evidence that 24-hour ABPM can be considered a useful tool in the PHC scenario, being used to improve cardiovascular risk stratification in hypertensive patients at the PHC level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ohkubo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> observed a correlation between BP levels obtained from ABPM and mortality. Large and significant prospective studies have demonstrated that ABPM is a better predictor of future cardiovascular events when compared to conventional BP measurements obtained in the medical office.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The 24-hour ABPM is a tool capable of predicting cardiovascular outcomes in the long-term with odds ratios ranging from 1.28 to 1.4,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> being the only BP measurement strategy with such capacity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Therefore, based on the prognostic evidence, ABPM was selected as the reference standard for BP measurements and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of conventional BP measurements.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present cohort study, we expected to find a population of hypertensive patients with low to intermediate cardiovascular risk, as the entire sample consisted of patients from PHC. However, most of the patients were classified as intermediate to high risk for cardiovascular outcomes, due to the findings of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and microalbuminuria in the assessed sample. Such findings are probably due to the fact that the municipality where the study was carried out does not have a tertiary care center and, thus, most patients are treated in these PHC centers, regardless of their basal pathological condition. This aspect, in the care of the hypertensive patient, could justify the significant number of cardiovascular outcomes including mortality, new cases of atrial fibrillation and hospital admissions, being the same predicted by the uncontrolled BP assessment by 24 hour-ABPM. Conversely, when compared with conventional BP measures, a reverse causality of outcomes was observed. Thus, ABPM was a better predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients, when compared to conventional BP measurements. These findings agree with previous studies that analyzed the relative risk of cardiovascular outcomes associated with the mean nocturnal and 24-hour BP measurements.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The innovative aspect of the present study is the fact that the sample was obtained from a population originated exclusively from PHC, where most arterial hypertension diagnoses and treatment are performed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The patients had a high mortality rate (17 deaths in a total of 143 patients in 3.5 years of follow-up) compared to other studies, such as the TASMINH 3 Trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> of high-risk UK patients in PHC, randomized to BP self-measurement or control, in which two deaths were observed in a sample of 555 patients with a follow-up period of approximately two years. Moreover, no death was reported in the TASMINH Trial 2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, which had a similar sample size to the previously mentioned one, with a 1-year follow-up. The differences in mortality rates could reflect the impact of several care strategies used with hypertensive patients, as well as differences in cardiovascular risk in the assessed populations. Thus, the broad use of health technologies, such as ABPM in this context, could be used as an auditing tool for the public health system quality assessment.</p>
      <p>In a recent meta-analysis, it was observed that a large part of the cardiovascular risk obtained from the 24-hour BP assessment could be explained by the reduction in the nocturnal dipping, with a significant cardiovascular risk excess of 27% in relation to the normal nocturnal dipping pattern during sleep.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> When considering only the nocturnal BP mean, 63.3% of the assessed patients did not have nocturnal dipping, which may have contributed to the observed outcomes. This prevalence is similar to that found in other studies, in which the absence of nocturnal dipping ranged from 60 to 67.5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, these studies were carried out in different health care settings, which did not incorporate PHC. Masked hypertension could be pointed out as another factor contributing to the high number of outcomes observed in the study. The prevalence of masked hypertension in the study ranged from 46.9 to 56.1%, considering the different thresholds for the ABPM targets used in the study. Additionally, there is an association between target-organ lesions in patients with masked hypertension and unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension is a risk factor for new cases of atrial fibrillation due to left atrial overload and subsequent arrhythmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> However, this study identified that the mean age of patients who developed atrial fibrillation was 63.6 years, consisting of another risk factor for new cases of atrial fibrillation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Additionally, mortality due to CAD and CVA can show a 3-fold increase with each increase of 10 years in age, demonstrating the importance of adequate BP control in reducing cardiovascular risk over the years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The ABPM can provide prognostic information in terms of cardiovascular risk, contributing to treatment from the 24-hour BP assessment and antihypertensive treatment optimization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> These benefits are inherent to 24-hour BP and have been shown to be associated with a reduction in hospital admissions from cardiovascular disease and death in patients seeking medical care at PHC centers. Moreover, the routine use of ABPM in BP assessment may prevent the unnecessary treatment of hypertensive patients with white-coat effect and masked hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> thus contributing to the cost-effectiveness of arterial hypertension management at the PHC level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a relatively short period of time, a significant number of hospital admissions from cardiovascular causes was observed, and this was a relevant finding of this study. When considering the impact of patient reclassification according to the different thresholds of normality for ABPM and the conventional BP measurement, the diagnostic accuracy of the conventional BP assessment performed at the PHC centers was low, regardless of the method used. Therefore, the 24-hour ABPM resulted in the auditing of the care provided at the PHC centers, based on the incidence of cardiovascular outcomes observed, and the association with low BP control. These findings can contribute to the development of new hypertensive patient care strategies in the PHC setting.</p>
      <p>Sample size may be considered a limitation of the present study. However, considering the high number of cardiovascular outcomes observed in the relative short period of time, the sample calculation based on a previous study with the same population base,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> the absence of PHC service offered by the private network and the population size, the present study power was adequate for the study aim. The sample, consisting of patients with chronic pathological conditions and having PHC as the highest reference in detriment to the availability of secondary and tertiary health care, may have contributed to the important number of outcomes observed. Therefore, the use of ABPM as a predictive tool for cardiovascular outcomes in a sample obtained exclusively from PHC centers provides some perspectives for the development of preventive strategies for patients whose clinical profile is similar to that of the studied sample.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>A large number of hospital admissions and cardiovascular events were identified in a cohort of hypertensive patients who sought medical assistance in Primary Health Care centers. The 24-hour ABPM showed adequate predictive capacity for cardiovascular outcomes when compared to conventional BP measurements. This study suggests the need for reassessment of preventive strategies in PHC centers, especially considering the care of the hypertensive patient. The 24-hour ABPM can be considered a good tool for assessing BP measurements and could be useful in the management of BP control in hypertensive patients and as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in the Primary Health Care setting.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by first author.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Guilherme Brasil Grezzana, from Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - ICFUC.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>30 Hodgkinson J, Mant J, Martin U, Guo B, Hobbs FD, Deeks JJ, et al. Relative effectiveness of clinic and home blood pressure monitoring compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in diagnosis of hypertension: systematic review. BMJ. 2011;342:d3621.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Hodgkinson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mant</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hobbs</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deeks</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relative effectiveness of clinic and home blood pressure monitoring compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in diagnosis of hypertension: systematic review</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>342</volume>
          <fpage>d3621</fpage>
          <lpage>d3621</lpage>
        </element-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>31 Nascimento LR, Molina MCB, Faria CP, Cunha RdeS, Mill JG. Reproducibility of arterial pressure measured in the ELSA-Brasil with 24-hour pressure monitoring. Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(Suppl 2):113-21.</mixed-citation>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>RdeS</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Mill</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
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          <article-title>Reproducibility of arterial pressure measured in the ELSA-Brasil with 24-hour pressure monitoring</article-title>
          <source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
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          <fpage>113</fpage>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial de 24 Horas Prediz Desfechos em Hipertensos na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de: Estudo de Coorte</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grezzana</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Brasil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Airton Tetelbon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Guilherme Brasil Grezzana</bold> Rua Oswaldo Hampe, 258. CEP: 95250-000, Centro, Ant&#244;nio Prado, RS &#8722; Brasil E-mail: <email>gbgrezzana@bol.com.br</email>, <email>gbgrezzana@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Grezzana GB, Stein AT, Pellanda LC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Grezzana GB. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Grezzana GB, Stein AT, Pellanda LC. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Grezzana GB. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Grezzana GB. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Grezzana GB, Stein AT, Pellanda LC. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Grezzana GB, Stein AT, Pellanda LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; um importante fator de risco para desfechos cardiovasculares. No entanto, na maioria dos centros de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de, a press&#227;o arterial permanece com n&#237;veis de controle inadequados. A Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA) &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til na predi&#231;&#227;o de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. A implementa&#231;&#227;o da MAPA de 24 horas e a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cardiovasculares na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de podem ser eficazes para melhorarem estrat&#233;gias de acompanhamento do paciente hipertenso neste cen&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada detectada pela MAPA de 24 horas como um preditor de desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes hipertensos da Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de em um ambiente de baixos recursos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte com base em centros de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de. O estudo foi conduzido com 143 pacientes hipertensos, que realizaram MAPA de 24 horas no in&#237;cio do estudo. Os alvos terap&#234;uticos foram baseados no <italic>Eighth Joint National Committee</italic>, na Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o e na Diretriz Europeia de Hipertens&#227;o. Registros m&#233;dicos de emerg&#234;ncia, admiss&#245;es hospitalares e atestados de &#243;bitos foram revisados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 143 pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Ap&#243;s 4 anos de seguimento foram verificados 17 &#243;bitos, 12 novos casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e 37 interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares relacionadas a desfechos cardiovasculares. Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, a MAPA de 24 horas apresentou resultado preditor para novos casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p = 0,015) e combina&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares, mortalidade e admiss&#245;es hospitalares (p = 0,012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A MAPA de 24 horas foi um importante preditor de desfechos cardiovasculares em popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa que procura assist&#234;ncia em centros de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/ complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Hipertens&#227;o &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos t&#234;m fornecido evid&#234;ncias inequ&#237;vocas para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o arterial e mortalidade por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) e doen&#231;as vasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Adicionalmente, h&#225; robusta associa&#231;&#227;o entre redu&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) e preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC) e AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada (PA sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg ou PA diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg) aumentou de 605 para 978 milh&#245;es, dentre outras causas, influenciado pelo envelhecimento populacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O crescimento absoluto da popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa deve acarretar aumento na utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, o que traz &#224; tona a necessidade de identificar e tratar a hipertens&#227;o, para evitar o gerenciamento dos custos das complica&#231;&#245;es associadas a ela.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da PA de 24 horas (MAPA) &#233; o instrumento mais acurado de avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA como preditor de eventos cardiovasculares, quando comparado aos outros m&#233;todos, como aferi&#231;&#227;o domiciliar e convencional da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No entanto, em ambientes de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de (APS), a disponibilidade e o emprego da MAPA est&#227;o aqu&#233;m de suas indica&#231;&#245;es, e os m&#233;dicos generalistas apresentam um papel cr&#237;tico no controle da hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversos e significantes estudos prospectivos avaliaram o valor preditivo da MAPA em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; aferi&#231;&#227;o convencional da PA, como o <italic>Dublin Outcome Study</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e o IDACO (<italic>The International Database of Ambulatory Blood Pressure in relation to Cardiovascular Outcome</italic>),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> ambos com um significativo tempo de seguimento (8,4 e 9,5 anos, respectivamente). Al&#233;m disto, o estudo CARDIORISC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> com um tamanho amostral de 2.115 pacientes hipertensos tratados, seguimento de 4 anos, que incluiu pacientes da APS, e diretrizes internacionais, como NICE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e o CHEP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> recomendam o m&#233;todo da MAPA como ferramenta diagn&#243;stica de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        <p>No entanto, a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica da hipertens&#227;o baseada em medidas convencionais de PA &#233; baixa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e h&#225; uma lacuna nos estudos prospectivos para avaliarem o impacto da MAPA de 24 horas no controle da hipertens&#227;o na APS. Na maioria dos ambientes da APS, a MAPA de 24 horas &#233; ainda uma ferramenta escassamente utilizada, e estudos adicionas s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para ampliar sua implementa&#231;&#227;o. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada detectada pela MAPA de 24 horas como um preditor de desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes hipertensos APS em um ambiente de baixos recursos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Este estudo de coorte foi baseado em centros de APS, incluindo pacientes hipertensos de Ant&#244;nio Prado (RS), cidade da Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil, com popula&#231;&#227;o de 12.883 habitantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes foram ser hipertenso, registrados no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) no programa de pacientes hipertensos e receber tratamento farmacol&#243;gico regular em um dos dois centros de APS do munic&#237;pio por, pelo menos, 6 meses.</p>
          <p>De janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2010, foi selecionada a amostra de pacientes hipertensos de forma aleat&#243;ria, a partir do conjunto total de pacientes hipertensos cadastrados em duas Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de, por meio da gera&#231;&#227;o de n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios pelo programa Microsof Excel 2008.</p>
          <p>Entre janeiro de 2013 e outubro de 2014, os pacientes foram convidados para o segundo est&#225;gio do estudo por via telef&#244;nica e/ou por carta, para participarem do estudo. Antes de entrarem neste est&#225;gio do estudo, os pacientes foram reavaliados por seus m&#233;dicos da APS. Pacientes n&#227;o aptos a responder o question&#225;rio, gestantes, aqueles com eletrocardiogramas apresentando ritmo n&#227;o sinusal, que moravam fora do local de cobertura dos centros de APS, que mudaram de cidade ou n&#227;o foram contatados, e/ou n&#227;o toleraram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA, ou apresentaram dificuldade t&#233;cnica durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo forma exclu&#237;dos do estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes que concordaram em participar do estudo assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Os resultados obtidos dos exames de bioqu&#237;mica e MAPA durante o estudo foram entregues aos pacientes. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (protocolo 4278.08).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aferi&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>As medidas de PA foram realizadas pelos m&#233;dicos das unidades de APS. Foram feitas tr&#234;s aferi&#231;&#245;es da PA com esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio &#8722; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio &#233; permitida no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, o qual segue as orienta&#231;&#245;es da Resolu&#231;&#227;o da Diretoria Colegiada 63-2011, Art. 23 &#8722;, ap&#243;s serem instru&#237;dos a individualizar o ajusto do manguito.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes estavam sentados, com seus p&#233;s apoiados no ch&#227;o, e as medidas foram realizadas ap&#243;s, pelo menos, 5 minutos de descanso. Os m&#233;dicos da APS foram instru&#237;dos a realizarem as aferi&#231;&#245;es da PA em ambos os bra&#231;os, tomando como refer&#234;ncia o maior valor de PA obtido ap&#243;s o intervalo de aproximadamente 3 minutos. A primeira medida foi descartada, e a m&#233;dia das duas aferi&#231;&#245;es subsequentes foi considerada e anotada nos registros m&#233;dicos dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s este procedimento, os pacientes foram direcionados aos cuidados da enfermeira treinada para o estudo para a coloca&#231;&#227;o da MAPA de 24 horas, aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio e realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas antropom&#233;tricas. Os dados coletados tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;ram an&#225;lise dos registros m&#233;dicos dos pacientes, solicita&#231;&#227;o de exames bioqu&#237;micos e avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dados da MAPA pelo primeiro autor do estudo, de forma cega em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA realizada pelos m&#233;dicos da APS. A MAPA foi realizada durante dia normal de trabalho do paciente, e finais de semana e feriados foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>Os monitores de MAPA utilizados no estudo estavam adequadamente validados e calibrados, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O gravador de MAPA utilizado foi o DMS Brasil, modelo TM 2430, e o esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio foi o MDF 800. Os registros da MAPA foram programados para realizar uma aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA a cada 15 minutos, durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, e a cada 30 minutos, durante o per&#237;odo de sono. Os per&#237;odos de sono e vig&#237;lia foram individualizados de acordo com os h&#225;bitos de cada paciente.</p>
          <p>Os dados foram considerados adequados quando pelo menos 60 registros eram realizados durante o per&#237;odo de 24 horas, com pelo menos dois registros a cada hora durante o per&#237;odo de sono. Os par&#226;metros avaliados pela MAPA foram a PA m&#233;dia sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do per&#237;odo de 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e noturno. Hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada pelos crit&#233;rios das medidas convencionais realizadas por esfigmoman&#244;metro foi definida, de acordo com as principais diretrizes de hipertens&#227;o, como valores &#8805;140/90 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada, foram adotados os crit&#233;rios da MAPA, segundo a observa&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Europeia de Hipertens&#227;o e da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Desta forma, foram considerados n&#227;o controlados os pacientes hipertensos que apresentavam PA m&#233;dia de 24 horas &#8805; 130/80 mmHg, &#8805; 135/85 mmHg no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e &#8805; 120/70 para a m&#233;dia noturna da PA para o primeiro crit&#233;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> J&#225; quando observadas as orienta&#231;&#245;es das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> os valores para PA utilizados no estudo foram os valores lim&#237;trofes considerados normais como ponto de corte para as m&#233;dias de 24 horas: &#707; 125/75 mmHg, &#707; 130/85 mmHg para o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e &gt; 110/70 mmHg para a m&#233;dia da PA durante o sono. A aus&#234;ncia de descenso noturno foi definida como a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA pela MAPA &#8804; 10% em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia diurna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> As diretrizes do <italic>Eighth Joint National Committee</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> foram tamb&#233;m adaptadas para o grupo de pacientes com idade de 60 anos ou mais.</p>
          <p>Adicionalmente &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o convencional e de 24 horas pela MAPA da PA, o perfil bioqu&#237;mico dos pacientes tamb&#233;m foi avaliado, considerando os seguintes itens: colesterol total, Lipoprote&#237;na de Alta Densidade (HDL), Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade (LDL), triglicer&#237;deos, creatinina, hemograma, Hemoglobina Glicada Fra&#231;&#227;o A1c (HbA1c), microalbumin&#250;ria em amostra e glicemia de jejum. O m&#233;todo de aferi&#231;&#227;o da microalbumin&#250;ria em amostra foi expresso pela rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina. Dados antropom&#233;tricos, como massa muscular, peso, &#237;ndice cintura-quadril e &#237;ndice de massa corporal, tamb&#233;m foram avaliados. A avalia&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m incluiu instrumentos validados para estimar depend&#234;ncia ao tabagismo/nicotina (teste de Fagerstr&#246;m), abuso de bebidas alco&#243;licas (<italic>Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test</italic> &#8722; AUDIT) e a escala autorreferida, indicando a ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento proposto (Morisky).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Todos os exames realizados, tanto de MAPA quanto bioqu&#237;micos, foram disponibilizados aos pacientes e a seus m&#233;dicos da APS.</p>
          <p>Foram avaliados os atestados de &#243;bito e revisados os prontu&#225;rios, para verifica&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares evidenciadas pelos pacientes que procuraram assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica na APS no per&#237;odo do estudo. Os dados tamb&#233;m foram coletados no pronto atendimento de urg&#234;ncia do hospital de refer&#234;ncia da cidade. Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizado para confirmar novos diagn&#243;sticos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial reportados pelos m&#233;dicos da APS, bem como para os pacientes que apresentavam ritmo card&#237;aco irregular durante aferi&#231;&#227;o da MAPA de 24 horas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados utilizando o programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 21.0. Estat&#237;stica descritiva foi calculada utilizando vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e categ&#243;ricas. Considerando o tamanho amostral, o teste estat&#237;stico empregado para a verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade dos dados foi o de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas por meio de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas por n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os subgrupos foi realizada com o teste qui quadrado, Mann Whitney, U-test (vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com vari&#226;ncia n&#227;o homog&#234;nea) e teste t (vari&#225;veis com vari&#226;ncias homog&#234;neas). O teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparar duas amostras pareadas, mesmos sujeitos em dois momentos distintos. Foram utilizadas mediana e intervalo interquartil para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. An&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier foi utilizada para o c&#225;lculo de an&#225;lise de sobrevida. O intervalo de confian&#231;a foi de 95% com poder de 80%. O tamanho da amostra estimada foi de 143 pacientes. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De janeiro de 2013 a outubro de 2014, uma amostra de 143 pacientes hipertensos, com per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 3 anos e 8 meses, foi coletada e avaliada a partir de amostra de estudo transversal pr&#233;vio (desvio padr&#227;o 0,27 = 3,77 &#177; 0,27).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Desta amostra, 16 pacientes n&#227;o foram localizados e nove abandonaram o protocolo de estudo, embora eles n&#227;o tenham reportado qualquer desfecho cl&#237;nico antes de deixarem o estudo durante este per&#237;odo. Ocorreram 17 &#243;bitos e, assim, 101 pacientes hipertensos foram inclu&#237;dos no registro de seguimento.</p>
        <p>A amostra analisada foi constitu&#237;da predominantemente por mulheres (65,3%), brancos (77,2%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 61,7 anos (desvio padr&#227;o &#177; 13,43). A preval&#234;ncia de diabetes melito do tipo 2 foi de 19%, dislipidemia de 41% e 36% da amostra estudada apresentava microalbumin&#250;ria. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 1</xref> sumariza o perfil demogr&#225;fico e o estilo de vida dos pacientes. Todos os pacientes faziam uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva por pelo menos 6 meses, sendo os diur&#233;ticos (77,3%) e os inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (60,4%) as medica&#231;&#245;es mais prescritas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise demogr&#225;fica e estilo de vida</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Coorte<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (65,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">61,72 &#177; 13,43 (25-89)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cor da pela branca</td>
                <td align="center">78 (77,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">28,52 &#177; 4,58 (20-44)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia de jejum, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">98,97 &#177; 25,64 (65-211)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina glicada fra&#231;&#227;o A1c</td>
                <td align="center">5,95 &#177; 0,67 (5-8,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">196,65 &#177; 39,19 (88 -354)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">53,06 &#177; 11,47 (30-84)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">115,6 &#177; 31,75 (33-189)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">154,83 &#177; 119,54 (36-1015)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 &#177; 0,34 (0,42-3,09)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">6,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;lcool (&gt; 2 u/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">27,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Microalbuminuria, &gt; 30 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">36%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica, &gt; 150 minuto/semana)</td>
                <td align="center">56%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Desvio padr&#227;o, porcentual, e m&#225;ximo e m&#237;nimo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 3 anos de seguimento, 56 desfechos cardiovasculares foram identificados (14 &#243;bitos, 11 novos casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e 31 admiss&#245;es hospitalares secund&#225;rias a causas cardiovasculares, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio). Ap&#243;s o seguimento de 4 anos, tr&#234;s &#243;bitos, um caso novo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e seis interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares foram identificados e acrescentados aos desfechos observados no estudo. Assim, houve um total de 17 &#243;bitos (dois por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, quatro relacionados a AVC, sete devido &#224; DAC, um por sepse, um por carcinoma broncopulmonar, um por fal&#234;ncia m&#250;ltipla de &#243;rg&#227;os e um por pneumonia), 12 novos casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e 37 admiss&#245;es hospitalares secund&#225;rias &#224; causas cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Nos desfechos identificados ap&#243;s 3 anos de seguimento, PA n&#227;o controlada avaliada pela MAPA de 24 horas foi preditor independente para novos casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p = 0,029) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). Ap&#243;s 4 anos de seguimento, a MAPA de 24 horas foi preditor de risco para desfechos de novos casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p = 0,015) e desfechos cardiovasculares combinados (p = 0,012) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). Desta forma, no final do terceiro ano de seguimento, havia 77,8% (p = 0,092) do total de desfechos considerando o grupo PA n&#227;o controlada pela MAPA e 79,7% (p = 0,012) no final do quarto ano de seguimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). Na an&#225;lise de sobrevida, a m&#233;dia de tempo para o evento foi 32,5 meses (Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% &#8722; IC95% 30,4 - 34,7).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfechos cardiovasculares ap&#243;s 3 anos de seguimento pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (PA) de 24 horas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Desfecho</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">PA controlada(%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">PA n&#227;o controlada(%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Morte</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">19,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,216</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FA</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">17,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desfechos combinados<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">46,2</td>
                <td align="center">67,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Qui quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>morte, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfechos cardiovasculares ap&#243;s 4 anos de seguimento por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (PA) de 24 horas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Desfecho</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">PA controlada(%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">PA n&#227;o controlada(%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Morte</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">22,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FA</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">19,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desfechos combinados<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">46,2</td>
                <td align="center">75,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Qui quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>morte, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. PA: press&#227;o artererial; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfechos cardiovasculares combinados (mortes, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es) ap&#243;s 4 anos de seguimento avaliados por medida convencional da press&#227;o arterial (PA) e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA (MAPA) de 24 horas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">PA n&#227;o controlada</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Desfecho</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Presente(%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Ausente(%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA MAPA n&#227;o controlada</td>
                <td align="center">79,7</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA convencional n&#227;o controlada</td>
                <td align="center">54,5</td>
                <td align="center">45,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal resultado deste estudo de coorte contempor&#226;nea avaliando pacientes hipertensos oriundos da APS &#233; que a MAPA de 24 horas &#233; um preditor para desfechos cardiovasculares neste n&#237;vel da aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de. Adicionalmente, muitos destes pacientes foram considerados com PA n&#227;o controlada quando reclassificados quanto &#224;s m&#233;dias press&#243;ricas utilizando a MAPA de 24 horas ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 3 anos e 8 meses de acompanhamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Estes achados permitem algumas interpreta&#231;&#245;es quando considerados o controle de fatores de risco cardiovascular e a mais apropriada aplica&#231;&#227;o de ferramentas diagn&#243;sticas na popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa atendida no ambiente da APS. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a MAPA de 24 horas pode ser considerada uma ferramenta &#250;til no cen&#225;rio da APS, sendo utilizada para um refinamento de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular no paciente hipertenso no cen&#225;rio da APS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ohkubo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> observaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de PA obtidos da MAPA e mortalidade. Amplos e significativos estudos prospectivos t&#234;m demonstrado que a MAPA &#233; melhor preditor de futuros eventos cardiovasculares, quando comparado a medidas convencionais da PA em ambientes de consult&#243;rio m&#233;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A MAPA de 24 horas &#233; uma ferramenta capaz de predizer desfechos cardiovasculares de longo prazo com raz&#245;es de chance que variam de 1,28 a 1,4,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> sendo a &#250;nica estrat&#233;gia de aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA com tal capacidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Portanto, baseado na evid&#234;ncia progn&#243;stica, a MAPA foi selecionada como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para medidas de PA e para avalia&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica das aferi&#231;&#245;es convencionais da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo de coorte, esperava-se encontrar uma popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos de baixo a intermedi&#225;rio risco cardiovascular, pelo fato de a amostra ter sido constitu&#237;da, em sua totalidade, por pacientes oriundos da APS. No entanto, a maioria dos pacientes foi classificada como de risco intermedi&#225;rio a alto para desfechos cardiovasculares, decorrentes dos achados de diabetes tipo 2, dislipidemia e microalbumin&#250;ria na amostra estudada. Tais achados devem-se provavelmente ao fato de que o munic&#237;pio onde o estudo foi realizado n&#227;o possui centro de atendimento terci&#225;rio e, deste modo, a maioria dos pacientes recebe seu atendimento, independentemente da condi&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica basal nestes centros de APS. Este aspecto, no atendimento ao paciente hipertenso, poderia justificar o n&#250;mero significativo de desfechos cardiovasculares incluindo mortalidade, novos casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares, sendo os mesmos preditos pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA n&#227;o controlada pela MAPA de 24 horas. Contrariamente, quando comparada com as medidas convencionais da PA, uma causalidade reversa dos desfechos foi observada. Desta forma, a MAPA foi melhor preditor de desfechos cardiovasculares de paciente hipertensos na APS quando comparada &#224;s medidas convencionais de PA. Estes achados est&#227;o de acordo com estudos pr&#233;vios que analisaram o risco relativo de desfechos cardiovasculares relacionados com as m&#233;dias noturnas da PA e de 24 horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O aspecto inovador do presente estudo &#233; o fato de que a amostra foi extra&#237;da de uma popula&#231;&#227;o oriunda exclusivamente da APS, onde a maioria dos diagn&#243;sticos e tratamentos da hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; realizada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Os pacientes apresentaram elevado &#237;ndice de mortalidade (17 &#243;bitos de um total de 143 pacientes em 3,5 anos de acompanhamento) comparado a outros estudos, como o TASMINH 3 Trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> de pacientes de alto risco na APS inglesa, randomizados para a automedida ou o controle da PA, no qual foram observadas duas mortes entre os 555 pacientes da amostra com seguimento de aproximadamente dois anos. Ainda, nenhuma morte foi reportada no estudo TASMINH 2,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> que apresentou um tamanho amostral semelhante ao do seguimento mencionado anteriormente de 1 ano. As diferen&#231;as nas taxas de mortalidade encontradas poderiam refletir o impacto de variadas estrat&#233;gias de cuidados com os pacientes hipertensos, bem como as diferen&#231;as de risco cardiovascular das popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas. Assim, o amplo uso de tecnologias em sa&#250;de, como a MAPA, neste contexto, serviria como ferramenta de auditoria na qualidade do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>Em recente metan&#225;lise, foi observado que grande parte do risco cardiovascular oriundo da avalia&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas da PA poderia ser explicado pela redu&#231;&#227;o do efeito de descenso noturno, com significante excesso de risco cardiovascular de 27% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o normal de queda da press&#227;o noturna durante o sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Quando considerada somente a m&#233;dia noturna da PA, 63,3% dos pacientes analisados n&#227;o apresentaram descenso noturno da PA, o qual pode ter contribu&#237;do para os desfechos observados. Esta preval&#234;ncia &#233; similar &#224; encontrada em outros estudos, nos quais a aus&#234;ncia do descenso noturno variou entre 60 e 67,5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Contudo, estes estudos foram conduzidos em diferentes cen&#225;rios de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de, n&#227;o incorporando a APS. A hipertens&#227;o mascarada poderia ser apontada como outro fator que contribuiu para o n&#250;mero elevado de desfechos observados no estudo. A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o mascarada no estudo variou de 46,9 a 56,1% considerando os diferentes limiares para as metas press&#243;ricas de MAPA utilizadas no estudo. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o mascarada e progn&#243;stico cardiovascular desfavor&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; um fator de risco para o surgimento de novos casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial devido &#224; sobrecarga do &#225;trio esquerdo e ao subsequente surgimento da arritmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> No entanto, este estudo identificou que a m&#233;dia et&#225;ria dos pacientes que desenvolveram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial era de 63,6 anos, consistindo em outro fator de risco para novos casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Al&#233;m disto, a mortalidade por DAC e AVC pode triplicar a cada aumento de 10 anos na idade, demonstrando a import&#226;ncia de um adequado controle da PA na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular ao longo dos anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A MAPA pode fornecer informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em termos de risco cardiovascular, contribuindo para o tratamento a partir da avalia&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas da PA e otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento anti-hipertensivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Tais benef&#237;cios s&#227;o inerentes &#224; PA de 24 horas e t&#234;m demonstrado associa&#231;&#227;o com a redu&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e morte em pacientes que procuram assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica em centros de APS. Adicionalmente, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de rotina da MAPA na avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA pode prevenir tratamento desnecess&#225;rio de pacientes hipertensos que apresentam efeito do avental branco e hipertens&#227;o mascarada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> contribuindo, desta forma, para o custo-efetividade do manejo da hipertens&#227;o arterial no n&#237;vel da APS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em um per&#237;odo relativamente curto de tempo, foi observado um significativo n&#250;mero de admiss&#245;es hospitalares decorrentes de causas cardiovasculares, e este foi um achado relevante deste estudo. Quando considerado o impacto da reclassifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com os diferentes limiares de normalidade para a MAPA e medida convencional da PA, a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica da PA convencional realizada nos centros de APS foi baixa, independentemente do m&#233;todo utilizado. Assim, a MAPA de 24 horas proporcionou uma auditoria do atendimento realizado nos centros da APS, a partir da incid&#234;ncia de desfechos cardiovasculares observados, e a associa&#231;&#227;o com o baixo controle da PA. Estes achados podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas estrat&#233;gias de atendimento do paciente hipertenso em ambientes da APS.</p>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra pode ser considerado uma limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo. No entanto, considerando o elevado n&#250;mero de desfechos cardiovasculares observados no relativo curto per&#237;odo de tempo, o c&#225;lculo amostral embasado em estudo pr&#233;vio com a mesma base populacional,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> a aus&#234;ncia de servi&#231;o de APS oferecido pela rede privada e o tamanho populacional, o poder do presente estudo foi adequado para o objetivo do estudo. A amostra, constitu&#237;da por pacientes com condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas cr&#244;nicas e tendo como refer&#234;ncia maior a APS em detrimento &#224; disponibilidade de aten&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e terci&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de, pode ter contribu&#237;do para o importante n&#250;mero de desfechos observados. Desta forma, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA como ferramenta preditora de desfechos cardiovasculares de amostra exclusivamente oriunda de centros de APS fornece algumas perspectivas para o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias preventivas para os pacientes, cujo perfil cl&#237;nico seja similar ao da amostra estudada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Um elevado n&#250;mero de admiss&#245;es hospitalares e eventos cardiovasculares foi identificado em uma coorte de pacientes hipertensos que procuraram assist&#234;ncia em centros de APS. A MAPA de 24 horas demonstrou adequada capacidade preditora de desfechos cardiovasculares quando comparada &#224;s medidas convencionais de PA. Este estudo sugere a necessidade de reavalia&#231;&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias preventivas em centros de APS, especialmente considerando o atendimento do paciente hipertenso. A MAPA de 24 horas pode ser considerada um bom instrumento de avali&#231;&#227;o das medidas de PA e poderia ser &#250;til no manejo do controle da PA em pacientes hipertensos e como preditor de desfechos cardiovasculares no cen&#225;rio da APS.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo primeiro autor.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Guilherme Brasil Grezzana pelo Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - ICFUC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.onlineijcs.org">http://www.onlineijcs.org</ext-link>
					</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
