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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kR6HmdVHHkw78P36pvG8KZb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000300251</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170035</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Hypoxia on Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Musmanno Branco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohan</surname>
            <given-names>Philippe de Azeredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio Experimental e Aplicada</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio Experimental e Aplicada (LAFE-EA) - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFF</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares (PPGCCV) - Faculdade de Medicina (UFF)</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFF</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas - Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia (UFF), Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro Paulo da Silva Soares</bold>, Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101, sala 304Y. Postal Code: 24.210-130, S&#227;o Domingos, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. Email: <email>ppssoares@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira ALMB, Rohan PA, Gon&#231;alves TR, Soares PPS. Acquisition of data: Oliveira ALMB, Rohan PA, Gon&#231;alves TR, Soares PPS. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira ALMB, Rohan PA, Gon&#231;alves TR, Soares PPS. Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira ALMB, Rohan PA, Gon&#231;alves TR, Soares PPS. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira ALMB, Rohan PA, Gon&#231;alves TR, Soares PPS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>251</fpage>
      <lpage>261</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hypoxia is a physiological condition that may affect the cardiac autonomic modulation, which can be assessed by spontaneous fluctuations in heart rate, know as heart rate variability (HRV). Studies have reported reductions or maintenance of HRV in hypoxic situation presenting controversial effects. There is a knowledge gap in relation to changes in HRV during hypoxia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to systematically review the effects of hypoxia on HRV in unacclimatized healthy adults at rest.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Search terms used in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, LILACS and EUROPE PMC database were: "heart rate variability" OR "cardiac autonomic modulation" OR "cardiac autonomic regulation" AND NOT intermittent NOT sleep (hypoxia OR altitude). Records were filtered by species, age group and language. Results: At the end of the screening and eligibility, 13 manuscripts remained for qualitative synthesis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Discussion:</title>
          <p>The studies used different experimental protocols involving difference in barometric pressure, oxygen level, time of exposure to hypoxia and control of respiratory rate. Possibly the influence of these factors and also the interindividual variation to hypoxia may justify different responses in HRV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Based on the investigated studies, hypoxia has been capable of generating a decrease in HRV, either by reduction or maintenance of vagal modulation, or by sympathetic predominance or even the combination of these responses in healthy adults unacclimatized to hypoxia. This effect appears to be dependent on altitude level and barometric pressure. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2017;30(3):251-261)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Hip&#243;xia</kwd>
        <kwd>Altitude</kwd>
        <kwd>Atmospheric Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Review</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <funding-source>FAPERJ</funding-source>
          <award-id>E-26/110.166/2014</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by CAPES e FAPERJ (E-26/110.166/2014).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Several physiological conditions, such as hypoxia, can exert influence on the cardiac autonomic modulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This condition consists of a lower availability of oxygen in the tissues and can be caused during the ascent to altitude. At high altitudes hypoxia occurs due to a high altitude pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere (PO<sub>2</sub>) compared to sea level. The reduction in the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO<sub>2</sub>), made with specific equipment, also leads to hypoxia, and has been used to simulate the altitude at normobaric condition. Both types of hypoxia reduces the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO<sub>2</sub>) leading to decreased arterial oxygen saturation (SaO<sub>2</sub>). These effects stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors to adjust lung ventilation (LV) in order to try to restore arterial oxygen levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Breathing<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and the activity of the chemoreceptors influence the modulation of heart rate (HR) during exposure to hypoxia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> At rest in normoxia, HR and blood pressure (BP) are modulated beat to beat mainly by arterial baroreceptors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, during exposure to hypoxia, peripheral chemoreceptors also act as regulators of autonomic activity and resets baroreflex control of heart rate and sympathetic activity, allowing higher levels of HR, BP and sympathetic drive, but without changing baroreflex sensitivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The autonomic nervous system controls the heart beats through its sympathetic and parasympathetic discharging on the sinus node. Each branch performs different functions, where increased sympathetic activation reflects in an increase in HR, while increased parasympathetic or vagal activation leads to decreased heart beats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The combination of these humoral and neural mechanisms modulate HR. A widely used non-invasive tool to assess cardiac autonomic modulation by fluctuations in R-R intervals is HR variability (HRV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>HRV may be assessed by the dynamics of RR intervals time series in the time-domain and in the frequency-domain by the spectral method,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> the indexes: the square root of the mean of the squares of the successive differences between adjacent RR intervals (rMSSD) and percentage of adjacent R-R intervals that varied by more than 50 ms (pNN50) represent parasympathetic modulation, while the standard deviation of all normal RR intervals (SDNN) and the standard deviation of the means of the normal RR intervals (SDANN) represent all cyclical components related to variability during the recording period. In the frequency-domain,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> obtained using spectral analysis, the three major indexes used are: Very low frequency (VLF: 0 - 0.04 Hz) which although its physiological application is not well defined seems to correspond to the influence of the thermoregulatory and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems; the spectral component of low frequency (LF: 0.04 - 0.15 Hz) at rest refers to sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation, but mostly sympathetic, being related to the tonic baroreflex activity, and high frequency spectral component (HF: 0.15 - 0.40 Hz) corresponding to vagal and respiratory modulation. The components obtained using spectral analysis may be described in absolute values (ms<sup>2</sup>), normalized units, or normalized by neperian logarithm based on absolute values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although many studies have used HRV to assess cardiac autonomic modulation during hypoxia, the results have been controversial, particularly due to differences present in the experimental designs,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> such as the altitude level,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> hypoxia in hypobaric (HH) or normobaric (NH) environment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, length of exposure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> natives or non-natives in altitude<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and acclimation condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Furthermore, other factors may interfere with the HRV even in normoxia, such as respiratory frequency (RF), change in corporal position,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> physical capacity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> age,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> temperature,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> which if not controlled may lead to conflicts in the results and undermine the interpretation of the impact of hypoxia on HR modulation. In this sense, the objective of this study is to systematically review this issue to clarify the effects of hypoxia on cardiac autonomic modulation in unacclimatized healthy young adults at rest.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>In order to structure the methods applied to this manuscript, PRISMA (<italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic>) was used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Types of participants</title>
        <p>Healthy, non-altitude resident adults aged 19-44 years.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Types of interventions.</title>
        <p>Acute exposure to hypoxia, which have assessed cardiac autonomic modulation by using HRV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Types of measures investigated</title>
        <p>Both time and frequency-domain methods were chosen for better comparison of HRV results. In selected studies, HRV was considered only before and during exposure to hypoxia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Bibliographic search</title>
        <p>Studies were selected by two investigators separately and subsequently discussed together. The studies were obtained from MEDLINE, LILACS, SCOPUS and EUROPE PMC databases. Search terms used in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, LILACS and EUROPE PMC database were: <italic>"heart rate variability" OR "cardiac autonomic modulation" OR "cardiac autonomic regulation" AND (hypoxia OR altitude) NOT intermittent NOT sleep. S</italic>earch terms used in LILACS, SCOPUS and EUROPUBMED database were: <italic>("heart rate variability" OR "cardiac autonomic modulation" OR "cardiac autonomic regulation") AND (hypoxia OR altitude) AND NOT intermittent AND NOT sleep</italic> because of the difference in the use of Boolean operators. Those terms were selected so as the search avoided manuscripts containing sleep apnea or intermittent hypoxia. In Medline filters were used for ages between 19 and 44 and only human studies. In Lilacs filters were used only for human and altitude related studies. In Scopus filters available to research only in scientific articles and study area involving <italic>environmental science</italic>", "<italic>medicine</italic>" and "<italic>neuroscience</italic>" were used. In Europe PMC search filters were not used.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Studies in English, Portuguese and Spanish, only with healthy, non-athlete humans at rest were included, which assessment focused mainly on cardiac autonomic modulation by means of HRV during exposure to hypoxia/altitude in temperature controlled environment. In order to enrich the discussion, studies that used or not control of the respiratory rate and arterial CO<sub>2</sub> were included. These studies will be discussed separately.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Articles that did not use the HRV using linear dynamics as an assessment method of the cardiac autonomic modulation were excluded, as well as studies of children, fetuses, newborns, the elderly, athletes or individuals with any type of pathological condition, animals, as well as those involving intermittent hypoxia protocols.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Bias Risk in Studies</title>
        <p>The studies were analyzed for the use of sample choosing criteria. It was analyzed whether the method used for the assessment of cardiac autonomic modulation was HRV during hypoxia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In accordance with predetermined criteria in this study, 1252 studies were initially found (180 for Medline, 394 for Scopus, 163 for Lilacs, 515 for Europe PMC) on February 16, 2017. After applying the filters, 847 studies were left, of which 83 for Medline, 225 for Scopus, 24 for Lilacs and 515 for Euro PubMed, according to the following flowchart:</p>
      <p>This review aimed to investigate studies that assessed HRV during exposure to hypoxia in unacclimatized healthy young individuals. Although the effects of hypoxia on cardiac autonomic modulation are well studied,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> even after a rigorous selection criterion of the articles, experimental protocols are considerably different. The results found are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Methodological classification and results of HRV during hypoxia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Author/year:</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sample</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Intervention</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Respiratory frequency</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Results (SpO<sub>2</sub>%):</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Results (HRV) during hypoxia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Botek et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> 2015</td>
              <td align="center">29 young moderately active healthy individuals (26 &#177; 4.9 years of age),</td>
              <td align="center">10 min NH (FiO<sub>2</sub>= 9.6% at ~6200 m). Two groups: (RG) SpO<sub>2</sub>&#8805; 72.2% or (SG) &#8804; 72.2%</td>
              <td align="center">Controlled breathing (12 breaths/min)</td>
              <td align="center">RG (&#8595;80.8 &#177; 7.0); SG (&#8595;67.2 &#177; 2.9)</td>
              <td align="center">LnHF &#8595; (RG and SG); LnHF (SG &lt; RG);Ln LF/HF (&#8593; SG) and (&#8596; RG); Ln LF/HF (SG &gt; RG); LFnu &#8593; (SG); LFnu (SG &gt; RG); HFnu &#8595; (SG); HFnu (SG &lt; RG)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Buchheit et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 2004</td>
              <td align="center">12 young moderately active healthy individuals (30.9 &#177; 2.3 years of age)</td>
              <td align="center">6-min NH (11.5% O<sub>2</sub> at ~4800 m)</td>
              <td align="center">Spontaneous breathing</td>
              <td align="center">&#916;SaO<sub>2</sub> (7.80&#177;0.59)</td>
              <td align="center">rMSSD &#8595;; SDNN &#8596;; LF &#8596;; HF &#8595;; LFnu and HFnu &#8596;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Iwasaki et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> 2006</td>
              <td align="center">18 young healthy individuals (22 &#177; 2 years of age</td>
              <td align="center">NH (21%, 19%, 17%, 15% O<sub>2</sub>). Ten minutes at each level</td>
              <td align="center">Spontaneous breathing</td>
              <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub> 19% O<sub>2</sub> (&#8595;97,4 &#177; 0.2); 17% O<sub>2</sub> (&#8595;95.6 &#177; 0.3); 15% O<sub>2</sub> (&#8595;92.4 &#177; 0.5)</td>
              <td align="center">LF &#8596; (21%, 19% O<sub>2</sub>); LF &#8593; (17%, 15%); HF &#8596; (21%, 19%, 17%, 15% O<sub>2</sub>); LF/HF &#8596; (21%, 19%, 17%); LF/HF &#8593; (15%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Zu&#380;ewicz et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> 1999</td>
              <td align="center">6 healthy individuals (25-28 years of age)</td>
              <td align="center">HH Chamber in 4500 m. Six 30-min assessment periods at 4-hour intervals. Control situation (normoxia) on a different day</td>
              <td align="center">Spontaneous breathing</td>
              <td align="center">Absent data</td>
              <td align="center">R-R &#8595;, SDNN &#8595;, pNN50 &#8595;, LF &#8596;, HF &#8595;, LF/HF &#8596;;(HRV during the day)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Zhang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> 2014</td>
              <td align="center">12 young healthy individuals (29 &#177; 7 years of age)</td>
              <td align="center">HH Chamber in 3000 m and 4000 m. Fifteen minutes each level.Gradual rise (0-3000 m; 3000-4000 m)</td>
              <td align="center">Spontaneous breathing</td>
              <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub> (&#8595;90 &#177; 3) 3000m; (&#8595;84 &#177; 4) 4000m</td>
              <td align="center">LF &#8595; (4000 m); LF (4000 &lt; 3000 and normoxia); HF &#8595; (4000 m); HF (4000 &lt; 3000 and normoxia); LF/HF &#8593; 4000 m; LF/HF (4000 m &gt; normoxia)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rupp et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> 2013</td>
              <td align="center">11 young healthy individuals (29 &#177; 6 years of age)</td>
              <td align="center">NH (12% O<sub>2</sub> at ~4000 m) sudden exposure. Two 4-hour sessions on different days. 3-min in normoxia (baseline), 4h 21% or 12% O<sub>2</sub>, 15-min recovery.Temperature (23 &#177; 1)&#176;C and humidity (43 &#177; 9)%</td>
              <td align="center">Spontaneous breathing</td>
              <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub>&#8595; and stabilized at ~85% after 20-min exposure to hypoxia</td>
              <td align="center">RR &#8595; (relative to baseline and control session); rMSSD &#8596;; pNN50 &#8595; (relative to control session); LFnu &#8593; and &#8595; HFnu (relative to the control session and baseline from 80 min.); LF/HF &#8593; (relative to baseline)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Basualto-Alarc&#243;n et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> 2012</td>
              <td align="center">7 young healthy individuals (22.7 &#177; 5.8 years of age)</td>
              <td align="center">15-min exposure to HH chamber in 3000 m and 15-min exposure to NH tent in 3000 m (different days)</td>
              <td align="center">Spontaneous breathing</td>
              <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub>&#8595; in both HH (91.6 &#177; 4.2) and NH (89.1 &#177; 3.8)</td>
              <td align="center">In HH: rMSSD &#8596;; pNN50 &#8596;; LF% &#8596;; HF% &#8595;; LFnu &#8593;;HFnu &#8595;; LF/HF &#8593;;In NH: HRV &#8596;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bhaumik et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> 2013</td>
              <td align="center">6 healthy young military servicemen (24.83 &#177; 2.93 years of age)</td>
              <td align="center">HH (actual altitude 3500 m) after 48 hours and after 5 days</td>
              <td align="center">Spontaneous breathing</td>
              <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub>&#8595; after 2 days (92.83 &#177; 0.47); &#8595; after 5 days (96.5 &#177; 0.22)</td>
              <td align="center">Day 2<sup>nd</sup>: LF &#8596;; HF &#8595;; LFnu &#8593;; HFnu &#8595;; LF/HF &#8593;; 5<sup>th</sup> day: LF &#8596;; HF &#8595;; LFnu &#8596;; HFnu &#8596;; LF/HF &#8596;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Guger et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> 2008</td>
              <td align="center">10 healthy males (21-33 years of age)</td>
              <td align="center">A rise to 4000 m was reached after 1 hour and kept for 12 hours in HH chamber</td>
              <td align="center">Spontaneous breathing</td>
              <td align="center">After 1 hour SpO<sub>2</sub>&#8596;; After 5h SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8595; (82.7 &#177; 6,8); and after 11h SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8595; (84.9 &#177; 4.5)</td>
              <td align="center">After 1 hour HRV &#8596;; After 11 hours rMSSD &#8595;, SDANN &#8595;; SDNN &#8595;; LFnu &#8593;; HFnu &#8595;; LF/HF &#8593;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Giles et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> 2016</td>
              <td align="center">11 physically active males (21.8 &#177; 0.9 years of age)</td>
              <td align="center">Five visits for 5 levels of FiO<sub>2</sub> (20.3%; 17.4%; 14.5%; 12%; 9.8%) in NH, temperature (20&#176;C) and 50% humidity. The length of exposure was 10 min</td>
              <td align="center">Spontaneous breathing recorded (RF = 15.6 &#177; 3.4, 16.2 &#177; 2.7, 14.8 &#177; 3.0, 12.4 &#177; 4.2, 12.9 &#177; 4.2 breaths/min), respectively</td>
              <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub>= 20.3% FiO<sub>2</sub> (96.8 &#177; 2.1); 17.4% FiO<sub>2</sub> (95.8 &#177; 1.7); 14,5%FiO<sub>2</sub> (91.6 &#177; 1.7); 12% FiO<sub>2</sub> (84.1 &#177; 4.0); 9.8% FiO<sub>2</sub> (77.7 &#177; 5.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">SDNN &#8596;; Ln rMSSD &#8596;; Ln VLF &#8596;; Ln LF &#8596;; Ln HF &#8596;; Ln LF/HF &#8596; LFnu &#8596;; HFnu &#8596; (in all conditions). The HR &#8593; and Ln TP &#8595; only in 9.8%FiO<sub>2</sub></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Krej&#269;&#237;, et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> 2016</td>
              <td align="center">29 young moderately active healthy individuals (26 &#177; 4.9 years of age), </td>
              <td align="center">10 min NH (FiO<sub>2</sub>= 9.6% at ~6200m), in supine position</td>
              <td align="center">Controlled breathing (12 breaths/min)</td>
              <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub>&#8595; for 10 min: (96.4 &#177; 2.3 min in the first minute and reaching 71.9 &#177; 10% in the tenth minute) without stabilizing</td>
              <td align="center">&#916;HR &#8593; (from 1 min); &#916;Ln rMSSD &#8595; (from the 2nd min); &#916;Ln SDNN &#8595; and &#916;Ln SDNN/rMSSD &#8593; (both from the 3rd min);</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brown et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> 2014</td>
              <td align="center">10 healthy young individuals (aged 22 &#8211; 42)</td>
              <td align="center">6 min HN (FiO<sub>2</sub>= 10% at ~5500 m), in supine position</td>
              <td align="center">Spontaneous breathing</td>
              <td align="center">Absent data</td>
              <td align="center">HR &#8593;; LFnu &#8596;; HFnu &#8596;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Haddad et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> 2012</td>
              <td align="center">10 healthy, physically active males (32.7 &#177; 4 years of age),</td>
              <td align="center">At rest: 10 min HN (FiO<sub>2</sub>= 15.4% at ~2400m), sit down. At 20-23&#176;C)</td>
              <td align="center">Spontaneous breathing</td>
              <td align="center">Absent resting SpO<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center">At rest: RR &#8596;; Ln rMSSD &#8596;; Ln HF &#8596;; LF/HF &#8596;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>NH: normobaric hypoxia; HH: hypobaric hypoxia; RG: hypoxia resistant group; SG: hypoxia sensitive group; FiO<sub>2</sub>: fraction of inspired oxygen; SpO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen saturation pulse; &#916;SaO<sub>2</sub>: delta SpO<sub>2</sub>; HRV: heart rate variability; R-R: heartbeat in milliseconds (ms); TP: total power; Ln TP: TP in Neperian logarithm; VLF: very low frequency power; Ln VLF: VLF in Neperian logarithm; LF: low frequency power; HF: high frequency power; LF/HF: sympathovagal balance; LFnu: LF in normalized units; HFnu: HF in normalized units; LnHF: HF in Neperian logarithm; LnLF: LF in Neperian logarithm; Ln LF/HF: LF/HF in Neperian logarithm; rMSSD: square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals; SDNN: standard deviation of all normal RR intervals; SDANN: standard deviation of the means of the normal adjacent RR intervals; pNN50: percentage of adjacent RR intervals that varied by more than 50 ms. &#916;: delta or difference; SDNN/rMSSD: ratio in time-domain representing the sympathovagal balance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Intervening factors of hypoxia in HRV</title>
        <p>Among the selected studies, some had short exposure to hypoxia - of around 6-15 minutes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> while others had longer exposure periods of one to twelve hours.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Furthermore, the studies used gradual rise protocols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> or sudden exposure to hypoxia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> The length of stay and type of rise to a simulated altitude could generate different cardiac autonomic modulation responses, as shown in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Likewise, the different levels of oxygen used in the studies, ranging from 19% to 9.6% of FiO<sub>2</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> also appear to induce different HRV responses.</p>
        <p>The hypobaric hypoxia (HH) condition occurs in actual altitude or decompression chambers. Another manner to study the effects of hypoxia is through simulators that reduce FiO<sub>2</sub>, without changing the barometric pressure, known as normobaric hypoxia (NH). Some studies suggested different physiological responses and symptoms in HH and NH conditions for a given inspired pressure of oxygen (PiO<sub>2</sub>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> It is possible, therefore, that this is an intervenient factor in the regulation of HR when the oxygen level of NH condition is similar to HH. Different responses in HRV between HH and NH conditions were observed by Basualto-Alarc&#243;n et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> to a simulated altitude of ~3000 m for a 15-minute exposure, indicating sympathetic predominance in HH only. However, SpO<sub>2</sub> was reduced in the same proportion in both conditions; other studies suggest a relationship between HRV and &#916;SpO<sub>2</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Although those studies differ in the type of hypoxia, one of them being in hypobaric environment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and the others in normobaric environment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Furthermore, other studies using a similar level of hypoxia also had varied responses in cardiac autonomic modulation both in HH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and NH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Although LF/HF balance tends to increase during hypoxia, the LF component increased and HF remained the same, in NH, with 15%O<sub>2</sub> to ~2700m for 10-min exposure, in the study by Iwasaki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> while LF and HF did not change in the study by Zhang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> to an altitude of ~3000m in HH. However, in the study by Giles et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> using NH, HRV did not change in hypoxia of 14.5% FiO<sub>2</sub> to ~3000 m.</p>
        <p>The level of hypoxia also generates different responses in HRV, as observed in studies that performed such comparison.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> The findings by Zhang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> demonstrated the predominance of sympathetic (LF) with reduced vagal (HF) only when a 4000 m altitude was simulated. The same did not occur to the level of 3000m. While Iwasaki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> found LF increases and sympathovagal balance (LF/HF) at the level of ~2700 m. The findings by Giles et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> only demonstrated change in HRV caused by the fall in the Ln Total Power to ~6000 m. However, different protocols were used. Various responses in HRV can be observed at high altitudes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> moderate altitudes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and low altitudes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Review flowchart</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sample Flowchart PRISMA - Identification, Screening, Eligibility and Inclusion of selected manuscripts.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-03-0251-70035-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Intervening factors extrinsic to hypoxia in HRV</title>
        <p>Some factors extrinsic to hypoxia such as age, temperature, exercise, health, RF, etc., are some of the variables that can interfere with HRV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Therefore, few studies could be selected for comparison of findings, since there is a wide variety of experimental protocols for similar goals. However, a stringent method to control these variables was not always followed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exposure to Hypoxia and its effects on HRV</title>
        <p>Of the selected studies, five showed an increase in sympathovagal balance, estimated by the LF/HF ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> after exposure to hypoxia. Studies by Rupp et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, Basualto-Alarcon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and Guger et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, showed an increase in LFnu component and a decrease in HFnu, suggesting sympathetic predominance, which corroborates with the findings by Iwasaki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and Zhang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> However, the fall in LFms<sup>2</sup> and HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> when 4000 m HH was simulated by Zhang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> suggest impaired cardiac autonomic modulation. Unlike what was found by Iwasaki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> who observed maintenance of the spectral power of HFms<sup>2</sup> and increased LFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, demonstrating that vagal withdrawal did not occur. In the study by Guger et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> after eleven hours' exposure to HH, rMSSD, SDANN and SDNN components were reduced, indicating cardiac vagal withdrawal.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Regulation of the cardiac autonomic control during acute exposure (10 min) to severe hypoxia.</title>
              <p>PaO<sub>2</sub>: arterial oxygen pressure; SaO<sub>2</sub>: arterial oxygen saturation; ANS: autonomic nervous system; HRV: heart rate variability.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-03-0251-70035-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Buchheit et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Zuzewicz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and Giles et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> found no significant difference in sympathovagal balance in hypoxia. However, Buchheit et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and Zuzewicz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> reported reductions in time-domain components. Buchheit et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> found decrease in the rMSSD index and HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and maintenance of SDNN and LFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Although indexes in the time-domain and frequency-domain absolute values indicate vagal withdrawal, the same was not found in normalized units. In the study by Zuzewicz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> there was a decrease in RR intervals, SDNN, pNN50, HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and maintenance LFms<sup>2</sup> and LF/HF, also suggesting vagal withdrawal. However, Giles et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> found no changes in HRV indexes at NH level similar to those of comparative studies. The studies used similar levels of hypoxia - ~4800 m, ~4500 m and ~4450 m, respectively - although the length of exposure and barometric hypoxic conditions were different.</p>
        <p>The study by Giles et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> experienced 5 different levels of oxygen (20.3%, 17.4%, 14.5%, 12% and 9.8%) for ten-minute exposure. Each oxygen level was carried out on different days at 24-hour intervals between analyzes in a random manner. Observing the HRV linear data, the authors found no changes in SDNN, rMSSD, VLF, LF and HF (Ln or %) components for all levels of oxygen. However, a significant reduction in Ln TP was found during the most severe level (9.8% O<sub>2</sub> to simulated altitude of ~6000 m), indicating a reduction in cardiac autonomic modulation. Although randomization was made, one of the limitations of this study is that reproducibility of HRV measurements were not carried out for the different levels of FiO<sub>2</sub>. This may be a possible confounding factor to establish the effect of hypoxia on HRV. Furthermore, there may be differences between physically conditioned and unconditioned individuals. Although no increase in LF and no decrease in HF was found, a fall in Ln TP may indicate a decrease in cardiac autonomic modulation. The fall in TP may be associated with cardiac risk events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Although there has been no statistical significance for Ln VLF, Ln LF and Ln HF indexes, the effect in severe hypoxia was moderate (9.8% O<sub>2</sub>). A study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> that examined HRV dynamics using time-domain indexes at segments per minute, including the transient portion of the opening minutes of sudden exposure to NH (9.6% FiO<sub>2</sub> ~6200 m) for 10 min, found that cardiac autonomic modulation responds proportionally to the reduction in SpO<sub>2</sub>% during the first five-minute exposure to severe hypoxia. The &#916;HR had a gradual increase from the first to the fourth minute, where it reached a steady state, while the &#916;Ln rMSSD had a reduction from the second to the sixth minute, reaching a steady state. The &#916;Ln SDNN had a gradual reduction from the third to the sixth minute and then it stabilized. The &#916;Ln SDNN/rMSSD increased from the third to the fifth minute and then it stabilized. However, SpO<sub>2</sub> began to decrease from the first to the tenth minute without reaching a steady state. Those results indicate that during the transient time or opening minutes of exposure to severe hypoxia (9.6% FiO<sub>2</sub>), a vagal withdrawal, reduction in cardiac autonomic modulation and increased sympathetic modulation occur, following the fall in SpO<sub>2</sub>. Although the study did not conduct such analysis, the authors suggest that stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors probably overlaps the other autonomic regulation mechanisms during the first five minutes exposure to this level of hypoxia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> After this, they suggest two possible routes, one relates to a possible baroreflex response that may counterbalance the initial disturbance, preventing very high levels of HR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> or even, in the possibility of fall in SpO<sub>2</sub> below a certain threshold, cause a negligible change in ANS activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Although SpO<sub>2</sub> was not been stabilized during 10-min exposure, the study by Rupp et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> indicates SpO<sub>2</sub> stabilization only after 20-minute exposure to a level of 12% FiO<sub>2</sub> at 4000 m, i.e., less than that achieved by Krejci et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>One only study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> separated the sample into two groups, RG = SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 72.2% and SG = SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 72.2%, in addition to controlling RF and using an extreme level of hypoxia of ~6200m. In this study of rapid exposure to NH, the RG group had a decrease in LnHF but with maintenance of Ln LF/HF. While the SG group had a decrease in LnHF and HFnu and an increase in Ln LF/HF and LFnu. The difference between RG and SG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) indicates that SG has an increased sympathetic modulation associated with decreased vagal modulation during exposure to NH. In the study by Brown et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> although the level of oxygen used was 10% FiO<sub>2</sub> ~5500 m and increases in HR were found, in LFnu and HFnu components no differences were found in the normoxic condition. This study conducted a six-minute analysis during normoxia (21% O<sub>2</sub>), hypercapnia (5% CO<sub>2</sub>) and hypoxia (10% O<sub>2</sub>) at 5-minute intervals of normoxia between conditions and in a randomized manner. Few HRV indexes were analyzed in this study, but similar results in LF and HF components during exposure to hypoxia have been reported in other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Furthermore, during the randomization in some individuals, a possible residual effect of hypercapnic conditions may have influenced the subsequent hypoxic condition. SpO<sub>2</sub> data were not presented.</p>
        <p>Haddad et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> focused on the impact of hypoxia on cardiac parasympathetic reactivation measured by HRV after exercise. However, for this review, we considered only the HRV indexes at rest. The section for analysis considered was from the 5th to the 10th min of exposure to 15.4% FiO<sub>2</sub> ~2400m. The HRV indexes presented did not change significantly. Suggesting that the magnitude of hypoxia was not sufficient to cause changes in HRV at rest. However, it was sufficient to cause a delay in cardiac parasympathetic reactivation after a submaximal exercise. In addition, this study sample had good physical capacity, which itself tends to respond to better adjustments in the HRV in stressful situations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> SpO<sub>2</sub> data at rest were not presented.</p>
        <p>The study by Bhaumik et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> used an acclimatization to hypoxia protocol, with assessments after 48 hours and five days, and found that on the second day there was a decrease in the vagal modulation associated with an increase in the LFnu component, leading to an increased sympathovagal balance. However, after the fifth day, despite a reduction in the HFms<sup>2</sup> component, there was a recovery of sympathovagal balance when compared to normoxia, suggesting a possible acclimatization induced autonomic adaptation. Although the LFnu component is considered a cardiac sympathetic modulation related marker,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> it has been observed that the LFnu behavior in relation to muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) converge in specific conditions and this is also associated with the breathing effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Furthermore, in severe hypoxia ~10.5% O<sub>2</sub>, the LFnu component only converged with ANSM when breathing was controlled at 20 breaths/min, which was not the case during spontaneous breathing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Breathing effects on autonomic reflexes have been well described by Bernardi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and generate impact on HRV indexes, showing changes in spectral components, particularly due to changes in RF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In this sense, we believe that the change in breathing pattern during exposure to hypoxia can impact on HRV. Furthermore, chemoreflex stimulation caused by hypoxia may also affect the autonomic control caused by sympathetic activation, which can be counterbalanced, for example, by either the interaction of baroreceptors or the inhibitory effect of pulmonary-stretch lung afferents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Therefore, more research is needed to explore the record of spontaneous and controlled RF at HRV indexes during exposure to hypoxia associated with interindividual responsiveness and length of exposure. Furthermore, although the effect of hypocapnia on the sympathetic activity is already known,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> the influence of this state, isolated and associated with hypoxia at HRV indexes, is another factor that needs to be better understood.</p>
        <p>Based on the HRV responses observed in this review, we propose a figure with a description of the possible physiological phenomena related to the cardiac autonomic control during acute exposure to severe hypoxia. It is important to note that the figure shows only a general and superficial view of the possible mechanisms in healthy individuals. However, such events can be varied by factors such as the level of FiO<sub>2</sub>, length of exposure, age, physical capacity, interindividual variations, acclimatization, in addition to physical exercise and postural changes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This review presented the main studies involving the response of HRV during acute hypoxia in healthy individuals. In general, based on the studies investigated in this review, exposure to hypoxia is capable of changing HRV and result in a decrease in the cardiac autonomic modulation, by either reduction or maintaining of vagal modulation, or by sympathetic predominance or even a combination of these responses. However, the magnitude of the response to hypoxia in unacclimatized healthy young adults at rest seems to be mainly dependent on the altitude level, length of exposure, interindividual variation and barometric pressure.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The overall cardiovascular system functions are vast and cardiac autonomic modulation aims to modulate the heart beat behavior. This study is limited to investigate the cardiac autonomic modulation by HRV, which is a non-invasive and selective method. This method aims to assess the spontaneous fluctuations of HR using several mathematical calculations aimed at indicating the cardiac vagal, sympathetic and sympathovagal drive. This study is also limited to study only the acute hypoxia, rejecting the effects of chronic and intermittent hypoxia on HRV. Furthermore, this study included only healthy individuals and their impact on exposure to hypoxia. This may limit a possible understanding of the effects of hypoxia on HRV in unhealthy individuals, particularly with cardiac disease. However, this review with healthy individuals becomes primary in the investigation of the physiological effects of hypoxia on HRV in humans and can go forward in the investigation of cardiorespiratory interaction. This review is also expected to reflect in future studies and/or reviews, aiming not only healthy but unhealthy individuals such as hypertensive, diabetic, obese and other individuals.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CAPES e FAPERJ (E-26/110.166/2014).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Master submitted by Andr&#233; Luiz Musmanno Branco Oliveira, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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              <surname>Perini</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veicsteinas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da Hip&#243;xia na Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Indiv&#237;duos Saud&#225;veis: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Musmanno Branco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohan</surname>
            <given-names>Philippe de Azeredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio Experimental e Aplicada (LAFE-EA) - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares (PPGCCV) - Faculdade de Medicina (UFF)</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas - Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia (UFF), Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Paulo da Silva Soares</bold>, Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101, sala 304Y. CEP 24.210-130, S&#227;o Domingos, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. Email: <bold>ppssoares@id.uff.br</bold></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira ALMB, Rohan PA, Gon&#231;alves TR, Soares PPS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira ALMB, Rohan PA, Gon&#231;alves TR, Soares PPS. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira ALMB, Rohan PA, Gon&#231;alves TR, Soares PPS. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira ALMB, Rohan PA, Gon&#231;alves TR, Soares PPS. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira ALMB, Rohan PA, Gon&#231;alves TR, Soares PPS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A hip&#243;xia &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica que pode influenciar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, qualpode ser avaliada pelas flutua&#231;&#245;es espont&#226;neas da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, chamada de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC). Estudos t&#234;m reportado redu&#231;&#245;es ou manuten&#231;&#227;o da VFC em situa&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;xia apresentando efeitos controversos. H&#225; uma lacuna no conhecimento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s modifica&#231;&#245;es da VFC durante a hip&#243;xia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Revisar sistematicamente estudos que investigaram os efeitos da hip&#243;xia na VFC em adultos saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o aclimatados durante o repouso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi realizada a partir da diretriz <italic>PRISMA</italic>. Os termos utilizados para a busca nas bases <italic>MEDLINE, SCOPUS, LILACS e EUROPE PMC foram: "heart rate variability" OR "cardiac autonomic modulation" OR "cardiac autonomic regulation" AND (hypoxia OR altitude) NOT intermitente NOT sleep</italic>. Os registros foram filtrados por esp&#233;cie, idade e idiomas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ao final da triagem e elegibilidade restaram 13 artigos para a s&#237;ntese qualitativa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Discuss&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os estudos utilizam protocolos experimentais variados que envolvem diferen&#231;a na press&#227;o barom&#233;trica, no n&#237;vel de oxig&#234;nio, no tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia e no controle da frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria. Possivelmente a influ&#234;ncia desses fatores e tamb&#233;m a varia&#231;&#227;o interindividual &#224; hip&#243;xia podem justificar diferentes respostas na VFC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A partir dos estudos investigados, a hip&#243;xia foi capaz de gerar uma queda na VFC, seja por retirada ou manuten&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal, ou por predom&#237;nio simp&#225;tico ou mesmo pela combina&#231;&#227;o dessas respostas em adultos saud&#225;veis n&#227;o aclimatados a hip&#243;xia. Este efeito parece ser dependente do n&#237;vel de altitude e da press&#227;o barom&#233;trica. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2017;30(3):251-261)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hip&#243;xia</kwd>
        <kwd>Altitude</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Atmosf&#233;rica</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Diversas condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, como a hip&#243;xia, podem exercer influ&#234;ncia na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Esta condi&#231;&#227;o consiste em uma menor disponibilidade de oxig&#234;nio nos tecidos e pode ser causada durante a ascens&#227;o &#224; altitude. Em grandes altitudes a hip&#243;xia ocorre devido a uma menor press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio no ambiente (PO<sub>2</sub>) quando comparado ao n&#237;vel do mar. A redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de oxig&#234;nio (FiO<sub>2</sub>), feita com equipamentos espec&#237;ficos, tamb&#233;m leva a hip&#243;xia, e tem sido utilizada para simular a altitude. Ambos os tipos de hip&#243;xia reduzem a press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio arterial (PaO<sub>2</sub>) levando a diminui&#231;&#227;o da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial (SaO<sub>2</sub>). Esses efeitos estimulam os quimiorreceptores perif&#233;ricos a ajustar a ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (VE) para assim tentar reestabelecer os n&#237;veis de oxig&#234;nio arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A respira&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e a atividade dos quimiorreceptores influenciam a modula&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) durante a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Durante o repouso em norm&#243;xia a FC e a press&#227;o arterial (PA) s&#227;o moduladas momento a momento principalmente pelos barorreceptores do arco-a&#243;rtico e do seio carot&#237;deo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Entretanto, na exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia, os quimiorreceptores perif&#233;ricos tamb&#233;m atuam como reguladores da atividade auton&#244;mica resetando o controle barorreflexo da FC e da atividade simp&#225;tica, permitindo n&#237;veis mais elevados de FC, PA e atividade vasoconstrictora simp&#225;tica, mas sem alterar a sensibilidade barorreflexa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA) controla os batimentos card&#237;acos atrav&#233;s dos ramos simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico ao nodo sinusal. Cada ramo exerce distintas fun&#231;&#245;es, onde uma maior ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica repercute em um aumento na FC, enquanto uma maior ativa&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica ou vagal leva a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos batimentos card&#237;acos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A combina&#231;&#227;o desses mecanismos auton&#244;micos e, tamb&#233;m, mecanismos humorais modulam a FC. Uma ferramenta n&#227;o invasiva amplamente utilizada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca atrav&#233;s de oscila&#231;&#245;es nos intervalos R-R &#233; a variabilidade da FC (VFC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A VFC pode ser avaliada pelo dom&#237;nio do tempo que utilizam a s&#233;rie temporal de intervalos RR e pelo dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo espectral. Na an&#225;lise pelo dom&#237;nio do tempo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> os &#237;ndices: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes (rMSSD) e porcentagem dos intervalos RR adjacentes com diferen&#231;a de dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 50ms (pNN50) representam modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica, enquanto o desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais (SDNN) e o desvio padr&#227;o das m&#233;dias dos intervalos RR normais (SDANN) representam todos os componentes c&#237;clicos relacionados a variabilidade durante o per&#237;odo de registro. No dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> obtido por an&#225;lise espectral, os tr&#234;s principais &#237;ndices utilizados s&#227;o: muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia (VLF: 0 - 0,04Hz) que embora n&#227;o esteja muito definida a aplica&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica, parece corresponder &#224; influ&#234;ncia dos sistemas termorregulat&#243;rio e renina-angiotensina-aldosterona; o componente espectral de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF: 0,04 - 0,15Hz) em repouso refere-se &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica, mas predominantemente simp&#225;tica, tendo rela&#231;&#227;o com a atividade t&#244;nica barorreflexa, e o componente espectral de alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF: 0,15 - 0,40Hz) correspondendo a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal e respirat&#243;ria. Os componentes obtidos por an&#225;lise espectral podem ser descritos em valores absolutos (ms<sup>2</sup>), em unidades normalizadas, ou normalizados por logaritmo neperiano a partir dos valores absolutos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora muitos estudos tenham utilizado a VFC para avaliar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca durante a hip&#243;xia, os resultados se mostram controversos, sobretudo pelas diferen&#231;as presentes nos desenhos experimentais-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> tais como o n&#237;vel de altitude,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> hip&#243;xia em ambiente hipob&#225;rico (HH) ou normob&#225;rico (HN)<sub>,</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> nativos ou n&#227;o nativos em altitude<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e estado de aclimata&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Al&#233;m disso, outros fatores podem interferir na VFC mesmo em norm&#243;xia, como a frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR), mudan&#231;a na posi&#231;&#227;o corporal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> capacidade f&#237;sica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> temperatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> que caso n&#227;o controlados podem gerar conflitos nos resultados e prejudicar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do impacto da hip&#243;xia na modula&#231;&#227;o da FC. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho &#233; revisar sistematicamente esse tema para esclarecer os efeitos da hip&#243;xia na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca em jovens adultos saud&#225;veis, n&#227;o aclimatados durante condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Para a estrutura&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos empregados neste artigo foi utilizado como refer&#234;ncia o PRISMA (<italic>Preferred Reporting Items is Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipos de participantes</title>
          <p>Adultos saud&#225;veis com idade entre 19-44 anos, n&#227;o residentes de locais de altitude.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipos de interven&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Exposi&#231;&#227;o aguda a hip&#243;xia que tenham avaliado a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca por meio da VFC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipos de medidas investigadas</title>
          <p>Os m&#233;todos nos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia foram escolhidos para melhor compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados de VFC. Nos estudos selecionados foi considerado apenas a VFC antes e durante a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Busca bibliogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Os estudos foram selecionados por dois pesquisadores separadamente e posteriormente discutidos em conjunto. Os estudos foram adquiridos nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, SCOPUS e EUROPE PMC. Os termos de busca utilizados na base MEDLINE foram: <italic>"heart rate variability" OR "cardiac autonomic modulation" OR "cardiac autonomic regulation" AND (hypoxia OR altitude) NOT intermittent NOT sleep</italic>. Na base LILACS, SCOPUS e EUROPUBMED os termos foram: (<italic>"heart rate variability" OR "cardiac autonomic modulation" OR "cardiac autonomic regulation") AND (hypoxia OR altitude) AND NOT intermittent AND NOT sleep</italic>, devido a diferen&#231;a na utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos operadores booleanos. Foram selecionados esses termos para n&#227;o incluir na busca artigos com apneia do sono ou hip&#243;xia intermitente. No Medline foram utilizados filtros para idade entre 19 a 44 anos e estudos apenas com humanos. No Lilacs foi utilizado filtros para estudos relacionados &#224; altitude e apenas com humanos. No Scopus foram utilizados filtros dispon&#237;veis para pesquisa apenas em artigos cient&#237;ficos e &#225;rea de estudo: "<italic>environmental science</italic>", "<italic>medicine</italic>" e "<italic>neuroscience</italic>". No Europe PMC n&#227;o foram utilizados filtros de busca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos os estudos em ingl&#234;s, portugu&#234;s e espanhol, somente com humanos saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o atletas, durante o repouso, que avaliaram como foco principalmente a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca por meio da VFC durante a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia/altitude em ambiente de temperatura controlada. A fim de enriquecer a discuss&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos estudos que utilizaram ou n&#227;o o controle da frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e do CO<sub>2</sub> arterial. Estes estudos ser&#227;o discutidos separadamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os artigos que n&#227;o utilizaram a VFC por din&#226;mica linear como m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca foram exclu&#237;dos, bem como, estudos com crian&#231;as, fetos, rec&#233;m-nascidos, idosos, atletas ou indiv&#237;duos com qualquer tipo de condi&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica, com animais, tamb&#233;m aqueles que envolveram protocolos de hip&#243;xia intermitente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risco de Vi&#233;s nos Estudos</title>
          <p>Foi analisado se nos estudos, houve crit&#233;rios para eleger a amostra. Se o m&#233;todo utilizado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca foi a VFC durante a hip&#243;xia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Em acordo com os crit&#233;rios pr&#233;-determinados no presente estudo, inicialmente foram encontrados 1252 estudos (180 no Medline, 394 no Scopus, 163 no Lilacs, 515 no Europe PMC) na data de 16 de fevereiro de 2017. Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos filtros, restaram 847 estudos, sendo no Medline mantidos 83 artigos, 225 no Scopus, 24 no Lilacs e 515 no Europubmed, conforme o fluxograma:</p>
        <p>A presente revis&#227;o se prop&#244;s a investigar estudos que avaliaram a VFC durante a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia em sujeitos jovens saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o aclimatados. Embora os efeitos da hip&#243;xia na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca sejam bem estudados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> mesmo ap&#243;s um rigoroso crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos, os protocolos experimentais s&#227;o consideravelmente diferentes. Os resultados encontrados est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela I</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o metodol&#243;gica e resultados de VFC durante hip&#243;xia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Autor /ano</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Amostra</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Resultados (SpO<sub>2</sub> %)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Resultados (VFC) durante a hip&#243;xia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Botek et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> 2015</td>
                <td align="center">29 jovens saud&#225;veis (26 &#177; 4,9) anos, moderadamente ativos</td>
                <td align="center">10 min de HN (FiO<sub>2</sub>= 9,6% ~6200m). Dois grupos: (RG) SpO2 &#8805; 72,2% ou (SG) &#8804; 72,2%</td>
                <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o controlada(12 ciclos/min)</td>
                <td align="center">RG (&#8595;80,8 &#177; 7,0); SG (&#8595;67,2 &#177; 2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">LnHF &#8595; (RG e SG); LnHF (SG &lt; RG);Ln LF/HF (&#8593; SG) e (&#8596; RG); Ln LF/HF (SG &gt; RG); LFnu &#8593; (SG); LFnu (SG &gt; RG); HFnu &#8595; (SG); HFnu (SG &lt; RG)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Buchheit et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 2004</td>
                <td align="center">12 jovens saud&#225;veis (30,9 &#177; 2,3) anos, moderadamente ativos</td>
                <td align="center">6 min de HN (11,5 % O<sub>2</sub>~4800m)</td>
                <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">&#916;SaO<sub>2</sub> (7,80 &#177; 0,59)</td>
                <td align="center">rMSSD &#8595;; SDNN &#8596;; LF &#8596;; HF &#8595;; LFnu e HFnu&#8596;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Iwasaki et al,.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> 2006</td>
                <td align="center">18 jovens saud&#225;veis (22 &#177; 2) anos</td>
                <td align="center">HN (21%, 19%, 17%, 15% O<sub>2</sub>). Dez min cada n&#237;vel</td>
                <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub> 19% O<sub>2</sub> (&#8595;97,4 &#177; 0,2); 17% O<sub>2</sub> (&#8595;95,6 &#177; 0,3); 15% O<sub>2</sub> (&#8595;92,4 &#177; 0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">LF &#8596; (21%, 19% O<sub>2</sub>); LF &#8593; (17%, 15%); HF &#8596; (21%, 19%, 17%, 15% O<sub>2</sub>); LF/HF &#8596; (21%, 19%, 17%); LF/HF &#8593; (15%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Zu&#380;ewiczet al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> 1999</td>
                <td align="center">6 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (25-28) anos</td>
                <td align="center">C&#226;mara HH 4500m. Seis per&#237;odos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de 30 min com intervalos de 4 horas. Situa&#231;&#227;o controle (norm&#243;xia) em dia diferente</td>
                <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">Dado ausente</td>
                <td align="center">R-R &#8595;, SDNN &#8595;, pNN50 &#8595;, LF &#8596;, HF &#8595;, LF/HF &#8596;;(VFC no per&#237;odo diurno)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Zhang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> 2014</td>
                <td align="center">12 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (29 &#177; 7) anos</td>
                <td align="center">C&#226;mara HH 3000m e 4000m. Quinze min cada n&#237;vel.Ascens&#227;o gradual (0-3000m; 3000-4000m)</td>
                <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub> (&#8595;90 &#177; 3) 3000m; (&#8595;84 &#177; 4) 4000m</td>
                <td align="center">LF &#8595; (4000m); LF (4000 &lt; 3000 e norm&#243;xia); HF &#8595; (4000m); HF (4000 &lt; 3000 e norm&#243;xia); LF/HF &#8593; 4000m; LF/HF (4000m &gt;norm&#243;xia)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rupp et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> 2013</td>
                <td align="center">11 homens jovens e saud&#225;veis (29 &#177; 6) anos</td>
                <td align="center">HN (12% O<sub>2</sub> ~4000m) exposi&#231;&#227;o repentina. Duas sess&#245;es de 4h em dias diferentes. Tr&#234;s min de baseline em norm&#243;xia, 4h de 21% ou 12% O<sub>2</sub>, 15 min recupera&#231;&#227;o.Temperatura (23 &#177; 1)&#176;C e umidade (43 &#177; 9)%</td>
                <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub>&#8595; e se estabilizou em ~85% ap&#243;s 20 min de exposi&#231;&#227;o a hip&#243;xia</td>
                <td align="center">R-R &#8595; (em rela&#231;&#227;o ao baseline e sess&#227;o controle); rMSSD &#8596;; pNN50 &#8595;(em rela&#231;&#227;o a sess&#227;o controle); LFnu &#8593; e HFnu &#8595; (em rela&#231;&#227;o a sess&#227;o controle; e ao baseline a partir de 80 min); LF/HF &#8593; (em rela&#231;&#227;o ao baseline)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Basualto-Alarc&#243;n et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> 2012</td>
                <td align="center">7 homens jovens e saud&#225;veis (22,7 &#177; 5,8) anos</td>
                <td align="center">15min de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; c&#226;mara de HH 3000m e 15min de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; tenda de HN 3000m (dias diferentes)</td>
                <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub>&#8595; tanto em HH (91,6 &#177; 4,2), quanto em HN (89,1 &#177; 3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">Em HH: rMSSD &#8596;; pNN50 &#8596;;LF% &#8596;; HF%&#8595;; LFnu &#8593;;HFnu &#8595;; LF/HF &#8593;;Em HN: VFC &#8596;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bhaumik et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> 2013</td>
                <td align="center">6 jovens militares saud&#225;veis (24,83 &#177; 2,93) anos</td>
                <td align="center">HH (altitude real 3500m) ap&#243;s 48h e ap&#243;s 5 dias</td>
                <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub>&#8595; ap&#243;s 2 dias (92,83 &#177; 0,47); &#8595; ap&#243;s 5 dias (96,5 &#177; 0,22)</td>
                <td align="center">2&#186; dia: LF &#8596;; HF &#8595;; LFnu &#8593;; HFnu &#8595;; LF/HF &#8593;; 5&#186; dia: LF &#8596;; HF &#8595; ; LFnu &#8596;; HFnu &#8596;; LF/HF &#8596;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Guger et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> 2008</td>
                <td align="center">10 homens saud&#225;veis (21-33 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">Uma eleva&#231;&#227;o para 4000m foi alcan&#231;ada depois de 1 h e mantida durante 12 h em c&#226;mara HH</td>
                <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">Ap&#243;s 1h SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8596;;Ap&#243;s 5h SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8595; (82,7 &#177; 6,8); e ap&#243;s 11h SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8595; (84,9 &#177; 4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">Ap&#243;s 1h VFC &#8596;; Ap&#243;s 11h rMSSD &#8595;, SDANN &#8595;; SDNN &#8595;; LFnu &#8593;; HFnu &#8595;; LF/HF &#8593;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Giles et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> 2016</td>
                <td align="center">11 homens fisicamente ativos (21,8 &#177; 0,9 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">Cinco visitas para 5 n&#237;veis de FiO<sub>2</sub> (20,3%; 17,4%; 14,5%; 12%; 9,8%) em HN, temperatura (20&#176;C) e umidade 50%. O tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o foi de 10 min</td>
                <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea registrada (FR = 15,6 &#177; 3,4; 16,2 &#177; 2,7; 14,8 &#177; 3,0; 12,4 &#177; 4,2; 12,9 &#177; 4,2 ciclos/min), respectivamente</td>
                <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub> = 20,3% FiO<sub>2</sub> (96,8 &#177; 2.1); 17,4% FiO<sub>2</sub> (95,8 &#177; 1,7); 14,5%FiO<sub>2</sub> (91,6 &#177; 1,7); 12% FiO<sub>2</sub> (84,1 &#177; 4,0); 9,8% FiO<sub>2</sub> (77,7 &#177; 5,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">SDNN &#8596;; LnrMSSD &#8596;; LnVLF &#8596;; LnLF &#8596;; LnHF &#8596;; LnLF/HF &#8596; LFnu &#8596;; HFnu &#8596; (em todas as condi&#231;&#245;es). A FC &#8593; e aLnTP &#8595; apenas em 9,8%FiO<sub>2</sub></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Krej&#269;&#237;, et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> 2016</td>
                <td align="center">29 jovens saud&#225;veis (26 &#177; 4,9) anos, moderadamente ativos</td>
                <td align="center">10 min de HN (FiO<sub>2</sub> = 9,6% ~6200m) em posi&#231;&#227;o supina</td>
                <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o controlada<break/> (12 ciclos/min)</td>
                <td align="center">SpO2 &#8595; ao longo dos 10 min: (96,4 &#177; 2,3 no primeiro min e alcan&#231;ando 71,9 &#177; 10% no d&#233;cimo min) sem se estabilizar</td>
                <td align="center">&#916;FC &#8593; (a partir do 1 min); &#916;LnrMSSD &#8595; (a partir do 2&#170; min); &#916;Ln SDNN &#8595; e &#916;Ln SDNN/rMSSD &#8593; (ambos a partir do 3&#186; min); </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brown et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> 2014</td>
                <td align="center">10 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (22 &#8211; 42) anos</td>
                <td align="center">6 min de HN (FiO<sub>2</sub> = 10% ~5500m) em posi&#231;&#227;o supina</td>
                <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">Dado ausente</td>
                <td align="center">FC &#8593;; LFnu &#8596;; HFnu &#8596;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Haddad et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> 2012</td>
                <td align="center">10 homens saud&#225;veis (32,7 &#177; 4) anos, fisicamente ativos</td>
                <td align="center">Em repouso: 10 min de HN (FiO<sub>2</sub> = 15,4% ~2400m) sentados. <break/> A temperatura (20-23&#186;C)</td>
                <td align="center">Respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">SpO<sub>2</sub> de repouso ausente</td>
                <td align="center">Em repouso: RR &#8596;; LnrMSSD &#8596;; Ln HF &#8596;; LF/HF &#8596;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>HN: hip&#243;xia normob&#225;rica; HH: hip&#243;xia hipob&#225;rica; RG: grupo resistente a hip&#243;xia; SG: grupo sensitivo a hip&#243;xia; FiO<sub>2</sub>: fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de oxig&#234;nio; SpO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o de pulso de oxig&#234;nio; &#916;SaO<sub>2</sub>: delta de SpO<sub>2</sub>; VFC: variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; R-R: batimento card&#237;aco em milissegundo (ms); TP: pot&#234;ncia total; Ln TP: TP em logaritmo neperiano; VLF: pot&#234;ncia de muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia; Ln VLF: VLF em logaritmo neperiano; LF: pot&#234;ncia de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: pot&#234;ncia de alta frequ&#234;ncia; LF/HF: balan&#231;o simpatovagal; LFnu: LF normalizado; HFnu: HF normalizado; LnHF: HF logaritmo neperiano; LnLF: LF logaritmo neperiano; Ln LF/HF: LF/HF logaritmo neperiano; rMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais; SDANN: desvio padr&#227;o das m&#233;dias dos intervalos RR normais; pNN50: porcentagem dos intervalos RR adjacentes com diferen&#231;a de dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 50ms. &#916;: delta ou diferen&#231;a; SDNN/rMSSD &#8211; raz&#227;o no dom&#237;nio do tempo representando o balan&#231;o simpatovagal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores intervenientes da hip&#243;xia na VFC</title>
          <p>Entre os estudos selecionados, alguns apresentaram curta exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia, em torno de 6-15 minutos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> enquanto outros realizaram tempo mais prolongado, de uma a doze horas de exposi&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os estudos utilizaram protocolos de ascens&#227;o gradual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> ou por exposi&#231;&#227;o repentina a hip&#243;xia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> O tempo de perman&#234;ncia e tipo de ascens&#227;o &#224; altitude simulada puderam gerar diferentes respostas na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca conforme observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Da mesma forma, os diferentes n&#237;veis de oxig&#234;nio utilizados nos estudos, que variaram entre 19% a 9,6% da FiO<sub>2</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> tamb&#233;m parecem induzir a diferentes respostas na VFC.</p>
          <p>A condi&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;xia hipob&#225;rica (HH) ocorre em altitude real ou em c&#226;maras de descompress&#227;o. Outra maneira de estudar os efeitos da hip&#243;xia &#233; atrav&#233;s de simuladores que reduzem a FiO<sub>2</sub>, entretanto, n&#227;o alteram a press&#227;o barom&#233;trica, conhecida como hip&#243;xia normob&#225;rica (HN). Alguns estudos sugerem respostas e sintomas fisiol&#243;gicos diferentes entre as condi&#231;&#245;es de HH e HN para uma mesma press&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio inspirada (PIO<sub>2</sub>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Sendo assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel que esse fator seja interveniente na regula&#231;&#227;o da FC quando o n&#237;vel de oxig&#234;nio da condi&#231;&#227;o HN &#233; similar a HH. Diferentes respostas na VFC foram observadas entre as condi&#231;&#245;es de HH e HN por Basualto-Al&#225;rcon et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> em altitude simulada &#224; ~3000m durante 15 minutos de exposi&#231;&#227;o, indicando predom&#237;nio simp&#225;tico apenas em HH. Entretanto, a SpO<sub>2</sub> reduziu na mesma propor&#231;&#227;o em ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es, outros estudos sugerem uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre VFC e &#916;SpO<sub>2.</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Embora, estes estudos difiram no tipo de hip&#243;xia, sendo um em ambiente hipob&#225;rico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e os outros em normob&#225;rico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Al&#233;m disso, outros estudos com em n&#237;vel semelhante de hip&#243;xia tamb&#233;m observaram variadas respostas na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca tanto em HH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> quanto em HN.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Embora ocorra uma tend&#234;ncia do balan&#231;o LF/HF aumentar durante a hip&#243;xia, o componente LF aumentou e o HF se manteve, em HN com 15%O<sub>2</sub> ~2700m durante 10 min de exposi&#231;&#227;o no estudo de Iwasaki et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> enquanto o LF e HF n&#227;o se alteraram no estudo de Zhang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> para o n&#237;vel de altitude ~3000m em HH. Entretanto, no estudo de Giles et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> utilizando HN, a VFC n&#227;o se alterou em hip&#243;xia de 14,5% FiO<sub>2</sub> ~3000m.</p>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de hip&#243;xia tamb&#233;m gera diferentes respostas da VFC como observado nos estudos que realizaram esse tipo de compara&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Os achados de Zhang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> demonstram predomin&#226;ncia de simp&#225;tica (LF), com redu&#231;&#227;o vagal (HF) somente quando simulado 4000 m de altitude, n&#227;o ocorrendo o mesmo no n&#237;vel de 3000 m. Enquanto que Iwasaki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> encontrou aumentos de LF e de balan&#231;o simpatovagal (LF/HF) no n&#237;vel de ~2700m. Os achados de Giles et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> demonstraram altera&#231;&#245;es na VFC pela queda do Ln TP somente em ~6000 m. No entanto, os protocolos empregados foram diferentes. Variadas respostas de VFC podem ser observadas em grandes altitudes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> altitudes moderadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e altitudes menores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Fluxograma de revis&#227;o</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma modelo PRISMA - Identifica&#231;&#227;o, triagem, elegibilidade e inclus&#227;o dos artigos selecionados.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-03-0251-70035-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores intervenientes extr&#237;nsecos a hip&#243;xia na VFC</title>
          <p>Alguns fatores extr&#237;nsecos a hip&#243;xia como idade, temperatura ambiente, exerc&#237;cio, estado de sa&#250;de, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, entre outros s&#227;o algumas das vari&#225;veis que podem interferir na VFC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Por isso, poucos estudos puderam ser selecionados para compara&#231;&#245;es entre seus achados, uma vez que h&#225; uma grande variedade de protocolos experimentais para objetivos semelhantes. No entanto, o rigor metodol&#243;gico para o controle destas vari&#225;veis nem sempre foi realizado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exposi&#231;&#227;o a Hip&#243;xia e suas repercuss&#245;es na VFC</title>
          <p>Dos estudos selecionados, cinco apresentaram aumento no balan&#231;o simpatovagal estimado pela raz&#227;o LF/HF <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia. Os estudos de Rupp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Basualto-Alarc&#243;n et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e Guger et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> apresentaram aumento do componente LFnu e diminui&#231;&#227;o do HFnu, o que sugere predomin&#226;ncia simp&#225;tica, que corrobora com o encontrado por Iwasaki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e Zhang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Entretanto, a queda do LFms<sup>2</sup> e HFms<sup>2</sup> observados quando foi simulado 4000m de HH por Zhang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> sugerem preju&#237;zo na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. Diferentemente do encontrado por Iwasaki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> que observou manuten&#231;&#227;o da potencia espectral de HFms<sup>2</sup> e aumento de LFms<sup>2</sup>, demonstrando n&#227;o ocorrer retirada vagal. No estudo de Guger et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> ap&#243;s onze horas de exposi&#231;&#227;o a HH houve redu&#231;&#227;o dos componentes rMSSD, SDANN e SDNN, indicando retirada vagal card&#237;aca.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Regula&#231;&#227;o do controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco durante a exposi&#231;&#227;o aguda (10 min) a hip&#243;xia severa. PaO<sub>2</sub>: press&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial; SaO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial; SNA: sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo; VFC: variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
                <p>PaO<sub>2</sub>: press&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial; SaO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial; SNA: sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo; VFC: variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-03-0251-70035-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Buchheit et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Zuzewicz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e Giles et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a significativa no balan&#231;o simpatovagal em hip&#243;xia. Entretanto, Buchheit et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>, Zuzewicz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> verificaram redu&#231;&#245;es em componentes no dom&#237;nio do tempo. Buchheit et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> encontrou diminui&#231;&#227;o no &#237;ndice rMSSD e HFms<sup>2</sup> e manuten&#231;&#227;o do SDNN e LFms<sup>2</sup>. Embora os &#237;ndices no dom&#237;nio do tempo e os absolutos no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia indiquem retirada vagal, o mesmo n&#227;o foi observado em unidades normalizadas. No estudo de Zuzewicz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> houve uma queda nos intervalos R-R, SDNN, pNN50, HFms<sup>2</sup> e manuten&#231;&#227;o de LFms<sup>2</sup> e LF/HF, sugerindo tamb&#233;m retirada vagal. No entanto, Giles et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> n&#227;o encontraram mudan&#231;as nos &#237;ndexes de VFC em n&#237;vel de HN semelhante aos estudos comparados. Os estudos utilizaram n&#237;veis de hip&#243;xia semelhantes ~4800m,~4500m e ~4450m, respectivamente, embora o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o e a condi&#231;&#227;o barom&#233;trica da hip&#243;xia foram diferentes.</p>
          <p>O estudo de Giles et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> experimentaram 5 diferentes n&#237;veis de oxig&#234;nio (20,3%; 17,4%; 14,5%; 12% e 9,8%) por dez minutos de exposi&#231;&#227;o. Cada n&#237;vel de oxig&#234;nio foi realizado em dias diferentes com intervalos de 24h entre as an&#225;lises de forma randomizada. Observando os dados lineares de VFC, os autores n&#227;o encontraram altera&#231;&#245;es nos componentes SDNN, rMSSD, VLF, LF e HF (Ln ou %) para todos os n&#237;veis de oxig&#234;nio. Entretanto, foi encontrado uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na LnTP durante o n&#237;vel mais severo (9,8% O<sub>2</sub> ~ 6000m de altitude simulada), indicando uma redu&#231;&#227;o na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. Embora tenha sido feita a randomiza&#231;&#227;o, uma das limita&#231;&#245;es desse estudo &#233; que n&#227;o foram feitas medidas de reprodutibilidade da VFC para os diferentes n&#237;veis de FiO<sub>2</sub>. Este fato pode ser um poss&#237;vel fator de confus&#227;o para se estabelecer o efeito da hip&#243;xia na VFC. Al&#233;m disso, podem existir diferen&#231;as entre indiv&#237;duos bem condicionados fisicamente e os n&#227;o condicionados. Embora n&#227;o tenha sido observado aumento de LF e redu&#231;&#227;o de HF, uma queda na LnTP pode indicar uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. A queda da TP pode ser associada com eventos de risco card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Embora, n&#227;o se tenha ocorrido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para os &#237;ndices Ln VLF, Ln LF e Ln HF, houve moderado tamanho de efeito em hip&#243;xia severa (9,8% O<sub>2</sub>). Em um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> que analisou a din&#226;mica da VFC utilizando &#237;ndices no dom&#237;nio do tempo em seguimentos por minuto, incluindo o trecho transiente dos minutos iniciais da exposi&#231;&#227;o repentina &#224; HN (9,6% FiO<sub>2</sub> ~6200m) durante 10 min, encontrou que a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca responde de forma proporcional a redu&#231;&#227;o da SpO<sub>2</sub>% nos primeiros cinco minutos de exposi&#231;&#227;o a hip&#243;xia severa. O &#916;FC foi aumentando do primeiro minuto at&#233; o quarto, onde alcan&#231;ou seu estado est&#225;vel, enquanto o &#916;Ln rMSSD seguiu reduzindo do segundo minuto at&#233; o sexto, atingindo o estado est&#225;vel. O &#916;Ln SDNN tamb&#233;m foi decrescente a partir do terceiro minuto at&#233; o sexto e ap&#243;s isto se estabilizou. O &#916;Ln SDNN/rMSSD aumentou no terceiro e continuou at&#233; o quinto minuto, depois entrou tamb&#233;m em estado est&#225;vel. No entanto, a SpO<sub>2</sub> come&#231;ou a reduzir a partir do primeiro minuto e continuou a reduzir at&#233; o d&#233;cimo sem alcan&#231;ar estado est&#225;vel. Esses resultados indicam que no momento transiente ou minutos iniciais de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia severa (9,6% FiO<sub>2</sub>) ocorrem retirada vagal, redu&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e aumento da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, ocorrendo de forma a seguir a queda da SpO<sub>2</sub>. Embora o estudo n&#227;o tenha feito tal an&#225;lise, os autores sugerem que a estimula&#231;&#227;o dos quimiorreceptores perif&#233;ricos provavelmente se sobrep&#245;e aos demais mecanismos de regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica nos cinco minutos iniciais da exposi&#231;&#227;o a esse n&#237;vel de hip&#243;xia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Ap&#243;s isso, sugerem duas poss&#237;veis vias, uma se trata de uma poss&#237;vel resposta barorreflexa podendo contrabalan&#231;ar o dist&#250;rbio inicial, impedindo n&#237;veis muito elevados de FC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> ou mesmo, na possibilidade da queda da SpO<sub>2</sub> abaixo de determinado limiar provocar uma altera&#231;&#227;o insignificante na atividade do SNA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Embora a SpO<sub>2</sub> n&#227;o tenha se estabilizado durante 10 min de exposi&#231;&#227;o, o estudo de Rupp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> indica a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da SpO<sub>2</sub> somente ap&#243;s 20 minutos de exposi&#231;&#227;o a um n&#237;vel de 12% FiO<sub>2</sub> ~4000m, ou seja, menor do que o realizado por Krejc&#237; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Um &#250;nico estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> separou a amostra em dois grupos, os RG = SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 72,2% e os SG = SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 72,2%, al&#233;m de controlar a FR e utilizar um n&#237;vel de hip&#243;xia extremo ~6200m. Nesse estudo de r&#225;pida exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; HN, o grupo RG teve diminui&#231;&#227;o do LnHF por&#233;m com manuten&#231;&#227;o do Ln LF/HF. Enquanto o grupo SG teve redu&#231;&#227;o do LnHF e HFnu, aumento do Ln LF/HF e LFnu. A diferen&#231;a entre SG e RG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 1</xref>) indica que a SG tem maior modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica associada a uma menor modula&#231;&#227;o vagal durante a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; HN. No estudo de Brown et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> embora o n&#237;vel de oxig&#234;nio utilizado foi de 10% FiO<sub>2</sub> ~5500m e ser observado aumentos na FC, nos componentes LFnu e HFnu n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o a condi&#231;&#227;o de norm&#243;xia. Esse estudo realizou an&#225;lise de seis minutos durante a norm&#243;xia (21% O<sub>2</sub>), hipercapnia (5% CO<sub>2</sub>) e hip&#243;xia (10%O<sub>2</sub>) com intervalos de 5 minutos em norm&#243;xia entre as condi&#231;&#245;es e em ordem randomizada. Foram analisados poucos &#237;ndexes de VFC nesse estudo, por&#233;m resultados semelhantes nos componentes LF e HF durante a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia j&#225; foram reportados em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Al&#233;m disso, durante a randomiza&#231;&#227;o em alguns indiv&#237;duos um poss&#237;vel efeito residual da condi&#231;&#227;o de hipercapnia pode ter influenciado na condi&#231;&#227;o posterior de hip&#243;xia. Os dados de SpO<sub>2</sub> n&#227;o foram apresentados.</p>
          <p>Haddad et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> teve como foco o impacto da hip&#243;xia na reativa&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica card&#237;aca medida pela VFC ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. No entanto, para a presente revis&#227;o, foram considerados apenas os &#237;ndices de VFC em repouso. O trecho para an&#225;lise foi considerado do 5&#186; ao 10&#186; min de exposi&#231;&#227;o a 15,4% FiO<sub>2</sub> ~2400m. Os &#237;ndices de VFC apresentados n&#227;o se alteraram significativamente. Sugerindo que a magnitude da hip&#243;xia n&#227;o foi suficiente provocar altera&#231;&#245;es na VFC durante o repouso. No entanto, foi suficiente para causar um atraso na reativa&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio subm&#225;ximo. Al&#233;m disso, a amostra deste estudo possu&#237;a boa capacidade f&#237;sica, o que por si s&#243; tende a responder com melhores ajustes na VFC frente a situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os dados de SpO<sub>2</sub> durante o repouso n&#227;o foram apresentados.</p>
          <p>O estudo de Bhaumik et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> utilizou um protocolo de aclimata&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia, com avalia&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s 48h e 5 dias, observando que no segundo dia ocorreu uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal associado &#224; um aumento do componente LFnu, levando &#224; um maior balan&#231;o simpatovagal. Entretanto, ap&#243;s o quinto dia, apesar de ainda haver redu&#231;&#227;o no componente HFms<sup>2</sup>, ocorreu uma recupera&#231;&#227;o do balan&#231;o simpatovagal quando comparado &#224; norm&#243;xia, sugerindo uma poss&#237;vel adapta&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica induzida por aclimata&#231;&#227;o. Embora o componente LFnu seja considerado como um marcador relacionado a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> t&#234;m sido observado que o comportamento do LFnu em rela&#231;&#227;o a atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular (ANSM) se convergem em condi&#231;&#245;es seletas e isso est&#225; tamb&#233;m associado ao efeito da respira&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Al&#233;m disso, em hip&#243;xia severa &#224; ~10,5% O<sub>2</sub>, o componente LFnu somente convergiu com a ANSM quando a respira&#231;&#227;o foi controlada ~20 ciclos/min, n&#227;o ocorrendo o mesmo durante a respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os efeitos da respira&#231;&#227;o sobre os reflexos auton&#244;micos t&#234;m sido bem descritos por Bernardi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e geram repercuss&#245;es nos &#237;ndices de VFC demonstrando altera&#231;&#245;es nos componentes espectrais, principalmente devido as mudan&#231;as na FR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Neste sentido, acreditamos que a mudan&#231;a do padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio durante a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia, pode repercutir na VFC. Al&#233;m disso, a estimula&#231;&#227;o quimiorreflexa provocada por hip&#243;xia tamb&#233;m pode afetar o controle auton&#244;mico por ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica a qual pode ser contrabalanceada, por exemplo, pela intera&#231;&#227;o dos barorreceptores ou pelo efeito inibit&#243;rio das fibras aferentes de estiramento pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Portanto, &#233; preciso mais estudos que explorem o registro da FR espont&#226;nea e controlada nos &#237;ndices de VFC durante a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia associado &#224; responsividade interindividual e ao tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, embora j&#225; se saiba o efeito da hipocapnia na atividade simp&#225;tica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> a influ&#234;ncia deste estado, isolado e associado &#224; hip&#243;xia nos &#237;ndices de VFC &#233; outro fator que precisa ser mais bem compreendido.</p>
          <p>Baseando-nos nas respostas de VFC observados nos estudos da presente revis&#227;o, propomos uma figura com uma descri&#231;&#227;o dos poss&#237;veis fen&#244;menos fisiol&#243;gicos relacionados ao controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco durante a exposi&#231;&#227;o aguda a hip&#243;xia severa. &#201; importante observar que a figura apresenta apenas uma vis&#227;o geral e superficial dos poss&#237;veis mecanismos em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. No entanto, tais eventos podem sofrer varia&#231;&#245;es por fatores como o n&#237;vel de FiO<sub>2</sub>, o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o, a idade, a capacidade f&#237;sica, as varia&#231;&#245;es interindividuais, a aclimata&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e mudan&#231;as posturais. Parte dos mecanismos apresentados ainda n&#227;o est&#225; completamente elucidada.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presente revis&#227;o apresentou os principais estudos envolvendo a resposta da VFC durante a hip&#243;xia aguda em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Em geral, a partir dos estudos investigados pela presente revis&#227;o, a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia &#233; capaz de modificar a VFC podendo levar a diminui&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, seja por retirada ou manuten&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal, ou por predom&#237;nio simp&#225;tico, ou mesmo pela combina&#231;&#227;o dessas respostas. Entretanto, a magnitude da resposta a hip&#243;xia em adultos saud&#225;veis n&#227;o aclimatados em condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso, parece ser dependente principalmente do n&#237;vel de altitude, tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o, varia&#231;&#227;o interindividual e press&#227;o barom&#233;trica.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O sistema cardiovascular em geral &#233; vasto em suas fun&#231;&#245;es e a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca tem por objetivo modular o comportamento dos batimentos card&#237;acos. O presente estudo limita-se a investigar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca atrav&#233;s da VFC, o qual &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo e seletivo. Este m&#233;todo visa avaliar as flutua&#231;&#245;es espont&#226;neas da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por diversos c&#225;lculos matem&#225;ticos objetivando indicar o <italic>drive</italic> vagal, simp&#225;tico e simpatovagal card&#237;aco. O presente estudo tamb&#233;m se limita a estudar somente a hip&#243;xia aguda abdicando dos efeitos da hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica e intermitente na VFC. Al&#233;m disso, o presente estudo incluiu somente indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e sua repercuss&#227;o a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hip&#243;xia. Isto pode limitar uma poss&#237;vel compreens&#227;o dos efeitos da hip&#243;xia na VFC em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o saud&#225;veis, principalmente com patologias card&#237;acas. Entretanto, a presente revis&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis torna-se prim&#225;rio na investiga&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos da hip&#243;xia na VFC em seres humanos e pode avan&#231;ar na investiga&#231;&#227;o da intera&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Espera-se tamb&#233;m que a presente revis&#227;o possa repercutir em futuros estudos e/ou revis&#245;es objetivando, al&#233;m de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o saud&#225;veis como hipertensos, diab&#233;ticos, obesos e outros.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.onlineijcs.org">http://www.onlineijcs.org</ext-link>
					</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por CAPES e FAPERJ (E-26/110.166/2014).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Andr&#233; Luiz Musmanno Branco Oliveira pela Universidade Federal Fluminense</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
