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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DyC5sJD53bqnbyhhDY8xqVt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000300243</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170040</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>High Blood Pressure in Pre-Adolescents and Adolescents in Petr&#243;polis: Prevalence and Correlation with Overweight and Obesity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueirinha</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Gesmar Volga Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Flavio Figueirinha</bold>, Rua Walter Bretz, 72. Postal Code: 25680-040, Centro, Petr&#243;polis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cardioped@outlook.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Figueirinha F. Acquisition of data: Figueirinha F. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Figueirinha F. Statistical analysis: Figueirinha F. Writing of the manuscript: Figueirinha F. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Figueirinha F, Haddad Herdy GVH. Supervisor / Principal Investigator: Figueirinha F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>243</fpage>
      <lpage>250</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Arterial hypertension is a multisystem disease that increases the risk of fatal cardiac events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study aims to determine the prevalence of increased blood pressure levels of pre-adolescents and adolescents and correlate these pressure levels with the presence of overweight or obesity and family history of hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In an observational, cross-sectional study, a sample of 157 students from the city of Petropolis aged from ten to nineteen was randomly selected. The study included four public schools and one private school. The persons responsible for each student answered a questionnaire on pre-existing conditions, family history of hypertension and previous blood pressure measurements. A thorough physical examination, anthropometric evaluation and two blood pressure readings were taken at intervals of at least ten minutes, on three different occasions, totaling six measurements.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Blood pressure levels have shown to be abnormal in 17 (10.8% / IC95% 5.9-15.7) studied individuals. Statistical significance was found between the change in blood pressure and the presence of overweight and obesity (p &lt; 0.001), as well as with the presence of family history of hypertension (p &lt; 0.05). A portion of 32.5% of the subjects had never had their blood pressure measured, and over the twelve months prior to the study, 45.5% of the sample had not measured it either.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>This study demonstrated that a significant percentage of students in the city of Petr&#243;polis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, has high blood pressure with a statistically significant correlation with overweight or obesity and a family history of hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Oveweight</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a multifactorial clinical condition, characterized by high and sustained blood pressure levels, associated with metabolic and hormonal changes and trophic phenomena (cardiac and vascular hypertrophy). Functional and/or structural changes to target organs (heart, brain, kidneys and blood vessels) and metabolic changes increase the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In Brazil, SAH affects about 15% to 30% of the adult population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> This high prevalence, combined with the severity of late complications, makes hypertension a priority and a huge public health challenge, since degenerative cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic coronary artery diseases and strokes account for about one third of the mortality of the Brazilian population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Concern about arterial hypertension in children and adolescents has increased in recent decades. Despite the primary (essential) SAH has relatively low prevalence at this age group compared with adults, at a non-negligible percentage of these individuals, the problem is clinically significant, requiring attention for its early recognition and treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Traditionally, childhood SAH used to be related to renal, vascular or endocrine disorders, but primary hypertension has become the main identified form and this epidemiological shift has been attributed largely to the recent epidemic of obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> It has also been found in a longitudinal study that overweight is associated with the maintenance of high percentile of blood pressure and that the disappearance of overweight determined significant reduction in adolescents' blood pressure levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Children with higher blood pressure levels, although still within the range considered normal, tend to evolve throughout life with a blood pressure higher than that of the other children and are more likely to become hypertensive adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Thereby, considering that adult SAH may have their origin in childhood, preventive strategies, particularly related to the identification of several cardiovascular risk factors associated with hypertension at this age group should be adopted early in an attempt to reduce late complications of this disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study aims to determine the prevalence of blood pressure changes in a representative sample of the student population, aged from ten to nineteen years, from five major schools of the city of Petr&#243;polis, state of Rio de Janeiro, and correlate their blood pressure levels with the presence of overweight and obesity and family history of hypertension.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>From November 2014 to August 2015, an observational, cross-sectional epidemiological study on a representative, randomly selected sample of the population of pre-adolescents and adolescents aged from ten to nineteen years, who were students at five major schools in the city of Petr&#243;polis/RJ, four public and one private, chosen for convenience.</p>
      <p>The sample size calculation took into account estimated average parameters for the prevalence of hypertension at this age group (0.5 to 10%) with 95% confidence interval and error probability of 5%. According to the 2010 IBGE census results,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> the city had a population of 295,917 people, with 47,772 at the studied age group. The calculations using these parameters indicated that the minimum representative sample of this school population was composed of 138 individuals.</p>
      <p>A total of 192 subjects were randomly drawn by principals and teachers, without interference from the researcher. Thirty-five subjects had to be excluded either due to uncomplete data or for not being included in the study age group. The level of participation was therefore 81.34% (157 subjects), of which 85 (54%) were males and 72 (46%) were females. The binomial test, at a significance level &#945; = 0.05, indicates no difference between the percentage of boys and girls in the sample (p = 0.071). &#945; The Mann-Whitney test, at the same significance level, also indicates no statistically significant age difference between boys and girls (U = 3.027; p-value = 0.907).</p>
      <p>Ninety-nine participants (63%) attended public schools and 58 (37%) attended private schools.</p>
      <p>After obtaining a signed Informed Consent Form, participants' carers answered a self-administered questionnaire, from which complete personal data, family history of Systemic Arterial Hypertension, and previous diseases to each study subject were obtained. It was also asked whether the adolescent had already had his blood pressure checked at least once and over the twelve months preceding the survey.</p>
      <p>After having signed a Consent Agreement, each student was examined only by the researcher, on three separate occasions, at intervals longer than 24 hours. On the first occasion, a thorough clinical cardiology examination with assessment of ectoscopy, analysis of peripheral pulses and cardiac auscultation, in addition to anthropometric examination with measurement of weight and height and length and circumference of the right arm. On all three occasions, blood pressure was measured twice, at a minimum rest interval of ten minutes between measurements.</p>
      <p>The blood pressure measurement complied with the standards established in the Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines VI - SBC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> performed using the indirect method with auscultation and a properly calibrated aneroid sphygmomanometer (Tycos - North Carolina, USA). The equipment was calibrated prior to the beginning of the study and twice more, at intervals of three months. Three sizes of blood pressure cuffs (24 x 12 cm, 18 x 10 cm, and 16 x 8 cm) were also used, from which the one whose inflatable bag width and length were approximate to, respectively, forty percent of the circumference of the right arm and involved its full circumference, was chosen for each individual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The arithmetic means of the six readings, both systolic and diastolic, were calculated, and the obtained values were plotted in the tables suggested by "The Fourth Report on the diagnoses, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Each participant was finally classified, according to their systolic and diastolic pressure level percentiles, as normotensive, pre-hypertensive, hypertensive and severely hypertensive individuals.</p>
      <p>For body weight to be determined, a previously calibrated Kala-branded, 100-gram digital scale, equipped with four sensors and capacity of up to 150 kg was used. Each student was placed barefoot, wearing light clothing, on the middle of the scale, where they remained until the weight in kilograms was measured. Height was measured using a centimeter-scaled ruler, with the participant placed against a wall, barefoot, in a fully upright position and taking a deep breath.</p>
      <p>After calculating the body mass index (BMI (m<sup>2</sup>) = Weight (kg)/Height<sup>2</sup>), each participant was classified according to their nutritional status, in compliance with the 2011 recommendations of the Brazilian Department of Health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The cutoff points used were eutrophics (&gt; 3rd percentile and &lt; 85th percentile), overweight (&#8805; 85th percentile and &#8804; 97th percentile), obesity (&gt; 97th percentile and &#8804; 99.9 percentile) and severe obesity ( &gt; 99.9 percentile).</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, on September 30, 2014 (CAAE: 31291014.5.0000.5243).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data of categorical variables were summarized by absolute frequencies and percentages, while numerical variable data corresponding to the age of the students were statistically summarized by the mean and standard deviation parameters as mean (&#177; standard deviation).</p>
        <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test checked whether the Age variable, alone or stratified into categories, satisfies the normality criterion.</p>
        <p>Once unsatisfied the normality criterion, the difference between ages of gender categories was investigated using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test.</p>
        <p>Differences between proportions of categories of dichotomous variables were investigated using the binomial test, while uniformity of the categories of a categorical variable was assessed by using the chi-square test.</p>
        <p>The association between categorical variables was investigated using contingency tables and determined by the chi-square test or, in the case of two dichotomous variables, the Fisher's exact test was used. When the investigation of the association between categorical variables resulted in the values expected under the variable independence hypothesis being not very significant (less than 5), the coherent assemblage of categories was adopted in order to densify the frequencies and create conditions so that differences could be evidenced in the analysis. The Cram&#233;r V coefficient was used to identify any statistically significant association between polytomous categorical variables.</p>
        <p>Population inferences concerning proportional parameters (percentages) or numerical values were performed by means of confidence intervals, at a confidence level of 95%.</p>
        <p>Statistical decisions in the hypothesis tests were taken at a level of significance &#945; = 0.05 (5%).</p>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using PASW (SPSS) software, v. 18, by IBM, with the aid of Excel (Microsoft).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The isolated analysis of systolic blood pressure showed that 17 students (10.8%) presented signs of a hypertension status, understood as Pre-SAH or SAH or severe SAH. As to the analysis of diastolic blood pressure alone, 13 students (8.3%) were found to present that status. No student had isolated abnormal diastolic blood pressure.</p>
      <p>To determine the prevalence of hypertension, students who have had any change in systolic or diastolic blood pressure (either or both) were considered to be cases. Thus, the assessment of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure identified 17 students (10.8%) with abnormal blood pressure levels. Nine of them (5.7%) had changes in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and eight others (5.1%) only in systolic blood pressure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of SAH (n = 157)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Blood Pressure</th>
              <th colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Diastolic blood pressure</th>
              <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Normal</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pre-hypertension</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Hypertension</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Severe hypertension</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Systolic Blood Pressure</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">140</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">140</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Pre-hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Severe hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">144</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">157</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Therefore, the prevalence of hypertension in the studied group (with no distinction as to intensity) was revealed to be 10.8%. Based on this result, the real percentage is estimated to range from 5.9% to 15.7% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Estimated percentage of students with impaired BP in the population of Petr&#243;polis/RJ (n = 157)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Systemic Blood Pressure</th>
              <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Number of students</th>
              <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Percentage</th>
              <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Population estimate (I.C. 95%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Normal</td>
              <td align="center">140</td>
              <td align="center">89.2</td>
              <td align="center">[ 84.3% ; 94.1% ]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Abnormal</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">10.8</td>
              <td align="center">[ 5.9% ; 15.7% ]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">157</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Considering that the population of Petr&#243;polis in the age group under study (10-19), according to the 2010 IBGE census,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> was 47,770 inhabitants, the results achieved with this sample indicate an estimated prevalence of 5,160 individuals in absolute numbers, who would present changes in their systemic blood pressure, and they could, at a 95% confidence, range from 2,840 and 7,479 individuals.</p>
      <p>Gender-based pressure change analysis shows that the percentage of male students (76.5%) with abnormal blood pressure exceeded the percentage of female students (23.5%). The difference of 53% between genders is statistically significant (binomial test: p-value = 0.049 &lt; 0.05), which indicates evidence that males are more affected than females in the studied age group, in a 3-to-1 ratio, approximately (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Gender-based analysis of the BP categories (n = 157)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Systemic blood pressure</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total number <break/> of students</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Gender</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Male</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Female</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Abnormal</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">18.1</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>CI (95%): 9.2% ; 27.0%</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>CI (95%): 0.2%; 9.2%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">140</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">81.9</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
              <td align="center">95.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>CI (95%): 73.0% ; 90.8%</td>
              <td>
							</td>
              <td>CI (95%): 90.8% ; 99.8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">157</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There was no statistically significant correlation between increased blood pressure levels and the fact that the students are enrolled in public or private schools (chi-square test: &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 0.464; g.l. = 1; p-value = 0.601).</p>
      <p>A total of 49 students (31.2%) had an increase of Body Mass Index, of which 25 (15.9%) were overweight and 24 (15.3%) were obese. Body Mass Index category to Blood Pressure category ratio shows that Obesity and Severe Hypertension level are moderately inter-related in a direct manner, in a sense that the higher the BMI, the higher the pressure level will be (chi-square test: &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 22.015; g.l. = 2; p &lt; 0.0001). Cr&#225;mer's V correlation coefficient indicates highly significant, moderate correlation (p &lt; 0.01) between blood pressure levels and BMI categories (V = 0.374, p &lt; 0.0001) and the analysis of adjusted residuals shows the solid contribution of the pair of categories abnormal blood pressure and obesity for the ratio between both variables (adjusted residue equal to 4.6), as well as for normal blood pressure and eutrophic BMI (adjusted residue equal to 3.7). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation between high blood pressure levels and abnormal BMI (n = 157)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Presence of abnormal blood pressure</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Body mass index</th>
              <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Eutrophic</th>
              <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Overweight</th>
              <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Obesity</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">N</td>
              <td align="center">103</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">140</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Adjusted residue</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">-0.2</td>
              <td align="center">-4.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">Abnormal</td>
              <td align="center">N</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Adjusted residue</td>
              <td align="center">-3.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
              <td align="center">4.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">157</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The large majority of the subjects (81.5%) had a family history of Systemic Arterial Hypertension. The analysis of this positive family history was also associated with statistical significance, with abnormal blood pressure levels (Fisher's exact test: p-value = 0.044 &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>Approximately one-fourth (27.4%) of the subjects had never had their blood pressure measured, resulting in no statistical correlation of this data with the fact that the student is enrolled in a public or private school. Over the 12 months preceding the study, however, approximately two-fifths (41.4%) of these individuals have not had their blood pressure measured either, with greater and statistically significant prevalence among private school students (chi-square test: &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 4.075; g.l. = 1; p-value = 0.046).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The prevalence of hypertension in childhood and adolescence, reported by several Brazilian and foreign authors, varies widely, from 1.2% to 13%, depending largely on the methodology adopted, study age group, number of measurements at each visit, number of visits and total follow-up time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> This study identified abnormality in blood pressures, regardless of their severity, in 10.8% of the student population (95% CI 5.9 to 15.7). Similar values were found in Brazilian studies, such as the one by Moura et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> in the city of Macei&#243;, (9.41%, 95% CI 7.8 to 11.02). Magliano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> identified a prevalence of 8.12% (95% CI 6.24 to 10.52%) using meta-analysis. Another cross-sectional study by Correa Neto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> with subjects aged 17-19 years, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, identified a higher prevalence of 19.4% of changes in blood pressure with a statistically significant correlation with the presence of overweight and obesity. Recently, Bloch et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> when carrying out a broad, countrywide study, showed that 9.6% (95% CI 9.0 to 10.3) of Brazilian adolescents attending schools in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants have high blood pressure (pre-hypertension or hypertension) with higher prevalence among males<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>There are several environmental factors related to the development of hypertension. Among them, weight and BMI are recognized as the major determinants of high blood pressure levels in children and adolescents, with tremendous growth of the prevalence of severe obesity in this age group in the past decade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> A recent study conducted in England by Skinner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> covering 8,579 overweight or obese children and adolescents, showed that the greater the severity of obesity, the higher the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of these patients. Parker et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> also found a statistically significant association between increased BMI and development of high blood pressure in a study involving 101,606 individuals, aged from three to seventeen years old, in the United States of America. This same study found that obese children and adolescents had twice the risk of developing hypertension when compared to subjects with normal weight, and those diagnosed with severe obesity had a risk four times higher. Flechtner-Mors et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> identified 22% prevalence of SAH and 8% prevalence of pre-hypertension in European overweight or obese children and adolescents. In Brazil, a study by Rosaneli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> on schoolchildren aged 6 to 11 years old, in the city of Maring&#225;, identified 11.2% prevalence of pressure changes in eutrophic children, 20.6% in overweight children and 39.7% in obese children.</p>
      <p>There was no statistically significant difference between changes in BMI (overweight or obesity) and administrative educational categories. The correlation between the data on High Blood Pressure and abnormal Body Mass Index shows that Obesity and abnormal high blood pressure are directly interrelated, in a sense that the higher the BMI, the higher the pressure level will be. Among the individuals identified as having abnormal blood pressure, 70% also had BMI changes, of which 17% are overweight and 53% are obese.</p>
      <p>In adults, SAH is unarguably one of the most important risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, particularly the coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> It is recognized that the disease, in its primary form, may begin early in life and that genetic factors play a decisive role in its development. Thus, the existence of a family history of SAH was shown to significantly affect the emergence of this condition in children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study the presence of hypertension in at least one individual (grandparents, parents or siblings) was considered a positive family history. The large majority of adolescents (82.2%) had positive family history, and all those (100%) with abnormal blood pressure also had a positive family history, demonstrating once again the importance of this factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>Although the measurement of children's and adolescents' blood pressure is recommended in all clinical evaluation after three years or in special risk situations before this age, this is not a habit in pediatric consultation, resulting in many hypertensive patients being undiagnosed. These data indicate the need for educational actions involving health professionals, providing not only scientific information but also technical conditions for a wider and safe approach to the cardiovascular system of these patients. Considering that the hypertension diagnosis is made after confirmation of the presence of persistently high blood pressure, it is important to emphasize the need for routine blood pressure measurements. Studies such as those by Negroni-Balasquide et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> observed a drop in blood pressure levels between the first and third measurements, indicating the possibility of misdiagnoses from single or sporadic measurements.</p>
      <p>A more intensive approach to health managers and professionals in the diagnosis of hypertension in childhood and adolescence and a prophylactic approach, such as the control of overweight and obesity and the encouragement of regular physical exercise, can determine a significant decrease in the number of hypertensive adults, with lower rates of morbidity and mortality, also generating significant reduction in high costs to public health.</p>
      <p>This study had as limiting factors the choice of participating schools for convenience, which does not allow to state that the sample is representative of the entire population of the city of Petr&#243;polis, aged 10-19 years old.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We conclude that a non-negligible percentage of pre-adolescents and adolescents, from five major schools of the city of Petr&#243;polis/RJ, have high blood pressure, which is more frequent in males, in 3:1 ratio, with no statistically significant relationship with the administrative educational categories.</p>
      <p>Statistical significance was found between the change in blood pressure and the presence of overweight and obesity (p &lt; 0.001), in the sense that the higher the BMI, the higher the blood pressure is. Family history of hypertension was identified in all adolescents with abnormal blood pressure levels.</p>
      <p>A significant number of the studied adolescents had never had their blood pressure measured. This fact determines a delay in the identification and treatment of these patients, when indicated.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Flavio Figueirinha e Gesmar Volga Haddad Herdy, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial em Pr&#233;-Adolescentes e Adolescentes de Petr&#243;polis: Preval&#234;ncia e Correla&#231;&#227;o com Sobrepeso e Obesidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueirinha</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Gesmar Volga Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Flavio Figueirinha</bold>, Rua Walter Bretz, 72. CEP: 25680-040, Centro, Petr&#243;polis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cardioped@outlook.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Figueirinha F. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Figueirinha F. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Figueirinha F. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Figueirinha F. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Figueirinha F. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Figueirinha F, Haddad Herdy GVH. Supervis&#227;o/ como investigador principal: Figueirinha F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; uma doen&#231;a multissist&#234;mica que aumenta o risco de eventos card&#237;acos fatais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de aumento dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos arteriais de pr&#233;-adolescentes e adolescentes e correlacionar esses n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos com a presen&#231;a de sobrepeso ou obesidade e com a hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Em um estudo observacional de corte transversal, selecionou-se aleatoriamente uma amostra de 157 estudantes do munic&#237;pio de Petr&#243;polis, com idades entre dez e dezenove anos. Participaram do estudo quatro escolas p&#250;blicas e uma particular. Os respons&#225;veis de cada estudante responderam um question&#225;rio sobre doen&#231;as pr&#233;-existentes, hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o e aferi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias da press&#227;o arterial. Realizou-se exame f&#237;sico pormenorizado, antropometria e duas aferi&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial com intervalos m&#237;nimos de dez minutos em tr&#234;s ocasi&#245;es, totalizando seis aferi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos se mostraram alterados em 17 (10,8%/IC95% 5,9-15,7) indiv&#237;duos estudados. Houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre a altera&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e a presen&#231;a de sobrepeso e obesidade (p &lt; 0,001), assim como com a presen&#231;a de hist&#243;rico familiar positivo para hipertens&#227;o (p &lt; 0,05). Uma parcela de 32,5% dos indiv&#237;duos estudados nunca havia aferido a press&#227;o arterial, sendo que nos doze meses que antecederam o estudo, 45,5% da amostra tamb&#233;m n&#227;o a havia aferido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que um percentual significativo de estudantes do munic&#237;pio de Petr&#243;polis - RJ apresenta n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados com correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com sobrepeso ou obesidade e com hist&#243;rico familiar positivo para hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica multifatorial, &#233; caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados e sustentados, associados a altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e hormonais e a fen&#244;menos tr&#243;ficos (hipertrofia card&#237;aca e vascular). As altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e/ou estruturais dos &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo (cora&#231;&#227;o, enc&#233;falo, rins e vasos sangu&#237;neos) e as altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas aumentam o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o-fatais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No Brasil, a HAS acomete cerca de 15 a 30% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Essa alta preval&#234;ncia, combinada com a gravidade das complica&#231;&#245;es tardias, fazem da hipertens&#227;o uma prioridade e um enorme desafio de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, uma vez que as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares degenerativas, como as coronariopatias isqu&#234;micas e os acidentes vasculares cerebrais, respondem por cerca de um ter&#231;o da mortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a hipertens&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes tem crescido nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. Apesar da HAS essencial ou prim&#225;ria ter uma preval&#234;ncia relativamente baixa nesta faixa et&#225;ria em compara&#231;&#227;o com os adultos, em um percentual n&#227;o desprez&#237;vel desses indiv&#237;duos, o problema &#233; clinicamente significativo, necessitando de aten&#231;&#227;o para seu reconhecimento precoce e tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tradicionalmente, a HAS na inf&#226;ncia era relacionada a doen&#231;as renais, vasculares ou end&#243;crinas, mas a hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria tem se tornado a principal forma identificada, e essa mudan&#231;a epidemiol&#243;gica tem sido atribu&#237;da em grande parte &#224; recente epidemia de obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi demonstrado em estudo longitudinal que a presen&#231;a de sobrepeso estava associada &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o de percentil elevado de press&#227;o arterial e que o desaparecimento do sobrepeso determinava redu&#231;&#227;o significativa das cifras press&#243;ricas em adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Crian&#231;as com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos mais elevados, mesmo que ainda dentro dos limites considerados normais, tendem a evoluir ao longo da vida mantendo uma press&#227;o arterial mais elevada que as demais e apresentam maior probabilidade de se tornarem adultos hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Desta forma, considerando-se que a HAS do adulto pode ter sua origem na inf&#226;ncia, estrat&#233;gias preventivas, notadamente relacionadas &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o dos diversos fatores de risco cardiovascular associados com a HAS nessa faixa et&#225;ria, devem ser adotadas precocemente, na tentativa de reduzir as complica&#231;&#245;es tardias desta mol&#233;stia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar a preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial em uma amostra representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o de estudantes entre dez e dezenove anos de idade de cinco grandes escolas da cidade de Petr&#243;polis - RJ e correlacionar os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos desses estudantes com a presen&#231;a de sobrepeso e obesidade e com hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Entre novembro de 2014 e agosto de 2015, foi realizado estudo epidemiol&#243;gico observacional, em corte transversal, em uma amostra aleat&#243;ria representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-adolescentes e adolescentes entre dez e dezenove anos de idade, estudantes de cinco grandes escolas da cidade de Petr&#243;polis - RJ, quatro p&#250;blicas e uma particular, escolhidas por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral levou em considera&#231;&#227;o par&#226;metros m&#233;dios estimados para a preval&#234;ncia de HAS nessa faixa et&#225;ria (0,5 a 10%) com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% e possibilidade de erro de 5%. Segundo o censo demogr&#225;fico do IBGE de 2010,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> o munic&#237;pio apresentava uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 295.917 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 47.772 na faixa et&#225;ria em estudo. Os c&#225;lculos com esses par&#226;metros apontaram para uma amostra m&#237;nima representativa dessa popula&#231;&#227;o escolar de 138 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>Foram estudados 192 indiv&#237;duos sorteados pela dire&#231;&#227;o e professores, sem interfer&#234;ncia do pesquisador. Trinta e cinco indiv&#237;duos precisaram ser exclu&#237;dos por falta de dados completos ou por encontrarem-se fora da faixa et&#225;ria em estudo. Dessa forma, o n&#237;vel de participa&#231;&#227;o foi de 81,34% (157 indiv&#237;duos), sendo 85 (54%) do sexo feminino e 72 (46%) do sexo masculino. O teste binomial, ao n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia a = 0,05, indica inexist&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a entre as propor&#231;&#245;es de meninos e de meninas na amostra (p = 0,071). J&#225; o teste de Mann-Whitney, ao mesmo n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia, tamb&#233;m indica inexist&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as idades de meninos e meninas (U = 3027; valor-p = 0,907).</p>
        <p>Noventa e nove participantes (63%) estudavam em escolas p&#250;blicas e 58 (37%) em escola particular.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido assinado, os respons&#225;veis responderam um question&#225;rio autoaplic&#225;vel do qual foram obtidos dados completos de identifica&#231;&#227;o, hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, e doen&#231;as pr&#233;vias de cada indiv&#237;duo em estudo. Tamb&#233;m foi questionado se o adolescente j&#225; havia tido sua press&#227;o aferida alguma vez na vida e nos &#250;ltimos doze meses que antecederam a pesquisa.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a assinatura de um Termo de Assentimento, cada aluno foi examinado somente pelo pesquisador em tr&#234;s ocasi&#245;es distintas, com intervalos superiores a 24 horas. Na primeira ocasi&#227;o, realizou-se exame cl&#237;nico cardiol&#243;gico pormenorizado com avalia&#231;&#227;o da ectoscopia, an&#225;lise de pulsos perif&#233;ricos e ausculta card&#237;aca, al&#233;m do exame antropom&#233;trico com medida de peso e estatura e comprimento e circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o direito. Nas tr&#234;s ocasi&#245;es, a press&#227;o arterial foi medida duas vezes com intervalo de repouso m&#237;nimo de dez minutos entre as medidas.</p>
        <p>A medida da press&#227;o arterial respeitou as padroniza&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas nas Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o VI - SBC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo indireto com t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria e com uso de esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide (Tycos - North Carolina, USA) devidamente calibrado. O equipamento foi aferido antes do in&#237;cio do estudo e mais duas vezes com intervalos de tr&#234;s meses. Foram tamb&#233;m utilizados tr&#234;s tamanhos de manguitos (24 x 12 cm, 18 x 10 cm e 16 x 8 cm), sendo escolhido para cada indiv&#237;duo aquele cujas dimens&#245;es da bolsa infl&#225;vel se aproximassem em largura de quarenta por cento da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o direito e que, em comprimento, envolvessem completamente a sua circunfer&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Foram calculadas as m&#233;dias aritm&#233;ticas das seis medidas, tanto sist&#243;lica quanto diast&#243;lica e os valores adquiridos foram plotados nas tabelas sugeridas pelo "The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Cada participante foi finalmente classificado de acordo com seus percentis press&#243;ricos, tanto sist&#243;licos quanto diast&#243;licos, como normotensos, pr&#233;-hipertensos, hipertensos e hipertensos graves.</p>
        <p>Para determina&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal, utilizou-se balan&#231;a digital previamente aferida da marca Kala, com quatro sensores, escala de cem gramas e capacidade para 150 Kg. Cada estudante foi posicionado no centro da balan&#231;a com roupas leves e sem sapatos, onde permanecia at&#233; que fosse feita a leitura do peso em quilogramas. A estatura foi medida com o participante colocado contra uma parede, com os p&#233;s descal&#231;os, em uma posi&#231;&#227;o totalmente ereta e em inspira&#231;&#227;o profunda, sendo utilizada r&#233;gua com escala em cent&#237;metros.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC (m<sup>2</sup>) = Peso (Kg)/Altura<sup>2</sup>), cada participante foi classificado quanto ao seu estado nutricional de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil em 2011.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os pontos de corte utilizados foram: eutrofia (&gt; percentil 3 e &lt; percentil 85), sobrepeso (&#8805; percentil 85 e &#8804; percentil 97), obesidade (&gt; percentil 97 e &#8804; percentil 99,9) e obesidade grave (&gt; percentil 99,9).</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em pesquisa no dia 30 de setembro de 2014 (CAAE: 31291014.5.0000.5243).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram sintetizados por meio de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e percentuais e os da vari&#225;vel num&#233;rica correspondente &#224; idade dos estudantes foram resumidos estatisticamente por meio dos par&#226;metros m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, na forma m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o).</p>
          <p>O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov investigou a satisfa&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio de normalidade para a vari&#225;vel idade, isolada ou estratificada em categorias.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o satisfeito o crit&#233;rio de normalidade, a diferen&#231;a entre idades das categorias de g&#234;nero foi investigada pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney.</p>
          <p>Diferen&#231;as entre propor&#231;&#245;es de categorias de vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas foram investigadas pelo teste binomial e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da homogeneidade das categorias de uma vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica, por meio do teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi investigada por meio de tabelas de conting&#234;ncia e suportadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou, no caso de duas vari&#225;veis, ambas dicot&#244;micas, pelo teste exato de Fisher. Quando na investiga&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, os valores esperados sob a hip&#243;tese de independ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis foram pouco expressivos (menores que 5), adotou-se a aglutina&#231;&#227;o coerente de categorias com o intuito de adensar as frequ&#234;ncias e criar condi&#231;&#245;es para que evid&#234;ncias de diferen&#231;as pudessem vir &#224; tona na an&#225;lise. O coeficiente V de Cram&#233;r foi utilizado para identificar a intensidade de associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas polit&#244;micas.</p>
          <p>Infer&#234;ncias populacionais para par&#226;metros relativos a propor&#231;&#245;es (percentuais) ou valores num&#233;ricos foram realizadas por meio de intervalos de confian&#231;a ao n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
          <p>As decis&#245;es estat&#237;sticas nos testes de hip&#243;tese foram tomadas ao n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &#945; = 0,05 (5%).</p>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas atrav&#233;s do software PASW (SPSS) v. 18, da IBM, e coadjuvadas pelo aplicativo Excel da Microsoft.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise isolada da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, 17 estudantes (10,8%) apresentaram indica&#231;&#227;o de estado hipertensivo, entendido como pr&#233;-HAS ou HAS ou HAS grave. J&#225; na an&#225;lise isolada da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, 13 estudantes (8,3%) apresentaram essa indica&#231;&#227;o. Nenhum estudante apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica isolada.</p>
        <p>Para determinar a preval&#234;ncia de HAS, foram considerados como casos os alunos que tenham apresentado press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica com altera&#231;&#227;o (uma, outra ou ambas). Dessa forma, a avalia&#231;&#227;o conjunta da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica permitiu identificar 17 estudantes (10,8%) com altera&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas. Nove (5,7%) apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es tanto na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica como na diast&#243;lica e os outros oito (5,1%) somente na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de HAS (n = 157)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Press&#227;o arterial</th>
                <th colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</th>
                <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Normal</th>
                <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;-Hipertens&#227;o</th>
                <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Hipertens&#227;o</th>
                <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Hipertens&#227;o Grave</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o Grave</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Total</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">157</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Assim, a preval&#234;ncia de HAS no grupo pesquisado (sem distin&#231;&#227;o de intensidade) mostrou-se com express&#227;o de 10,8%. A partir desse resultado, estima-se que a propor&#231;&#227;o real situe-se entre 5,9% e 15,7% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estimativa da propor&#231;&#227;o de estudantes com altera&#231;&#227;o da PA na popula&#231;&#227;o de Petr&#243;polis &#8211; RJ (n = 157)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</th>
                <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#250;mero de estudantes</th>
                <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Percentual</th>
                <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Estimativa populacional (I.C. 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">89,2</td>
                <td align="center">[84,3% ; 94,1%]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alterada</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td align="center">[5,9% ; 15,7%]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">157</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Considerando que a popula&#231;&#227;o de Petr&#243;polis na faixa et&#225;ria do estudo (10 a 19 anos), segundo o censo do IBGE de 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> era de 47.770 habitantes, os resultados alcan&#231;ados com a presente amostra indicam a preval&#234;ncia estimada em n&#250;meros absolutos de 5.160 indiv&#237;duos que apresentariam press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica alterada, podendo, com 95% de confian&#231;a, situar-se entre 2.840 e 7.479 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise das altera&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas segundo o g&#234;nero mostra que a propor&#231;&#227;o de estudantes do sexo masculino (76,5%) com press&#227;o arterial alterada superou a propor&#231;&#227;o de estudantes do sexo feminino (23,5%). A diferen&#231;a de 53% entre os g&#234;neros &#233; estatisticamente significativa (teste binomial: valor-p = 0,049 &lt; 0,05), indicando exist&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia de que o sexo masculino seja mais acometido do que o sexo feminino na faixa et&#225;ria em estudo em uma raz&#227;o de 3 para 1, aproximadamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise das categorias de PA segundo o g&#234;nero (n = 157)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#250;mero total de alunos</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Sexo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Masculino</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Alterada</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">18,1</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>IC(95%): 9,2% ; 27,0%</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>IC(95%): 0,2%; 9,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">81,9</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">95,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>IC(95%): 73,0% ; 90,8%</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>IC(95%): 90,8% ; 99,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">157</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre o aumento dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e o fato dos estudantes estarem matriculados em escolas p&#250;blicas ou privadas (teste do qui-quadrado: &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 0,464; g.l. = 1; valor-p = 0,601).</p>
        <p>Um total de 49 estudantes (31,2%) registrou aumento do &#237;ndice de massa corporal sendo 25 (15,9%) com sobrepeso e 24 (15,3%) com obesidade. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre as categorias do &#237;ndice de massa corporal e as categorias de press&#227;o arterial indica que a obesidade e o n&#237;vel de hipertens&#227;o grave est&#227;o moderadamente inter-relacionados de modo direto, no sentido que quanto mais alto o IMC mais alto o n&#237;vel press&#243;rico (teste do qui-quadrado: &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 22,015; g.l. = 2; p &lt; 0,0001). O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o V de Cram&#233;r indica correla&#231;&#227;o moderada altamente significativa (p &lt; 0,01) entre os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e as categorias de IMC (V = 0,374; p &lt; 0,0001) e a an&#225;lise dos res&#237;duos ajustados mostra forte contribui&#231;&#227;o do par de categorias press&#227;o arterial alterada e obesidade para a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as duas vari&#225;veis (res&#237;duo ajustado igual 4,6), assim como do par press&#227;o arterial normal e IMC eutr&#243;fico (res&#237;duo ajustado igual 3,7). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados e IMC alterado (n = 157)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial</th>
                <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">&#205;ndice de massa corporal</th>
                <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Eutr&#243;fico</th>
                <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sobrepeso</th>
                <th style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Obesidade</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Res&#237;duo ajustado</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">-,2</td>
                <td align="center">-4,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Alterada</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Res&#237;duo ajustado</td>
                <td align="center">-3,7</td>
                <td align="center">,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">157</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Expressiva maioria dos indiv&#237;duos estudados (81,5%) apresentava hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. A an&#225;lise desse hist&#243;rico familiar positivo tamb&#233;m se mostrou relacionada com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica com a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos (teste exato de Fisher: valor-p = 0,044 &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>Aproximadamente um quarto (27,4%) dos indiv&#237;duos nunca havia aferido a press&#227;o arterial, n&#227;o havendo correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica desse dado com o fato do estudante estar matriculado em escola p&#250;blica ou privada. J&#225; nos 12 meses que antecederam a pesquisa, cerca de dois quintos (41,4%) desses indiv&#237;duos tamb&#233;m n&#227;o tiveram suas press&#245;es arteriais aferidas, com uma preval&#234;ncia maior e estatisticamente significativa entre os alunos da escola privada (teste do qui-quadrado: &#967;<sup>2</sup>= 4,075; g.l. = 1; valor-p = 0,046).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, relatada por diversos autores nacionais e estrangeiros, varia amplamente, de 1,2% a 13%, dependendo sobretudo da metodologia empregada, da faixa et&#225;ria estudada, do n&#250;mero de medidas realizadas em cada visita, do n&#250;mero de visitas e do tempo total de acompanhamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O presente estudo identificou altera&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos sem distin&#231;&#227;o de sua gravidade em 10,8% (IC95% 5,9-15,7) da popula&#231;&#227;o de estudantes. Valores pr&#243;ximos foram encontrados em estudos nacionais, como os de Moura et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> em Macei&#243; (9,41%, IC95% 7,8-11,02). Magliano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> identificaram atrav&#233;s de meta-an&#225;lise uma preval&#234;ncia de 8,12% (IC95% 6,24-10,52%). Em outro estudo transversal realizado em indiv&#237;duos entre 17 e 19 anos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro por Correa Neto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> identificou-se uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta de 19,4% de altera&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas com correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com a presen&#231;a de sobrepeso e obesidade. Recentemente, Bloch et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> realizando um amplo estudo com representatividade nacional, mostraram que 9,6% (IC95% 9,0-10,3) dos adolescentes brasileiros que frequentam escolas em munic&#237;pios com mais de 100 mil habitantes est&#227;o com press&#227;o arterial elevada (pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o ou hipertens&#227;o) com maior preval&#234;ncia no sexo masculino.</p>
        <p>Diversos s&#227;o os fatores ambientais implicados com o desenvolvimento da HAS. Entre eles, o peso e o IMC s&#227;o reconhecidos como os maiores determinantes de altos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes e a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade severa nessa faixa et&#225;ria tem crescido muito na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Um estudo recente realizado na Inglaterra por Skinner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> abordando 8.579 crian&#231;as e adolescentes portadores de sobrepeso ou obesidade, demonstrou que quanto maior a gravidade da obesidade, maiores os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos desses pacientes, tanto sist&#243;licos quanto diast&#243;licos. Parker et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> tamb&#233;m observaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre aumento do IMC e desenvolvimento de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados em estudo realizado com 101.606 indiv&#237;duos entre tr&#234;s e dezessete anos nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica. Nesse mesmo estudo, observou-se que crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos apresentavam risco duas vezes maior de desenvolvimento de HAS em rela&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos com peso normal e aqueles com diagn&#243;stico de obesidade severa apresentavam risco quatro vezes maior. Flechtner-Mors et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> identificaram preval&#234;ncias de 22% de HAS e 8% de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o em crian&#231;as e adolescentes europeias portadoras de sobrepeso ou obesidade. J&#225; no Brasil, Rosaneli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> em estudo realizado em escolares entre 6 e 11 anos de idade no munic&#237;pio de Maring&#225;, identificaram uma preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas em 11,2% em crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas, 20,6% naquelas com sobrepeso e 39,7% nas obesas.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as altera&#231;&#245;es do IMC (sobrepeso ou obesidade) e as categorias administrativas de ensino. A correla&#231;&#227;o dos dados referentes a n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados e IMC alterado indica que a obesidade e a press&#227;o arterial alterada est&#227;o inter-relacionados de modo direto, no sentido de que quanto mais alto o IMC, mais alto o n&#237;vel press&#243;rico. Entre os indiv&#237;duos identificados como portadores de press&#227;o arterial alterada, 70% tamb&#233;m apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es do IMC, sendo 17% com sobrepeso e 53% com obesidade.</p>
        <p>Em adultos, a HAS &#233; indiscutivelmente um dos mais importantes fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, em particular para o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Reconhece-se que a doen&#231;a na sua forma prim&#225;ria pode ter in&#237;cio em fases precoces da vida e que fatores gen&#233;ticos desempenham determinante papel no seu desenvolvimento. Dessa forma, a exist&#234;ncia de hist&#243;rico familiar positivo para HAS demonstrou ter importantes implica&#231;&#245;es no surgimento dessa condi&#231;&#227;o nos filhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, considerou-se como hist&#243;rico familiar positivo a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial em pelo menos um indiv&#237;duo, sejam av&#243;s, pais ou irm&#227;os. A expressiva maioria dos adolescentes (82,2%) apresentou esse hist&#243;rico familiar positivo, sendo que todos (100%) que apresentaram n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos alterados tamb&#233;m possu&#237;am hist&#243;rico familiar positivo, demonstrando mais uma vez a import&#226;ncia desse fator no desenvolvimento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Apesar da aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes ser recomendada em toda avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s os tr&#234;s anos, ou em situa&#231;&#245;es especiais de risco antes desta idade, esse ainda n&#227;o &#233; um h&#225;bito na consulta pedi&#225;trica, deixando-se de diagnosticar muitos hipertensos. Esses dados indicam a necessidade de a&#231;&#245;es educacionais junto aos profissionais de sa&#250;de, fornecendo n&#227;o somente informa&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas, mas tamb&#233;m condi&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas para uma abordagem mais ampla e segura do sistema cardiovascular desses pacientes. Levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o que o diagn&#243;stico de HAS &#233; feito ap&#243;s constata&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos persistentemente elevados, &#233; importante enfatizar a necessidade de aferi&#231;&#245;es rotineiras da press&#227;o arterial. Estudos como o de Negroni-Balasquide et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> observaram uma queda dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos entre a primeira e a terceira medidas, indicando a possibilidade de diagn&#243;sticos err&#244;neos em aferi&#231;&#245;es &#250;nicas ou espor&#225;dicas.</p>
        <p>Uma abordagem mais intensiva dos gestores e profissionais de sa&#250;de em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o arterial na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia e a abordagem profil&#225;tica, como o controle do sobrepeso e da obesidade e o est&#237;mulo &#224; pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, pode determinar um decr&#233;scimo significativo do n&#250;mero de adultos hipertensos, com menores taxas de morbidade e mortalidade, gerando tamb&#233;m importante redu&#231;&#227;o nos elevados custos da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.</p>
        <p>Como fatores limitadores do estudo, citamos a escolha das escolas participantes por conveni&#234;ncia, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel afirmar que a amostra seja representativa de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos entre dez e dezenove anos de idade da cidade de Petr&#243;polis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Conclu&#237;mos que um percentual n&#227;o desprez&#237;vel de pr&#233;-adolescentes e adolescentes estudantes de cinco grandes escolas do munic&#237;pio de Petr&#243;polis - RJ apresenta n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados, sendo mais frequente no sexo masculino em uma propor&#231;&#227;o de 3:1, sem rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com as categorias administrativas de ensino.</p>
        <p>Houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre a altera&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e a presen&#231;a de sobrepeso e obesidade, no sentido de que quanto mais alto o IMC, mais alto o n&#237;vel press&#243;rico. Identificou-se hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial em todos os adolescentes com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos alterados.</p>
        <p>Um n&#250;mero significativo dos adolescentes estudados nunca havia aferido a press&#227;o arterial. Esse fato determina atraso na identifica&#231;&#227;o e in&#237;cio do tratamento desses pacientes, quando indicado.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.onlineijcs.org">http://www.onlineijcs.org</ext-link>
					</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Flavio Figueirinha e Gesmar Volga Haddad Herdy pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
