<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7vRR5T4MTrK8T7FPdznDFkN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000300235</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170046</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of Bioactive Compounds, Physicochemical Composition, and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Eggplant Flour</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scorsatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mauara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Aline de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jorge Ribeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabally</surname>
            <given-names>Kebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Glorimar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradu&#231;&#227;o em Medicina/Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradu&#231;&#227;o em Medicina/Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">McGill</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Montreal</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition - McGill Montreal - Canada</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">McGill University</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold>, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho - UFRJ Rua Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 8&#186; andar, sala 6,Cidade Universit&#225;ria. Postal Code: 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Scorsatto M, Silva AJR, Rosa G, Oliveira GMM. Acquisition of data: Scorsatto M, Pimentel AC, Sabally K. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Scorsatto M, Pimentel AC, Sabally K. Statistical analysis: Scorsatto M, Silva AJR, Sabally K. Obtaining financing: Rosa G, Oliveira GMM. Writing of the manuscript: Scorsatto M. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Scorsatto M, Silva AJR, Rosa G, Oliveira GMM. Supervision/as the major investigador: Scorsatto M, Rosa G, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>235</fpage>
      <lpage>242</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The eggplant (Solanum melongena) is a fruit of world consumption. Its processing in the form of flour is a way to avoid losses and to take advantage of its nutritional characteristics.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study assessed the physicochemical composition (moisture, proteins, lipids, crude fiber, carbohydrates, minerals, niacin, saponins, titratable acidity, dietary fiber, and total phenols) of eggplant flour prepared from the whole fruit dehydrated in an oven.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using the following methods: 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH); Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP); and analysis of polyphenols using HPLC (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and rutin).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>It was possible to observe: 23.09% carbohydrates; 13.34% proteins; 1.85% lipids; 39.19% total fibers; 1,540 mg/100 g total soluble phenolic compounds; 840 mg/100 g saponins; minerals (potassium, magnesium, copper, iron, zinc, manganese); and niacin. In vitro antioxidant activity was observed through DPPH (455.6 mg ascorbic acid/100 g) and FRAP (486.8 mg ascorbic acid/100 g). The HPLC method determined the presence of ascorbic acid, tyrosine, and phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The eggplant flour had great fiber content in addition to good content of phenolic compounds and saponins with important antioxidant capacity observed through in vitro assays. As a result, eggplant flour is a good addition to the diet of the population, since it can bring potential health benefits.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Solanum Melongena</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidants</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet</kwd>
        <kwd>Nutrition</kwd>
        <kwd>Phenolic Compounds</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperlipidemias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The eggplant (<italic>Solanum melongena</italic>, L.) is a fruit consumed worldwide and commonly grown in subtropical and tropical regions. It originated in India and was introduced in Brazil by the Portuguese in the 16<sup>th</sup> century.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is currently grown by small-scale producers in practically all the Brazilian territory; however, eggplant production suffers heavy losses during the harvest period due to oversupply.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The eggplant is a good source of minerals and vitamins. In addition to being rich in fiber and having low lipid content, it contains a variety of phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, which provide important health benefits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> One way to avoid losses and capitalize on the nutritional characteristics of eggplant is processing it into flour. Eggplant flour (EF) is a highly desirable food ingredient to enrich the diet; however, there are few data on its chemical composition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies have shown that phenolic compounds of eggplant have the potential to reduce intestinal glucose absorption and provide cellular antioxidant protection, preventing oxidation and diabetes complications,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> especially those phenolic compounds present in eggplant peel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In addition, the eggplant peel is rich in anthocyanins and has therapeutic potential for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and prevention of atherogenic cardiovascular diseases by inhibiting lipid peroxidation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Gon&#231;alves et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> conducted a literature review comprising 25 articles on the species <italic>S. melongena</italic> and concluded that this species has a mitigation effect on dyslipidemia, particularly hypercholesterolemia, when used in the form of juice made from the fruit with peel.</p>
      <p>Cooking methods tend to reduce the content of polyphenols in fruits and vegetables, for example by simply removing their peel, since the higher concentrations of these substances are often present in the external parts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Even though several studies have addressed the eggplant in its different forms (<italic>in natura</italic>, juices, teas, extracts), studies that present a broad analysis of EF produced from the whole fruit dehydrated in an oven are scarce. The authors consider that this process is more accessible to the general public than the freeze-drying process.</p>
      <p>The goal of the present study was to assess the physicochemical composition of EF prepared from the whole fruit dehydrated in an oven, characterizing qualitatively and quantitatively phenolic compounds, niacin, and saponins, in addition to assessing in vitro antioxidant activity using 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Material and Method</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Standards and reagents</title>
        <p>High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) reagents and standard chlorogenic acid 3878, caffeic acid 0625, ferulic acid 12.870, and rutin 5143 were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The samples were analyzed using a Varian HPLC system, with a tertiary gradient pump, variable-wavelength UV/VIS absorbance detector, and an automatic sampler with a refrigerated compartment (Varian Canada Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada). The Folin-Denis reagent (Fluka) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Brazil LTDA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preparation of samples</title>
        <p>The samples of EF used for analysis were purchased in stores of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. According to the manufacturer, the eggplants produced in the State of Rio de Janeiro had originally been sanitized, sliced, and dehydrated in an oven at a temperature between 62&#176;C and 70&#176;C for approximately ten hours. Subsequently, they were placed in containers, sealed until complete cooling and the next day they were ground and packaged immediately. The final result was a dark beige thick powder. Samples from different lots were homogenized and the analyses were performed in triplicate.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Physicochemical Analysis</title>
        <p>Moisture content was determined by weight loss in an oven set at 105&#176;C until constant weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The determination of fixed mineral residue (FMR) was based on the burning of organic matter in a muffle furnace at 550&#186;C until the ashes were white or slightly grey. The ashes allowed the analysis of specific minerals since they were composed of macro-and micronutrients-and trace elements.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Proteins were determined through Kjeldahl digestion process, by which organic matter was decomposed by sulfuric acid and nitrogen was transformed into ammonia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Lipids were determined through continuous diethyl ether extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus, followed by the removal of the ether through evaporation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The analysis of crude fiber content was conducted in an industrial digester (Marconi MA-444/CI) subjecting the samples to acid digestion with 1.25% sulfuric acid solution, followed by alkaline digestion with 1.25% sodium hydroxide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Total carbohydrates were estimated by difference, subtracting the values obtained for moisture, proteins, lipids, ashes, and fibers from 100.</p>
        <p>Total titratable acidity (TTA) was determined by titration with 0.1 N NaOH, using alcoholic solution of phenolphthalein to determine color change.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Total dietary fiber was determined using the method proposed by Prosky et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in addition to soluble and insoluble dietary fiber.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The determination of minerals (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) was performed through atomic absorption spectrophotometry, using an Analytik Jena spectrophotometer (Model ContrAA&#174; 700).</p>
        <p>Niacin concentrations were determined using the method proposed by Horwitz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Total phenols were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Saponins content was determined using the double-solvent extraction gravimetric method described by Harborne.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>In vitro antioxidant activity</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample extraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</title>
          <p>The EF was weighted (500 mg) and placed in 15-mL plastic tubes to which 10 mL of 80% methanol were added. The mixture was vigorously shaken using a vortex mixer for two minutes. The samples were then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 minutes and the supernatant was filtered using Whatman filter paper (0.45 &#181;m). The waste was re-extracted two more times with additional 10 mL of 80% methanol. The three extracts were combined to carry out the DPPH and FRAP assays and the analysis of phenolic acids through HPLC assay.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Scavenging method of DPPH free radical<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Ferric reducing/antioxidant power<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
						</title>
            <sec>
              <title>Analysis of phenolic acids and flavonoids through HPLC</title>
              <p>The samples were analyzed using a Gemini-NX reverse-phase (RP)-HPLC column (100 x 4.5 mm) (Phenomenex, CA, USA), using 1 mL/min solvent flow rate, and detection was at 215 nm. Gradient elution was carried out with a mixture of the following solvents: Solvent A: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in 10% aqueous acetonitrile (ACN); and solvent B: 0.05% TFA in 60% aqueous ACN (v/v), starting with 100% solvent A and reaching 40% solvent A and 60% solvent B in 30 minutes.</p>
              <p>Phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified through comparisons with the retention time (RT) and UV spectra of authentic standards analyzed under identical analytical conditions. Ascorbic acid, tyrosine, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and rutin were analyzed. The same standards were used for calibration curves to quantify these substances in the EF. The results are presented as mean and standard deviation.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables. The linear regression analysis was performed to estimate ascorbic acid, tyrosine and phenolic acids in EF, after analysis of assumptions for the use of the regression analysis. The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The results of the centesimal composition are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> and the results of minerals, niacin, soluble phenolic compounds, and saponins are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Centesimal composition of eggplant flour</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Centesimal composition (g)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean &#177; standard deviation</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kcal</td>
              <td align="center">162.37 &#177; 11.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total carbohydrates<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">1</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">23.09 &#177; 0.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Proteins</td>
              <td align="center">13.34 &#177; 0.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipids</td>
              <td align="center">1.85 &#177; 0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total dietary fiber</td>
              <td align="center">39.19 &#177; 0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Soluble dietary fiber</td>
              <td align="center">10.36 &#177; 0.17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insoluble dietary fiber</td>
              <td align="center">28.83 &#177; 0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ashes</td>
              <td align="center">4.70 &#177; 0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moisture</td>
              <td align="center">11.89 &#177; 0.34</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>1</label>
            <p>Calculated by difference.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Minerals, niacin, phenolic compounds, and saponins present in eggplant flour</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">mg/100 g</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean &#177; standard deviation</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Potassium</td>
              <td align="center">2396.0 &#177; 83.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Magnesium</td>
              <td align="center">158.1 &#177; 1.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sodium</td>
              <td align="center">68.1 &#177; 1.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Copper</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Iron</td>
              <td align="center">2.9 &#177; 0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Manganese</td>
              <td align="center">2.5 &#177; 0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calcium</td>
              <td align="center">130.9 &#177; 2.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Zinc</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Niacin</td>
              <td align="center">1.49 &#177; 0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total soluble phenolic compounds<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">1</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">1540.0 &#177; 0.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Saponins</td>
              <td align="center">840 &#177; 0.89</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>1</label>
            <p>Results are expressed in terms of gallic acid equivalent (mg).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>In vitro antioxidant activity</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Activity of DPPH free radical elimination</title>
          <p>The increase in DPPH radical scavenging in a dose-dependent manner due to the elimination of the methanolic extract of EF is 455.6 &#177; 3.27 ascorbic acid equivalent (mg). The results of the determination of antioxidant activity performed using the FRAP 486.8 &#177; 86.8 ascorbic acid equivalent (mg).</p>
          <p>The following compounds were detected through HPLC assay: ascorbic acid (RT = 1.06 min); tyrosine (RT = 1.68 min); chlorogenic acid (RT = 7.36 min); caffeic acid (RT = 8.57 min); and ferulic acid (RT = 9.24 min) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Calibration information and estimation of phenolic compounds and antioxidants present in EF are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Calibration information and estimation of ascorbic acid, tyrosine, and phenolic acids in eggplant flour</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Polyphenols</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Linear range (&#181;g/mL)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Calibration curves</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">r<sup>2</sup></th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean &#177; standard deviation (mg/g)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ascorbic acid</td>
                  <td align="center">10-100</td>
                  <td align="center">y = 2668.4 x &#8211; 35546</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9921</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73 &#177; 0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tyrosine</td>
                  <td align="center">2-100</td>
                  <td align="center">y = 1069.4 x &#8211; 1243.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9972</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21 &#177; 0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Chlorogenic acid</td>
                  <td align="center">2-100</td>
                  <td align="center">y = 6236.2 x + 12574</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9979</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73 &#177; 0.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Caffeic acid</td>
                  <td align="center">2-100</td>
                  <td align="center">y = 10415 x &#8211; 25130</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9985</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 &#177; 0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ferulic acid</td>
                  <td align="center">2-100</td>
                  <td align="center">y = 6667.9 x + 21757</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9969</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04 &#177; 0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rutin</td>
                  <td align="center">2-100</td>
                  <td align="center">y = 1659.1 x + 4048.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9964</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73 &#177; 0.20</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f1">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Phenolic compounds and antioxidants extracted from the eggplant flour: <sup>a</sup> ascorbic acid; <sup>b</sup> tyrosine; <sup>c</sup> chlorogenic acid; <sup>d</sup> caffeic acid; and <sup>e</sup> ferulic acid.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-03-0235-70046-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The Brazilian Government Health Authority has shown a growing interest in the development and promotion of strategies for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, mainly for a better control of the known risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Thus, the search for healthy and low-cost alternatives that can contribute to the health of the population becomes imperative.</p>
      <p>A study conducted by Perez and Germani<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> showed that EF had high fiber content (44%). A similar result was obtained by Possetti and Dutra (2011),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> who found 45% fibers. In addition to low content of lipids (1.99%), there were 6.2% ashes, 25.54% carbohydrates, and 8% proteins. Even though fibers do not supply nutrients to the body, they are essential in the diet. They promote a number of health benefits in view of which the use of EF is considered a potential food ingredient.</p>
      <p>In the present study we found 39.2% total fibers, 1.85% lipids, 4.7% ashes, 23.1% carbohydrates, and 13.34% proteins, in addition to a good mineral content, highlighting manganese, zinc, and copper. It is observed that, although there are small variations between the different studies, the EF features around 40% fibers and low lipid content. When compared with wheat flour, it was observed that EF featured higher levels of protein, ashes, total dietary fiber, and total sugars, whereas carbohydrate content was lower. In this way, the high dietary fiber content, the high water absorption capacity, and the ease of grinding make EF a good alternative to be mixed with wheat flour. This mixed flour can be used in the preparation of bakery products (cookies, breads, cakes, and pasta), expanding the number of products to supplement the daily fiber intake.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>An analysis performed with the eggplant pulp showed a concentration of 62.5 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g in the fresh pulp.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> This value is lower than that found in the present study with EF prepared from the whole fruit, which was 1,540 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g in the flour. This is an expected result, since eggplant skin is rich in polyphenols and 100 g EF represent 1,000 g of the fruit. Another study showed greater presence of total phenols in extracts prepared from the eggplant peel (2,200 &#181;g/g) than in extracts made from the pulp (390 &#181;g/g).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The results of a study assessing the centesimal composition of 20% eggplant extract showed that nutrient concentrations found in the present study were much larger than those found by those authors: 0.118% proteins; 0.052% ashes; 0.0366% lipids; 0.038% insoluble fibers; 0.025% soluble fibers; and 256.66 mg/dL total polyphenols. Even though the amount of polyphenols was significant, they were not able to protect mice against the oxidation of LDL-cholesterol, probably due to the presence of biogenic amines, especially histamine. These results do not support the popular use of <italic>S. melongena</italic> extract as hypocholesterolemic agent. On the other hand, Guimar&#227;es et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> assessed <italic>S. melongena</italic> powder and found 15.09% protein, 1.42% lipids, 13.89% fibers, 0.22% calcium, and 0.31% phosphorus, and qualitative tests assessing composition showed positive results for the presence of polyphenols and saponins. These results are similar to those found in the present study regarding proteins and lipids (13.34 and 1.85%, respectively); however, far below with respect to fiber (39.19%, i.e., fiber concentration in EF was 2.8 times greater) and calcium concentrations.</p>
      <p>A study on extracts prepared from the pulp and the peel of eggplant showed a greater presence of soluble phenolic compounds in the peel than in the pulp, and the ability to inhibit DPPH radical was greater in all the extracts prepared from the pulp of eggplant than in those prepared from the peel. These results suggest that greater phenolic content allows moderate antioxidant activity linked to free radical scavenging potential.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The present study showed similarity between the results of DPPH and FRAP, thus revealing the antioxidant capacity of EF, possibly due to the important presence of phenolic compounds.</p>
      <p>A comparison performed between raw, grilled for 4 to 5 minutes on both sides, and boiled in water for 10 minutes over moderate heat 100 &#186;C and freeze dried after the process, showed the following concentrations of total polyphenols/100 g dry matter: raw = 910 mg; grilled = 1,803 mg; and cooked = 1,991 mg. The chlorogenic acid concentrations were as follows: 154 mg; 549 mg; and 439 mg, respectively. The concentrations of caffeic acid were: 12.8 mg; 23.3 mg; and 33.9 mg, i.e., the grilling and boiling processes increased polyphenols concentrations. The authors also observed higher free radical scavenger capacity in boiled and grilled samples.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> The amount of total polyphenols was much greater in the present study, i.e., 1,540 mg/100 g EF, probably due to the longest period during which the eggplants were exposed to heat at a constant temperature of approximately 70 &#186;C.</p>
      <p>It is important to highlight that the polyphenols commonly present in the human diet are not necessarily the most active within the body. This fact is due to low bioavailability, since they are little absorbed by the intestine, highly metabolized, or eliminated quickly. Furthermore, the metabolites found in blood and specific organs, which result from a liver or digestive activity, may differ from ingested substances in terms of biological activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Variations in phenolic content concentrations between several studies occur due to different growing conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A study assessed the hypolipidemic effect of three capsules containing 360 mg dry extract of <italic>S. melongena</italic> L. (eggplant) or 360 mg placebo/day in 28 women with dyslipidemias under nutritional control during 90 days. The authors concluded that the dry extract of <italic>S. melongena</italic> L. had a modest effect on lipid profile, with no hepatotoxic effect or adverse reactions; however, it should be noted that the clinical response found in the study did not reach the values established by the III Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias and Atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Freeze-dried eggplants exhibited the following phenolic acids determined through HPLC assay: caffeic; p-coumaric; ferulic; gallic; protocatechuic; and p-hydroxybenzoic. The amount of hydroxycinnamates (caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and chlorogenic acids) was from 9 g/g to 12 ug/g fresh matter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In the present study, the EF had the following hydroxycinnamates: caffeic, ferulic, and chlorogenic acids, totaling 1,96 mg/g flour.</p>
      <p>The major limitation of the present study is a lack of comparison between different forms of EF preparation, to analyse how it would change the composition of EF. However, it is worth mentioning that the EF was produced by hand, thus making the procedure easier, without the need of a freeze dryer, or difficult-to-access equipment. An electric oven is sufficient, allowing low-cost access to nutrients and phenolic compounds present in this flour.</p>
      <p>The present study demonstrates that EF is a good addition to the diet of the general population, since it is a source of fiber, minerals, phenolic compounds, saponins, ascorbic acid, tyrosine, and phenolic acids, in addition to exhibiting an important antioxidant activity observed by means of in vitro assays. However, it is observed that although several studies have assessed the eggplant in different ways, the studies on EF are limited to inserting it mixed with other flours to prepare cakes and cookies. No studies were found that had actually assessed the effect of EF on humans in order to know if it would have some hypolipidemic effect or could reduce oxidative stress. Clinical trials are needed to answer these questions.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The EF analyzed exhibited high fiber content and low lipid content. Also, it had good mineral content, highlighting manganese, zinc, and copper, in addition to phenolic compounds and saponins with important in vitro antioxidant capacity. In view of the results, the EF is a good addition to the diet of the population, since it enriches the diet and brings health benefits.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by the CAPES social demand grant.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of thesis of Doctoral submitted by Mauara Scorsatto, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We are thankful to: Stan Kubow, PhD. of School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition - McGill, Montreal, Canada. Lucia Maria Jaeger, PhD. of Pharmacy College - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Anderson Junger Teodoro of the Department of Food Technology - UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rodrigo Ara&#250;jo Gon&#231;alves of the Atomic Spectrophotometry Laboratory - PUC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Longevid&#174; Company for providing all the information related to the preparation of eggplant flour.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Ribeiro, C.S.d.C. (2007) Berinjela (Solanum melongena, L). Embrapa Hortali&#231;as. Sistemas de Produ&#231;&#227;o. Vers&#227;o Eletr&#244;nica; 2007.[Citado em 2015 nov 23]. Dispon&#237;vel: em:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://sistemasdeproduc&#227;o.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Beringela/Beringela_Solanum_melongena_L/index.html">http://sistemasdeproduc&#227;o.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Beringela/Beringela_Solanum_melongena_L/index.html</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>C.S.d.C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <year>2007</year>
          <source>Berinjela (Solanum melongena, L)</source>
          <publisher-name>Embrapa Hortali&#231;as</publisher-name>
          <comment>Sistemas de Produ&#231;&#227;o. Vers&#227;o Eletr&#244;nica</comment>
          <year>2007</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2015 nov 23</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Dispon&#237;vel: em:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://sistemasdeproduc&#227;o.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Beringela/Beringela_Solanum_melongena_L/index.html">http://sistemasdeproduc&#227;o.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Beringela/Beringela_Solanum_melongena_L/index.html</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Finco AM, Bezerra JR, Rigo M, C&#243;rdova KR. Elabora&#231;&#227;o de biscoitos com adi&#231;&#227;o de farinha de beringela. Revista Brasileira de Tecnologia Agroindustrial. 2009;3(1):49-59.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Finco</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bezerra</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rigo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>C&#243;rdova</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Elabora&#231;&#227;o de biscoitos com adi&#231;&#227;o de farinha de beringela</article-title>
          <source>Revista Brasileira de Tecnologia Agroindustrial</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>59</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Akanitapichat P, Phraibung K, Nuchklang K, Prompitakkul S. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of five eggplant varieties. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(10):3017-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Akanitapichat</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phraibung</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nuchklang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prompitakkul</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of five eggplant varieties</article-title>
          <source>Food Chem Toxicol.</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>3017</fpage>
          <lpage>3021</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Perez PM, Germani R. Farinha mista de trigo e berinjela: caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas e qu&#237;micas. B CEPPA (Curitiba). 2004;22(1):15-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Perez</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Germani</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Farinha mista de trigo e berinjela: caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas e qu&#237;micas</article-title>
          <source>B CEPPA (Curitiba)</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Kwon YI, Apostolidis E, Shetty K. In vitro studies of eggplant (Solanum melongena) phenolics as inhibitors of key enzymes relevant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Bioresource Technology. 2008;99(8):2981-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kwon</surname>
              <given-names>YI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Apostolidis</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shetty</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>In vitro studies of eggplant (Solanum melongena) phenolics as inhibitors of key enzymes relevant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Bioresource Technology</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>2981</fpage>
          <lpage>2988</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Derivi SC, Mendez MH, Francisconi AD, Silva CS, Castro AF, Luz DP. Efeito hipoglic&#234;mico de ra&#231;&#245;es a base de berinjela (Solanum melongena, L.) em ratos. Ci&#234;nc Tecnol Aliment (Campinas). 2002;22(2):164-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Derivi</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendez</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francisconi</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luz</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efeito hipoglic&#234;mico de ra&#231;&#245;es a base de berinjela (Solanum melongena, L. em ratos</article-title>
          <source>Ci&#234;nc Tecnol Aliment (Campinas).</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>164</fpage>
          <lpage>169</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Basuny AM, Arafat SM, El-Marzooq MA. Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of anthocyanins from eggplant peels. Journal of Pharma Research &amp; Reviews. 2012;2(3):50-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Basuny</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arafat</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El-Marzooq</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of anthocyanins from eggplant peels</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Pharma Research &amp; Reviews</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>50</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Gon&#231;alves MC, Diniz MF, Borba JD, Nunes XP, Barbosa-Filho JM. Berinjela (Solanum melongena L.) - mito ou realidade no combate as dislipidemias? Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2006;16(2):252-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diniz</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borba</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>XP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Berinjela (Solanum melongena L.)- mito ou realidade no combate as dislipidemias?</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Farmacogn</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>252</fpage>
          <lpage>257</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, R&#233;m&#232;sy C, Jimenez L. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(5):727-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manach</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scalbert</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morand</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>R&#233;m&#232;sy</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jimenez</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr.</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>727</fpage>
          <lpage>747</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Instituto Adolfo Lutz (S&#227;o Paulo). M&#233;todos f&#237;sico-qu&#237;micos para an&#225;lise de alimentos/coords.Odair Zenebon, Neus S Pascuet, Paulo Tiglea. ed.digital S&#227;o Paulo;2008.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Instituto Adolfo Lutz (S&#227;o Paulo)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>M&#233;todos f&#237;sico-qu&#237;micos para an&#225;lise de alimentos</source>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zenebon</surname>
              <given-names>Odair</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pascuet</surname>
              <given-names>Neus S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tiglea</surname>
              <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <edition>ed.digital</edition>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <year>2008</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Prosky L, Asp NG, Furda I, DeVries JW, Schweizer TF, Harland BF. Determination of total dietary fiber in foods, food products and total diets: International study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem.1985;68(4):677-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Prosky</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asp</surname>
              <given-names>NG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furda</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeVries</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schweizer</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harland</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determination of total dietary fiber in foods, food products and total diets: International study</article-title>
          <source>J Assoc Off Anal Chem.</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>677</fpage>
          <lpage>679</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Horwitz W, Latimer GW Jr. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 18<sup>th</sup> ed : Current Through Revision 3; 2010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Horwitz</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latimer</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Official methods of analysis of AOAC International</source>
          <edition>18th ed</edition>
          <comment>Current Through Revision 3</comment>
          <year>2010</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Prosky L, Asp NG, Furda I, DEeVities JW, Schweizer TF, Harland BF. Determination of total dietary fiber in foods, food products and total diets: International study. J assoc Off Anal Chem.1985;68(4):677-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Prosky</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asp</surname>
              <given-names>NG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furda</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DEeVities</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schweizer</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harland</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determination of total dietary fiber in foods, food products and total diets: International study</article-title>
          <source>J assoc Off Anal Chem</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>677</fpage>
          <lpage>679</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Horwitz W (ed.) Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 18<sup>th</sup> ed Gaitersburg(Maryland): AOAC;2010.p.61-2</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Horwitz</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists</source>
          <edition>18th ed</edition>
          <year>2010</year>
          <publisher-loc>Gaitersburg(Maryland)</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>AOAC</publisher-name>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Shetty K, Curtis OF, Levin RE, Wikowsky R, Ang W. Prevention of verification associated with in vitro shoot culture of oregano (Origanum vulgare) by Pseudomonas spp. J Plant Physiol. 1995;147:447-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shetty</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>OF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levin</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wikowsky</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevention of verification associated with in vitro shoot culture of oregano (Origanum vulgare) by Pseudomonas spp</article-title>
          <source>J Plant Physiol.</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>147</volume>
          <fpage>447</fpage>
          <lpage>451</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods: a guide to modern techniqus of plant analysis. London:New York: Chapman and Hall; 1973.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harborne</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Phytochemical methods: a guide to modern techniqus of plant analysis.</source>
          <year>1973</year>
          <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Chapman and Hall</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Edeoga HO, Osuagwu GG, Omosun G, Mbaebie BO, Osuagwu AN. Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential of some wild cucurbitaceae species from South- East - Nigeria. Recent Research in Science and Technology. 2010;2(1):63-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Edeoga</surname>
              <given-names>HO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Osuagwu</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omosun</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mbaebie</surname>
              <given-names>BO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Osuagwu</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential of some wild cucurbitaceae species from South- East - Nigeria</article-title>
          <source>Recent Research in Science and Technology</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>63</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Singh AP, Luthria D, Wilson T, Vorsa N, Singh V, Banuelos GS, et al. Polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity of eggplant pulp. Food Chemistry. 2009;114:955-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luthria</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vorsa</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banuelos</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity of eggplant pulp</article-title>
          <source>Food Chemistry</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <fpage>955</fpage>
          <lpage>961</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Burits M, Bucar F. Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytother Res. 2000;14(5):323-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Burits</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bucar</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil</article-title>
          <source>Phytother Res.</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>323</fpage>
          <lpage>328</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Pulido R, Bravo L, Saura-Calixto F. Antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols as determined by a modified ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48(8):3396-402.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pulido</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bravo</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saura-Calixto</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols as determined by a modified ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay</article-title>
          <source>J Agric Food Chem</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>3396</fpage>
          <lpage>3402</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Cipriano G Jr, Neves LM, Cipriano GF, Chiappa GR, Borghi-Silva A. Cardiovascular disease prevention and implications for worksite health promotion programs in Brazil. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;56(5):493-500.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cipriano</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neves</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cipriano</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiappa</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borghi-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular disease prevention and implications for worksite health promotion programs in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Prog Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>493</fpage>
          <lpage>500</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Possetti T, Dutra MB. Produ&#231;&#227;o, composi&#231;&#227;o centesimal e qualidade microbiol&#243;gica de farinha de berinjela (Solanum melongena, L.). Enciclop&#233;dia Biosfera. 2011;7(13):1514-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Possetti</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dutra</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Produ&#231;&#227;o, composi&#231;&#227;o centesimal e qualidade microbiol&#243;gica de farinha de berinjela (Solanum melongena, L.)</article-title>
          <source>Enciclop&#233;dia Biosfera</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1514</fpage>
          <lpage>1518</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Heras I, Alvis A, Arrazola G. Optimizaci&#243;n del proceso de extracci&#243;n de antocianinas y evaluaci&#243;n de la capacidad antioxidante de berenjena (Solanum melongena L.). Informaci&#243;n Tecnol&#243;gica. 2013;24(5):93-102.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Heras</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alvis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arrazola</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Optimizaci&#243;n del proceso de extracci&#243;n de antocianinas y evaluaci&#243;n de la capacidad antioxidante de berenjena (Solanum melongena L)</article-title>
          <source>Informaci&#243;n Tecnol&#243;gica</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>93</fpage>
          <lpage>102</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Oliveira MS, Dors GC, Souza-Soares LA, Badiale-Furlong E. Atividade antioxidante e antif&#250;ngica de extratos vegetais. Alim Nutr (Araraquara). 2007;18(3):267-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dors</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza-Soares</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badiale-Furlong</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atividade antioxidante e antif&#250;ngica de extratos vegetais</article-title>
          <source>Alim Nutr (Araraquara)</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>267</fpage>
          <lpage>275</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Guimar&#227;es PR, Galv&#227;o AM, Batista CM, Azevedo GS, Oliveira RD, Lamounier RP, et al. Eggplant (Solanum melongena) infusion has a modest and transitory effect on hypercholesterolemic subjects. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000;33(9):1027-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Batista</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamounier</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Eggplant (Solanum melongena) infusion has a modest and transitory effect on hypercholesterolemic subjects</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1027</fpage>
          <lpage>1036</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Lo Scalzo R, Fibiani M, Mennella G, Rotino GL, Dal Sasso M, Culici M, et al. Thermal treatment of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) increases the antioxidant content and the inhibitory effect on human neutrophil burst. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(6):3371-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lo Scalzo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fibiani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mennella</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rotino</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dal Sasso</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Culici</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thermal treatment of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) increases the antioxidant content and the inhibitory effect on human neutrophil burst.</article-title>
          <source>J Agric Food Chem</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>3371</fpage>
          <lpage>3379</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Luthria D, Singh AP, Wilson T, Vorsa N, Banuelos GS, Vinyard B. Influence of conventional and organic agricultural practices on the phenolic content in eggplant pulp: plant-to-plant variation. Food Chem. 2010;121:406-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luthria</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vorsa</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banuelos</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vinyard</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of conventional and organic agricultural practices on the phenolic content in eggplant pulp: plant-to-plant variation</article-title>
          <source>Food Chem</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <fpage>406</fpage>
          <lpage>411</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Gon&#231;alves MC, Diniz MF, Dantas AH, Borba JD. Modesto efeito hipolipemiante do extrato seco de berinjela (Solanum melongena L.) em mulheres com dislipidemias, sob controle nutricional. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2006;16(supl):656-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diniz</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dantas</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borba</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Modesto efeito hipolipemiante do extrato seco de berinjela (Solanum melongena L.) em mulheres com dislipidemias, sob controle nutricional</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Farmacogn.</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>supl</issue>
          <fpage>656</fpage>
          <lpage>663</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Kowalski R, Kowalska G. Phenolic acid contents in fruits of aubergine (Solanum melongena L.) Pol J Food Nutr Sci. 2005;14(1):37-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kowalski</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kowalska</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Phenolic acid contents in fruits of aubergine (Solanum melongena L.)</article-title>
          <source>Pol J Food Nutr</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Compostos Bioativos, Composi&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sico-Qu&#237;mica e Atividade Antioxidante <italic>In Vitro</italic> da Farinha de Berinjela</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scorsatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mauara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Aline de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jorge Ribeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabally</surname>
            <given-names>Kebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Glorimar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradu&#231;&#227;o em Medicina/Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition - McGill Montreal - Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold>, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho - UFRJ. Rua Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 8&#186; andar, sala 6, Cidade Universit&#225;ria. CEP: 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: glauciam@cardiol.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Scorsatto M, Silva AJR, Rosa G, Oliveira GMM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Scorsatto M, Pimentel AC, Sabally K. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Scorsatto M, Pimentel AC, Sabally K. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Scorsatto M, Silva AJR, Sabally K. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rosa G, Oliveira GMM. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Scorsatto M. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Scorsatto M, Silva AJR, Rosa G, Oliveira GMM. Supervis&#227;o/como investigador principal: Scorsatto M, Rosa G, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A berinjela (Solanum melongena) &#233; um fruto de consumo mundial. Seu processamento em forma de farinha &#233; uma maneira de evitar perdas e aproveitar suas caracter&#237;sticas nutricionais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo avaliou a composi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sico-qu&#237;mica (umidade, prote&#237;nas, lip&#237;deos, fibra bruta, carboidratos, minerais, niacina, saponinas, acidez titul&#225;vel, fibra alimentar e fen&#243;is totais) da farinha de berinjela preparada a partir do fruto inteiro desidratado em estufa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Avaliou-se a atividade antioxidante <italic>in vitro</italic> usando os seguintes ensaios: radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila (DPPH); poder antioxidante de redu&#231;&#227;o do ferro (FRAP); e an&#225;lise de polifen&#243;is com Cromatografia L&#237;quida de Alta Efici&#234;ncia (CLAE - &#225;cido clorog&#234;nico, &#225;cido cafeico, &#225;cido fer&#250;lico e rutina).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Verificou-se a presen&#231;a de: 23,09% de carboidratos; 13,34% de prote&#237;nas; 1,85% de lip&#237;deos; 39,19% de fibras totais; 1.540 mg/100 g de compostos fen&#243;licos sol&#250;veis totais; 840 mg/100 g de saponinas; minerais (pot&#225;ssio, magn&#233;sio, cobre, ferro, zinco, mangan&#234;s); e niacina. Observou-se atividade antioxidante in vitro para DPPH (455,6 mg de &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico/100 g) e FRAP (486,8 mg de &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico/100 g). A CLAE determinou a presen&#231;a de &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico, tirosina e &#225;cidos fen&#243;licos (&#225;cido clorog&#234;nico, &#225;cido cafeico e &#225;cido fer&#250;lico).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A farinha de berinjela tem alto teor de fibra al&#233;m de bom teor de compostos fen&#243;licos e saponinas com importante capacidade antioxidante observada atrav&#233;s de ensaios <italic>in vitro</italic>. A farinha de berinjela &#233; uma boa op&#231;&#227;o para ser adicionada &#224; dieta da popula&#231;&#227;o, devido aos seus potenciais benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Solanum Melongena</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Alimentos</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta</kwd>
        <kwd>Nutri&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Compostos Fen&#243;licos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperlipidemias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A berinjela (<italic>Solanum melongena</italic>) &#233; um fruto de consumo mundial e comumente cultivado em regi&#245;es subtropicais e tropicais. Origin&#225;ria da &#205;ndia, foi introduzida no Brasil pelos portugueses no s&#233;culo 16.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#201; atualmente cultivada por pequenos produtores em quase todo o territ&#243;rio brasileiro; entretanto, sua produ&#231;&#227;o sofre grandes perdas durante o per&#237;odo da safra devido ao excesso de oferta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A berinjela &#233; boa fonte de minerais e vitaminas. Al&#233;m de rica em fibras e baixo teor lip&#237;dico, cont&#233;m uma variedade de fitoqu&#237;micos, como polifen&#243;is, que conferem importantes benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Seu processamento em forma de farinha &#233; uma maneira de evitar perdas e aproveitar suas caracter&#237;sticas nutricionais. A farinha de berinjela (FB) &#233; um ingrediente alimentar muito &#250;til para o enriquecimento da dieta; entretanto, h&#225; poucos dados sobre sua composi&#231;&#227;o qu&#237;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos mostraram que os compostos fen&#243;licos da berinjela podem reduzir a absor&#231;&#227;o da glicose intestinal e fornecer prote&#231;&#227;o antioxidante celular, evitando a oxida&#231;&#227;o e as complica&#231;&#245;es do diabetes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> em especial aqueles compostos fen&#243;licos presentes na casca da berinjela.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a casca da berinjela &#233; rica em antocianinas e pode ser usada no tratamento de hiperlipidemia e na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares aterog&#234;nicas atrav&#233;s da inibi&#231;&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Gon&#231;alves et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> realizaram uma revis&#227;o da literatura com 25 artigos sobre a <italic>S. melongena</italic>, tendo conclu&#237;do que essa esp&#233;cie tem efeito de amenizar a dislipidemia, em particular hipercolesterolemia, quando usada na forma de suco do fruto com casca.</p>
        <p>M&#233;todos de coc&#231;&#227;o tendem a reduzir o teor de polifen&#243;is em frutas, legumes e verduras, apenas por remover suas cascas, uma vez que essas subst&#226;ncias tendem a se concentrar nas partes externas dos vegetais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Embora v&#225;rios estudos tenham abordado a berinjela em suas diferentes formas (<italic>in natura</italic>, sucos, ch&#225;s, extratos), s&#227;o raros aqueles que apresentam uma ampla an&#225;lise da FB produzida a partir do fruto inteiro desidratado em estufa. Os autores consideram tal processo mais acess&#237;vel ao p&#250;blico em geral do que o de liofiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Este estudo visou a avaliar a composi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sico-qu&#237;mica da FB preparada a partir do fruto inteiro desidratado em estufa, caracterizando qualitativa e quantitativamente compostos fen&#243;licos, niacina e saponinas, al&#233;m de avaliar a atividade antioxidante <italic>in vitro</italic> usando os ensaios radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila (DPPH) e poder antioxidante de redu&#231;&#227;o do ferro (FRAP).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material e M&#233;todo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Padr&#245;es e reagentes</title>
          <p>Os reagentes da cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta efici&#234;ncia (CLAE) e os padr&#245;es de &#225;cido clorog&#234;nico 3878, &#225;cido cafeico 0625, &#225;cido fer&#250;lico 12,870 e rutina 5143 foram comprados da Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, EUA). As amostras foram analisadas com um sistema CLAE Varian, com uma bomba de gradiente terci&#225;ria, um detector de absor&#231;&#227;o UV/VIS de comprimento de onda vari&#225;vel e um amostrador autom&#225;tico com compartimento refrigerado (Varian Canada Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canad&#225;). O reagente Folin-Denis (Fluka) foi comprado da Sigma-Aldrich Brasil LTDA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prepara&#231;&#227;o das amostras</title>
          <p>As amostras de FB usadas para an&#225;lise foram adquiridas em estabelecimentos comerciais do munic&#237;pio do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Segundo informa&#231;&#227;o dos fabricantes, as berinjelas produzidas no estado do Rio de Janeiro foram higienizadas, fatiadas e desidratadas em estufa a uma temperatura entre 62&#176;C e 70&#176;C por cerca de 10 horas. Em seguida, foram acondicionadas em recipientes vedados at&#233; completo resfriamento, tendo sido mo&#237;das e imediatamente embaladas no dia seguinte. O resultado final foi um p&#243; de cor bege escuro. As amostras de diferentes lotes foram homogeneizadas e as an&#225;lises realizadas em triplicata.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise f&#237;sico-qu&#237;mica</title>
          <p>O teor de umidade foi determinado pela perda de peso em estufa regulada a 105 &#176;C at&#233; peso constante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O res&#237;duo mineral fixo (RMF) foi determinado com base na queima de mat&#233;ria org&#226;nica em mufla a 550&#186;C at&#233; que as cinzas ficassem brancas ou levemente acinzentadas. A obten&#231;&#227;o das cinzas permitiu a an&#225;lise de minerais espec&#237;ficos, por serem compostas de macro- e micronutrientes e elementos-tra&#231;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As prote&#237;nas foram determinadas pelo processo de digest&#227;o Kjeldahl, em que a mat&#233;ria org&#226;nica &#233; decomposta pelo &#225;cido sulf&#250;rico, sendo o nitrog&#234;nio transformado em am&#244;nia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os lip&#237;deos foram determinadas atrav&#233;s de extra&#231;&#227;o continua com &#233;ter diet&#237;lico em aparelho de Soxhlet, seguindo-se remo&#231;&#227;o do &#233;ter por evapora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O teor de fibra bruta foi analisado em digestor industrial (Marconi MA-444/CI), submetendo-se as amostras a digest&#227;o &#225;cida com solu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido sulf&#250;rico a 1,25%, seguida de digest&#227;o alcalina com hidr&#243;xido de s&#243;dio a 1,25%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Estimaram-se os carboidratos totais por diferen&#231;a, subtraindo-se de 100 os valores obtidos para umidade, prote&#237;nas, lip&#237;deos, cinzas e fibras.</p>
          <p>A acidez titul&#225;vel total (ATT) foi determinada pela titula&#231;&#227;o com NaOH 0,1 N, usando-se solu&#231;&#227;o alco&#243;lica de fenolftale&#237;na para evidenciar altera&#231;&#227;o de cor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A fibra alimentar total foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo proposto por Prosky et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> al&#233;m de fibra alimentar sol&#250;vel e insol&#250;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os minerais (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) foram determinados por espectrofotometria de absor&#231;&#227;o at&#244;mica, usando-se um espectrofot&#244;metro Analytik Jena (Modelo ContrAA&#174; 700).</p>
          <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es de niacina foram determinadas usando-se o m&#233;todo proposto por Horwitz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os fen&#243;is totais foram determinados usando-se o reagente de Folin-Ciocalteu.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O teor de saponinas foi determinado usando-se o m&#233;todo de extra&#231;&#227;o gravim&#233;trica de duplo solvente descrito por Harborne.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atividade antioxidante <italic>in vitro</italic></title>
          <sec>
            <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o da amostra<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
						</title>
            <p>A FB foi pesada (500 mg) e colocada em tubos pl&#225;sticos de 15 mL, aos quais se adicionaram 10 mL de metanol a 80%. A mistura foi agitada vigorosamente com um misturador de vortex por dois minutos. As amostras foram ent&#227;o centrifugadas a 5000 rpm por 15 minutos, sendo o sobrenadante filtrado com papel de filtro Whatman (0,45 &#181;m). O res&#237;duo foi novamente extra&#237;do duas vezes com mais 10 mL de metanol a 80%. Os tr&#234;s extratos foram combinados para os ensaios de DPPH e FRAP e an&#225;lise dos &#225;cidos fen&#243;licos por CLAE.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>M&#233;todo de sequestro do radical livre DPPH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						</title>
            <sec>
              <title>Poder antioxidante de redu&#231;&#227;o de ferro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
							</title>
              <sec>
                <title>An&#225;lise dos &#225;cidos fen&#243;licos e flavonoides atrav&#233;s de CLAE</title>
                <p>As amostras foram analisadas usando-se uma coluna (100 x 4,5 mm - Phenomenex, CA, EUA) de fase reversa (RP)-HPLC Gemini-NX, com vaz&#227;o de solvente de 1 mL/min e detec&#231;&#227;o a 215 nm. O gradiente de elui&#231;&#227;o foi feito com uma mistura dos seguintes solventes: solvente A: 0,05% de &#225;cido trifluoroac&#233;tico (TFA) em 10% de acetonitrila (ACN) aquosa; e solvente B: 0,05% de TFA em 60% de ACN aquosa (v/v), iniciando com 100% de solvente A e alcan&#231;ando 40% de solvente A e 60% de solvente B em 30 minutos.</p>
                <p>Os &#225;cidos fen&#243;licos e os flavonoides foram identificados por compara&#231;&#245;es com os tempos de reten&#231;&#227;o (TR) e espectros UV de padr&#245;es aut&#234;nticos analisados sob id&#234;nticas condi&#231;&#245;es anal&#237;ticas. Analisaram-se &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico, tirosina, &#225;cido clorog&#234;nico, &#225;cido cafeico, &#225;cido fer&#250;lico e rutina. Os mesmos padr&#245;es foram usados para curvas de calibra&#231;&#227;o para quantificar tais subst&#226;ncias na FB. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
              </sec>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear foi conduzida para estimar &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico, tirosina e &#225;cidos fen&#243;licos na FB, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de hip&#243;teses para uso da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita com o programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic>, vers&#227;o 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os resultados da composi&#231;&#227;o centesimal, enquanto a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os resultados de minerais, niacina, compostos fen&#243;licos sol&#250;veis e saponinas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o centesimal da farinha de berinjela</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Composi&#231;&#227;o centesimal (g)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kcal</td>
                <td align="center">162,37 &#177; 11,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carboidratos totais<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">1</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">23,09 &#177; 0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;nas</td>
                <td align="center">13,34 &#177; 0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lip&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center">1,85 &#177; 0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibra alimentar total</td>
                <td align="center">39,19 &#177; 0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibra alimentar sol&#250;vel</td>
                <td align="center">10,36 &#177; 0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibra alimentar insol&#250;vel</td>
                <td align="center">28,83 &#177; 0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cinzas</td>
                <td align="center">4,70 &#177; 0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Umidade</td>
                <td align="center">11,89 &#177; 0,34</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>Calculado por diferen&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Minerais, niacina, compostos fen&#243;licos e saponinas presentes na farinha de berinjela</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">mg/100 g</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                <td align="center">2396,0 &#177; 83,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Magn&#233;sio</td>
                <td align="center">158,1 &#177; 1,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#243;dio</td>
                <td align="center">68,1 &#177; 1,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cobre</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ferro</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 &#177; 0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mangan&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 &#177; 0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">130,9 &#177; 2,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Zinco</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Niacina</td>
                <td align="center">1,49 &#177; 0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Compostos fen&#243;licos sol&#250;veis totais<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">1</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1540,0 &#177; 0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Saponinas</td>
                <td align="center">840 &#177; 0,89</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>Resultados expressos em termos de equivalente de &#225;cido g&#225;lico (mg).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Atividade antioxidante <italic>in vitro</italic></title>
          <sec>
            <title>Atividade de elimina&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres DPPH:</title>
            <p>O aumento do sequestro de radicais DPPH de maneira dose-dependente devido &#224; elimina&#231;&#227;o do extrato metan&#243;lico da FB foi de 455,6 &#177; 3,27 equivalentes de &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico (mg). Resultado da determina&#231;&#227;o da atividade antioxidante realizada usando FRAP: 486,8 &#177; 86,8 equivalentes de &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico (mg).</p>
            <p>Os seguintes compostos foram detectados por ensaio CLAE: &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico (TR = 1,06 min); tirosina (TR = 1,68 min); &#225;cido clorog&#234;nico (TR = 7,36 min); &#225;cido cafeico (TR = 8,57 min); e &#225;cido fer&#250;lico (TR = 9,24 min) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Informa&#231;&#227;o de calibra&#231;&#227;o e estimativa dos compostos fen&#243;licos e antioxidantes presentes na FB s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t6">
              <label>Tabela 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Informa&#231;&#227;o de calibra&#231;&#227;o e estimativa de &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico, tirosina e &#225;cidos fen&#243;licos na farinha de berinjela</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Polifen&#243;is</th>
                    <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Intervalo linear (&#181;g/mL)</th>
                    <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Curvas de calibra&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">r<sup>2</sup></th>
                    <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (mg/g)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#193;cido asc&#243;rbico</td>
                    <td align="center">10-100</td>
                    <td align="center">y = 2668,4 x &#8211; 35546</td>
                    <td align="center">0,9921</td>
                    <td align="center">1,73 &#177; 0,20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Tirosina</td>
                    <td align="center">2-100</td>
                    <td align="center">y = 1069,4 x &#8211; 1243,6</td>
                    <td align="center">0,9972</td>
                    <td align="center">1,21 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#193;cido clorog&#234;nico</td>
                    <td align="center">2-100</td>
                    <td align="center">y = 6236,2 x + 12574</td>
                    <td align="center">0,9979</td>
                    <td align="center">1,73 &#177; 0,69</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#193;cido cafeico</td>
                    <td align="center">2-100</td>
                    <td align="center">y = 10415 x &#8211; 25130</td>
                    <td align="center">0,9985</td>
                    <td align="center">0,19 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#193;cido fer&#250;lico</td>
                    <td align="center">2-100</td>
                    <td align="center">y = 6667,9 x + 21757</td>
                    <td align="center">0,9969</td>
                    <td align="center">0,04 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Rutina</td>
                    <td align="center">2-100</td>
                    <td align="center">y = 1659,1 x + 4048,9</td>
                    <td align="center">0,9964</td>
                    <td align="center">1,73 &#177; 0,20</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>
              <fig id="f2">
                <label>Figura 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Compostos fen&#243;licos e antioxidantes extra&#237;dos da farinha de berinjela: <sup>a</sup> &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico; <sup>b</sup> tirosina; <sup>c</sup> &#225;cido clorog&#234;nico; <sup>d</sup> &#225;cido cafeico; e <sup>e</sup> &#225;cido fer&#250;lico.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-03-0235-70046-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de brasileiro mostrou um crescente interesse no desenvolvimento e promo&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, em especial o melhor controle dos fatores de risco conhecidos, como tabagismo, obesidade, sedentarismo, hiperglicemia, hipertens&#227;o e hipercolesterolemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Portanto, torna-se imperativa a busca por alternativas saud&#225;veis e de baixo custo que contribuam para a sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O estudo conduzido por Perez e Germani<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> mostrou que a FB tinha alto teor de fibra (44%). Resultado similar foi obtido por Possetti e Dutra,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> que relataram 45% de fibras, al&#233;m de baixo teor de lip&#237;deos (1,99%), 6,2% de cinzas, 25,54% de carboidratos e 8% de prote&#237;nas. Embora as fibras n&#227;o forne&#231;am nutrientes para o organismo, s&#227;o essenciais na dieta por promoverem v&#225;rios benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de, sendo, portanto, a FB considerada um potencial ingrediente da alimenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, observamos 39,2% de fibras totais, 1,85% de lip&#237;deos, 4,7% de cinzas, 23,1% de carboidratos e 13,34% de prote&#237;nas, al&#233;m de um bom teor mineral, com destaque para mangan&#234;s, zinco e cobre. Embora existam pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es nos diferentes estudos, a FB apresenta cerca de 40% de fibras e baixo teor lip&#237;dico. Quando comparada &#224; farinha de trigo, a FB apresentou maiores n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na, cinzas, fibras alimentares totais e a&#231;&#250;cares totais, e menor teor de carboidrato. Portanto, o alto teor de fibra alimentar, a alta capacidade de absor&#231;&#227;o de &#225;gua e a facilidade de moagem tornam a FB uma boa alternativa para misturar com a farinha de trigo. Essa farinha mista pode ser usada na prepara&#231;&#227;o de produtos de panifica&#231;&#227;o (biscoitos, p&#227;es, bolos e massas), expandindo o n&#250;mero de produtos para suplementa&#231;&#227;o do aporte di&#225;rio de fibras alimentares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma an&#225;lise realizada com polpa de berinjela mostrou concentra&#231;&#227;o de 62,5 mg de equivalentes de &#225;cido g&#225;lico/100 g de polpa fresca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Esse valor &#233; menor do que o encontrado no presente estudo com FB preparada a partir do fruto inteiro (1.540 mg de equivalentes de &#225;cido g&#225;lico/100 g de farinha). Esse resultado &#233; esperado, pois a casca da berinjela &#233; rica em polifen&#243;is e 100 g de FB representam 1.000 g do fruto. Outro estudo mostrou maior presen&#231;a de fen&#243;is totais nos extratos preparados com casca de berinjela (2.200 &#181;g/g) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos extratos preparados com a polpa (390 &#181;g/g).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo que avaliou a composi&#231;&#227;o centesimal do extrato de berinjela a 20% mostrou concentra&#231;&#245;es de nutrientes menores do que as encontradas no presente estudo: 0,118% de prote&#237;nas; 0,052% de cinzas; 0,0366% de lip&#237;deos; 0,038% de fibras insol&#250;veis; 0,025% de fibras sol&#250;veis; e 256,66 mg/dL de polifen&#243;is totais. Embora a quantidade de polifen&#243;is tenha sido significativa, n&#227;o conseguiu proteger camundongos da oxida&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol, provavelmente devido &#224; presen&#231;a de aminas biog&#234;nicas, em especial histamina. Esses resultados n&#227;o justificam o uso popular do extrato de <italic>S. melongena</italic> como hipolipemiante. Entretanto, Guimar&#227;es et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> avaliando o p&#243; de <italic>S. melongena</italic>, descobriram 15,09% de prote&#237;na, 1,42% de lip&#237;deos, 13,89% de fibras, 0,22% de c&#225;lcio e 0,31% de f&#243;sforo, tendo os testes qualitativos de composi&#231;&#227;o mostrado a presen&#231;a de polifen&#243;is e saponinas. Esses resultados s&#227;o semelhantes aos do presente estudo com rela&#231;&#227;o a prote&#237;nas e lip&#237;deos (13,34 e 1,85%, respectivamente), mas est&#227;o muito abaixo no que se refere &#224;s concentra&#231;&#245;es de fibras (39,19%, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de fibra na FB foi 2,8 vezes maior) e de c&#225;lcio.</p>
        <p>Um estudo sobre extratos preparados a partir da polpa e da casca da berinjela mostrou maior teor de compostos fen&#243;licos sol&#250;veis na casca do que na polpa, sendo a capacidade de inibir o radical DPPH maior em todos os extratos de polpa de berinjela do que naqueles de casca. Esses resultados sugerem que o maior teor fen&#243;lico confere moderada atividade antioxidante ligada ao potencial de elimina&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O presente estudo mostrou semelhan&#231;a entre os resultados de DPPH e FRAP, revelando a capacidade antioxidante da FB, possivelmente devido ao importante teor de compostos fen&#243;licos.</p>
        <p>Uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes formas de preparar a berinjela (crua, grelhada por 4 a 5 minutos nos dois lados e cozida em &#225;gua por 10 minutos em calor moderado de 100&#186;C, todas liofilizadas ap&#243;s o processo) mostrou as seguintes concentra&#231;&#245;es de polifen&#243;is totais /100 g de mat&#233;ria seca: crua = 910 mg; grelhada = 1.803 mg; e cozida = 1.991 mg. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de &#225;cido clorog&#234;nico foram: 154 mg; 549 mg; e 439 mg, respectivamente; as de &#225;cido cafeico foram: 12,8 mg; 23,3 mg; e 33,9 mg. Portanto, os processos de grelhar e cozinhar aumentaram as concentra&#231;&#245;es de polifen&#243;is. Al&#233;m disso, os autores observaram maior capacidade sequestrante de radicais livres nas amostras cozida e grelhada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A quantidade de polifen&#243;is totais foi muito maior no presente estudo, 1.540 mg/100 g de FB, provavelmente devido ao maior tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o da berinjela ao calor &#224; temperatura constante de aproximadamente 70&#186;C.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que os polifen&#243;is comuns na alimenta&#231;&#227;o humana n&#227;o s&#227;o necessariamente os mais ativos no organismo. Isso se deve &#224; sua baixa biodisponibilidade, pois s&#227;o pouco absorvidos no intestino, altamente metabolizados ou rapidamente eliminados. Al&#233;m disso, os metab&#243;litos encontrados no sangue e &#243;rg&#227;os espec&#237;ficos, resultantes de atividade hep&#225;tica ou digestiva, podem diferir das subst&#226;ncias ingeridas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade biol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Varia&#231;&#245;es no teor fen&#243;lico entre os diversos estudos ocorrem devido &#224;s diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es de cultivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo avaliou o efeito hipolipemiante de tr&#234;s c&#225;psulas contendo 360 mg de extrato seco de <italic>S. melongena</italic> ou 360 mg de placebo/dia em 28 mulheres dislipid&#234;micas em controle nutricional por 90 dias. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o extrato seco de <italic>S. melongena</italic> tinha modesto efeito no perfil lip&#237;dico, sem qualquer efeito hepatot&#243;xico ou rea&#231;&#227;o adversa; entretanto, a resposta cl&#237;nica no estudo n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou os valores estabelecidos nas III Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemias e Aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As berinjelas liofilizadas apresentaram os seguintes &#225;cidos fen&#243;licos determinados pela CLAE: cafeico, p-cum&#225;rico, fer&#250;lico, g&#225;lico, protocatecoico e p-hidroxibenzoico. A quantidade de hidroxicinamatos (&#225;cidos cafeico, p-cum&#225;rico, fer&#250;lico e clorog&#234;nico) variou de 9 g/g a 12 ug/g de mat&#233;ria fresca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> No presente estudo, a FB apresentou os seguintes hidroxicinamatos: &#225;cidos cafeico, fer&#250;lico e clorog&#234;nico, totalizando 1,96 mg/g de farinha.</p>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo foi a falta de compara&#231;&#227;o entre as diferentes formas de prepara&#231;&#227;o da FB, para avaliar como isso alteraria a sua composi&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, vale mencionar que a FB foi produzida de maneira artesanal, o que facilitou o procedimento, sem necessitar liofiliza&#231;&#227;o ou equipamento de dif&#237;cil acesso. Uma estufa el&#233;trica foi suficiente, permitindo acesso de baixo custo aos nutrientes e compostos fen&#243;licos presentes na FB.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstra que a FB &#233; uma boa adi&#231;&#227;o &#224; dieta da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, por ser uma fonte de fibras, minerais, compostos fen&#243;licos, saponinas, &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico, tirosina e &#225;cidos fen&#243;licos, al&#233;m de exibir importante atividade antioxidante nos ensaios <italic>in vitro</italic>. Entretanto, embora v&#225;rios estudos tenham avaliado a berinjela em diferentes formas, os estudos sobre a FB limitam-se a adicion&#225;-la a outras farinhas para preparar bolos e biscoitos. N&#227;o se identificou nenhum estudo que tenha de fato avaliado o efeito da FB em seres humanos quanto &#224; sua poss&#237;vel a&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante ou redutora do estresse oxidativo. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos fazem-se necess&#225;rios para responder tais quest&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A FB analisada apresentou alto teor de fibras e baixo teor lip&#237;dico, al&#233;m de bom conte&#250;do de minerais, em especial mangan&#234;s, zinco e cobre, compostos fen&#243;licos e saponinas com importante capacidade antioxidante <italic>in vitro</italic>. A FB mostrou-se uma boa adi&#231;&#227;o para a dieta da popula&#231;&#227;o, pois enriquece a alimenta&#231;&#227;o e confere benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.onlineijcs.org">http://www.onlineijcs.org</ext-link>
					</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Bolsa de demanda social da CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de doutorado de Mauara Scorsatto pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Somos gratos a: Stan Kubow, PhD da <italic>School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition</italic> - McGill, Montreal, Canad&#225;; Lucia Maria Jaeger, PhD da Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Anderson Junger Teodoro do Departamento de Tecnologia do Alimento - UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Rodrigo Ara&#250;jo Gon&#231;alves do Laborat&#243;rio de Espectrofotometria At&#244;mica - PUC, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; <italic>Longevid&#174; Company</italic> por fornecer toda a informa&#231;&#227;o relacionada &#224; prepara&#231;&#227;o da farinha de berinjela.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
