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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rmxpZxpp3jqv64KWgW8HtMm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000300227</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170043</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Endothelial Function in Pre-Menopausal Women with Coronary Arterial Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilma Karlla dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Pav&#227;o Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Jorgileia Braga de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Joseth Nogueira da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Darci Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pontes</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia Prince</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Valneide Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (HUUFMA), MA - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tania Pav&#227;o Oliveira Rocha</bold>, Estrada da pimenta, n&#186; 100, Condom&#237;nio Costa do Sau&#237;pe, Casa 04. Alto do Calhau. Postal Code: 65071-760. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>tpavaorocha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Farias WKS, Figueiredo Neto JA. Acquisition of data: Farias WKS, Melo JB, Fonseca EJNC, Pontes LP, Andrade MVG. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Farias WKS, Rocha TPO, Fonseca EJNC, Fernandes DR. Statistical analysis: Fernandes DR. Obtaining financing: Figueiredo Neto JA. Writing of the manuscript: Farias WKS. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Farias WKS, Rocha TPO, Melo JB, Fonseca EJNC, Figueiredo Neto JA.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>227</fpage>
      <lpage>234</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The endothelium plays an important vascular regulatory function. Its dysfunction is an early marker of cardiovascular risk. However, there are few studies in our community that assess endothelial function in pre-menopausal women.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess endothelial function in pre-menopausal women in the presence or absence of coronary artery disease, using a biophysical method (carotid intima media thickness) and a biochemical method (serum levels of hsCRP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study that evaluated carotid intima-media thickness and serum levels of hsCRP of 31 pre-menopausal women undergoing coronary angiography at the Hemodynamics Service of Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o from March 2012 to July 2013. The data were sent to statistical analysis and a statistical significance level of 5% was considered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The sample was divided into two groups according to the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD): CAD group (n = 13) and group without CAD (n = 18). The average ages for the groups were 57.92 &#177; 5.17 and 51.72 &#177; 4.63 years, respectively (p = 0.001). CIMT was abnormal in 29.03% in the general population. Carotid intima-media thickness was 1.55 &#177; 0.78 mm in the general group, 1.92 &#177; 0.94 mm in the CAD group and 1.18 &#177; 0.71 mm in the group without CAD (p = 0.001). CAD patients had predominance of abnormal CMIT compared those without CAD: 36.46% vs. 22.22%, respectively. There was a sensitivity of 38%, specificity of 77% with a positive predictive value of 0.55 and a negative predictive value of 0.63 with likelihood ratio of 1.73. Patients with abnormal CIMT presented higher levels of hsCRP, but without statistical significance. CAD patients had higher levels of hsCRP, but without statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In the population studied, assessment of endothelial function using the CIMT method showed higher sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of CAD compared to the measurement of hsCRP levels in menopausal women.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium/dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Premenopause</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cineangiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of overall mortality in women, accounting for 34% of total deaths in 2011. In Brazil, it is the primary cause of death in women over 60, accounting for 39% of deaths in this age group in 2011.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The incidence of CVD significantly increases in women after menopause. Hormonal changes that occur during this period and the vascular and blood effects associated are recognized as participants in the onset and progression of CVD and therefore relate to this increased risk of illness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The endothelium is the main regulator of vascular homeostasis, as it does not only perform its barrier function, but also plays a crucial role in the paracrine control of vascular smooth muscle and in the response to current stimuli, coagulation, leukocyte adhesion and vascular proliferation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> It is one of the main regulators of vascular biology. Its dysfunction plays a central role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Endothelial dysfunction is the endothelial inability to appropriately react to stimuli, especially with respect to its function on the vascular tone. Such dysfunction is one of the earlier markers for the risk of developing CVD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> possibly contributing to increased cardiovascular morbidity in the menopausal period.</p>
      <p>The study of endothelial function is done mainly through non-invasive biophysical and biochemical methods. Among the biophysical methods, ultrasound measurement of the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> serving to monitor the progress or regress of atherosclerotic lesions,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and is useful in identifying subclinical vascular diseases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> being an excellent factor in the assessment of cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>Among the biochemical markers, platelet activation markers and inflammation, especially ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), also prove useful in the assessment of endothelial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> HsCRP is an acute phase protein synthesized by the liver in a systemic response to an inflammatory condition. Some studies have shown that this is a useful marker to evaluate the presence of vascular inflammatory processes, being related to the development of vascular adverse events and CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study aimed to evaluate endothelial function in pre-menopausal women in the presence or absence of coronary artery disease, using CIMT measurements and hsCRP levels.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Cross-sectional analytical study that evaluated 31 pre-menopausal women aged between 40 and 65, who underwent coronary angiography at Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (HUUFMA) between March 2012 and July 2013, and agreed to participate in the study after signing the Informed Consent Form.</p>
      <p>During the study period, 2046 coronary angiography procedures were performed, of which 815 were in women. Of these, 447 were in the menopausal period, and 368 did not meet the inclusion criteria. Of the 79 women able to participate in the study, 48 have abandoned the research protocol for several reasons, and were not considered in the sample, which was set at 31 participants who completed all the assessments.</p>
      <p>The study did not include pregnant patients on statins, those undergoing coronary angioplasty or with coronary stents, or those with history of acute myocardial infarction. Based on the results of coronary angiography, patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were identified. The sample was then divided into two groups: group I, with CAD (n = 13); group II, without CAD (n = 18).</p>
      <p>For sociodemographic characteristics, we collected their age, self-reported skin color, education and household income. All data collected from patients were recorded on standardized protocol forms for this study.</p>
      <p>To measure the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), we used the method first described by Pignoli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> With the patient in the supine position, the neck was exposed, inclined and turned to the opposite side to improve visualization of the vessels. Placing the transducer, the carotid wall is then viewed, and the thickness measured by the distance between two well-defined echogenic lines separated by a discrete anechoic strip.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Any values greater than 0.9 mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> were considered abnormal.</p>
      <p>CIMT measurements were taken by an experienced sonographer, blind to the results of coronary angiographies, who used a two-dimensional ultrasound device with pulsed Doppler, color flow mapping and a linear transducer operating at 7.5 MHz (Philips Ultrasound&#174;, HD7, software revision 2.0.1, Bothell - USA).</p>
      <p>HsCRP measurements were taken at the HU-UFMA laboratory, and the samples were collected after the patients went through a 12-hour fasting.</p>
      <p>The cutoff values for hsCRP normality were low cardiovascular risk (&lt; 1 mg/L), moderate risk (1 to 3 mg/L) and high risk (&gt; 3 mg/L).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using the Data Analysis and Statistical Software (STATA&#174;) version 12.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, United States). Categorical variables were described by frequencies and percentages and the numeric variables, by mean &#177; standard deviation. To investigate the association of categorical data, Fisher's exact test and the chi-square test were used. Normality was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Mann-Whitney test or unpaired t-test for independent samples was used to identify statistically significant differences between groups. All analyses considered a statistical significance level of 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>This manuscript is part of a set of projects from a larger cross-sectional study called "Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial e Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Risco Cardiovascular em Mulheres Climat&#233;ricas" [Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Pre-Menopausal Women," approved by the institution's ethics committee under opinion no. 182/11, following Resolution 196/96 and other complementary resolutions issued by the Brazilian National Council of Health (CNS/MS).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In this study, 31 pre-menopausal women met the inclusion criteria and participated in all of its stages. The average age of the entire group was 54.32 &#177; 5.70. The mean age of the groups with and without CHD was 57.92 &#177; 5.17 and 51.72 &#177; 4.63, respectively, statistical significance (p = 0.001).</p>
      <p>There was a predominance of brown women (70.97%), with monthly household income lower than two minimum wages (58.06%) and education of more than 8 years (51.61%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sociodemographic and health characteristics of pre-menopausal women &#8211; HUUFMA. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s &#8211; MA, 2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">General</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">CAD</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P-value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Present</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Absent</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Education</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">48.39</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">46.15</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">50.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.833<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">B</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">51.61</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">53.85</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">50.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Skin color</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.443<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">19.35</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">23.08</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">16.67</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">9.68</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">9.68</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brown skin</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">70.97</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">76.92</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">66.67</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Household income</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.157<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 1 minimum wage</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">19.35</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">30.77</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">11.11</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Between 1 and 2 minimum wages</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">38.71</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">46.15</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">33.33</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 2 minimum wages</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">41.94</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">23.08</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">55.56</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hypertension</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.880<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">32.26</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">30.77</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">33.33</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">67.74</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">69.23</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">66.67</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.151<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">87.10</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">76.92</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">94.44</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">12.90</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">23.08</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">5.56</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>High cholesterol</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.155<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">70.97</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">84.63</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">61.11</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">29.03</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">15.38</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">38.89</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CVD</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.955<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">77.42</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">76.92</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">77.78</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">22.58</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">23.08</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">22.22</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Alcoholism</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.621<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">87.10</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">92.31</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">83.33</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">12.90</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">7.69</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">16.67</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Current smoking</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.232<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">96.77</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">92.31</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">3.23</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">7.69</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Former smoker</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.331<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">75.86</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">66.67</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">82.35</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">24.14</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">33.33</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">17.65</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Physical activity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.641<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">64.52</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">69.23</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">61.11</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">35.48</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">30.77</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">38.89</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Menopause</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.260<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">25.81</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">15.38</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">33.33</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">74.19</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">84.62</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">66.67</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hormone replacement</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.268<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">89.66</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">83.33</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">10.34</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">16.67</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CIMT</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.433<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">70.97</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">61.54</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">77.78</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abnormal</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">29.03</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">36.46</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">22.22</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (mean&#177;standard deviation)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">54.32 &#177; 5.70</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">57.92 &#177; 5.17</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">51.72 &#177; 4.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (median; Q3-Q1)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">135 (170 &#8211; 120)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">135 (180 &#8211; 125)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">135 (160 &#8211; 120)</td>
              <td align="center">0.400<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mean &#177; standard deviation)</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">84.74 &#177; 11.27</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">84.23 &#177; 11.87</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">85.11 &#177; 11.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.834<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>t-test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>A</label>
            <p>Fisher exact test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>B</label>
            <p>Qui-square test; Q3-Q1 - quartile 3 and quartile 1.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>CIMT was abnormal in 29.03% in the general population. The intima-media thickness was 1.55 &#177; 0.78 mm in the general group, 1.92 &#177; 0.94 mm in the CAD group and 1.18 &#177; 0.71 mm in the group without CAD (p = 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). CAD patients had predominance of abnormal CMIT compared to those without CAD: 36.46% vs. 22.22%, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association of CIMT with CAD in pre-menopausal women &#8211; HUUFMA. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s &#8211; MA, 2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">General</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">CAD</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P-value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Present</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Absent</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean &#177; SD</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CIMT</td>
              <td align="center">1.55 &#177; 0.78</td>
              <td align="center">1.92 &#177; 0.94</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.71</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>HUUFMA: Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; CAD: coronary artery disease;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>t-test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Patients with abnormal EMI had higher levels of hsCRP, but with no statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association of HsCRP with CIMT and CAD in pre-menopausal women &#8211; HUUFMA. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s &#8211; MA, 2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">HsCRP</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">mg/L</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CIMT</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.1282<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">3.22 &#177; 3.76</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abnormal</td>
              <td align="center">4.66 &#177; 4.35</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CAD</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.836<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">3.80 &#177; 3.10</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">4.00 &#177; 4.40</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>HUUFMA: Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o; HsCRP: ultrasensitive C-reactive protein; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; CAD: coronary artery disease;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>t-test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>CAD patients had higher levels of hsCRP, but with no statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Atherosclerotic disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western communities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Its incidence in women is increasing along with changes in lifestyle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another peculiarity related to CAD affecting women is that the onset of the disease is typically late, especially after menopause. This characteristic requires reliable diagnostic tools that may indicate early dysfunction and risk factors for cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>A study conducted in Europe in 2008 by Allender et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> showed that coronary disease was responsible for 23% of deaths in women. Several studies have demonstrated the increased incidence of CAD with increasing age and menopause. Tremollieres et al. (1999) found a 36% prevalence of CAD in most women after menopause.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Endothelium dysfunction is extremely important in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The main methods currently available for assessing endothelial function consist in measuring endothelial response to physical or pharmacological stimuli.</p>
      <p>Platelet activation markers and inflammation, especially ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), also proved useful in the evaluation of endothelial health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>CIMT has been considered a useful, low-cost technique for early detection of atherosclerosis and as a predictor of risk of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Kablak-Ziembicka et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> in a study involving 558 patients of both genders, including 120 women, with a mean age of 58.8 &#177; 9.2, showed that there is an association of greater CIMT abnormality in patients with angiographically confirmed CAD than in patients who had normal coronary arteries.</p>
      <p>Several studies have suggested a correlation between the levels of hsCRP and CMIT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Trinidad et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> in a study conducted at Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro with 116 hypertensive women aged 40 to 65, showed hsCRP correlated to CIMT. Similarly, the findings of a work developed by Blackburn et al. with 1,051 individuals with dyslipidemia showed correlation between hsCRP and CIMT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The studies of Wang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> and Sitzer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> also showed correlations between these variables.</p>
      <p>Kawamoto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> in a study of 440 patients of both genders, including 201 women aged 75&#177;10, found that hsCRP levels were associated with increased CIMT.</p>
      <p>Parildar et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> found a positive and significant correlation between CIMT and hsCRP in a study involving 110 pre-diabetic patients and 76 healthy patients with mean age of 51.1 &#177; 9.9, with a percentage of female patients of 68.1%.</p>
      <p>Besides this, Amer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> in a case-control study involving elderly hypertensive patients, found that CIMT had a positive and significant correlation with hsCRP levels.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the association between CIMT and hsCRP levels were not significant in some studies. Folsom et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> examined the association of hsCRP with atherosclerotic disease markers in a study conducted at the University of Minnesota in 2001, involving 875 men and 948 women, and found no significant correlation between these variables.</p>
      <p>Similarly, the results of the study by Hak et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> conducted in 186 healthy middle-aged women selected from the general population, indicated that hsCRP is not significantly associated with CIMT.</p>
      <p>Jie Cao J. et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> conducted a cohort of 5417 participants to evaluate the correlation between hsCRP and CIMT in elderly patients with high risk of stroke. They concluded that high levels of hsCRP represent an independent risk factor for stroke, not correlating with the severity of atherosclerotic plaque as measured by CIMT.</p>
      <p>The literature considers the association between higher levels of hsCRP with risk of cardiovascular events in the general population to be well-established. In a meta-analysis of 160,309 patients published in 2009 by the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration group, hsCRP levels were linearly associated with the presence of several cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory markers and were strongly associated with the risk of ischemic vascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, although serum levels of hsCRP are higher among women with CAD, no relationship was found between these variables. It should be considered that, in both groups, the patients already had cardiovascular risk factors, which may have led to the convergence of hsCRP values.</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown baseline levels of hsCRP as independent predictors for coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> A prospective case-control study conducted by Boekholdt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> with 25,663 men and women aged between 45 and 79, who were part of the EPIC-Norfolk study, found that hsCRP levels were among the main predictors of coronary artery disease and mortality.</p>
      <p>A prospective case-control study conducted by Ridker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> evaluated, for three years, the levels of inflammatory markers of 28,263 apparently healthy women in post-menopause. The study also found cardiovascular events during the study period. HsCRP levels proved to be the most important independent predictors of risk of cardiovascular events in this group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The disagreements between the medical literature available and some of our results can be explained by the sample of limited size, resulting from losses during the study, and the fact that our sample is composed solely of patients with clinical indication for coronary angiography, having different characteristics compared to the general population of pre-menopausal women.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical implications</title>
        <p>This study fills a gap of few national studies assessing endothelial function in pre-menopausal patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The main limination of this study was a non-probabilistic sample limited to a relatively small number of individuals, making studies with larger sample sizes necessary.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In the population studied, assessment of endothelial function using the CIMT method showed higher sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of CAD compared to the measurement of hsCRP levels in pre-menopausal women.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnologia do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Wilma Karlla dos Santos Farias, from Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>39 Koenig W, Sund M, Frohlich M, Fischer HG, Lowel H, Doring A, et al. C-reactive protein , a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease). Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992. Circulation. 1999;99(2):237-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koenig</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sund</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frohlich</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fischer</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lowel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doring</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>C-reactive protein , a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>237</fpage>
          <lpage>242</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial em Mulheres Climat&#233;ricas com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilma Karlla dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Pav&#227;o Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Jorgileia Braga de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Joseth Nogueira da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Darci Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pontes</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia Prince</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Valneide Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (HUUFMA), MA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tania Pav&#227;o Oliveira Rocha</bold>, Estrada da pimenta, n&#186; 100, Condom&#237;nio Costa do Sau&#237;pe, Casa 04. Alto do Calhau. CEP: 65071-760. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>tpavaorocha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Farias WKS, Figueiredo Neto JA. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Farias WKS, Melo JB, Fonseca EJNC, Pontes LP, Andrade MVG. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Farias WKS, Rocha TPO, Fonseca EJNC, Fernandes DR. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fernandes DR. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Figueiredo Neto JA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Farias WKS. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Farias WKS, Rocha TPO, Melo JB, Fonseca EJNC, Figueiredo Neto JA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>O endot&#233;lio desempenha importante fun&#231;&#227;o reguladora vascular. Sua disfun&#231;&#227;o &#233; um marcador precoce de risco cardiovascular. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos em nosso meio que avaliem a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em mulheres climat&#233;ricas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em mulheres climat&#233;ricas na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana utilizando-se um m&#233;todo biof&#237;sico (espessura m&#233;dio-intimal das car&#243;tidas) e um m&#233;todo bioqu&#237;mico (n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-US).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal que avaliou o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-US de 31 mulheres climat&#233;ricas submetidas a cineangiocoronariografia, no Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2012 a julho de 2013. Os dados foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Considerou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos, de acordo com presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC): grupo com DAC (n = 13) e grupo sem DAC (n = 18). As m&#233;dias de idades para os grupos foram 57,92 &#177; 5,17 e 51,72 &#177; 4,63 anos, respectivamente (p = 0,001). A EMI esteve alterada em 29,03% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. A espessura m&#233;dio- intimal foi de 1,55 &#177; 0,78 mm no grupo geral, 1,92 &#177; 0,94 mm no grupo com DAC e 1,18 &#177; 0,71 mm no grupo sem DAC (p = 0,001). As pacientes com DAC apresentaram predom&#237;nio de altera&#231;&#227;o da EMI quando comparadas aquelas sem DAC: 36,46% vs. 22,22%, respectivamente. Observou-se uma sensibilidade de 38%, especificidade de 77%, com um valor preditivo positivo de 0,55 e valor preditivo negativo de 0,63 com raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a para teste positivo (<italic>likelihood ratio)</italic> de 1,73. As pacientes com EMI alterado apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de PCR-US, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.As pacientes com DAC apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de PCR-US, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pelo m&#233;todo da EMI apresentou maior sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC quando comparada a mensura&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PCR-US em mulheres climat&#233;ricas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio/disfun&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#233;-Menopausa</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Cineangiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) figuram como a maior causa de mortalidade geral em mulheres, sendo respons&#225;veis por 34% do total de &#243;bitos em 2011. No Brasil, &#233; a primeira causa mortis em mulheres a partir de 60 anos, representando 39% das mortes nesta faixa et&#225;ria em 2011.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de DCV aumenta de maneira importante nas mulheres ap&#243;s o climat&#233;rio. As mudan&#231;as hormonais que ocorrem neste per&#237;odo e as suas repercuss&#245;es vasculares e sangu&#237;neas s&#227;o reconhecidas como participantes do processo de in&#237;cio e progress&#227;o das DCV e, portanto, se relacionam com esse aumento no risco de adoecimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O endot&#233;lio &#233; o grande regulador da homeostase vascular, pois n&#227;o s&#243; efetua a sua fun&#231;&#227;o de barreira, mas tamb&#233;m tem papel crucial no controle par&#225;crino da musculatura lisa vascular e na resposta a est&#237;mulos circulantes, na coagula&#231;&#227;o, na ades&#227;o leucocit&#225;ria e na prolifera&#231;&#227;o vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Sendo um dos principais reguladores da biologia vascular, sua disfun&#231;&#227;o desempenha papel central na fisiopatologia do desenvolvimento de aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; tida como a incapacidade do endot&#233;lio de reagir adequadamente aos est&#237;mulos, especialmente no que diz respeito &#224; sua fun&#231;&#227;o sobre o t&#244;nus vascular. Tal disfun&#231;&#227;o representa um dos marcadores mais precoces para o risco de desenvolvimento de DCV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> possivelmente contribuindo para o aumento da morbidade cardiovascular no climat&#233;rio.</p>
        <p>O estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; feito principalmente atrav&#233;s de m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos, biof&#237;sicos e bioqu&#237;micos. Entre os m&#233;todos biof&#237;sicos, a medida ultrassonogr&#225;fica da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida (EMI) mostra-se como forte preditora de eventos cardiovasculares futuros,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> servindo para acompanhar o progresso ou regresso de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> al&#233;m de ser &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as vasculares subcl&#237;nicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e excelente fator a adicionar na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Entre os marcadores bioqu&#237;micos, marcadores de ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e inflama&#231;&#227;o, especialmente a prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-US), tamb&#233;m se mostraram &#250;teis na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A PCR-US &#233; uma prote&#237;na da fase aguda sintetizada pelo f&#237;gado em uma reposta sist&#234;mica a um quadro inflamat&#243;rio. Alguns estudos demonstraram tratar-se de um &#250;til marcador para avaliar a presen&#231;a de processos inflamat&#243;rios vasculares, tendo rela&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento de eventos adversos vasculares e DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em mulheres climat&#233;ricas na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, utilizando as medidas de EMI e n&#237;veis de PCR-US.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>estudo transversal e anal&#237;tico que avaliou 31 mulheres climat&#233;ricas, com idade entre 40 e 65 anos, submetidas a cineangiocoronariografia, no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (HUUFMA), no per&#237;odo entre mar&#231;o de 2012 e julho de 2013, e que aceitaram participar da pesquisa ap&#243;s assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        <p>No per&#237;odo do estudo, foram realizados 2.046 procedimentos de cineangiocoronariografia, sendo 815 em mulheres. Destas, 447 estavam no climat&#233;rio, sendo que 368 n&#227;o atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Das 79 mulheres aptas a participar da pesquisa, 48 abandonaram o protocolo da pesquisa por motivos diversos, n&#227;o sendo consideradas na amostra, que foi definida em 31 participantes que conclu&#237;ram todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o se incluiu na amostra as pacientes gestantes, em uso de estatinas, as j&#225; submetidas &#224; angioplastia coronariana ou com stents coronarianos, ou com hist&#243;ria de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio. Com base no resultado da cineangiocoronariografia, foram identificadas as pacientes portadoras de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), sendo a amostra ent&#227;o dividida em dois grupos: grupo I, com DAC (n = 13); grupo II, sem DAC (n = 18).</p>
        <p>Para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o sociodemogr&#225;fica, coletamos dados sobre idade, cor de pele autodeclarada, escolaridade e renda familiar. Todos os dados coletados das pacientes foram registrados em fichas-protocolo padronizadas para este estudo.</p>
        <p>Para mensura&#231;&#227;o da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal das car&#243;tidas comuns (EMI), utilizou-se o m&#233;todo inicialmente descrito por Pignoli et al<italic>.,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Com a paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, exp&#244;s-se o pesco&#231;o com inclina&#231;&#227;o e rota&#231;&#227;o oposta ao lado examinado para melhorar a visualiza&#231;&#227;o dos vasos. Posicionando-se o transdutor, a parede carot&#237;dea &#233; ent&#227;o visualizada, e a espessura medida atrav&#233;s da dist&#226;ncia entre duas linhas ecog&#234;nicas bem definidas separadas por discreta faixa anec&#243;ica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Consideraram-se anormais os valores maiores que 0,9 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As medidas de EMI foram feitas por ultrassonografista capacitado, cego em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados das angiografias coron&#225;rias, que utilizou aparelho de ultrassonografia bidimensional com Doppler pulsado, mapeamento com fluxo de cores e transdutor linear operando a 7,5 MHz (Philips Ultrasound&#174;, modelo HD7, software Revision 2.0.1, Bothell - EUA).</p>
        <p>As dosagens de PCR-US foram realizadas no laborat&#243;rio do HU-UFMA, sendo as amostras coletadas ap&#243;s as pacientes passarem por jejum de 12 horas.</p>
        <p>Os valores de corte para normalidade da PCR-US foram: baixo risco cardiovascular (&lt; 1 mg/L), risco moderado (1 a 3 mg/L) e alto risco (&gt; 3 mg/L).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o programa Data Analysis and Statistical Software (STATA&#174;) vers&#227;o 12.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, Estados Unidos). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagem e as num&#233;ricas por meio de m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o. Para investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o de dados categ&#243;ricos, foram utilizados o teste exato de Fisher e o qui-quadrado. A normalidade foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. O teste de Mann-Whitney ou o teste t n&#227;o-pareado para amostras independentes foi utilizado para identificar diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os grupos. Todas as an&#225;lises consideraram um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
          <p>Este artigo integra um grupo de projetos de um estudo transversal mais amplo denominado "Disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular em mulheres climat&#233;ricas", aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional, sob parecer n&#186; 182/11, seguindo a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 e suas complementares do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de (CNS/MS).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>nesse estudo, 31 mulheres climat&#233;ricas satisfizeram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e participaram de todas as suas etapas. A m&#233;dia da idade de todo o grupo foi 54,32 &#177; 5,70 anos, sendo a m&#233;dia da idade dos grupos com e sem DAC de 57,92 &#177; 5,17 e 51,72 &#177; 4,63 anos, respectivamente, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,001).</p>
        <p>Houve predom&#237;nio de mulheres pardas (70,97%), com renda familiar mensal menor que dois sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (58,06%) e escolaridade de mais de 8 anos (51,61%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e de sa&#250;de de mulheres climat&#233;ricas &#8211; HUUFMA. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s &#8211; MA, 2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Geral</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">DAC</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">p-valor</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Presente</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Ausente</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">48,39</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">46,15</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">50,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,833<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">B</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">51,61</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">53,85</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">50,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cor da pele</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,443<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">A</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">19,35</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">23,08</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">16,67</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negra</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">9,68</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">9,68</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parda</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">70,97</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">76,92</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">66,67</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Renda familiar</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,157<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">A</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">19,35</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">30,77</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">11,11</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Entre 1 e 2 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimo</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">38,71</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">46,15</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 2 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">41,94</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">23,08</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">55,56</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,880<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">A</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">32,26</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">30,77</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">67,74</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">69,23</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">66,67</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,151<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">A</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">87,10</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">76,92</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">94,44</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">12,90</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">23,08</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">5,56</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Colesterol alto</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,155<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">A</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">70,97</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">84,63</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">61,11</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">29,03</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">15,38</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">38,89</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>DCV</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,955<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">A</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">77,42</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">76,92</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">77,78</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">22,58</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">23,08</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">22,22</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etilismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,621<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">A</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">87,10</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">92,31</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">83,33</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">12,90</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">7,69</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">16,67</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo atual</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,232<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">A</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">96,77</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">92,31</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3,23</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">7,69</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo anterior</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,331<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">A</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">75,86</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">66,67</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">82,35</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">24,14</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">17,65</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,641<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">A</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ausente</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">64,52</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">69,23</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">61,11</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Presente</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">35,48</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">30,77</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">38,89</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Menopausa</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,260<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">A</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">25,81</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">15,38</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">74,19</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">84,62</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">66,67</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,268<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">A</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">89,66</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">83,33</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">10,34</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">16,67</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>EMI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,433<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">A</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">70,97</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">61,54</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">77,78</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">29,03</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">36,46</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">22,22</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">54,32 &#177; 5,70</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">57,92 &#177; 5,17</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">51,72 &#177; 4,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mediana; Q3 &#8211; Q1)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">135 (170 &#8211; 120)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">135 (180 &#8211; 125)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">135 (160 &#8211; 120)</td>
                <td align="center">0,400<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">84,74 &#177; 11,27</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">84,23 &#177; 11,87</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">85,11&#177;11,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,834<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>Teste t;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Mann-Whitney; A Teste exato de Fisher; B Teste do qui-quadrado; Q3- Q1- quartil 3 e quartil 1.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>A</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>B</label>
              <p>Teste do qui-quadrado; Q3- Q1- quartil 3 e quartil 1.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A EMI esteve alterada em 29,03% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. A espessura m&#233;dio-intimal foi de 1,55 &#177; 0,78 mm no grupo geral, 1,92 &#177; 0,94 mm no grupo com DAC e 1,18 &#177; 0,71 mm no grupo sem DAC (p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). As pacientes com DAC apresentaram predom&#237;nio de altera&#231;&#227;o da EMI quando comparadas com aquelas sem DAC: 36,46% vs. 22,22%, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da EMI com DAC em mulheres climat&#233;ricas &#8211; HUUFMA. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s &#8211; MA, 2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Geral</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">DAC</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Presente</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid ;background-color:#C5C6C8">Ausente</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EMI</td>
                <td align="center">1,55 &#177; 0,78 </td>
                <td align="center">1,92 &#177; 0,94</td>
                <td align="center">1,18 &#177; 0,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>HUUFMA: Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o; EMI: espessura m&#233;dio-intimal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>Teste t.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As pacientes com EMI alterado apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de PCR-US, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da PCR-US com EMI e DAC em mulheres climat&#233;ricas &#8211; HUUFMA. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s &#8211; MA, 2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">PCR-US</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">mg/L</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EMI</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,1282<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">3,22 &#177; 3,76</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">4,66 &#177; 4,35</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,836<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">3,80 &#177; 3,10</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">4,00 &#177; 4,40</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>HUUFMA: Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o; PCR-US: prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel; EMI: espessura m&#233;dio-intimal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>Teste t.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As pacientes com DAC apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de PCR-US, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; a maior causa de morbidade e mortalidade em comunidades ocidentais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A sua incid&#234;ncia nas mulheres vem aumentando juntamente com as mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra peculiaridade relacionada ao acometimento de sexo feminino pela DAC &#233; que o in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a &#233; tipicamente tardio, principalmente ap&#243;s o climat&#233;rio. Tal caracter&#237;stica exige meios diagn&#243;sticos confi&#225;veis que possam indicar disfun&#231;&#227;o precoce e fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Um estudo realizado na Europa em 2008 por Allender et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> demonstrou que a doen&#231;a coronariana foi respons&#225;vel por 23% das mortes em mulheres. Diversos estudos j&#225; demonstraram o aumento da incid&#234;ncia de DAC com o aumento da idade e climat&#233;rio. Tremollieres et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia 36% maior de DAC em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
        <p>O endot&#233;lio tem na sua disfun&#231;&#227;o uma enorme import&#226;ncia na fisiopatologia do processo ateroscler&#243;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Os principais m&#233;todos dispon&#237;veis atualmente para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial consistem na medi&#231;&#227;o da resposta endotelial a est&#237;mulos f&#237;sicos ou farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
        <p>Marcadores de ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e inflama&#231;&#227;o, especialmente a prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-US), tamb&#233;m se mostraram &#250;teis na avalia&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de do endot&#233;lio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A EMI tem-se demonstrado como uma t&#233;cnica &#250;til e de baixo custo efetivo na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de aterosclerose e como preditora de risco de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Kablak-Ziembicka et al<italic>.</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> em estudo que envolveu 558 pacientes de ambos os sexos, dentre esses 120 mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idade de 58.8 &#177; 9.2 anos, demonstraram que h&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o de maior altera&#231;&#227;o da EMI da car&#243;tida em pacientes com comprova&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de DAC do que em pacientes que possu&#237;am art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais.</p>
        <p>Trindade et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> em estudo realizado na Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro com 116 mulheres hipertensas com idade entre 40 e 65 anos, mostraram PCR-US correlacionada &#224; EMI. Diversos estudos T&#234;m sugerido uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de PCR-US e EMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Da mesma forma, resultados da pesquisa desenvolvida por Blackburn et al<italic>.</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> com 1051 individuos com dislipidemia, mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre PCR-US e EMI.. Os estudos de Wang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> e Sitzer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> tamb&#233;m apontaram correla&#231;&#245;es entre essas vari&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Kawamoto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> em um estudo com 440 pacientes de ambos os sexos, dentre esses 201 mulheres com idade de 75 &#177; 10 anos observaram que os n&#237;veis de PCR-US foram associados com EMI de car&#243;tidas aumentado.</p>
        <p>Parildar et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa entre EMI e PCR-US em estudo que envolveu 110 pacientes pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos e 76 saud&#225;veis com m&#233;dia de idade 51,1 &#177; 9,9 anos, com percentual de pacientes do sexo feminino de 68,1%.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, Amer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> em estudo caso-controle envolvendo idosos hipertensos, observaram que EMI da car&#243;tida teve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa com os n&#237;veis de PCR-US.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre EMI e os n&#237;veis de PCR-US n&#227;o foram significantes em alguns estudos. Folsom et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> ao examinarem a associa&#231;&#227;o de PCR-US com marcadores de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica em estudo realizado na Universidade de Minnesota, EUA, em 2001, envolvendo 875 homens e 948 mulheres, conclu&#237;ram n&#227;o haver correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre essas vari&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Da mesma forma, os resultados do estudo de Hak et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> realizado em 186 mulheres saud&#225;veis de m&#233;dia idade, selecionadas da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, indicaram que a PCR-US n&#227;o est&#225; associada a EMI com signific&#226;ncia.</p>
        <p>Cao et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> realizaram uma coorte de 5.417 participantes para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre PCR-US e EMI em idosos de alto risco de AVC. Eles conclu&#237;ram que n&#237;veis elevados de PCR-US representam um fator de risco independente para AVC, n&#227;o se correlacionando com a gravidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica medida pela EMI.</p>
        <p>A literatura considera bem estabelecida a rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis mais elevados de PCR-US com o risco de eventos cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Em meta-an&#225;lise de 160.309 pacientes, publicada em 2009 pelo grupo Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, os n&#237;veis de PCR-US associaram-se linearmente com a presen&#231;a de v&#225;rios fatores de risco cardiovascular e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, e apresentaram forte associa&#231;&#227;o com o risco de doen&#231;as vasculares isqu&#234;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, apesar dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-US se apresentarem mais elevados entre as mulheres com DAC, n&#227;o se encontrou rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas vari&#225;veis. Deve-se levar em conta que em ambos os grupos as pacientes j&#225; apresentavam fatores de risco cardiovascular, podendo ter levado &#224; converg&#234;ncia dos valores de PCR-US.</p>
        <p>Diversos estudos mostraram os n&#237;veis basais de PCR-US como preditores independentes para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Um estudo caso-controle prospectivo realizado por Boekholdt et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> com 25.663 homens e mulheres entre 45 e 79 anos que faziam parte do estudo EPIC-Norfolk, observou que os n&#237;veis de PCR-US estavam entre os maiores preditores de incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e mortalidade.</p>
        <p>Em outro estudo caso-controle prospectivo realizado por Ridker et al<italic>.</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> avaliou-se por 3 anos os n&#237;veis de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios de 28.263 mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, aparentemente saud&#225;veis, observando-se tamb&#233;m a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares no per&#237;odo estudado. Os n&#237;veis de PCR-US demonstraram-se os preditores independentes mais importantes de risco de eventos cardiovasculares neste grupo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As discord&#226;ncias citadas entre a literatura m&#233;dica dispon&#237;vel e parte dos nossos resultados podem ser explicadas pela amostra de tamanho limitado, resultado das perdas durante o estudo, al&#233;m de nossa amostra ser composta apenas por pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para realiza&#231;&#227;o de cineangiocoronariografia, possuindo caracter&#237;sticas diferentes da popula&#231;&#227;o geral de mulheres climat&#233;ricas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>Este estudo vem preencher uma lacuna de poucos estudos nacionais avaliando a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes climat&#233;ricas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo teve como limita&#231;&#227;o amostra n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica com um n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de indiv&#237;duos, tornando necess&#225;rios estudos com maior tamanho amostral.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pelo m&#233;todo da EMI apresentou maior sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC, quando comparada &#224; mensura&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PCR-US em mulheres climat&#233;ricas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.onlineijcs.org">http://www.onlineijcs.org</ext-link>
					</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnologia do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Wilma Karlla dos Santos Farias pela Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
