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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qWm4QykxfcyHhGg3Vq6HRBw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000300219</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170042</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Erectile Dysfunction and Quality of Life in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tabosa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stangler</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gadelha</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle A. G. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ten&#243;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanuelle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira</bold>, Rua Irene Ramos Gomes de Mattos, 68. Postal Code: 51011-530, Pina, Recife, PE - Brazil. E-mail: <bold>dinaldo@cardiol.br</bold></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Tabosa A, Oliveira DC. Acquisition of data: Tabosa A, Oliveira DC, Stangler VH, Gadelha MI, Nunes V, Ara&#250;jo H,. Oliveira DAGC. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Tabosa A, Oliveira DC. Statistical analysis: Tabosa A, Oliveira DC. Writing of the manuscript: Tabosa A, Oliveira DC, Oliveira DAGC, Ten&#243;rio E. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira DC, Ten&#243;rio E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>219</fpage>
      <lpage>226</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Erectile dysfunction (ED) and coronary artery disease (CAD) share the same risk factors and the associations between ED, quality of life (QoL) and CAD have been the subject of recent studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate whether ED is associated with worsening QoL in patients with CAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A cross-sectional, multicenter, prospective and analytic study was carried out from EDcember 2014 to April 2016, which recruited 304 men (mean age: 57 &#177; 9.9 years) with clinical diagnosis of CAD. QoL was assessed using Short Form-36 and ED by the International Erectile Function InEDx. EDscriptive and analytical statistical analyzes were performed, and the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to test whether there are significant differences in each quality of life domain when comparing different types of ED. For all tests, p &#8804; 0.05 was consiEDred significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of ED was 76.3%. The median and percentiles 25 and 75 of each life quality domain according to the absence of ED; mild ED, mild to moderate, moderate and severe ED and severe ED, respectively, were: <bold>Functional capacity:</bold> 85 (63-100), 75 (50 -95), 60 (32-85), 55 (35-75), 50 (30-70), p &lt; 0.001; <bold>Physical aspects:</bold> 87 (0-100), 40 (0-100), 0 (0-100), 0 (0-31), 0 (0-12), p &lt; 0.001; <bold>Pain:</bold> 72 (51-100), 66 (51-100), 74 (51-100), 62 (51-100), 51 (31-62), p = 0.001; <bold>General state of health:</bold> 77 (62-87), 72 (57-77), 67 (55-82), 67 (59-75), 52 (37-68), p &lt; 0.001; <bold>Vitality:</bold> 75 (60-85), 65 (50-75), 65 (55-75), 60 (43-75), 50 (32-65), p &lt; 0.001; <bold>Social Aspects:</bold> 87 (62-100), 87 (62-100), 87 (68-100), 75 (62-100), 75 (50-93), p = 0.139; <bold>Emotional Aspects:</bold> 100 (58-100), 100 (33-100), 100 (33-100), 100 (0-100), 0 (0-100), p = 0.001; <bold>Mental health:</bold> 80 (67-89), 72 (60-84), 72 (66-80), 68 (58-80), 56 (50-74), p &lt; 0.001.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of erectile dysfunction was high. ED was associated with worsening of QoL in patients with CAD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Erectile Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Style</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The associations between erectile dysfunction (ED), quality of life (QoL) and some cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been the subject of studies in the last years, and some aspects have been specially highlighted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of ED depends on the patient's age group, and it's higher as the patient grows older.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) the prevalence generally ranges from 60-70%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>. In Brazil, considering the general population, this prevalence ranges from 31.9 to 53.9%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>ED and CAD frequently share the same risk factors. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, dyslipidemia and obesity are common to both conditions and their impact on endothelial dysfunction has been well documented.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Endothelial dysfunction, characterized among other things by the impairment of nitric oxiED bioavailability, precedes the development of atherosclerotic lesions and has been suggested as an important link between ED and DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>ED may be present in supposedly healthy men, outpatients and others. Such dysfunction exerts a negative influence on patients's QoL because it affects, among others, physical and psychosocial aspects, and the treatment contributes to the improvement of patients's quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Individuals with CAD are also known to have impaired QoL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> It is known that in these patients despite the control of risk factors for CAD, the quality of life remains compromised and this may contribute to a worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> It is believed that patients with ED and CAD can have even greater impairment of quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In spite of studies on the subject we believe that there is a need for greater knowledge between the associations of QoL and ED in patients with CAD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objectives</title>
      <p>The primary objective of this study was to assess whether ED is associated with worsening life quality in patients with coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>The secondary objectives were: to describe the prevalence of erectile dysfunction in patients with and without CAD, to characterize the clinical and socioeconomic profiles of the population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A cross-sectional, multicenter, prospective, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted from december 2014 to April 2016 in three tertiary hospitals, which recruited 304 men (mean age: 57 &#177; 9.9 years) with stable coronary artery disease, with diagnostic based in the clinical presentation and in the presence of an ischemic induction test considered to be a high risk of cardiovascular events, submitted and approved by the ethics committee in clinical research. Therefore, the patients in this study had an indication of an invasive strategy (cineangiography).</p>
      <p>The sample calculation was based on the prevalence of dysfunction in the Brazilian population (39.5 - 53.9%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and in patients with CAD (49 - 70%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Based on this, the number of patients that should be recruited was between 219 and 224 participants, with a statistical power of the study of 0.99 and an alpha error of 0.05.</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were: male patients 18 years of age or older, clinical indication of coronary angiography and active sexual life potential, while those for exclusion were: previous history of myocardial or lower limb revascularization, peripheral artery desease or of the aortic artery, treatment for erectile dysfunction or cancer, patients with severe blood dyscrasia, psychiatric illness, inability to respond to the questionnaires, life expectancy &lt; 1 year, or participation in another study.</p>
      <p>The clinical and socioeconomic features were collected through questionnaires. The quality of life was assessed by applying the <italic>Medical Outcomes Study 6-Short Form Health Survey</italic> (SF 36),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> while erectile dysfunction by the International Erectile Function InEDx (IIEF-5).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The SF-36 was calculated by transforming the questions into domains, and for each domain there is a different calculation that ranges from zero to one hundred, which corresponds from the worst to the best state of health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The result is called Raw Scale because the final value does not have any units of measure. The calculation of each domain is a statistical test, and no other test is required.</p>
      <p>The domains evaluated by SF-36 included: Functional Capacity, Physical Aspects, Pain, General Health Status, Vitality, Social Aspects, Emotional Aspects and Mental Health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to IIEF-5, ED is classified into five validated levels of severity, such as: without ED (22 to 25 points), mild (17 to 21 points), mild / moderate (12 to 16 points), moderate (8 To 11 points) and severe (5 to 7 points).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Visual evaluations of the coronary angiographies were performed and stenosis of 30% or more were considered angiography CAD.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)</italic> was used to analyze the data, and initially was carried out an exploratory data analysis to compare descriptive measures of patient characteristics and QoL domains for each type Of ED, in order to understand and observe trends in the database.</p>
      <p>Next, the trends were tested in terms of significance by performing before the normality test. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was applied to verify the normality of the data, and it concluded that the values of the QoL were not normally distributed (p-value &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>In this regard, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to try out whether there are significant differences in each quality of life domain when comparing different types of ED in patients (total study population, patients with and without angiographic CAD).</p>
      <p>To verify the relationship between clinical variables and quality of life, using quality of life domains, a factor called quality of life was generated by factorial analysis, which is the joint representation of all domains. Then, using the <italic>Multiple Linear Regression Model</italic>, each clinical variable was tested for the significant relation with the quality of life factor, and it was then possible to understand which variables have a relevant influence on the behavior of the quality of life factor in the patients. With this model it was possible to verify if the clinical variables and whether the ED (IIEF-5) influenced the quality of life of the patients. Through the <italic>Stepwise</italic> method, each variable was tested and included if contributed to explain the behavior of the dependent variable, otherwise it would be excluded, reaching then the final model. For all tests, the 5% level of significance was considered.</p>
      <p><italic>Spearman</italic> correlation was used between the clinical and socioemographic variables and the values obtained by the IIEF-5 questionnaire, in the groups of patients with and without CAD.</p>
      <p>When there was a normal distribution, the numerical variables were presented as mean and standard deviation and when not, as median and percentile 25 and 75. The categorical variables were presented as absolute and percentage values.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Three hundred and four patients were recruited, with average at 57.0 &#177; 9.9 years. The prevalence of ED was 76.3%, with 37.4% of mild ED, 31.3% of mild / moderate ED, 15.2% of moderate ED and 16.1% of severe ED.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of angiographic CAD was 74%, and in those patients with such finding the prevalence of ED was 77.3%, with 37.1% of mild ED; 31% mild to moderate ED; 15.1% of moderate ED and 15.9% of severe ED.</p>
      <p>Among the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics was observed: evangelical religion (21%), atheism (2%), income less than 1 minimum wage (MW) (11.8%), income from 1 to 3 MW (63.1%) , Income higher than 3 MW (24.9%), illiterate (3.3%), higher education (7.2%), single (7.2%) and widowed (2.3%). Other clinical and sociodemographic characteristics are shown in table <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="80%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caractheristics</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total population (n = 304)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Elementary/high school, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">272 (89.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Married/stable union, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">258 (84.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">246 (80.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Catholic Religion, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">222 (73)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">97 (31.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcoholism, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (31.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">63 (20.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Renal insufficiency, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (8.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EDpression <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">(7.2)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Diagnosis established through a clinical record with questioning of personal history of the disease; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The evaluation of the life quality in 304 patients revealed that the Functional Capacity had an average of 70 (41-90), Physical Aspects 25 (0-100), Pain 72 (51-100), General Health Status 71 (57-82), Vitality 65 (50-80), Social Aspects 81 (62-100), Emotional Aspects 100 (33-100) and Mental Health 72 (60-84).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the comparative analysis of the 8 domains of QoL according to the absence or presence of ED and its various types.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Quality of life according to the absence of erectile dysfunction or presence of its various types</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Without ED (74)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mild ED (86)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mild/Mod ED (72)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">moderate ED (35)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Severe ED (37)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Functional Capacity</td>
              <td align="center">85 (63-100)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (50-95)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (32-85)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (35-75)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (30-70)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical Aspects</td>
              <td align="center">87 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-31)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-12)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pain</td>
              <td align="center">72 (51-100)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (51-100)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (51-100)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (51-100)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (31-62)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GSH</td>
              <td align="center">77 (62-87)</td>
              <td align="center">72 (57-77)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (55-82)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (59-75)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (37-68)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vitality</td>
              <td align="center">75 (60-85)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (50-75)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (55-75)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (43-75)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (32-65)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Social Aspects</td>
              <td align="center">87 (62-100)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (62-100)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (68-100)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (62-100)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (50-93)</td>
              <td align="center">0.139</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Emotional Aspects</td>
              <td align="center">100 (58-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (33-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (33-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mental Health</td>
              <td align="center">80 (67-89)</td>
              <td align="center">72 (60-84)</td>
              <td align="center">72 (66-80)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (58-80)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (50-74)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Median and 25th and 75th percentiles of domains. ED: erectile dysfunction; Mod: moderate; GSH: general health status. Kruskal-Wallis test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> present comparative analyzes of quality of life according to the degree of ED in patients with and without angiographic CAD, respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Quality of life according to absence of erectile dysfunction or presence of its various types in patients with angiographic coronary artery disease (n = 225)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Without ED (53)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mild ED (67)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mild/Mod ED (56)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">moderate ED (21)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Severe ED (28)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Functional Capacity</td>
              <td align="center">85 (65-100)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (50-95)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (40-90)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (35-77)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (30-65)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical Aspects</td>
              <td align="center">100 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-75)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pain</td>
              <td align="center">72 (50-100)</td>
              <td align="center">71 (51-100)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (51-100)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (50-100)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (31-74)</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GSH</td>
              <td align="center">77 (67-88)</td>
              <td align="center">72 (60-80)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (56-82)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (40-72)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (57-82)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vitality</td>
              <td align="center">80 (60-85)</td>
              <td align="center">70(55-80)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (60-80)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (35-75)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (35-70)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Social Aspects</td>
              <td align="center">87 (62-100)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (62-100)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (62-100)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (56-100)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (50-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.168</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Emotional Aspects</td>
              <td align="center">100 (66-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (33-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (33-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mental Health</td>
              <td align="center">80 (66-92)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (64-84)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (68-80)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (50-84)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (52-72)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Median and 25 and 75 percentiles of domains. ED: erectile dysfunction; Mod: moderate; GSH: general health status. Kruskal-Wallis test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Quality of life according to absence of erectile dysfunction or presence of its various types in patients without angiographic coronary artery disease (n = 79)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Without ED (21)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mild ED (19)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mild/Mod ED (16)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">moderate ED (14)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Severe ED (9)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Functional Capacity</td>
              <td align="center">95 (52-100)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (25-90)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (17-72)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (32-72)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (15-81)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical Aspects</td>
              <td align="center">50 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-12)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pain</td>
              <td align="center">100 (56-100)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (41-100)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (54-84)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (51-92)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (31-61)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GSH</td>
              <td align="center">72 (57-82)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (45-72)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (55-80)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (61-75)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (30-60)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vitality</td>
              <td align="center">70 (55-82)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (30-75)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (50-70)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (55-70)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (23-56)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Social Aspects</td>
              <td align="center">75 (56-100)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (37-100)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (75-100)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (62-81)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (46-81)</td>
              <td align="center">0.448</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Emotional Aspects</td>
              <td align="center">100 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (41-100)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (50-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.076</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mental Health</td>
              <td align="center">80 (60-88)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (52-80)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (45-75)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (60-74)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (40-59)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Median and 25 and 75 percentiles of domains.ED: erectile dysfunction; Mod: moderate; GSH: general health status. Kruskal-Wallis test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the correlations between IIEF-5 values and the other variables in the groups with CAD and without CAD, it was observed that in the group with CAD, the most advanced age (r = -0.2242), low levels of schooling (r = 0.230), history of cancer (r = 0.165) and EDpression (r = 0.133) were associated with low IIEF-5 values. In the group without CAD, the most advanced age (r = -0, 227), individuals with lower BMI (r = 0.251), higher alcohol consumption (r = 0.259), hypertensive (r = 0.271) correlated with the low IIEF-5 values.</p>
      <p>In the analysis of characteristics that had an impact on QoL, after multivariate regression in patients with CAD, erectile dysfunction (p &lt; 0.001), younger subjects (p = 0.01), depression (p = 0.03) and Systemic Arterial Hypertension (p = 0.04) negatively influenced the quality of life, with ED being the factor that most influenced this aspect. In the population of patients without CAD, no variable reached significance to the point of influencing QoL.</p>
      <p>In the total study population, the variables age (p = 0.03), depression (p = 0.05), and catholic religion (p = 0.05) presented significant worsening of QoL. Erectile dysfunction did not influence this aspect (p = 0.09).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In our study, ED was a predictor of worse quality of life in patients with angiographic CAD, but not in those without obstructive stenosis in coronary angiography or in the total population.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of ED was high and, when compared to that of the population considered healthy, which according to Dos Reis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> was 31.9%, was numerically higher, but similar to another study that evaluated patients with CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Rhoden et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> with the IIEF-5 questionnaire, studying 965 men for outpatient prostate cancer investigation, identified a total prevalence of 53.9% of ED with a more homogeneous distribution among the categories of the disease classification.</p>
      <p>Other studies, in healthy populations and using different instruments, found prevalences ranging from 15.0 to 46.2%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> being the mildest form also the most prevalent.</p>
      <p>In the United States, the <italic>Massachusetts Male Aging Study</italic> (MMAS), the leading study of erectile dysfunction ever conducted, found a prevalence of 10% complete dysfunction and more than 50% dysfunction of any degree in the general population aged 40-70 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The high prevalence of ED found in our study may be due to the recruited sample, since they were patients admitted to the hospital hemodynamics sector for invasive CAD investigation. It is known that patients with coronary disease are potentially more likely to develop or already have ED and that, depending on the degree of coronary involvement, this probability may be even greater. Contrary to literature, in our study we had a predominance of milder forms of dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We emphasize that in patients with CAD the prevalence is higher than in the general population, which was also described by Kloner and Mullin,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> who identified in this group 75% and 67% of patients with difficulty in having or maintaining an adequate erection, respectively.</p>
      <p>In another study performed in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the ED rate was 49%. The mild form occurred in 14%, mild to moderate in 21%, moderate in 14% and severe in 51%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Men with ACS have a theoretically lower atherosclerotic burden than patients with chronic CAD. In contrast to the acute event, patients with chronic conditions usually show a severe and diffuse coronary involvement, with symptoms of long-term angina. Therefore, a more pronounced impairment of the hypogastric / pudendal arteries could also be expected, leading to a more severe picture of ED.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The QoL is a good indicator of the functional status and of the well-being of an individual who undergoes medical treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and becomes important in evaluating the efficacy of this treatment and of the patient's health conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies have evaluated the quality of life in patients with CAD and found, in general, a negative influence on their general health status.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the study by Boini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> the impact of the onset of CAD was compared with controls without CAD. On average 2 and a half years after diagnosis, the authors concluded that most of the physical and mental domains were affected, which did not happen in the control group.</p>
      <p>A similar result was found in a study analyzing the effect of age, sex, race and ethnicity on the quality of life of patients with CAD, with worse results in younger, female, black and hispanic individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> In another study, patients with diagnosis of heart failure (HF) after AMI were evaluated, and those with a lower income, female and with a greater number of symptoms, were generally moderately lower in QoL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In patients submitted to coronary angiography there seems to be a correlation between the Gensini score,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> the individual's emotional state and quality of life. In patients with more severe and extensive CAD there is more anxiety, depression and worse physical domains than in those without CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our study revealed that the severe form of ED was the one that had the worst QoL results, but since most of the sample exhibited total ignorance about ED and had never been informed by the attending physician, they probably did not admit their disease. We believe this may have contributed to the lack of an early identification of the dysfunction.</p>
      <p>In the patients with CAD it was observed that, except for the Social Aspects domain, all the others presented significant difference. Severe dysfunction was the one that presented the worst results in comparison to the other degrees of ED and in relation to those without ED. moderate dysfunction presented significant results only in the components Functional Capacity, Physical Aspects and Vitality in relation to participants without ED. These more severe forms of ED therefore interfered in both, physical and mental components of QoL. The milder forms did not show the same association.</p>
      <p>ED and its more severe degrees can also have an influence on people's quality of life. A study that evaluated 2476 men with no apparent comorbidities, related the different degrees of ED (diagnosed by IIEF) with the domains of QoL (SF-36) and observed a descendent and significant correlation between these values, with predominance for the physical dimension components related to the mental ones and the Vitality and General Health Status domains presenting the most expressive results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Therefore, ED has a negative impact on quality of life, and the most severe forms seem to be associated with greater negative impact intensity. Our study demonstrated the negative impact of ED on the quality of life of patients with coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>The limitations of the study were: having no ability to determine cause-effect, no evaluation of medications in use (although more modern beta blockers have not been associated with ED), the recruitment site occurred in a stressful environment which may have generated psychological stress and influenced the response of the patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In this study, the presence of ED was associated with worsening QoL in patients with CAD. It was also observed that in the subgroups of patients with and without angiographic CAD, ED was also associated with worsening of QoL and the more severe the dysfunction worse the QoL.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of ED was high and the clinical, social and economical profiles revealed that this low-income and low-educated population, is at a high risk for cardiovascular diseases.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Andr&#233; Tabosa, from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Disfun&#231;&#227;o Er&#233;til e Piora na Qualidade de Vida de Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tabosa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stangler</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gadelha</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle A. G. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ten&#243;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanuelle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira</bold>, Rua Irene Ramos Gomes de Mattos, 68. CEP: 51011-530, Pina, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>dinaldo@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Tabosa A, Oliveira DC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Tabosa A, Oliveira DC, Stangler VH, Gadelha MI, Nunes V, Ara&#250;jo H. Oliveira DAGC. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Tabosa A, Oliveira DC. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Tabosa A, Oliveira DC. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tabosa A, Oliveira DC, Oliveira DAGC, Ten&#243;rio E. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira DC, Ten&#243;rio E.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (DE) e a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) compartilham os mesmos fatores de risco e as associa&#231;&#245;es entre DE, qualidade de vida (QV) e DAC t&#234;m sido motivo de estudos recentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar se a DE est&#225; associada a piora da QV em pacientes com DAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal, multic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo e anal&#237;tico, realizado de dezembro de 2014 a abril de 2016, que recrutou 304 homens (idade m&#233;dia: 57 &#177; 9,9 anos) com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de DAC. A QV foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do <italic>Short Form</italic>-36 e a DE pelo &#205;ndice Internacional de Fun&#231;&#227;o Er&#233;til. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas descritiva e anal&#237;tica, sendo que o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico Kruskal-Wallis foi usado para analisar se existem diferen&#231;as significativas em cada dom&#237;nio de qualidade de vida quando se comparam os diferentes tipos de DE. Para todos os testes, valor de p &#8804; 0,05 foi considerado significante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DE foi de 76,3%. As medianas e percentis 25 e 75 de cada dom&#237;nio de qualidade de vida de acordo com a aus&#234;ncia de DE, DE leve, leve a moderada, moderada e grave, respectivamente, foram: <bold>Capacidade funcional:</bold> 85 (63-100), 75 (50-95), 60 (32-85), 55 (35-75), 50 (30-70), p &lt; 0,001; <bold>Aspectos f&#237;sicos:</bold> 87 (0-100), 40 (0-100), 0 (0-100), 0 (0-31), 0 (0-12), p &lt; 0,001; <bold>Dor:</bold> 72 (51-100), 66 (51-100), 74 (51-100), 62 (51-100), 51 (31-62), p = 0,001; <bold>Estado geral de sa&#250;de:</bold> 77 (62-87), 72 (57-77), 67 (55-82), 67 (59-75), 52 (37-68), p &lt; 0,001; <bold>Vitalidade:</bold> 75 (60-85), 65 (50-75), 65 (55-75), 60 (43-75), 50 (32-65), p &lt; 0,001; <bold>Aspectos sociais:</bold> 87 (62-100), 87 (62-100), 87 (68-100), 75 (62-100), 75 (50-93), p = 0,139; <bold>Aspectos emocionais:</bold> 100 (58-100), 100 (33-100), 100 (33-100), 100 (0-100), 0 (0-100), p = 0,001; <bold>Sa&#250;de mental:</bold> 80 (67-89), 72 (60-84), 72 (66-80), 68 (58-80), 56 (50-74), p &lt; 0,001.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til foi elevada. A DE esteve associada a piora da QV em pacientes com DAC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Er&#233;til</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es entre disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (DE), qualidade de vida (QV) e algumas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) t&#234;m sido motivo de estudos nos &#250;ltimos anos, sendo que alguns aspectos t&#234;m tido especial destaque.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia da DE depende da faixa et&#225;ria do paciente, sendo maior quanto mais velho for o mesmo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) a preval&#234;ncia, em geral, varia de 60-70%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>. No Brasil, considerando-se a popula&#231;&#227;o geral, est&#225; preval&#234;ncia varia de 31,9 a 53,9%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A DE e a DAC frequentemente compartilham os mesmos fatores de risco. Hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo, dislipidemia e obesidade s&#227;o comuns &#224;s duas condi&#231;&#245;es e o seu impacto na disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial j&#225; foi bem documentado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, caracterizada dentre outras coisas pelo comprometimento da biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, precede o desenvolvimento das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas e tem sido sugerida como importante elo entre DE e DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A DE pode estar presente em homens supostamente saud&#225;veis, em pacientes ambulatoriais e outros. Tal disfun&#231;&#227;o exerce uma influ&#234;ncia negativa na QV dos pacientes por afetar, dentre outros, os aspectos f&#237;sicos e psicossociais, sendo que o seu tratamento contribui para a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos enfermos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos com DAC tamb&#233;m s&#227;o conhecidos por terem a QV prejudicada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Sabe-se que nestes pacientes apesar do controle de fatores de risco para DAC, a qualidade de vida permanece comprometida e isso pode contribuir para um pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Acredita-se que pacientes com DE e DAC possam ter preju&#237;zo ainda maior da qualidade de vida. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de estudos sobre o tema acreditamos que exista a necessidade de maior conhecimento entre as associa&#231;&#245;es de QV e DE em pacientes com DAC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivos</title>
        <p>O objetivo prim&#225;rio desse estudo foi avaliar se a DE est&#225; associada &#224; piora da qualidade de vida em pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
        <p>Os objetivos secund&#225;rios foram: descrever a preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til em pacientes com e sem DAC, caracterizar os perfis clinico e s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal, multic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo, descritivo e anal&#237;tico, realizado de dezembro de 2014 a abril de 2016, em 3 hospitais terci&#225;rios, que recrutou 304 homens (idade m&#233;dia: 57 &#177; 9,9 anos) com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel, com diagn&#243;stico baseado na apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e na presen&#231;a de teste indutor de isquemia considerado de alto risco de eventos cardiovasculares, submetido e aprovado no comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa cl&#237;nica. Portanto os pacientes desse estudo tinham indica&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gia invasiva (cinecoronariografia).</p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral foi baseado na preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira (39,5 - 53,9%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e nos pacientes com DAC (49 - 70%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Baseados nisso, o n&#250;mero de pacientes que deveriam ser recrutados foi entre 219 e 224 participantes, com poder estat&#237;stico do estudo de 0,99 e erro alfa de 0,05.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: pacientes do sexo masculino com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos, indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coronariana e potencialidade de vida sexual ativa, enquanto os de exclus&#227;o foram: hist&#243;ria pregressa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou de membros inferiores, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica ou da art&#233;ria aorta, tratamento para disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til ou c&#226;ncer, pacientes com discrasia sangu&#237;nea grave, doen&#231;as psiqui&#225;tricas, incapacidade em responder aos question&#225;rios, expectativa de vida &lt; 1 ano ou participa&#231;&#227;o em outro estudo.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e socioecon&#244;micas foram coletadas atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rios. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada por meio da aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio <italic>Medical Outcomes Study 6-Short Form Health Survey</italic> (SF 36),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> enquanto a disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til pelo &#205;ndice Internacional de Fun&#231;&#227;o Er&#233;til (IIEF-5).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo do SF-36 foi feito transformando as quest&#245;es em dom&#237;nios, sendo que para cada dom&#237;nio existe um c&#225;lculo diferente que varia de zero a cem que corresponde do pior ao melhor estado de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> O resultado &#233; chamado de <italic>Raw Scale</italic> porque o valor final n&#227;o apresenta nenhuma unidade de medida. O c&#225;lculo de cada dom&#237;nio &#233; um teste estat&#237;stico, n&#227;o sendo necess&#225;ria aplica&#231;&#227;o de outro teste.</p>
        <p>Os dom&#237;nios avaliados pelo SF-36 incluem: Capacidade Funcional, Aspectos F&#237;sicos, Dor, Estado Geral de Sa&#250;de, Vitalidade, Aspectos Sociais, Aspectos Emocionais e Sa&#250;de Mental.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De acordo com o IIEF-5 a DE &#233; classificada em cinco n&#237;veis validados de severidade, sendo: sem DE (22 a 25 pontos), leve (17 a 21 pontos), leve/moderada (12 a 16 pontos), moderada (8 a 11 pontos) e severa (5 a 7 pontos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o visual das angiografias coronarianas e consideradas DAC angiogr&#225;fica estenoses maiores ou iguais a 30%.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise de dados utilizou-se o <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), sendo que inicialmente realizou-se uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria de dados com o objetivo de comparar as medidas descritivas das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e dos dom&#237;nios de QV para cada tipo de DE, visando entender e observar tend&#234;ncias no banco de dados.</p>
        <p>Em seguida, as tend&#234;ncias foram testadas quanto &#224; signific&#226;ncia, fazendo-se antes o teste de normalidade. Foi aplicado o teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk para verificar a normalidade dos dados, obtendo-se que os valores da QV n&#227;o s&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;dos (p-valor &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>Neste sentido, o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico Kruskal-Wallis foi usado para testar se existem diferen&#231;as significativas em cada dom&#237;nio de qualidade de vida quando se comparam os diferentes tipos de DE nos pacientes (popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo, pacientes com e sem DAC angiogr&#225;fica).</p>
        <p>Para verificar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e a qualidade de vida, usando os dom&#237;nios de qualidade de vida, um fator chamado de qualidade de vida foi gerado pela an&#225;lise fatorial, sendo este a representa&#231;&#227;o conjunta de todos os dom&#237;nios. Em seguida, usando o Modelo de Regress&#227;o Linear M&#250;ltipla, cada vari&#225;vel cl&#237;nica foi testada quanto &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o significativa com o fator qualidade de vida, sendo ent&#227;o poss&#237;vel entender quais vari&#225;veis possuem influ&#234;ncia relevante no comportamento do fator qualidade de vida nos pacientes. Com este modelo foi poss&#237;vel verificar se as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e se o DE (IIEF-5) influenciaram na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo <italic>Stepwise</italic>, cada vari&#225;vel foi sendo testada e inclu&#237;da caso contribu&#237;sse para explicar o comportamento da vari&#225;vel dependente, caso contr&#225;rio seria exclu&#237;da, chegando ent&#227;o ao modelo final. Para todos os testes, o n&#237;vel de 5% de signific&#226;ncia foi considerado.</p>
        <p>Foi utilizada a correla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Spearman</italic> entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas e os valores obtidos pelo question&#225;rio IIEF-5, nos grupos de pacientes com e sem DAC.</p>
        <p>Quando houve distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e quando n&#227;o, como mediana e percentil 25 e 75. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como valores absolutos e percentuais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram recrutados trezentos e quatro pacientes, sendo a idade m&#233;dia 57,0 &#177; 9,9 anos. A preval&#234;ncia de DE foi de 76,3%, sendo 37,4% de DE leve, 31,3% de DE leve/moderada, 15,2% de DE moderada e 16,1% de DE grave.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia da DAC angiogr&#225;fica foi de 74%, sendo que em pacientes com tal achado a preval&#234;ncia de DE foi de 77,3%, sendo 37,1% de DE leve; 31% de DE leve/moderada; 15,1% de DE moderada e 15,9% de DE grave.</p>
        <p>Dentre as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas foi observado: religi&#227;o evang&#233;lica (21%), at&#233;ia (2%), renda menor que 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo (SM) (11,8%), renda de 1 a 3 SM (63,1%), renda maior que 3 SM (24,9%), analfabeto (3,3%), ensino superior (7,2%), solteiro (7,2%) e vi&#250;vo (2,3%). Outras caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e s&#243;cio demogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="80%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Popula&#231;&#227;o total (n = 304)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ensino fundamental/m&#233;dio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">272 (89,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Casado/uni&#227;o est&#225;vel, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">258 (84,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">246 (80,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Religi&#227;o Cat&#243;lica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">222 (73)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (31,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etilismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (31,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (20,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (8,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Depress&#227;o *, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">(7,2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diagn&#243;stico estabelecido atrav&#233;s de ficha cl&#237;nica com questionamento de antecedente pessoal da doen&#231;a; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida nos 304 pacientes revelou que a Capacidade Funcional teve mediana de 70 (41-90), Aspectos F&#237;sicos 25 (0-100), Dor 72 (51-100), Estado Geral de Sa&#250;de 71(57-82), Vitalidade 65 (50- 80), Aspectos Sociais 81 (62-100), Aspectos Emocionais 100 (33-100) e Sa&#250;de Mental 72 (60-84).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 2</xref> demonstra a an&#225;lise comparativa dos 8 dom&#237;nios de QV de acordo com aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a de DE e seus v&#225;rios tipos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Qualidade de vida de acordo com a aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til ou presen&#231;a de seus v&#225;rios tipos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sem DE (74)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DE leve (86)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DE leve/mod (72)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DE moderada (35)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DE grave (37)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cap. Funcional</td>
                <td align="center">85 (63-100)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (50-95)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (32-85)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (35-75)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (30-70)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos F&#237;sicos</td>
                <td align="center">87 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-31)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-12)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor</td>
                <td align="center">72 (51-100)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (51-100)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (51-100)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (51-100)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (31-62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EGS</td>
                <td align="center">77 (62-87)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (57-77)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (55-82)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (59-75)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (37-68)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vitalidade</td>
                <td align="center">75 (60-85)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (50-75)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (55-75)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (43-75)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (32-65)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos Sociais</td>
                <td align="center">87 (62-100)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (62-100)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (68-100)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (62-100)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (50-93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,139</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos Emocionais</td>
                <td align="center">100 (58-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (33-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (33-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sa&#250;de Mental</td>
                <td align="center">80 (67-89)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (60-84)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (66-80)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (58-80)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (50-74)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Mediana e percentis 25 e 75 dos dom&#237;nios. DE: disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til; Mod: moderada; EGS: estado geral de sa&#250;de. Teste de Kruskal-Wallis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">4</xref> s&#227;o apresentadas an&#225;lises comparativa da qualidade de vida de acordo com o grau de DE em pacientes com e sem DAC angiogr&#225;fica respectivamente.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Qualidade de vida de acordo com a aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til ou presen&#231;a de seus v&#225;rios tipos em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana angiogr&#225;fica (n = 225)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sem DE (53)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DE leve (67)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DE leve/mod (56)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DE moderada (21)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DE severa (28)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cap. Funcional</td>
                <td align="center">85 (65-100)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (50-95)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (40-90)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (35-77)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (30-65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos F&#237;sicos</td>
                <td align="center">100 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-75)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor</td>
                <td align="center">72 (50-100)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (51-100)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (51-100)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (50-100)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (31-74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EGS</td>
                <td align="center">77 (67-88)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (60-80)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (56-82)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (40-72)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (57-82)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vitalidade</td>
                <td align="center">80 (60-85)</td>
                <td align="center">70(55-80)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (60-80)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (35-75)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (35-70)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos Sociais</td>
                <td align="center">87 (62-100)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (62-100)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (62-100)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (56-100)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (50-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,168</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos Emocionais</td>
                <td align="center">100 (66-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (33-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (33-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sa&#250;de mental</td>
                <td align="center">80 (66-92)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (64-84)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (68-80)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (50-84)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (52-72)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Mediana e percentis 25 e 75 dos dom&#237;nios. DE: disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til; Mod: moderada; EGS: estado geral de sa&#250;de. Teste de Kruskal-Wallis</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Qualidade de vida de acordo com a aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til ou presen&#231;a de seus v&#225;rios tipos em pacientes sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana angiogr&#225;fica (n = 79)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sem DE (21)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DE leve (19)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DE leve/mod (16)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DE moderada (14)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DE severa (9)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cap. Funcional</td>
                <td align="center">95 (52-100)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (25-90)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (17-72)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (32-72)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (15-81)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos F&#237;sicos</td>
                <td align="center">50 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-12)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor</td>
                <td align="center">100 (56-100)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (41-100)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (54-84)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (51-92)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (31-61)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EGS</td>
                <td align="center">72 (57-82)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (45-72)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (55-80)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (61-75)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (30-60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vitalidade</td>
                <td align="center">70 (55-82)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (30-75)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (50-70)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (55-70)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (23-56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos Sociais</td>
                <td align="center">75 (56-100)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (37-100)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (75-100)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (62-81)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (46-81)</td>
                <td align="center">0,448</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspectos Emocionais</td>
                <td align="center">100 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (41-100)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (50-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sa&#250;de mental</td>
                <td align="center">80 (60-88)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (52-80)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (45-75)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (60-74)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (40-59)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Mediana e percentis 25 e 75 dos dom&#237;nios. DE: disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til; Mod: moderada; EGS: estado geral de sa&#250;de. Teste de Kruskal-Wallis</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nas correla&#231;&#245;es entre os valores do IIEF-5 e as demais vari&#225;veis nos grupos com DAC e sem DAC, foi observado que no grupo com DAC, a idade mais avan&#231;ada (r = -0,242), baixos n&#237;veis de escolaridade (r = 0,230), hist&#243;ria de c&#226;ncer (r = 0,165) e depress&#227;o (r = 0,133) se relacionaram a baixos valores do IIEF-5. J&#225; no grupo sem DAC, a idade mais avan&#231;ada (r = -0, 227), indiv&#237;duos com menor IMC (r = 0,251), maior consumo de &#225;lcool (r = 0,259), hipertensos (r = 0,324) e diab&#233;ticos (r = 0,271) se correlacionaram aos baixos valores do IIEF-5.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas que tiveram impacto na QV, ap&#243;s a regress&#227;o multivariada em pacientes com DAC, disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (p &lt; 0,001), indiv&#237;duos mais jovens (p = 0,01), depress&#227;o (p = 0,03) e Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (p = 0,04) influenciaram negativamente a qualidade de vida, sendo a DE o fator que mais influenciou aquele aspecto. Na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sem DAC nenhuma vari&#225;vel alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia a ponto de influenciar a QV.</p>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo, as vari&#225;veis idade (p = 0,03), depress&#227;o (p = 0,05), e religi&#227;o cat&#243;lica (p = 0,05) apresentaram piora significante da QV. A disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til n&#227;o influenciou este aspecto (p = 0,09).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No nosso estudo a DE foi preditora de pior qualidade de vida nos pacientes com DAC angiogr&#225;fica, mas n&#227;o naqueles sem estenoses obstrutivas na angiografia coronariana ou na popula&#231;&#227;o total.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia da DE foi elevada e quando comparada a da popula&#231;&#227;o considerada saud&#225;vel, que segundo Dos Reis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> &#233; de 31,9%, foi numericamente superior, mas semelhante a de outro estudo que avaliou pacientes com DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Rhoden et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> com o question&#225;rio IIEF-5, estudando 965 homens para investiga&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de c&#226;ncer de pr&#243;stata, identificou uma preval&#234;ncia total de 53,9% de DE com distribui&#231;&#227;o mais homog&#234;nea entre as categorias de classifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Outros estudos, em popula&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis e utilizando instrumentos diferentes, encontraram preval&#234;ncias variando de 15,0 a 46,2%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> sendo a forma mais leve tamb&#233;m a mais prevalente.</p>
        <p>Nos Estados Unidos, o <italic>Massachusetts Male Aging Study</italic> (MMAS), o principal estudo sobre disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til j&#225; realizado, encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia de 10% de disfun&#231;&#227;o completa e de mais de 50% de disfun&#231;&#227;o de qualquer grau na popula&#231;&#227;o geral entre 40-70 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A alta preval&#234;ncia de DE encontrada em nosso estudo talvez se deva &#224; amostra recrutada, j&#225; que se tratavam de pacientes admitidos no setor de hemodin&#226;mica dos hospitais, para investiga&#231;&#227;o invasiva de DAC. &#201; sabido que pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana t&#234;m, potencialmente, maior chance de desenvolver ou de j&#225; ter DE e que, a depender do grau de comprometimento coronariano, esta probabilidade pode ser ainda maior. De forma oposta a literatura, em nosso estudo tivemos um predom&#237;nio das formas mais leves da disfun&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Enfatizamos que em pacientes com DAC a preval&#234;ncia &#233; maior que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, o que tamb&#233;m foi descrito por Kloner e Mullin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> que identificaram neste grupo 75% e 67% dos pacientes com dificuldade em ter ou manter uma ere&#231;&#227;o adequada, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Em outro estudo realizado em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), a taxa de DE foi de 49%. A forma leve ocorreu em 14%, leve a moderada em 21%, moderada em 14% e severa em 51%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Homens com SCA t&#234;m uma carga ateroscler&#243;tica teoricamente menor que os pacientes com DAC cr&#244;nica. Em contraste ao evento agudo, os pacientes com quadro cr&#244;nico geralmente mostram um severo e difuso envolvimento coronariano, com sintomas de angina a longo prazo. Por conseguinte, poder-se-ia esperar tamb&#233;m um comprometimento mais acentuado das art&#233;rias hipog&#225;stricas/pudendas, levando a um quadro mais severo de DE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A QV &#233; um bom indicador do estado funcional e do bem-estar de um indiv&#237;duo que &#233; submetido a tratamento m&#233;dico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e torna-se importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia deste tratamento e das condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos t&#234;m avaliado a qualidade de vida nos pacientes com DAC e encontrado, em geral, uma influ&#234;ncia negativa no seu estado geral de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No estudo realizado por Boini et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> o impacto do aparecimento da DAC foi comparado com controles sem DAC. Na m&#233;dia de 2 anos e meio ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico, os autores conclu&#237;ram que a maioria dos dom&#237;nios das esferas f&#237;sica e mental foi afetada, o que n&#227;o aconteceu no grupo controle.</p>
        <p>Resultado semelhante foi encontrado em estudo analisando o efeito da idade, sexo, ra&#231;a e etnia, na qualidade de vida de pacientes com DAC, com piores resultados nos indiv&#237;duos mais jovens, no sexo feminino, negros e hisp&#226;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Em outro estudo foram avaliados pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) p&#243;s-IAM, sendo identificado que aqueles de renda mais baixa, do sexo feminino e com maior n&#250;mero de sintomas, em geral tinham a QV moderadamente mais baixa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em pacientes submetidos a angiografia coronariana parece existir uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore de <italic>Gensin,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> o estado emocional do indiv&#237;duo e a qualidade de vida. Nos pacientes com DAC mais grave e extensa h&#225; mais ansiedade, depress&#227;o e piores dom&#237;nios f&#237;sicos que naqueles sem DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo revelou que a forma severa de DE foi a que teve os piores resultados de QV, mas como a maior parte da amostra exibia total desconhecimento da DE e nunca tinha se informado com o m&#233;dico assistente, provavelmente n&#227;o admitia sua doen&#231;a. Acreditamos que isso pode ter contribu&#237;do para a falta de uma identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da disfun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes com DAC foi constatado que, com exce&#231;&#227;o do dom&#237;nio Aspectos Sociais, todos os outros apresentaram diferen&#231;a significante. A disfun&#231;&#227;o severa foi a que apresentou os piores resultados em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros graus de DE e em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem DE. A disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada apresentou resultado significativo apenas nos componentes Capacidade Funcional, Aspectos f&#237;sicos e Vitalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o aos participantes sem DE. Estas formas mais severas de DE, portanto, interferiram tanto no componente f&#237;sico quanto mental de QV. As formas mais brandas n&#227;o mostraram a mesma associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A DE e seus graus mais severos tamb&#233;m podem ter influ&#234;ncia na qualidade de vida das pessoas. Estudo que avaliou 2476 homens sem comorbidades aparentes, relacionou os diferentes graus de DE (diagnosticado pelo IIEF) com os dom&#237;nios de QV (SF-36) e observou uma correla&#231;&#227;o descendente e significante entre estes valores, com predom&#237;nio para os componentes de dimens&#227;o f&#237;sica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mental, sendo os dom&#237;nios Vitalidade e Estado Geral de Sa&#250;de os que apresentaram os resultados mais expressivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Portanto a DE tem impacto negativo na qualidade de vida e as formas mais graves parecem estarem associadas com maior intensidade de impacto negativo. Nosso estudo demonstrou o impacto negativo da DE na qualidade de vida de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo foram: n&#227;o ter capacidade de determinar causa-efeito, n&#227;o avalia&#231;&#227;o das medica&#231;&#245;es em uso (embora beta bloqueadores mais modernos n&#227;o tem sido associados com DE), o local de recrutamento se deu em um ambiente estressante o que pode ter gerado estresse psicol&#243;gico e influenciado na resposta dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nesse estudo a presen&#231;a da DE foi associada a piora da QV em pacientes com DAC. Observou-se, ainda, que nos subgrupos de pacientes com e sem DAC angiogr&#225;fica a DE tamb&#233;m esteve associada a piora da QV e quanto mais grave a disfun&#231;&#227;o pior a QV.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DE foi alta e os perfis cl&#237;nico, social e econ&#244;mico revelaram que essa popula&#231;&#227;o de baixa renda e de baixa escolaridade &#233; de alto risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.onlineijcs.org">http://www.onlineijcs.org</ext-link>
					</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Andr&#233; Tabosa pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
