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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WBktZXKnsrrkbQ9KBmBYg5L</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000300207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170047</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Gallic Acid and Cyclosporine Mixture and their Effects on Cardiac Dysfunction Induced by Ischemia/Reperfusion and eNOS/iNOS Expression</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Badavi</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sadeghi</surname>
            <given-names>Najmeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dianat</surname>
            <given-names>Mahin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samarbafzadeh</surname>
            <given-names>Alireza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Physiology Research Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Physiology</institution>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ahvaz Jundishapur</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Arteriosclerosis Research Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Golestan Hospital</institution>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Arteriosclerosis Research Center, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Jahrom University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Physiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jahrom</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of virology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ahvaz</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Department of virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Iran</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Najmeh Sadeghi</bold>, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom - Iran. E-mail: <email>najmeh.sadeghi@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <corresp id="c2">
          <label>*</label>
          <italic>Corresponding author</italic>
        </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Dianat M. Acquisition of data: Sadeghi N. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Dianat M. Statistical analysis: Sadeghi N. Obtaining financing: Badavi M. Writing of the manuscript: Sadeghi N. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Badavi M. An&#225;lise das bandas gen&#233;ticas: Samarbafzadeh A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>207</fpage>
      <lpage>218</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Although many researches have been conducted on either a certain antioxidant or mPTP individually, little attention has been drawn to the effects of co-administration of an antioxidant and mPTP inhibitor together on cardiac dysfunction after I/R injury.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study aims at determining the effects of gallic acid (as Antioxidant) combined with cyclosporine A (CsA) (as mPTP inhibitor) on I/R induced cardiac and endothelial (role of NO) dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats were pretreated with gallic acid (7.5, 15, or 30 mg.kg-1 body weight, daily) for a period of 10 days. Then, the heart was isolated and exposed to 30-minute ischemia and perfused by CsA (0.2 &#181;M) 20 min during reperfusion period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The data have shown that infarct size was decreased significantly by CsA and gallic acid alone (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05, one way ANOVA followed by LSD test), however the combination of both drugs had more significant improving effects (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). The combination of these two drugs improved more significantly maximum rate of rise and fall of ventricular pressure (&#177;dp.dt-1 max), rate pressure product (RPP), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), heart rate and coronary flow rather than applying each one alone (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05, repeated measurement ANOVA followed by LSD test).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In conclusion, benefiting from an antioxidant concomitant with an mPTP inhibitor could have more improving effects on the cardiac dysfunction induced by I/R injury.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Antioxidants</kwd>
        <kwd>Gallic Acid</kwd>
        <kwd>Cyclosporine</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide Synthase</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The disrupted supply of oxygen accompanied by myocardial ischemia leads to mitochondrial decline in electron transport chain (ETC) flux whose result is the subsequent mitochondrial swelling and degeneration. Then, ATP is depleted, so necrotic and mitochondrial death pathway occurs with the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The concept of myocardial cell injury occurring after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) involves two major hypotheses: increases in intracellular calcium and/or the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The latter causing the sarcolemmal peroxidation of the cellular phospholipid layer, leads to the loss of cellular integrity and facilitating calcium entry. During reperfusion, calcium enters the mitochondria in response to a variety of stimuli and can modulate the opening of the mPTP shown with its accessory components.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>NO is an important vascular tone modulator. Functional damage in the endothelium due to peroxynitrite formation is the aftermath of combining ROS with NO. This toxic compound can result in the initiation of apoptotic cell death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Prior studies revealed that red wine extract and antioxidant treatment significantly improved post ischemic ventricular and contractil function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> To reduce lethal reperfusion injury, new cardioprotective strategies, including preconditioning with antioxidants and inhibitors of the Mptp,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> have been applied. One of the fundamental mechanism involving the opening of K<sub>+</sub>
				<sub>ATP</sub> channels in the mitochondria results in the blockade of ischemia-induced collapse of the mPTP, and thereby leads to the preservation of mitochondrial function and cellular ATP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Previous studies have demonstrated that gallic acid, a metabolite of propyl gallate, improves antioxidant status and protects the heart and lysosome membrane against isoproterenol-induced oxidative stress in rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Moreover, the perfusion of polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) during ischemia significantly reduced infarct size (50%) after reperfusion. It should be noted that the mitochondrial K<sup>+</sup><sub>ATP</sub> channels played a crucial role in cardioprotection induced by EGCG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Gallic acid treatment, showed in Ananya (2012), improved ulcer healing by increasing eNOS/iNOS ratio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In another study, Gallic acid induced eNOS expression and modulated the endothelium-dependent vasodilation and vasoconstriction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> eNOS with anti-inflammatory role could protect the cell against I/R injury by increasing the NO production.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, literature survey has shown that there are no scientific reports available on the antioxidant effects of gallic acid on hemodynamic parameters or NOS expression after I/R injury.</p>
      <p>In addition, it has been unraveled that the inhibition of mPTP by cyclosporine A preserved mitochondrial morphology after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, limited myocyte necrosis and apoptosis, and reduced infarct size (60%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In accordance with the aforementioned facts, oxidative-stress-induced opening mPTP casts a pivotal role in lethal perfusion injury which is a cornerstone in cardioprotection. Therfore, the main object of this study was to investigate the effect of combination of gallic acid as a powerful antioxidant and cyclosporine A as a mPTP inhibitor on cardiac hemodynamic dysfunction , infarct size and the NOS expression after ischemia/reperfusion in rats' isolated heart.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Material and Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical approval</title>
        <p>The protocols and procedures of the present study were approved by the animal care and use committee of the Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS.REC.1392.222).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>The experiments were conducted on ninety male Wistar rats weighing (250-300g) obtained from animal house of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran. The animals were randomly divided into the following 9 groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). In each group 10 rat were chosen using Cochran formula. Different doses of gallic acid were dissolved in saline and administered once a day for 10 days orally via a gavage needle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> All groups were maintained under the same conditions (temperature controlled room 22&#177;2&#186;C, with a 12 h dark- light cycle supplied with food and water ad libitum).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Animals groups that have used in this study (n= 10)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Groups<sup>1</sup></th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Gallic acid <break/>(mg/kg)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Cyclosporine <break/>(&#181;M)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sham<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="center">C1</td>
                <td align="center">C<sub>a</sub><break/>C<sub>b</sub></td>
                <td align="center">Saline<break/>Saline</td>
                <td align="center">0<break/>0.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">G1</td>
                <td align="center">G1<sub>a</sub><break/>G1<sub>b</sub></td>
                <td align="center">7.5<break/>7.5</td>
                <td align="center">0<break/>0.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">G2</td>
                <td align="center">G2<sub>a</sub><break/>G2<sub>b</sub></td>
                <td align="center">15<break/>15</td>
                <td align="center">0<break/>0.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">G3</td>
                <td align="center">G3<sub>a</sub><break/>G3<sub>b</sub></td>
                <td align="center">30<break/>30</td>
                <td align="center">0<break/>0.2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>C: control groups; G: groups that received gallic acid. This group wasn't exposed to ischemia / reperfusion.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>We chose the sample size using Cochran formula. With using it the number of rat in each group was____. But we predicted some missing because of ischemia. So we selected 10 rat in each group.</p>
        <p>Cochran formula was:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-formula id="e1">
            <mml:math id="e01">
              <mml:semantics>
                <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">n</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">Z</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mfrac>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">a</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mfrac>
                        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:msubsup>
                      <mml:msup>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">S</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:msup>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:msup>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">d</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                    </mml:msup>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mstyle>
              </mml:semantics>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Drugs</title>
        <p>Gallic acid , cyclosporine A (CsA), heparin, 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO); sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium sulphate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen orthophosphate, D-glucose and calcium chloride were obtained from Merck Laboratories, ketamine and xylazine from Alfasan Co (Woderen- Holland).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolation and preparation of the heart</title>
        <p>The animals were anesthetized by Ketamine HCL (50 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>), xylazine (2-5 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>) and to prevent blood clotting heparin (1000 U.kg<sup>-1</sup>, IP) was injected. The trachea was cannulated and the animals were ventilated with room air using a rodent ventilator (UGO BASILE, model: 7025).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The chest was opened and the ribs were removed, and then a steel cannula was placed into the aorta and secured with a suture. The heart was immediately perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution. Then, the heart was quickly excised and transferred to a Langendorff apparatus while it was continuously perfused with the solution at a constant (60-70 mmHg) pressure and temperature (37&#176;C). Before starting the experiments, the buffer was bubbled with 95% O2-5% CO2 to attain a pH of 7.4.</p>
        <p>A water-filled latex balloon was connected to a pressure transducer by a stainless steel needle was introduced through the left atrium into the left ventricle to measure left ventricular pressure (LVP). The heart was placed in a jacketed glass chamber at 37&#176;C temperature and provided with a 25-to 30-min period to reach equilibrium before any experiment. The balloon volume was adjusted in a way that a LV end diastolic pressure (EDP) reaches to 5-10 mmHg. A Power lab system (Power lab, AD instrument, Australia) was used to analyze the signal from the pressure transducer. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), ventricular EDP, maximum rate of rise (+dp.dt<sup>-1</sup> max) and maximum rate of fall (-dp.dt<sup>-1</sup> max) of LVP, and the rate-pressure product (RPP; product of LVDP and heart rate) and lead II of ECG were recorded. All hearts were perfused for 25-30 min before the induction of ischemia to allow the stabilization of LVP and Coronary Perfusion Pressure (CPP). Next, they were subjected to a 30-min no flow global ischemia, followed by 60 min of reperfusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The successful induction of ischemia was determined by ST elevation on the electrocardiogram. Heart rate and perfusion pressure were constantly monitored.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> CsA was dissolved in ethanol and added to perfusion solution. After 30 min of ischemia, the hearts were reperfused with 0.2 &#181;M of CsA for 10 min and then the reperfusion continued with ordinary Krebs-Henseleit solution buffer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The above mentioned cardiac parameters were measured at the end of ischemia and at every 15 minutes during reperfusion period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determination of infarct size</title>
        <p>At the end of the above mentioned experiments, the heart was sliced (2 mm thick) and incubated with 1% TTC for 20 minute at 37&#176;C temperature. Then, the slices were incubated in 10% formalin for 60 minutes. Next, the infarct area was measured by calculating the percentage of the total area of slice on both sides and via using image analysis software (NIHimagepro.1.16).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of eNOS mRNA expression</title>
        <p>Tissue samples were frozen for 1 month. On the experimental day, the total RNA was extracted from the frozen tissue samples using <italic>Trizole</italic> reagent (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). The concentration of the total RNA was determined by spectrophotometry (<italic>Bio Photometer Plus</italic>, Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). We read the RNA at 230 and 260nm. The samples which were in 1.9-2.1 mm were selected to continue the assessment. The others were excluded of the study.</p>
        <p>The cDNA, according to the manufacturer's instruction, was synthesized from 1 &#181;g of the total RNA with the <italic>Reverse Transcription</italic> kit (Fermentase, England).</p>
        <p>Reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to determine mRNA levels of the constitutive (endothelial) (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) isoforms in rats' ventricular tissue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>PCR amplification</title>
        <p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was amplified from the same amount of RNA to evaluate a variety of different samples in comparison to the control group. The PCR solution contained 10 &#181;l of first-strand cDNA, 5&#181;l 10X PCR buffer, 10mM MgCl2, 25 Pico mole of both sense (5_-ACC ACA GTC CAT GCC ATC AC-3_) and antisense (5_-TCC ACC ACC CTG TTG CTG TA-3_) GAPDH primers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> It yielded 400 bp of GAPDH, 25picomole of both sense (5_-CGA GAT ATC TTC AGT CCC AAG C-3_) and antisense (5_-GTG GAT TTG CTG CTC TCT AGG-3_) eNOS primer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> which yielded 200 bp of eNOS, and 25Pico mole of sense (5'CACCTTGGAGTTCACCCAGT3)`and antisense (5'ACCACTCGTACTTGGGATGC3) iNOS primer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> which yielded 220 bp of iNOS message, 5U/&#181;l Termophylus Acquaticus (Taq) DNA polymerase (Cinagen, Iran,), and water to a final volume of 50 &#181;l.</p>
        <p>The cycling program consisted of incubation at 95&#730;C for 3 min (eNOS and GAPDH) and at 94&#730;C for 45s for (iNOS) to active DNA Taq polymerase and 35 two-step cycles with denaturation at 60&#730;C for 60 s (eNOS and GAPDH) and 60&#730;C for 45s (iNOS) and annealing/ extension at 72&#730;C for 10 min for all of them. The template negative control (H2O) was routinely run in every PCR. PCR products were run on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and photographed after ethidium bromide staining under UVlight. Expression levels of all genes were normalized against GAPDH expression (internal calibrator for equal RNA template loading and normalization). Using a computerized densitometric system (Image J),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> bands on the gel were scanned and quantified.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The results were analyzed by using SPSS version 16 and expressed as Mean&#177;SEM. Comparisons between groups were performed using one-way ANOVA or repeated-measurement ANOVA followed by LSD multiple comparison test. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Normality was checked using Kolmogorov Smirnov test. We accessed the hemodynamic changes between control group and others during the 2 hours of test. This time included the pre ischemia period, ischemia and reperfusion. During this time we recorded the changes repeatedly. The main aim was to compare this changes between control and treated groups. So comparison within each group was not performed.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of Gallic Acid +CsA on myocardial function</title>
        <p>Myocardial contractility (shown as &#177;dp.dt<sup>-1</sup>) was decreased in almost all groups, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Although pretreatment with gallic acid (7.5-30 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>) alone had no significant effects, CsA improved the contractility significantly compared with control (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.01). Nevertheless, the combination of gallic acid (15 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>) and CsA had more significant improving effects on the contractility (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.001). Also the combined form improved contractility compared with only CsA (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) and no significant effect with gallic acid alone.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamic parameters during pre-ischemia and reperfusion (60 min of post ischemia) periods of ischemia-reperfusion protocol</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Group<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">1</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">+dp/dt</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">-dp/dt</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">LVDP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">LVSP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">RPP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">CF</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">HR</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Ctrl</td>
                <td align="left">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">2991.2&#177;384</td>
                <td align="center">1615.5&#177;237.5</td>
                <td align="center">90&#177;15.1</td>
                <td align="center">95.5&#177;15.2</td>
                <td align="center">27989.5&#177;5499.9</td>
                <td align="center">11.2&#177;1</td>
                <td align="center">273.7&#177;12.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post</td>
                <td align="center">605.6&#177;72.3</td>
                <td align="center">291.7&#177;37.4</td>
                <td align="center">22.9&#177;2.9</td>
                <td align="center">33.3&#177;5.3</td>
                <td align="center">4319.2&#177;394</td>
                <td align="center">4.1&#177;0.5</td>
                <td align="center">171.2&#177;15.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">G 7.5</td>
                <td align="left">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">2342.7&#177;278.9</td>
                <td align="center">1067.4&#177;152.4</td>
                <td align="center">68.4&#177;9.1</td>
                <td align="center">74&#177;9.1</td>
                <td align="center">18084.8&#177;3672.1</td>
                <td align="center">11.8&#177;1.1</td>
                <td align="center">236&#177;10.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post</td>
                <td align="center">1358.3&#177;546.9</td>
                <td align="center">504.2&#177;215.6</td>
                <td align="center">41.2&#177;14.3</td>
                <td align="center">59.5&#177;11.5</td>
                <td align="center">8970.4&#177;3516.9</td>
                <td align="center">6.2&#177;1.5</td>
                <td align="center">200.8&#177;21.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">G 15</td>
                <td align="left">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">2801.2&#177;312.6</td>
                <td align="center">1242.7&#177;131.5</td>
                <td align="center">67.3&#177;5.1</td>
                <td align="center">74.2&#177;5.2</td>
                <td align="center">19349.7&#177;1273.5</td>
                <td align="center">11.7&#177;0.8</td>
                <td align="center">281.3&#177;9.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post</td>
                <td align="center">820.5&#177;134</td>
                <td align="center">321.7&#177;59.6</td>
                <td align="center">25.2&#177;3.4</td>
                <td align="center">37.5&#177;4.2</td>
                <td align="center">3934.6&#177;903.7</td>
                <td align="center">5.4&#177;1</td>
                <td align="center">152.8&#177;18.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">G 30</td>
                <td align="left">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">2367.3&#177;210.8</td>
                <td align="center">1507.9&#177;568.7</td>
                <td align="center">64.4&#177;7.9</td>
                <td align="center">71.9&#177;7.8</td>
                <td align="center">18409.3&#177;2323.4</td>
                <td align="center">10.3&#177;1</td>
                <td align="center">257.7&#177;13.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post</td>
                <td align="center">840&#177;141.4</td>
                <td align="center">306.9&#177;56.3</td>
                <td align="center">39&#177;8.3</td>
                <td align="center">51.8&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">6271.9&#177;2153.9</td>
                <td align="center">5&#177;0.6</td>
                <td align="center">151.6&#177;24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">CsA</td>
                <td align="left">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">3036.4&#177;374.5</td>
                <td align="center">1470.2&#177;236.2</td>
                <td align="center">82.1&#177;10.2</td>
                <td align="center">88.1&#177;9.9</td>
                <td align="center">23409.6&#177;2442.3</td>
                <td align="center">10.4&#177;1.2</td>
                <td align="center">292&#177;14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post</td>
                <td align="center">1510&#177;319.9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">670&#177;142.1</td>
                <td align="center">36.3&#177;7.6</td>
                <td align="center">53.5&#177;7.1</td>
                <td align="center">8881&#177;1623.9</td>
                <td align="center">7.6&#177;0.9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0.006)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">210.9&#177;19.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">G 7.5+ CsA</td>
                <td align="left">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">2477.9&#177;192.7</td>
                <td align="center">1165.6&#177;168.6</td>
                <td align="center">66.6&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">72.1&#177;5.7</td>
                <td align="center">15614.3&#177;1681.6</td>
                <td align="center">10.4&#177;1.1</td>
                <td align="center">234&#177;16.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post</td>
                <td align="center">1016.6&#177;225.9</td>
                <td align="center">402.8&#177;128.8</td>
                <td align="center">63.8&#177;7<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0.003)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">73.8&#177;20.1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0.01)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">11486.5&#177;5450.9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0.02)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">5.3&#177;1.3</td>
                <td align="center">193.9&#177;19.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">G 15+ CsA</td>
                <td align="left">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">2764.9&#177;208</td>
                <td align="center"><sub>1614</sub>.4&#177;213.5</td>
                <td align="center">89.1&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">94&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">23173.8&#177;3674.2</td>
                <td align="center">10.7&#177;1.2</td>
                <td align="center">243.6&#177;9.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post</td>
                <td align="center">2142.1&#177;314.9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>, <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">#</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0.007)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">841.4&#177;109.5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">#</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0.03)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">54.1&#177;8.3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0.007)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">88.8&#177;10.3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0.002)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">10063&#177;1601.6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0.001)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7.7&#177;1.9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0.007)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">187&#177;17.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">G 30+ CsA</td>
                <td align="left">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">2554.4&#177;180</td>
                <td align="center">1164.4&#177;123.9</td>
                <td align="center">72.5&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">78.9&#177;7.2</td>
                <td align="center">20498&#177;2285.7</td>
                <td align="center">8.6&#177;1</td>
                <td align="center">283.2&#177;17.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post</td>
                <td align="center">911.3&#177;198.2</td>
                <td align="center">327.6&#177;77.4</td>
                <td align="center">22.6&#177;4.4</td>
                <td align="center">35.8&#177;6.1</td>
                <td align="center">4462&#177;1050.4</td>
                <td align="center">6.5&#177;1.5</td>
                <td align="center">186.8&#177;24</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>Ctrl: control group, G7.5: gallic acid (7.5 mg/kg), G15: gallic acid (15 mg/kg), G30: gallic acid (30 mg/kg), CsA: cyclosporine A, G7.5+CsA (gallic acid (7.5 mg/kg)+ CsA), G15+CsA (gallic acid (15 mg/kg)+ CsA), G30+CsA (gallic acid (30 mg/kg)+ CsA), +dp/dt: Maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure, - dp/dt: Minimum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure, LVDP: left ventricular developed pressure, RPP: rate of pressure product, CF: coronary flow HR: heart rate, pre: pre ischemia, post: post ischemia.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05: compared with control,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.01: compared with control,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>*** p &lt; 0.001: compared with control.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>compared with CsA alone.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Furthermore, different doses of gallic acid or CsA alone had no significant effects on LVDP, while the administration of gallic acid (7.5 and 15 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>) + CSA improved LVDP significantly (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The LVSP was increased by gallic acid (7.5 and 15 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>) pretreatment in combination with CsA (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.05); but the combined effect of 15 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> gallic acid + CsA was more significant than that of gallic acid (7.5 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>) pretreatment + CsA compared with control (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.01, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). This rising was not significant in comparison with CsA or gallic alone.</p>
        <p>The rate pressure product (RPP) was decreased in almost all groups, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Although pretreatment with gallic acid (7.5-30 mg.kg <sup>-1</sup>) alone had no significant effects on RPP, the combination of gallic acid (15 +CsA mg.kg <sup>-1</sup>) and CsA improved it significantly compared with control (<italic>P&lt;</italic>0.001). In this case, comparison of combinations treats with CsA or gallic alone was not significant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coronary flow</title>
        <p>Coronary flow decreased in all groups during the post-ischemic reperfusion compared to pre-ischemia. The administration of gallic acid (15mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>) + CsA and CsA improved the coronary flow significantly toward normal pre-ischemic value compared with control (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). However, other doses of gallic acid alone or in a combined form had no significant effects on the coronary flow compared with control or CsA alone. Also the gallic acid alone had not significant effect in comparison with its combined form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Heart rate</title>
        <p>At the beginning of the experiment, the rate of isolated heart in all groups was not different from one another (pre ischemia period). However, at the end of reperfusion, the heart rate of all groups was reduced significantly compared with control (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) but this reduction was not significant in comparison with CsA or gallic acid alone. Nevertheless, the administration of CsA alone increased the heart rate slightly during the first 60 minutes of reperfusion.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of Gallic Acid +CSA on myocardial infarct size</title>
        <p>Myocardial infarct size was expressed as the percentage ratio of the infarct area to the total area. This ratio was 26.74 &#177; 2.3 % for the control group subjected to 30 min of ischemia and 1h of reperfusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In spite of the fact that there was a significant reduction in the infarct size for those groups that received gallic acid 15,30mg.kg <sup>-1</sup> or CsA alone (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.05, one way ANOVA followed by LSD), this reduction for those groups receiving gallic acid (15 or 30 mg.kg <sup>-1</sup> doses) +CsA was much more significant compared to control (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.001, one way ANOVA followed by LSD). There was no significant decrease between combined form compared with CsA or gallic acid alone.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of Gallic acid and/or cyclosporine A (CsA) on myocardial infarct size (means &#177;SEM, n=10) of different groups of rats.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-03-0207-70047-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The animals received three different doses of gallic acid (7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg) for 10 days prior to isolation of the heart and induction of ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion (1 h) without or with CSA (0.2 &#181;M, 10 min before and during reperfusion). Control animals received normal saline as the solvent of gallic acid. Myocardial infarct size expressed as the ratio of the infarct area to the total risk area in percentage.* Indicates significant difference with control group (*<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.05, *** <italic>p&lt;</italic>0.001, n=10 per group one way ANOVA followed by LSD test).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of Gallic Acid and Cyclosporine on eNOS and iNOS mRNA expressions</title>
        <p>The analysis of PCR results revealed that ischemia /reperfusion decreased the levels of mRNA expression of eNOS in control group in comparison with Sham operated rats, but mRNA expression of iNOS increased in control group compared to sham. The mRNA levels of eNOS were significantly increased in gallic acid-treated (G7.5, G15 and G30 mg/kg) animals or those treated with CsA (0.2&#181;M) alone, compared to the control group (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2a</xref>). The highest levels of mRNA expression of eNOS were observed in the administration of concomitant gallic acid and CsA compared with control. (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2a</xref>). The mRNA expression elevation was not significant in comparison with CsA or gallic alone.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of gallic acid and cyclosporine on myocardial (a) eNOS and (b) iNOS.</title>
              <p>mRNA expression.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-03-0207-70047-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>iNOS mRNA expression was decreased significantly using gallic acid (G15 and G30 mg/kg) or CsA alone compared to that of control group, however the combination of both drugs induced more reduction with lower doses of gallic acid (G7.5+CsA , G15 + CsA) (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2b</xref>) and supplementary figure. The mentioned changes were not significant in comparison with CsA or gallic alone.</p>
        <p>Data was expressed as the mean &#177; SEM. The animals received three different doses of gallic acid (7.5, 15 and 30 mg.kg-1) for 10 days prior to the isolation of the heart and the induction of ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion (1 h) without or with CSA (0.2 &#181;M, 10 min before and during reperfusion). Analysis of quantitative PCR results revealed that the administration of gallic acid reduced mRNA expression of iNOS but it increased that of eNOS.</p>
        <p>For the description of experimental groups, see caption to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2a</xref>, and b. Asterisks indicate a significant difference. ***p&lt;0.001 as compared to the control group (n=6).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>As expected, the cardiac functions such as contractility, RPP, coronary flow and LVDP reduced during ischemia and reperfusion. The results of this study have shown that although the pretreatment of animals with gallic acid alone, as an antioxidant, reduced the infarct size, it had not significant effects on cardiac functions. Furthermore, the reperfusion of the heart with CsA improved cardiac functions partially, and reduced the size of infarction. Nevertheless, the combination of both drugs had more significant effects on the cardiac performance and the reduction of infarct size.</p>
      <p>The fourth object was measuring the infarct size. Other studies showed that this parameter increased after 3 hours of reperfusion compared with 1 hour<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> with TTC staining. So we evaluated it after 1 hour of reperfusion in according with our study main objects (investigation the changes during early of reperfusion not late).</p>
      <p>Under normal conditions, there is a balance between the formation of pro-oxidants and the amount of antioxidants. During I/R, the impairment of myocardial function is mainly attributed to the interruption of the aforementioned balance and the elevation of ROS production.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> It has been shown that the excessive ROS could lead to peroxynitrite formation from NO radicals in response to its combination with superoxide anion and damage the cells in vascular and cardiac tissues.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Furthermore, lipid peroxidation of cell membrane exacerbates the cell energy depletion due to the damage of mitochondrial enzymes. In addition, nucleic acids, cell membrane integrity, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and Na<sup>+</sup>-Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger function are damaged, so that intracellular and mitochondrial Ca2<sup>+</sup> overloads occur.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Following these events, the excess of Ca<sup>2+</sup> induces mitochondrial enzymes dysfunction, membrane depolarization and opens the mPTP in the heart myocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> During ischemia, because of disruption of electron transport chain (ETC), ATP production is impaired and the cell is depleted of high energy phosphates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Following these injuries, due to anaerobic metabolism and the accumulation of lactate and pyruvate, the intracellular acidosis is increased, and then the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation occurs which, in turn, leads to mitochondrial swelling. This vicious cycle leads to necrotic cell death and cardiac dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> After the opening of the mPTP, cytochrome C is released into the cytosol, interacts with apoptosis protease activating factor-1(APAF-1) and leads to the activation of the caspase-9 which activates caspase 3 that is a key executor for apoptotic signaling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>During the last few years, some cardio protection strategies have been applied to reduce the lethal injuries of I/R, including pre- and post-conditioning by antioxidants, by activators of the reperfusion injury salvage kinase pathway (RISK), by inhibition of protein kinase c-delta and ultimately by mPTP inhibitors such as CsA or sanglifehrin A.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In this study, our strategy was to protect the heart by using antioxidant and prevent from opening the mPTP. By means of this, we hypothesized that the cell can be insulated against the previously mentioned vicious cycle that leads to the opening of mPTP, and then to the disruption of ATP production.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Previous studies have shown that gallic acid could improve antioxidant status through the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and that it protects the heart and lysosome membrane against isoproterenol-induced oxidative stress in rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In addition, during I/R, the administration of Polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) significantly reduced infarct size by 50% and the mitochondrial K<sub>ATP</sub> channels played a crucial role in cardio protection induced by EGCG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Also, EGCG inhibits the transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> On the other hand, it was reported that mPTP inhibition by CsA maintained mitochondrial morphology after I/R injury in rabbits and that it limited myocyte necrosis and apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It has shown that reperfusion had some deleterious effects due to ROS production and PH disturbances during ischemia period. These phenomenon is time dependent and can led to cell death and myocardial injury which is called 'lethal reperfusion injury'.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In this study we had several aims. The first of our aims was to investigate the eNOS expression during early reperfusion time. Also other studies have suggested that eNOS expression increased time- dependently during the early of reperfusion (1 hour) and iNOS expression in late of it (3-24 h). This rising has some deleterious effects via NO production. The NO reacts with ROS which were produced during ischemia and formed a lot of ONOO- which was led to cell apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> NO has a bidirectional effects: moderate values of it has protective effects but a high level is harmful. Second goal was to find one of mechanisms on how antioxidants can improve the hemodynamic and endothelial dysfunction via NO production and its source during early reperfusion (protective eNOS pathway).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> So we selected one hour of reperfusion which is related to eNOS activity. Third: we measured the enzymatic activity for assessment of oxidative stress and cellular damage due to myocardial infarction in the immediately reperfusion period when typically it is at its greatest<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> and published its result which the most changes was during first 15 min of reperfusion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> so we measured these parameters every 15 min like other studies method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> because the I/R injury was worsened by the time and our object was to investigate the preventive role of antioxidant or mPTP inhibitor and combined effect of both during total time of experiment . We were going to check the severity of I/R injury after 60 min of reperfusion when the No production derived from eNOS was affected by pretreatment with different doses of antioxidant<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> only or in combination with a mPTP inhibitor (CsA). Because other studies have shown that inhibition of mitochondria permeability transition pore with this drug can prevents the eNOS expression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> We concluded that our antioxidant (gallic acid) modulated the I/R injury via NO production and this NO was derived from eNOS not iNOS. Investigation of hemodynamic changes during late reperfusion was not the main aim of our study.</p>
      <p>Although having observed that the flow increased insignificantly during reperfusion in the hearts of animals pretreated by gallic acid alone, we concluded that its combination with CsA had more significant effects. The above-mentioned improvement in cardiac function, observed in our study, could be attributed to antioxidant effects of gallic acid. It seemed that scavenging of ROS by gallic acid already reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> could protect the cells against oxidative and nitrosative stress. In addition, by inhibition of proxy nitrite production, it could maintain the endothelium function and vascular tone. Previous studies showed that gallic acid increased eNOS expression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> An increase in iNOS activity and a decrease in eNOS activity during ischemia were related to I/R injuries. Our results showed that post-ischemia iNOS expression in control group increased to 1.6 times as much as that of sham group. Treatment with gallic acid or CsA alone raised eNOS/iNOS original ratio by 2 times, but the combination of both drugs was more efficient. It is because eNOS expression was increased by 3 folds, using gallic acid with CsA, but iNOS expression reduced to one fourth. These results corresponded to those of other researchers that suggested the increasing of eNOS/iNOS ratio with a resveratrol analogue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Taken together, our results established that NO derived from eNOS probably modulated the blood flow and this effect is more efficient in the combination of gallic acid 15 mg/Kg with CsA]. In addition, eNOS expression increased by using all compounds could be attributed to enhanced bioavailability of NO during I/R injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Furthermore, our results revealed that contractility (&#177;dp.dt<sup>-1</sup>), RPP, LVDP and heart rate were improved in the groups perfused by CsA in combination with gallic acid pretreatment. This effect could be ascribed to the preservation of the mitochondria against ROS by increasing the antioxidant capacity with gallic acid and through the inhibition of mPTP opening by CsA. Thus, the ATP could be kept in the cell and the Ca<sup>2+</sup> overload was prevented due to the enhanced uptake of Ca<sup>2+</sup> into the SR by activating the RISK pathway. Therefore, the interaction of contractile elements with each other could be improved and become faster.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> However, using the highest dose of gallic acid (30 mg/kg) reversed these effects. According to another study, the process could be explained by a pro-oxidant effect of Gallic acid in high doses, because it has proved that ferric ion could chelate the hydroxyl group in Gallic acid molecule and reduce the oxidation potential, thereby it will lose its antioxidant activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Also, contractility was increased with CsA alone but it didn't recover with G<sup>7.5+</sup> CsA. This effect can be explained with I/R injury after 1 hour of reperfusion. Because 1-hour-reperfusion, contractility was decreased much more than that of 30-minute- reperfusion, so the injury became worse and the protective effect of CsA couldn't recover it to the level of 30-minute-reperfusion. On the other hand, by using higher dose of Gallic (G<sup>15+</sup> CsA), the antioxidant system gets stronger and prevents ROS production in mitochondria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In fact, it is possible that CsA couldn't inhibit more mPTP which was opened by ROS produced due to I/R injury over the time.</p>
      <p>Some of studies controled the heart rate with pacemaker. Also, this was a variable in our study. We were going to assess the changes of it during the experiment. So we didn't control it. Because of comparing this variable with control group, it couldn't make a bias in this study. (all groups were similar). The object was to investigate the hemodynamic parameters changes affected by I/R and pretreatment. So the heart rate was a variable that we wanted to evaluate it by it self without any intervention (using pace maker didn't satisfy this object). There are other studies using this method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Other studies showed that infarct size increased after reperfusion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> with TTC staining. So we evaluated it during the beggining of reperfusion.</p>
      <p>In this study, the infarct size was significantly reduced by gallic acid or CsA alone (almost 15%) but this reduction was more significant by the concomitant administration of these two drugs (almost 25%). This effect could be attributed to the activation of a protein kinases group which improved uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and prevented the swelling of the mitochondria and cell death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> mPTP inhibition brought about the activation of the anti apoptotic and RISK pathways represented a mechanism for programmed cell survival. We also observed that the administration of both drugs improved the myocardial contractility more than the administration of each drug alone.</p>
      <p>It has been already acknowledged that the CsA is not just an mPTP inhibitor. It also inhibits calcineurin which modulates mitochondrial death signaling. While other studies have reported that using FK506, a potent calcineurin inhibitor which is 100 times more potent than CsA, has not affected caspase activation. Therefore, the role of CsA in blocking the mitochondrial pores can be more important than its other roles. In addition, other studies have reported that using CsA at low doses has no toxic effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> We used the lowest dose of (0.2&#181;M) which was much lower than that of (20 mg.kg-1) used by other studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> but it may be insufficient to inhibit the largest numbers of mPTP. Therefore, the effect of higher doses of the mPTP inhibitor that has laid unexplored hitherto, is highly liable to whet the appetite of interested, specialized researchers to set out further investigation of greater scrutiny.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, using gallic acid as an antioxidant concomitant with the preservation of mitochondria by CsA as an mPTP inhibitor in G15+CsA in comparison with control, could have more improving effects on cardiac dysfunction, iNOS and endothelial NOS expression induced by I/R injury.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Study limitations</title>
      <p>We had some limitations in our study, for example, our funding and facilities were very limited. So we couldn't do more experiments. For example, we couldn't did qPCR because of funding and instruments limitation. So we forced to do the experiments using the facilities which were available. In addition, we limited to measure the protein expression. Also, we had limitation for assessment the mitochondrial function or morphology.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Ethical Approval</title>
      <p>The protocols and procedures of the present study were approved by the animal care and use committee of the Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS.REC.1392.222).</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by the Research Affairs of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of PhD submitted by Najmeh Sadeghi, from Research Affairs of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>This research was supported by the Research Affairs of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (grant No. PRC 95) and was a part of the PhD thesis of Najmeh Sadeghi in physiology.</p>
      <p>I express my thanks to Mrs. Khaghani, Maryam Rafiei and Kosar Bavarsad for their great help to me during my research.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mistura de &#193;cido G&#225;lico e Ciclosporina e seus Efeitos sobre a Disfun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Induzida pela Isquemia / Reperfus&#227;o e Express&#227;o de eNOS/iNOS</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Badavi</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sadeghi</surname>
            <given-names>Najmeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c4">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dianat</surname>
            <given-names>Mahin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samarbafzadeh</surname>
            <given-names>Alireza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Arteriosclerosis Research Center, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Department of virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c3"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Najmeh Sadeghi</bold>, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom - Ir&#227;. E-mail: <email>najmeh.sadeghi@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <corresp id="c4">
          <label>*</label>
          <italic>Autor correspondente</italic>
        </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Dianat M. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sadeghi N. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Dianat M. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Sadeghi N. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Badavi M. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sadeghi N. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Badavi M. Interpretation the gene bands: Samarbafzadeh A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Embora muitas pesquisas tenham sido conduzidas com um determinado antioxidante ou mPTP individualmente, pouca aten&#231;&#227;o tem sido dada para os efeitos da co-administra&#231;&#227;o de um antioxidante e um inibidor de mPTP sobre a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s a les&#227;o de I/R.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo objetiva determinar os efeitos do &#225;cido g&#225;lico (como antioxidante) combinado com a ciclosporina A (CsA) (como inibidor de mPTP) na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e endotelial na disfun&#231;&#227;o induzida por I/R (fun&#231;&#227;o de NO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos foram pr&#233;-tratados com &#225;cido g&#225;lico (7,5, 15 ou 30 mg.kg-1 de peso corporal, diariamente) por um per&#237;odo de 10 dias. Em seguida, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi isolado e exposto a isquemia de 30 minutos e perfundido por CsA (0,2 &#181;M) 20 min durante o per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os dados mostraram que o tamanho do infarto foi significativamente diminu&#237;do por CsA e &#225;cido g&#225;lico sozinho (p &lt; 0,05, ANOVA unidirecional seguido de teste LSD). A combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos os f&#225;rmacos, entretanto, apresentou efeitos de melhora mais significativos (p &lt; 0,001). A combina&#231;&#227;o destes dois f&#225;rmacos melhorou mais significativamente a taxa m&#225;xima de aumento e de queda da press&#227;o ventricular (&#177; dp.dt-1 m&#225;x), o duplo produto (DP), a press&#227;o ventricular esquerda desenvolvida (PVED), a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e o fluxo coron&#225;rio quando comparada &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o de apenas um deles (p &lt; 0,05, medidas repetidas ANOVA seguidas de teste de LSD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o benef&#237;cio de um antioxidante concomitante com um inibidor da mPTP poderia ter efeitos mais ben&#233;ficos sobre a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida pela les&#227;o I/R.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Antioxidantes</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;cido G&#225;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ciclosporina</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico Sintase</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O fornecimento interrompido de oxig&#234;nio acompanhado por isquemia mioc&#225;rdica leva ao decl&#237;nio mitocondrial no fluxo da cadeia transportadora de el&#233;trons (CTE) cujo o resultado &#233; o subsequente incha&#231;o e degenera&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial. Nesse caso o ATP est&#225; esgotado, de modo que abre-se o caminho para a necrose e morte mitocondrial com o in&#237;cio da permeabilidade mitocondial com a abertura dos poros de transi&#231;&#227;o de permeabilidade mitocondrial (mPTP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O conceito de les&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas que ocorrem ap&#243;s uma isquemia / reperfus&#227;o (I/R) envolve duas hip&#243;teses principais: aumento do c&#225;lcio intracelular e / ou ac&#250;mulo de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ERO). Este &#250;ltimo causando a peroxida&#231;&#227;o sarcolemal da camada de fosfolip&#237;dio celular, que leva &#224; perda da integridade celular e facilita a entrada de c&#225;lcio. Durante uma reperfus&#227;o, o c&#225;lcio entra na mitoc&#244;ndria como rea&#231;&#227;o a uma variedade de est&#237;mulos e pode modular a abertura do mPTP com os seus componentes acess&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O NO &#233; um importante modulador do tonus vascular. Danos funcionais no endot&#233;lio devido &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de peroxinitrito s&#227;o o resultado da combina&#231;&#227;o de ERO com NO. Este composto t&#243;xico pode resultar no in&#237;cio da morte celular apopt&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Estudos anteriores revelaram que o extrato de vinho tinto e tratamento antioxidante melhoraram significativamente a fun&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mica ventricular e contr&#225;til.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Para reduzir a les&#227;o letal de reperfus&#227;o, novas estrat&#233;gias cardioprotetoras, incluindo o pr&#233;-condicionamento com antioxidantes e inibidores da mPTP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> t&#234;m sido aplicados. Um dos mecanismos fundamentais envolvendo a abertura dos canais de K<sup>+</sup> sens&#237;veis ao ATP (K<sup>+</sup><sub>ATP)</sub> nas mitoc&#244;ndrias resulta no bloqueio do colapso induzido pela isquemia da mPTP e, assim, leva &#224; preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial e ATP celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram que o &#225;cido g&#225;lico, um metab&#243;lito do propil galato, melhora o status antioxidante e protege o cora&#231;&#227;o e a membrana dos lisossomos contra o estresse oxidativo induzido pelo isoproterenol em ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a perfus&#227;o de polifenol (-) - epigalocatequina galato (EGCG) durante a isquemia reduziu significativamente o tamanho do infarto (50%) ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o. Deve-se notar que os canais mitocondriais de K<sup>+</sup><sub>ATP</sub> desempenharam um papel crucial na cardioprote&#231;&#227;o induzida pelo EGCG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O tratamento com &#225;cido g&#225;lico, mostrado em Ananya (2012), melhorou a cicatriza&#231;&#227;o da &#250;lcera aumentando a raz&#227;o e-NOS / i-NOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Em outro estudo, o &#225;cido g&#225;lico induziu a express&#227;o de eNOS e modulou a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o dependentes do endot&#233;lio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A eNOS com papel anti-inflamat&#243;rio poderia proteger a c&#233;lula contra les&#245;es I/R atrav&#233;s do aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, levantamento da literatura mostrou que n&#227;o h&#225; relatos cient&#237;ficos dispon&#237;veis sobre os efeitos antioxidantes do &#225;cido g&#225;lico sobre os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos ou express&#227;o NOS ap&#243;s a les&#227;o I/R.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, descobriu-se que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da mPTP pela ciclosporina A preservou a morfologia mitocondrial ap&#243;s isquemia/reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, limitou a necrose e a apoptose miocit&#225;rias e reduziu o tamanho do infarto (60%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De acordo com os factos descritos, a abertura da mPTP induzida pelo stress oxidativo desempenha um papel crucial na les&#227;o letal de perfus&#227;o que &#233; uma pedra angular na cardioprotec&#231;&#227;o. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi, portanto, investigar o efeito da combina&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido g&#225;lico como um poderoso antioxidante e da ciclosporina A como inibidor de mPTP na disfun&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica card&#237;aca, no tamanho do infarto e na express&#227;o de NOS ap&#243;s isquemia/reperfus&#227;o no cora&#231;&#227;o isolado de ratos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material e M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica</p>
        <p>Os protocolos e procedimentos do presente estudo foram aprovados pelo comit&#234; de utiliza&#231;&#227;o e cuidado de animais da Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS.REC.1392.222).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Os experimentos foram conduzidos em noventa ratos machos Wistar pesando (250-300 g) obtidos de casa de animais da Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas Ahvaz Jundishapur, Ahwaz, Ir&#227;. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente nos seguintes 9 grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Em cada grupo foram escolhidos 10 ratos utilizando a f&#243;rmula de Cochran. Diferentes doses de &#225;cido g&#225;lico foram dissolvidas em soro fisiol&#243;gico e administradas uma vez por dia durante 10 dias por via oral atrav&#233;s de uma agulha de gavagem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Todos os grupos foram mantidos sob as mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es (temperatura controlada 22 &#177; 2&#186;C, com um ciclo de luz escura de 12 h fornecido com alimento e &#225;gua ad libitum).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Grupos de animais que foram utilizados neste estudo (n = 10)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Grupos<sup>1</sup></th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">&#193;cido g&#225;lico<break/> (mg/kg)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Ciclosporina<break/> (&#181;M)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Placebo<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="center">C1</td>
                  <td align="center">C<sub>a</sub><break/>C<sub>b</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">Salina<break/>Salina</td>
                  <td align="center">0<break/>0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">G1</td>
                  <td align="center">G1<sub>a</sub><break/>G1<sub>b</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">7,5<break/>7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0<break/>0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">G2</td>
                  <td align="center">G2<sub>a</sub><break/>G2<sub>b</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">15<break/>15</td>
                  <td align="center">0<break/>0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">G3</td>
                  <td align="center">G3<sub>a</sub><break/>G3<sub>b</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">30<break/>30</td>
                  <td align="center">0<break/>0,2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>C: grupos de controle; G: grupos que receberam &#225;cido g&#225;lico. Esse grupo n&#227;o foi exposto a isquemia/reperfus&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Escolhemos o tamanho da amostra usando a f&#243;rmula de Cochran. Com o uso do n&#250;mero de ratos em cada grupo foi____. Mas n&#243;s previmos alguns desaparecidos por causa da isquemia. Ent&#227;o, selecionamos 10 ratos em cada grupo.</p>
          <p>A f&#243;rmula de Cochran foi:</p>
          <p>
            <disp-formula id="e2">
              <mml:math id="e02">
                <mml:semantics>
                  <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">n</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:msubsup>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">Z</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mfrac>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">a</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                          </mml:mfrac>
                          <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        </mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:msup>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">S</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        </mml:msup>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:msup>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">d</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:msup>
                    </mml:mfrac>
                  </mml:mstyle>
                </mml:semantics>
              </mml:math>
            </disp-formula>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Drogas</title>
          <p>&#193;cido g&#225;lico, ciclosporina A (CsA), heparina, cloreto de 2,3,5-trifenil tetraz&#243;lio (TTC), foram adquiridos da Sigma (St. Louis, MO); cloreto de s&#243;dio, cloreto de pot&#225;ssio, sulfato de magn&#233;sio, hidrogenocarbonato de s&#243;dio, hidrogeno-ortofosfato de pot&#225;ssio, D-glicose e cloreto de c&#225;lcio foram obtidos de Merck Laboratories, cetamina e xilazina de Alfasan Co (Woderen-Holland).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolamento e prepara&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os animais foram anestesiados com Ketamina HCL (50 mg.kg-1), xilazina (2-5 mg.kg-1) e para prevenir a coagula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea foi injetada heparina (1000 U.kg-1, IP). A traqu&#233;ia foi canulada e os animais foram ventilados com ar ambiente utilizando um ventilador de roedores (UGO BASILE, modelo: 7025).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O peito foi aberto e as costelas foram removidas e, em seguida, uma c&#226;nula de a&#231;o foi colocado na aorta e firmada com uma sutura. O cora&#231;&#227;o foi imediatamente perfundido com solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit. Em seguida, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi rapidamente excisado e transferido para um aparelho de Langendorff enquanto era continuamente perfundido com a solu&#231;&#227;o a uma press&#227;o (60-70 mmHg) e temperatura (37&#186; constantes (60-70 mmHg) (37&#176;C). Antes de iniciar as experi&#234;ncias, o tamp&#227;o foi borbulhado com O2-5% de CO2 a 95% para se obter um pH de 7,4.</p>
          <p>Um bal&#227;o de l&#225;tex cheio de &#225;gua que foi ligado a um transdutor de press&#227;o por uma agulha de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel que foi introduzida atrav&#233;s do &#225;trio esquerdo no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para medir a press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (PVE). O cora&#231;&#227;o foi colocado numa c&#226;mara de vidro revestida a 37&#176;C de temperatura e abastecido com um per&#237;odo de 25 a 30 min para atingir o equil&#237;brio antes de qualquer experimento. O volume do bal&#227;o foi ajustado de forma que a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE (PDF) atingisse 5-10 mmHg.</p>
          <p>Utilizou-se um sistema de alimenta&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a (Power lab, AD instrument, Australia) para analisar o sinal do transdutor de press&#227;o. A press&#227;o ventricular esquerda desenvolvida (PVED), press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda (PDVE), PDF ventricular, taxa m&#225;xima de aumento (+ dp.dt-1 max) e taxa m&#225;xima de queda (-dp.dt-1 max) de PVE e o produto de taxa de press&#227;o (RPP, produto de PDVE e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) e o &#226;ngulo II do ECG foram registados. Todos os cora&#231;&#245;es foram perfundidos durante 25-30 min antes da indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia para permitir a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da PVE e da Press&#227;o de Perfus&#227;o Coron&#225;ria (PPC). Em seguida, eles foram submetidos a uma isquemia global sem fluxo de 30 min, seguida de 60 min de reperfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A indu&#231;&#227;o bem sucedida da isquemia foi determinada pela eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST no eletrocardiograma. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o foram constantemente monitoradas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A CsA foi dissolvida em etanol e adicionada a uma solu&#231;&#227;o de perfus&#227;o. Ap&#243;s 30 min de isquemia, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram reperfundidos com 0,2 &#181;M de CsA durante 10 min e depois a reperfus&#227;o continuou com tamp&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o Krebs-Henseleit comum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os par&#226;metros card&#237;acos acima mencionados foram medidos no final da isquemia e a cada 15 minutos durante o per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto</title>
          <p>No final das experi&#234;ncias acima mencionadas, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi cortado em fatias (2 mm de espessura) e incubado com TTC a 1% durante 20 minutos a 37&#176;C de temperatura. Em seguida, as fatias foram incubadas em formalina a 10% durante 60 minutos. E depois, a &#225;rea do infarto foi medida pelo c&#225;lculo da porcentagem da &#225;rea total de fatia em ambos os lados atrav&#233;s da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do software de an&#225;lise de imagem (NIHimagepro.1.16).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de eNOS e mRNA</title>
          <p>As amostras de tecido foram congeladas durante 1 m&#234;s. No dia da experimenta&#231;&#227;o, o RNA total foi extra&#237;do das amostras de tecido congelado utilizando reagente <italic>Trizole</italic> (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). A concentra&#231;&#227;o do RNA total foi determinada por espectrofotometria (<italic>Bio Photometer Plus</italic>, Eppendorf, Hamburgo, Alemanha). Lemos o RNA a 230 e 260 nm. As amostras que estavam em 1,9-2,1 mm foram selecionadas para continuar a avalia&#231;&#227;o. As outras foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
          <p>O cDNA, de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante, foi sintetizado a partir de 1 &#181;g do RNA total com o kit <italic>Reverse Transcription</italic> (Fermentase, Inglaterra).</p>
          <p>Foi realizada a transi&#231;&#227;o reversa e rea&#231;&#227;o na cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR) para determinar os n&#237;veis de RNAm (endotelial) (eNOS) das isoformas constituintes e indut&#237;veis da sintase do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (iNOS) no tecido ventricular dos ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Amplifica&#231;&#227;o de PCR</title>
          <p>A solu&#231;&#227;o de PCR continha 10 &#181;l de cADN monocaten&#225;rio, 5 &#181;l de buffer de PCR 10X, 10 mM MgCl2, 25 Pico mol de ambos sentidos (5_-ACC ACA GTC CAT GCC ATC AC-3_) e antisentido (5_-TCC ACC ACC CTG TTG CTG TA - 3_) primer GAPDH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Proporcionou 400 pb de GAPDH, 25 pico mol de ambos sentidos (5_-CGA GAT ATC TTC AGT CCC AAG C-3_) e antisentido (5_-GTG GAT TTG CTG CTC TCT AGG-3_) eNOS primer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> que produziu 200 pb de eNOS, e 25 Pico mol de sentido (5`CACCTTGGAGTTCACCCAGT3) e antisentido (5 'ACCACTCGTACTTGGGATGC3) iNOS primer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> que produziu 220 pb de iNOS mensagem, 5U/&#181;l Termophylus Acquaticus (Taq) ADN polimerase (Cinagen, Ir&#225;n, ) e &#225;gua at&#233; um volume final de 50 &#181;l.</p>
          <p>O programa de ciclagem consistiu de incuba&#231;&#227;o a 95&#176;C durante 3 min (eNOS e GAPDH) e a 94&#176;C durante 45s para (iNOS) para ativar a Taq DNA polimerase e 35 ciclos de dois passos com desnatura&#231;&#227;o a 60&#176;C durante 60s (eNOS e GAPDH) e 60&#176;C para 45s (iNOS) e recozimento/extens&#227;o a 72&#176;C por 10 min para todos eles. O modelo de controle negativo (H2O) foi rotineiramente executado em cada PCR. Os produtos de PCR foram executados em electroforese em gel de agarose a 2% e fotografados ap&#243;s colora&#231;&#227;o com brometo de et&#237;dio sob UVlight. Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de todos os genes foram normalizados contra a express&#227;o de GAPDH (calibrador interno para carga e normaliza&#231;&#227;o de molde de RNA iguais). Utilizando um sistema densitom&#233;trico computadorizado (Imagem J),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> as bandas no gel foram digitalizadas e quantificadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados foram analisados utilizando SPSS vers&#227;o 16 e expressos como M&#233;dia &#177; SEM. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas utilizando ANOVA de uma via ou ANOVA de medi&#231;&#227;o repetida seguida por teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de LSD. Valores de P inferiores a 0,05 foram considerados significativos. A normalidade foi verificada utilizando o teste de Kolmogorov Smirnov. Foram analisadas as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas entre o grupo de controle e outros durante as 2 horas de teste. Este per&#237;odo incluiu o per&#237;odo pr&#233; isquemia, isquemia e reperfus&#227;o. Durante este tempo registramos as altera&#231;&#245;es repetidamente. O objetivo principal foi comparar essas altera&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos controle e tratados. Assim, a compara&#231;&#227;o dentro de cada grupo n&#227;o foi realizada.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos do &#225;cido g&#225;lico + CsA sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>A contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica (mostrada como &#177; dp.dt<sup>-1</sup>) foi diminu&#237;da em quase todos os grupos, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>. Embora o pr&#233;-tratamento com &#225;cido g&#225;lico (7,5-30 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>) sozinho n&#227;o tenha tido efeitos significativos, a CsA melhorou a contractilidade significativamente comparado com o controle (p &lt; 0,01). No entanto, a combina&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido g&#225;lico (15 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>) e CsA apresentou efeitos de melhora mais significativos na contratilidade (p &lt; 0,001). Tamb&#233;m a forma combinada melhorou a contractilidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com a CsA apenas (p &lt; 0,05) e n&#227;o teve efeito significativo com &#225;cido g&#225;lico sozinho.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metro hemodin&#226;micos durante os per&#237;odos de pr&#233;-isquemia e reperfus&#227;o (60 min ap&#243;s isquemia) do protocolo de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Grupo<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">1</xref></sup></th>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">+dp/dt</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">-dp/dt</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PDVE</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PSVE</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DP</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">FC</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">FrC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Controle</td>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">2 991,2&#177;384</td>
                  <td align="center">1 615,5&#177;237,5</td>
                  <td align="center">90&#177;15,1</td>
                  <td align="center">95.5&#177;15.2</td>
                  <td align="center">27 989,5&#177;5 499,9</td>
                  <td align="center">11,2&#177;1</td>
                  <td align="center">273,7&#177;12,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">605,6&#177;72,3</td>
                  <td align="center">291,7&#177;37,4</td>
                  <td align="center">22,9&#177;2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">33.3&#177;5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">4 319,2&#177;394</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1&#177;0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">171,2&#177;15,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">G 7,5</td>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">2 342,7&#177;278,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1 067,4&#177;152,4</td>
                  <td align="center">68,4&#177;9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">74&#177;9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">18 084,8&#177;3 672,1</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8&#177;1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">236&#177;10,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">1 358,3&#177;546,9</td>
                  <td align="center">504,2&#177;215,6</td>
                  <td align="center">41,2&#177;14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">59,5&#177;11,5</td>
                  <td align="center">8 970,4&#177;3 516,9</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2&#177;1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">200,8&#177;21,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">G 15</td>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">2 801,2&#177;312,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1 242,7&#177;131,5</td>
                  <td align="center">67,3&#177;5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">74,2&#177;5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">19 349,7&#177;1 273,5</td>
                  <td align="center">11,7&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">281,3&#177;9,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">820,5&#177;134</td>
                  <td align="center">321,7&#177;59,6</td>
                  <td align="center">25,2&#177;3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">37,5&#177;4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">3 934,6&#177;903,7</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4&#177;1</td>
                  <td align="center">152,8&#177;18,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">G 30</td>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">2 367,3&#177;210,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1 507,9&#177;568,7</td>
                  <td align="center">64,4&#177;7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">71,9&#177;7,8</td>
                  <td align="center">18 409,3&#177;2 323,4</td>
                  <td align="center">10,3&#177;1</td>
                  <td align="center">257,7&#177;13,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">840&#177;141,4</td>
                  <td align="center">306,9&#177;56,3</td>
                  <td align="center">39&#177;8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">51,8&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">6 271,9&#177;2 153,9</td>
                  <td align="center">5&#177;0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">151,6&#177;24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">CsA</td>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">3 036,4&#177;374,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1 470,2&#177;236,2</td>
                  <td align="center">82,1&#177;10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">88,1&#177;9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">23 409,6&#177;2 442,3</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4&#177;1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">292&#177;14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">1 510&#177;319,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">670&#177;142,1</td>
                  <td align="center">36,3&#177;7,6</td>
                  <td align="center">53,5&#177;7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">8 881&#177;1 623,9</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6&#177;0.9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0,006)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">210,9&#177;19,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">G 7,5+ CsA</td>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">2 477,9&#177;192,7</td>
                  <td align="center">1 165,6&#177;168,6</td>
                  <td align="center">66,6&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">72,1&#177;5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">15 614,3&#177;1 681,6</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4&#177;1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">234&#177;16,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">1 016,6&#177;225,9</td>
                  <td align="center">402,8&#177;128,8</td>
                  <td align="center">63,8&#177;7<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0,003)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">73,8&#177;20,1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0,01)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">11 486,5&#177;5 450,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0,02)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5,3&#177;1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">193,9&#177;19,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">G 15+ CsA</td>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">2 764,9&#177;208</td>
                  <td align="center">1 614,4&#177;213,5</td>
                  <td align="center">89,1&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">94&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">23 173,8&#177;3 674,2</td>
                  <td align="center">10,7&#177;1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">243,6&#177;9,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">2 142,1&#177;314,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>, <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">#</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0,007)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">841,4&#177;109,5<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">#</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0,03)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">54,1&#177;8,3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0,007)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">88,8&#177;10,3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0,002)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">10 063&#177;1 601,6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0,001)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7,7&#177;1,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></sup><break/><sup>(p=0,007)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">187&#177;17,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">G 30+ CsA</td>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">2 554,4&#177;180</td>
                  <td align="center">1 164,4&#177;123,9</td>
                  <td align="center">72,5&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">78,9&#177;7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">20 498&#177;2 285,7</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6&#177;1</td>
                  <td align="center">283,2&#177;17,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">911,3&#177;198,2</td>
                  <td align="center">327,6&#177;77,4</td>
                  <td align="center">22,6&#177;4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">35,8&#177;6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">4 462&#177;1 050,4</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5&#177;1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">186,8&#177;24</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>1</label>
                <p>Controle: grupo de controle, G7,5: &#225;cido g&#225;lico (7,5 mg / kg), G15: &#225;cido g&#225;lico (15 mg / kg), G30: &#225;cido g&#225;lico (30 mg / kg) CsA: ciclosporina A, G7,5 + CsA (&#225;cido g&#225;lico (7,5 mg / kg) + CsA), G15 + CsA (&#225;cido g&#225;lico (15 mg / kg) + CsA), G30 + CsA (&#225;cido g&#225;lico (30 mg / kg) + dp / dt: Taxa m&#225;xima de aumento da press&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, - dp / dt: taxa m&#237;nima de aumento da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda, PDVE: press&#227;o desenvolvida ventricular esquerda; PD: produto duplo; FC: fluxo coronariano; FrC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Pre: pr&#233; isquemia; post: p&#243;s-isquemia.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05: em compara&#231;&#227;o com controle,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,01: em compara&#231;&#227;o com controle,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>*** p &lt; 0,001: em compara&#231;&#227;o com controle.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>Comparado com CsA sozinho.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, doses diferentes de &#225;cido g&#225;lico ou CsA isoladamente n&#227;o tiveram efeitos significativos no PDVE, enquanto a administra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido g&#225;lico (7,5 e 15 mg.kg-1) + CsA melhorou PDVE significativamente (p &lt; 0,05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). O PSVE foi aumentado pelo pr&#233;-tratamento de &#225;cido g&#225;lico (7,5 e 15 mg.kg-1) em combina&#231;&#227;o com CsA (p &lt; 0,05); Mas o efeito combinado de 15 mg.kg-1 de &#225;cido g&#225;lico + CsA foi mais significativo do que o de pr&#233;-tratamento com &#225;cido g&#225;lico (7,5 mg.kg-1) + CsA em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle (p &lt; 0,01, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). Este aumento n&#227;o foi significativo em compara&#231;&#227;o com CsA ou g&#225;lico sozinho.</p>
          <p>O produto de press&#227;o de taxa (RPP) foi diminu&#237;do em quase todos os grupos, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>. Embora o pr&#233;-tratamento com &#225;cido g&#225;lico (7,5-30 mg.kg -1) sozinho n&#227;o tenha tido efeitos significativos no PD, a combina&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido g&#225;lico (15 + CsA mg.kg -1) e CsA melhorou significativamente em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle (p &lt; 0,001 ). Neste caso, a compara&#231;&#227;o de combina&#231;&#245;es tratamento com CsA ou g&#225;lico sozinha n&#227;o foi significativa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fluxo coron&#225;rio</title>
          <p>O fluxo coronariano diminuiu em todos os grupos durante a reperfus&#227;o p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mica em compara&#231;&#227;o com a pr&#233;-isquemia. A administra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido g&#225;lico (15mg.kg-1) + CsA e CsA melhorou o fluxo coronariano significativamente para o valor pr&#233;-isqu&#234;mico normal comparado com o controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Contudo, outras doses de &#225;cido g&#225;lico sozinhas ou numa forma combinada n&#227;o tiveram efeitos significativos no fluxo coron&#225;rio em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle ou a CsA sozinha. Tamb&#233;m o &#225;cido g&#225;lico sozinho n&#227;o teve efeito significativo em compara&#231;&#227;o com a sua forma combinada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>No in&#237;cio do experimento, a frequ&#234;ncia do cora&#231;&#227;o isolado em todos os grupos n&#227;o foi diferente entre si (per&#237;odo pr&#233; isquemia). No entanto, no final da reperfus&#227;o, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de todos os grupos foi significativamente reduzida em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle (p &lt; 0,05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>), mas esta redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com CsA ou &#225;cido g&#225;lico isolado. No entanto, a administra&#231;&#227;o de CsA sozinha aumentou ligeiramente a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante os primeiros 60 minutos de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos do &#225;cido g&#225;lico + CsA no tamanho do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>O tamanho do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foi expresso como a raz&#227;o percentual da &#225;rea do infarto para a &#225;rea total. Esta raz&#227;o foi de 26,74 &#177; 2,35% para o grupo controle submetido a 30 min de isquemia e 1h de reperfus&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Apesar do fato de que houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no tamanho do infarto para aqueles grupos que receberam &#225;cido g&#225;lico 15,30mg.kg -1 ou CsA sozinho (p &lt; 0,05, ANOVA unidirecional seguido de LSD), essa redu&#231;&#227;o para esses grupos recebendo &#225;cido g&#225;lico (15 ou 30 mg.kg -1 doses) + CsA foi muito mais significativo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle (p &lt; 0,001, uma via ANOVA seguida de LSD). N&#227;o houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a forma combinada em compara&#231;&#227;o com CsA ou &#225;cido g&#225;lico sozinho.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos do &#225;cido g&#225;lico e/ou ciclosporina A (CsA) no tamanho do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (m&#233;dia &#177; SEM, n = 10) de diferentes grupos de ratos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-03-0207-70047-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Os animais receberam tr&#234;s doses diferentes de &#225;cido g&#225;lico (7,5, 15 e 30 mg / kg) durante 10 dias antes do isolamento do cora&#231;&#227;o e indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia (30 min) e reperfus&#227;o (1 h) sem ou com CsA (0,2 &#181;M, 10 min antes e durante a reperfus&#227;o). Os animais de controle receberam solu&#231;&#227;o salina normal como solvente de &#225;cido g&#225;lico. O tamanho do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; expresso como a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a &#225;rea do infarto e a &#225;rea de risco total em percentagem. * Indica diferen&#231;a significativa com o grupo de controle (* p &lt; 0,05, *** p &lt; 0,001, n = 10 por grupo uma ANOVA seguida pelo teste LSD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos do &#225;cido g&#225;lico e ciclosporina na express&#245;es eNOS e iNOS mRNA</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise dos resultados de PCR revelou que a isquemia / reperfus&#227;o diminuiu os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de RNAm de eNOS no grupo de controle em compara&#231;&#227;o com ratos placebo operados, mas a express&#227;o de RNAm de iNOS aumentou no grupo de controle em compara&#231;&#227;o com sham. Os n&#237;veis de RNAm de eNOS foram significativamente aumentados em animais tratados com &#225;cido g&#225;lico (G7,5, G15 e G30 mg / kg) ou tratados com CsA (0,2 &#181;M) sozinhos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle (p &lt; 0,001; ). Os n&#237;veis mais elevados de express&#227;o de mRNA de eNOS foram observados na administra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido g&#225;lico concomitante e CsA em compara&#231;&#227;o com controle. (p &lt; 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2a</xref>). A eleva&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de RNAm n&#227;o foi significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com CsA ou g&#225;lico sozinha.</p>
          <p>A express&#227;o de RNAm de iNOS diminuiu significativamente usando &#225;cido g&#225;lico (G15 e G30 mg /kg) ou CsA sozinha comparada com a do grupo de controle, contudo a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos os f&#225;rmacos induziu mais redu&#231;&#227;o com doses mais baixas de &#225;cido g&#225;lico (G7,5 + CsA, G15 + CsA) (p &lt; 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2b</xref>) e figura suplementar. As altera&#231;&#245;es mencionadas n&#227;o foram significativas em compara&#231;&#227;o com CsA ou g&#225;lico isoladamente.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos do &#225;cido g&#225;lico e da ciclosporina nas express&#245;es (a) eNOS e (b) iNOS.</title>
                <p>Express&#227;o RNAm.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-03-0207-70047-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Os dados foram expressos como a m&#233;dia &#177; SEM. Os animais receberam tr&#234;s doses diferentes de &#225;cido g&#225;lico (7,5, 15 e 30 mg.kg-1) durante 10 dias antes do isolamento do cora&#231;&#227;o e indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia (30 min) e reperfus&#227;o (1 h) sem ou com CsA (0,2 &#181;M, 10 min antes e durante a reperfus&#227;o). A an&#225;lise de resultados de PCR quantitativos revelou que a administra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido g&#225;lico reduziu a express&#227;o de mRNA de iNOS mas aumentou a de eNOS.</p>
          <p>Os dados foram expressos como a m&#233;dia &#177; SEM. Os animais receberam tr&#234;s doses diferentes de &#225;cido g&#225;lico (7,5, 15 e 30 mg.kg-1) durante 10 dias antes do isolamento do cora&#231;&#227;o e indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia (30 min) e reperfus&#227;o (1 h) sem ou com CsA (0,2 &#181;M, 10 min antes e durante a reperfus&#227;o). A an&#225;lise de resultados de PCR quantitativos revelou que a administra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido g&#225;lico reduziu a express&#227;o de mRNA de iNOS mas aumentou a de eNOS.</p>
          <p>Para a descri&#231;&#227;o de grupos experimentais, veja a legenda da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2a</xref>, e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">b</xref>. Os asteriscos indicam uma diferen&#231;a significativa. *** p &lt; 0,001 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle (n = 6).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Como esperado, as fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas tais como contractilidade, DP, fluxo coronariano e PDVE reduziram durante isquemia e reperfus&#227;o. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que embora o pr&#233;-tratamento de animais com &#225;cido g&#225;lico sozinho, como antioxidante, tenha reduzido o tamanho do infarto, n&#227;o teve efeitos significativos sobre as fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. Al&#233;m disso, a reperfus&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o com CsA melhorou parcialmente as fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e reduziu o tamanho do infarto. No entanto, a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos os f&#225;rmacos teve efeitos mais significativos no desempenho card&#237;aco e na redu&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto.</p>
        <p>O quarto objeto foi medir o tamanho do infarto. Outros estudos mostraram que este par&#226;metro aumentou ap&#243;s 3 horas de reperfus&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com 1 hora<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> com colora&#231;&#227;o com TTC. Assim, n&#243;s o avaliamos ap&#243;s 1 hora de reperfus&#227;o de acordo com os nossos principais objetos de estudo (investiga&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es durante o in&#237;cio da reperfus&#227;o n&#227;o depois).</p>
        <p>Sob condi&#231;&#245;es normais, h&#225; um equil&#237;brio entre a forma&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;-oxidantes e a quantidade de antioxidantes. Durante a I/R, o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; atribu&#237;do principalmente &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o do referido equil&#237;brio e &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de ERO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Foi demonstrado que o excesso de ERO poderia levar &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de peroxinitrito a partir de radicais NO em resposta &#224; sua combina&#231;&#227;o com &#226;nion super&#243;xido e danificar as c&#233;lulas dos tecidos vascular e card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica da membrana celular exacerba a deple&#231;&#227;o da energia celular devido ao dano das enzimas mitocondriais. Al&#233;m disso, os &#225;cidos nucleicos, a integridade da membrana celular, o ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SR) e a fun&#231;&#227;o de permutador Na + -Ca2 + s&#227;o danificados, de modo que ocorrem sobrecargas Ca2 + intracelulares e mitocondriais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Ap&#243;s estes eventos, o excesso de Ca2 + induz a disfun&#231;&#227;o das enzimas mitocondriais, despolariza&#231;&#227;o da membrana e abre a mPTP nos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Durante a isquemia, devido &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o da cadeia de transporte de el&#233;trons (ETC), a produ&#231;&#227;o de ATP &#233; prejudicada e a c&#233;lula &#233; esgotada de fosfatos de alta energia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Ap&#243;s estas les&#245;es, devido ao metabolismo anaer&#243;bio e ao ac&#250;mulo de lactato e piruvato, a acidose intracelular &#233; aumentada, e ent&#227;o ocorre o desacoplamento da fosforila&#231;&#227;o oxidativa que, por sua vez, leva ao incha&#231;o mitocondrial. Este ciclo vicioso leva &#224; morte celular necr&#243;tica e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Ap&#243;s a abertura da mPTP, o citocromo C &#233; libertado dentro do citosol, interage com o factor 1 de activa&#231;&#227;o da protease da apoptose (APAF-1) e conduz &#224; activa&#231;&#227;o da caspase-9 que activa a caspase 3 que &#233; a chave executora para a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o apopt&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Durante os &#250;ltimos anos, algumas estrat&#233;gias de prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular foram aplicadas para reduzir as les&#245;es letais de I/R, incluindo pr&#233; e p&#243;s-condicionamento por antioxidantes, por ativadores da via de quinase de salvamento de les&#227;o por reperfus&#227;o (RISK), pela inibi&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na quinase c-delta e, finalmente, por inibidores de mPTP tais como CsA ou sanglifehrina A.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Neste estudo, nossa estrat&#233;gia foi proteger o cora&#231;&#227;o usando antioxidante e impedir a abertura da mPTP. Por meio desta hip&#243;tese, a hip&#243;tese de que a c&#233;lula pode ser isolada contra o anteriormente mencionado ciclo vicioso que leva &#224; abertura de mPTP e, em seguida, para a interrup&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de ATP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram que o &#225;cido g&#225;lico poderia melhorar o estado antioxidante atrav&#233;s da inibi&#231;&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e que protege a membrana do cora&#231;&#227;o e do lisossomo contra o estresse oxidativo induzido pelo isoproterenol em ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Al&#233;m disso, durante a I/R, a administra&#231;&#227;o de polifenol (-) - epigalocatequina galato (EGCG) reduziu significativamente o tamanho do infarto em 50% e os canais mitocondriais KATP desempenharam um papel crucial na prote&#231;&#227;o cardio induzida por EGCG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Al&#233;m disso, EGCG inibe a transcri&#231;&#227;o da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase induz&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Por outro lado, foi relatado que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da mPTP por CsA manteve a morfologia mitocondrial ap&#243;s a les&#227;o I/R em coelhos e que limitou a necrose miocit&#225;ria e a apoptose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Demonstrou-se que a reperfus&#227;o teve alguns efeitos prejudiciais devido &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de ERO e desordens de PH durante o per&#237;odo de isquemia. Esse fen&#244;meno &#233; dependente do tempo e pode levar &#224; morte celular e les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, que &#233; chamada de "les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o letal".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Neste estudo, tivemos v&#225;rios prop&#243;sitos. O primeiro de nossos objetivos foi investigar a express&#227;o de eNOS durante o tempo inicial de reperfus&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m outros estudos sugeriram que a express&#227;o de eNOS aumentou dependendo do tempo durante o in&#237;cio da reperfus&#227;o (1 hora) e a express&#227;o de iNOS no final dela (3-24 h). Este aumento tem alguns efeitos prejudiciais via produ&#231;&#227;o de NO. O NO reage com os ERO que foram produzidos durante a isquemia e formaram uma grande quantidade de ONOO- que foi levada &#224; apoptose celular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">.33</xref> A NO tem efeitos bidirecionais: valores moderados t&#234;m efeitos protetores, mas um n&#237;vel alto &#233; prejudicial. O segundo objetivo foi encontrar um dos mecanismos de como os antioxidantes podem melhorar a disfun&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e endotelial atrav&#233;s da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO e sua fonte durante a reperfus&#227;o precoce (via eNOS protetora).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Assim, selecionamos uma hora de reperfus&#227;o que est&#225; relacionada &#224; atividade da eNOS. Terceiro: medimos a atividade enzim&#225;tica para avalia&#231;&#227;o de estresse oxidativo e les&#227;o celular por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio no per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o imediata, per&#237;odo em que est&#225; tipicamente em seu m&#225;ximo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> e publicamos o resultado, sendo que a maior varia&#231;&#227;o ocorreu durante os primeiros 15 minutos de reperfus&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> e por isso medimos esses par&#226;metros a cada 15 min como em outros m&#233;todos de estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> porque a les&#227;o I/R foi agravada pelo tempo e nosso objetivo foi investigar o papel preventivo do inibidor antioxidante ou mPTP e o efeito combinado de ambos durante o tempo total da experi&#234;ncia. &#205;amos verificar a gravidade da les&#227;o I/R ap&#243;s 60 min de reperfus&#227;o quando a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO derivada de eNOS foi afetada pelo pr&#233;-tratamento com diferentes doses de antioxidante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> sozinho ou combinado com um inibidor de mPTP (CsA). Porque outros estudos mostraram que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da transi&#231;&#227;o de permeabilidade mitocondrial com esta droga pode impedir a express&#227;o de eNOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Conclu&#237;mos que nosso antioxidante (&#225;cido g&#225;lico) modulou a les&#227;o I/R atrav&#233;s da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO e este NO foi derivado de eNOS n&#227;o iNOS. A investiga&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas durante a reperfus&#227;o tardia n&#227;o foi o principal objetivo do nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Apesar de ter observado que o fluxo aumentou de forma insignificante durante a reperfus&#227;o nos cora&#231;&#245;es de animais pr&#233;-tratados apenas com &#225;cido g&#225;lico, conclu&#237;mos que a sua combina&#231;&#227;o com CsA teve efeitos mais significativos. A melhora acima mencionada na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, observada em nosso estudo, pode ser atribu&#237;da aos efeitos antioxidantes do &#225;cido g&#225;lico. Parece que o vasculhamento de ERO por &#225;cido g&#225;lico j&#225; relatado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> poderia proteger as c&#233;lulas contra o estresse oxidativo e nitosativo. Al&#233;m disso, por inibi&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de nitrito proxy, poderia manter a fun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio e o t&#244;nus vascular. Estudos anteriores mostraram que o &#225;cido g&#225;lico aumentou a express&#227;o da eNOS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Um aumento na atividade de iNOS e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na atividade de eNOS durante a isquemia foram relacionados a les&#245;es de I/R. Nossos resultados mostraram que a express&#227;o de iNOS p&#243;s-isquemia no grupo de controle aumentou para 1,6 vezes a do grupo de placebo. O tratamento com &#225;cido g&#225;lico ou CsA sozinho elevou a raz&#227;o original de eNOS / iNOS 2 vezes, mas a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos os f&#225;rmacos foi mais eficiente. &#201; porque a express&#227;o de eNOS dobrou tr&#234;s vezes, usando &#225;cido g&#225;lico com CsA, mas a express&#227;o de iNOS foi reduzida para um quarto. Estes resultados correspondem aos de outros pesquisadores que sugeriram o aumento da raz&#227;o eNOS/iNOS com um an&#225;logo do resveratrol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Em conjunto, nossos resultados estabeleceram que o NO derivado da eNOS provavelmente modulou o fluxo sangu&#237;neo e este efeito &#233; mais eficiente na combina&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido g&#225;lico 15 mg / Kg com CsA. Al&#233;m disso, a express&#227;o de eNOS aumentada pelo uso de todos os compostos poderia ser atribu&#237;da a uma maior biodisponibilidade de NO durante a les&#227;o I/R.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Al&#233;m disso, nossos resultados revelaram que a contratilidade (&#177;dp.dt<sup>-1</sup>), RPP, PDVE e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram melhoradas nos grupos perfundidos por CsA em combina&#231;&#227;o com pr&#233;-tratamento com &#225;cido g&#225;lico. Este efeito pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; preserva&#231;&#227;o da mitoc&#244;ndria contra ERO, aumentando a capacidade antioxidante com &#225;cido g&#225;lico e atrav&#233;s da inibi&#231;&#227;o da abertura mPTP por CsA. Assim, o ATP poderia ser mantido na c&#233;lula e a sobrecarga de Ca<sup>2+</sup> foi impedida devido &#224; capta&#231;&#227;o aumentada de Ca<sup>2+</sup> para a SR pela ativa&#231;&#227;o da via RISK. Portanto, a intera&#231;&#227;o de elementos contr&#225;teis entre si poderia ser melhorada e tornar-se mais r&#225;pida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> No entanto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da dose mais elevada de &#225;cido g&#225;lico (30 mg/kg) inverteu estes efeitos. De acordo com outro estudo, o processo poderia ser explicado por um efeito pr&#243;-oxidante do &#225;cido g&#225;lico em altas doses, porque provou que o &#237;on f&#233;rrico poderia quelar o grupo hidroxila na mol&#233;cula de &#225;cido g&#225;lico e reduzir o potencial de oxida&#231;&#227;o e desse modo perder sua atividade antioxidante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a contratilidade foi aumentada com CsA sozinha, mas n&#227;o se recuperou com G7,5+ CsA. Este efeito pode ser explicado com les&#245;es I/R ap&#243;s 1 hora de reperfus&#227;o. Porque na reperfus&#227;o de 1 hora, a contratilidade diminuiu muito mais do que a reperfus&#227;o de 30 minutos, de modo que a les&#227;o se agravou e o efeito protetor da CsA n&#227;o conseguiu recuper&#225;-lo ao n&#237;vel de reperfus&#227;o de 30 minutos. Por outro lado, ao usar doses mais altas de G&#225;lico (G15+ CsA), o sistema antioxidante fica mais forte e previne a produ&#231;&#227;o de ERO na mitoc&#244;ndria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> De fato, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a CsA n&#227;o possa inibir mais mPTP que foi aberto por ERO produzido devido a les&#245;es de I/R ao longo do tempo.</p>
        <p>Alguns dos estudos controlaram a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com marca-passo. Tamb&#233;m esta foi uma vari&#225;vel em nosso estudo. N&#243;s &#237;amos avaliar suas mudan&#231;as durante o experimento, ent&#227;o n&#227;o a controlamos. Devido &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel com o grupo controle, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel fazer um vi&#233;s neste estudo (todos os grupos foram semelhantes). O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as varia&#231;&#245;es dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos afetados pela I/R e pr&#233; - tratamento. Assim sendo, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi uma vari&#225;vel que quisemos avaliar por si mesma, sem qualquer interven&#231;&#227;o (O uso do marcapasso n&#227;o satisfez este objetivo). Existem outros estudos que utilizam este m&#233;todo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outros estudos mostraram que o tamanho do infarto aumentou ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> com colora&#231;&#227;o TTC. Assim, n&#243;s o avaliamos durante o in&#237;cio da reperfus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, o tamanho do infarto foi significativamente reduzido pelo &#225;cido g&#225;lico ou CsA sozinhos (quase 15%), mas esta redu&#231;&#227;o foi mais significativa pela administra&#231;&#227;o concomitante destes dois f&#225;rmacos (quase 25%). Este efeito pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de um grupo de prote&#237;nas quinases que melhorou a desacoplamento da fosforila&#231;&#227;o oxidativa e impediu o incha&#231;o das mitoc&#244;ndrias e a morte celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> A inibi&#231;&#227;o de mPTP provocou a ativa&#231;&#227;o das vias antiapopt&#243;ticas e RISK e representou um mecanismo de sobreviv&#234;ncia celular programada. Tamb&#233;m observamos que a administra&#231;&#227;o de ambos os f&#225;rmacos melhorou a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica mais do que a administra&#231;&#227;o de cada f&#225;rmaco sozinho.</p>
        <p>J&#225; foi reconhecido que a CsA n&#227;o &#233; apenas um inibidor de mPTP. Tamb&#233;m inibe a calcineurina que modula a morte mitocondrial. Enquanto outros estudos relataram que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de FK506, um potente inibidor de calcineurina que &#233; 100 vezes mais potente do que CsA, n&#227;o afectou a ativa&#231;&#227;o da caspase. Portanto, o papel da CsA no bloqueio dos poros mitocondriais pode ser mais importante do que seus outros pap&#233;is. Al&#233;m disso, outros estudos relataram que o uso de CsA em doses baixas n&#227;o tem efeitos t&#243;xicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Utilizamos a dose mais baixa de (0,2 &#181;M), muito inferior &#224; de (20 mg.kg-1) utilizada por outros estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> mas pode ser insuficiente para inibir o maior n&#250;mero de mPTP. Por conseguinte, o efeito de doses mais elevadas do inibidor de mPTP que at&#233; agora n&#227;o foi explorado &#233; altamente respons&#225;vel por agu&#231;ar o interesse de investigadores e pesquisadores especializados em estabelecer uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais minuciosa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o uso de &#225;cido g&#225;lico como antioxidante concomitante com a preserva&#231;&#227;o da mitoc&#244;ndria por CsA como inibidor de mPTP em G15 + CsA em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle, poderia ter efeitos mais ben&#233;ficos sobre a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, express&#245;es iNOS e NOS endotelial induzidas por les&#227;o I/R .</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Tivemos algumas limita&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo, por exemplo, nosso financiamento e instala&#231;&#245;es foram muito limitados. Portanto n&#227;o pudemos fazer mais experimentos. Por exemplo, n&#227;o conseguimos fazer qPCR por causa dos recursos e limita&#231;&#227;o de instrumentos. Ent&#227;o, nos obrigamos a fazer as experi&#234;ncias usando as instala&#231;&#245;es que estavam dispon&#237;veis. Al&#233;m disso, limitamo-nos a medir a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na. Tamb&#233;m tivemos limita&#231;&#245;es para a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o e morfologia mitocondriais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica</title>
        <p>Os protocolos e procedimentos do presente estudo foram aprovados pelo comit&#234; de cuidado e uso de animais da Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas Ahvaz Jundishapur (AJUMS.REC.1392.222).</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.onlineijcs.org">http://www.onlineijcs.org</ext-link>
					</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Research Affairs of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de PhD de Najmeh Sadeghi pela Research Affairs of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Esta pesquisa foi apoiada pela Research Affairs of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science (concess&#227;o No. PRC 95) e foi uma parte da tese de PhD de Najmeh Sadeghi em fisiologia.</p>
        <p>Agrade&#231;o a Sra. Khaghani, Maryam Rafiei e Kosar Bavarsad pela sua grande ajuda durante as minhas pesquisas.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
