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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CkF7ycNBGDfFPpQgvKvByGS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000300189</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170044</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Profile of Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure in Tertiary Care Hospital</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Poffo</surname>
            <given-names>Milton Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assis</surname>
            <given-names>Amberson Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fracasso</surname>
            <given-names>Ma&#237;ra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Londero</surname>
            <given-names>Ozir Miguel</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Sulyane Matos de Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bald</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmitt</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Bussolo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Nilton Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Palho&#231;a</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Palho&#231;a, SC</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8722; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Milton Ricardo Poffo</bold>, Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina. Rua Adolfo Donato da Silva, s/n, Praia Comprida. Postal Code: 88.103-901, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8722; Brazil. E-mail: <email>poffo.med@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Poffo MR, Assis AV. Acquisition of data: Poffo MR, Bald AP, Fracasso M, Londero Filho OM, Alves SMM. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Poffo MR, Assis AV, Fracasso M, Londero Filho OM, Alves SMM. Statistical analysis: Assis AV. Writing of the manuscript: Poffo MR, Bald AP, Schmitt CB, Fracasso M, Londero Filho OM, Alves SMM. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Poffo MR, Assis AV, Schmitt CB, Fracasso M. Configuration of Figures and Tables: Alves Filho NR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>189</fpage>
      <lpage>198</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure is a highly prevalent disease, responsible for many admissions and high mortality rates in our country. The treatment influences patient's mortality and quality of life.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To identify and compare the clinical and epidemiological survivor's and non-survivor's profiles and treatment of patients hospitalized with heart failure with the international literature.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional, retrospective study of 816 survivors and non-survivors with heart failure. All patients had their clinical and epidemiological, laboratory and echocardiographic data and treatment recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Most patients were in functional class III/IV. Mean age was 66.5 &#177; 13.8 years. Half of the patients were men and 88.3% were Caucasians. In-hospital mortality was 11,2%. Highly mortality was associated with old age, Caucasian ethnicity, high functional class, readmissions, prolonged hospitalization, presence of coronary artery disease, chronic atrial fibrillation, severe mitral regurgitation, restrictive diastolic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, and elevated natriuretic peptide levels, as well as with patients who had pulmonary embolism, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary infection or required dialysis during hospitalization. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers at admission was significantly higher among survivors. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In-hospital mortality was high when compared to international averages, but it was similar to other Brazilian referral services. Numerous higher severity indicators were observed in the non-survivor group.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Restrospective Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart Failure (HF) is the common final pathway of most heart diseases, and is one of the major current clinical challenges in health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Approximately 23 million individuals have HF, and 2 million new cases are diagnosed every year worldwide,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> being the main cause of hospitalization in patients older than 60 years of age in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of HF has been increasing in recent years worldwide,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and has become a serious public health problem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The reasons for this include the aging of the population and therapeutic advances in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and even HF, which increase survival and, consequently, promote an increase in its prevalence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the United States, approximately 550,000 new cases are diagnosed annually, being the fifth most frequent cause of hospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In Brazil, according to data from the Unified Health System Department of Informatics (DATASUS), in 2012, approximately 238,000 hospitalizations occurred due to HF, with 26,000 deaths, accounting for a mortality rate of 9.5% during hospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The BREATHE (Brazilian Registry of Acute Heart Failure) trial identified an in-hospital mortality of 12.6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Many comorbidities associated with HF worsen its prognosis. Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects approximately 20% to 30% of patients with acute HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The prevalence of renal failure in outpatients with HF may reach 29.6%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> being a marker of poor prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Moreover, hyponatremia, elevated levels of Type B Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), multiple hospitalizations, and associated lung disease are also predictors of poor prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Currently, there are six classes of therapeutic measures capable of reducing all-cause mortality in HF patients, considered by global guidelines as class I indication measures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> However, in Brazil, medications introduced during the in-hospital phase often do not follow the current guidelines, which may contribute to the high morbidity, mortality, and economic costs of this syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the recent advances in the treatment of HF, the mortality among patients that are hospitalized with this syndrome in Brazil is still high. The objective of this study was to identify and compare the clinical-epidemiological profile and the treatment received by survivors and non-survivors hospitalized with heart failure to the international literature data.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is an observational, cross-sectional, and retrospective study of patients with HF who survived or not after being admitted at Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina (ICSC) between June 2010 and May 2014.</p>
      <p>Patients older than 18 years admitted during the study period according to the International Code of Diseases (ICD-10) compatible with HF, namely: I11, I13, I50 and I57, were included in the study. Patients with a clinical, echocardiographic and laboratory picture incompatible with this comorbidity, in addition to those whose medical records were incomplete, were excluded.</p>
      <p>Patient selection was performed by checking the electronic medical record system (Micromed&#174;). Aiming at a more adequate analysis, the patients were divided into two groups: Group I, of survivors and Group II, of non-survivors. The final sample analyzed 816 patients (724 survivors and 92 non-survivors), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Patient selection flow chart.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-03-0189-70044-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Data collection was performed using the Micromed&#174; system in Laborat&#243;rio Biocl&#237;nico S&#227;o Jos&#233; and the ICSC Echocardiography Service. Clinical-demographic data, such as age, gender, ethnicity, functional class, presence of comorbidities, complications during hospitalization, mortality and prescribed medications were analyzed. The laboratory tests analyzed were urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, BNP, and hemoglobin. Among the echocardiographic data, left ventricular ejection fraction (Simpson's method), left ventricular systolic diameter, left ventricular diastolic diameter, valvular heart disease, and left ventricular relaxation alterations were analyzed.</p>
      <p>As the study was retrospective, the demographic data were collected by searching the Micromed&#174; system. The patient's ethnicity was the self-declared one when the patient or the companion was registered at the institution. The existence of SAH and diabetes was obtained from data found in the electronic medical record (evolution data, previous diagnoses, and medication use).</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of ICSC, under registration number 045475/2015.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Data related to categorical variables are described by absolute numbers and percentages, and analyzed using Fisher's exact test or chi-square test.</p>
        <p>Data related to continuous variables are described as mean and standard deviation. Intra- and intergroup comparisons of continuous variables, when applicable, were performed using the paired and /or unpaired T test, with <italic>p</italic> values &lt; 0.05 being considered significant. Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated for mortality related to some variables. Data were analyzed using the Microsoft Excel&#174; 2007 program and the GraphPad InStat&#174; statistical analysis program.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 816 patients (971 admissions) were included in the study. There were 92 in-hospital deaths (11.2%). The mean age was 66.5 &#177; 13.8 years, being significantly older among non-surviving patients (p = 0.03). Males showed a higher prevalence in both groups (52.2% of survivors and 62% of non-survivors), with no statistically significant difference. Regarding ethnicity, most patients were Caucasians, but with a higher prevalence of Caucasians in the non-surviving group (p = 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Basal characteristics of the sample</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Clinical factors</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Survivors</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Non-survivors</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>p<italic>-</italic>value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total of patients, n</td>
              <td align="center">724</td>
              <td align="center">92</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, mean &#177; SD, in years</td>
              <td align="center">66.1 &#177; 13.8</td>
              <td align="center">70.4 &#177; 14.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">378 (52.2)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (62)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">346 (47.8)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (38)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caucasian ethnicity</td>
              <td align="center">632 (87.4)</td>
              <td align="center">89 (96.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-Caucasian ethnicity</td>
              <td align="center">53 (7.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Functional class, mean</td>
              <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.6 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous hospital admissions, mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Days per admission, mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">11.3 &#177; 11.5</td>
              <td align="center">15.5 &#177; 14.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">223 (30.9)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (28.3)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">380 (52.5)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (59.8)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous iCVA, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (6.8)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (14.1)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CAD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">181 (25.1)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (38)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous AMI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">136 (18.9)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (27.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">170 (23.6)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (48.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AF (ACO), n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">117 (16.2)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypothyroidism, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (9.5)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">89 (12.3)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (15.2)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">217 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (15.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol consumption, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (8.3)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (4.3)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; Ns: nonsignificant; iCVA: ischemic cerebrovascular accident; CAD: coronary artery disease; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; AF (ACO): atrial fibrillation in anticoagulation; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When comparing patient groups, it was observed that the non-surviving patients had worse Functional Class (FC) according to the the New York Heart Association (NYHA) at hospital admission (p = 0.004), higher number of previous hospitalizations (p = 0.0001) and longer hospitalizations (p = 0.001).</p>
      <p>Regarding the associated comorbidities, the non-survivors had more coronary artery disease (p = 0.01) and chronic AF (p = 0.0001). The presence of SAH, previous AMI, previous ischemic CVA, hypothyroidism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes and alcohol consumption did not show significant differences between the groups. There were more smokers among the survivors (p = 0.01).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows that, in the group of non-surviving patients, there were more complications during hospitalization, such as pulmonary thromboembolism (p = 0.05), unstable angina (p = 0.01), AMI (p = 0.001), AF (p = 0.0001), need for dialysis (p = 0.0001) and respiratory infection (p = 0.0001), which was the most frequent complication in both groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Events observed in the assessed sample</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Complications</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Survivors n (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Non-survivors n (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulmonary thromboembolism</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.1)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unstable angina</td>
              <td align="center">14 (1.9)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Acute myocardial infarction</td>
              <td align="center">11 (1.5)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (9.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bradycardia</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.2)</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">15 (2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (28.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Respiratory infection</td>
              <td align="center">156 (21.5)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (54.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dialysis</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.3)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (17.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>ns: non-significant.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A total of 698 echocardiographic reports was evaluated. Although the ejection fraction and left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameters were similar between the groups, the restrictive diastolic pattern (p = 0.0001) and severe mitral regurgitation (p = 0.005) were more frequent in non-surviving patients, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic data of patients in the sample</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Echocardiographic data</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Survivors</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Non-survivors</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
              <td align="center">39.5 &#177; 18.9%</td>
              <td align="center">39.0 &#177; 20.0%</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVSD, mm</td>
              <td align="center">40.3 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">35.9 &#177; 12.4</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD, mm</td>
              <td align="center">57.5 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">58.9 &#177; 11.8</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic dysfunction grade I (relaxation), %</td>
              <td align="center">32.2</td>
              <td align="center">17.2</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic dysfunction grade II (pseudonormal), %</td>
              <td align="center">29.4</td>
              <td align="center">13.8</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic dysfunction grade III (restrictive), %</td>
              <td align="center">38.4</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Severe mitral regurgitation, %</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Severe tricuspid regurgitation, %</td>
              <td align="center">10.6</td>
              <td align="center">17.8</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ns: nonsignificant; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The percentages of patients with BNP &gt; 400 and &gt;1000 pcg/mL were significantly higher among non-survivors (p = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively), according to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Values of type B natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the sample</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2"><bold>BNP values (</bold>pcg/mL)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Survivors (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Non-survivors (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 100</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">100-400</td>
              <td align="center">6.0</td>
              <td align="center">10.0</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 400</td>
              <td align="center">53.0</td>
              <td align="center">88.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 1.000</td>
              <td align="center">35.0</td>
              <td align="center">58.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>ns: non-significant.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When comparing the results of laboratory tests at hospital admission between the groups of patients, a statistically significant difference was observed for renal dysfunction and hyperkalemia favoring the non-survivor group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Laboratory results at hospital admission</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Laboratory tests</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Survivors</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Non-survivors</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urea, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">61.6</td>
              <td align="center">91.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">1.40</td>
              <td align="center">1.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sodium, mEq/L</td>
              <td align="center">135.8</td>
              <td align="center">134.4</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Potassium, mEq/L</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">12.5</td>
              <td align="center">12.0</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>ns: non-significant.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The odds ratio (OR) for mortality are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>. The findings that increased hospital mortality, among the laboratory variables collected at admission, were urea &gt; 40 mg/dL (OR = 2.13), serum creatinine &gt; 1.4 mg /dL (OR = 4.0), potassium &gt;5.0 mEq/L (OR = 3.0) and BNP &gt; 1000 pg /mL (OR = 2.0).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Laboratory tests &#8211; odds ratio (OR) for mortality</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Laboratory tests at admission</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>OR (CI)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urea &gt; 40 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">376</td>
              <td align="center">2.13 (1.3-3.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine &gt; 1,4 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">233</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.8-9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Potassium &gt; 5mEq/L</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.7-5.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BNP &gt; 1,000 pg/mL</td>
              <td align="center">191</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1.1-3.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>CI: confidence interval; BNP: type B natriuretic peptide.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As for the drugs prescribed at hospital admission, the only statistically significant difference between the groups was Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors / Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ACEI/ARB), with a higher prevalence in the group of survivors (p = 0,04), but their doses showed no statistical difference between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t7">
        <label>Table 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Drug treatment instituted at hospital admission</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Medication</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Survivors (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Non-survivors (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Furosemide</td>
              <td align="center">81,8</td>
              <td align="center">87</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hydrochlorothiazide</td>
              <td align="center">4,5</td>
              <td align="center">1,1</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Spironolactone</td>
              <td align="center">56,1</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Digoxin</td>
              <td align="center">36,1</td>
              <td align="center">43,5</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nitrate</td>
              <td align="center">31,7</td>
              <td align="center">23,9</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ASA</td>
              <td align="center">49,1</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hydralazine</td>
              <td align="center">6,8</td>
              <td align="center">6,5</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Amiodarone</td>
              <td align="center">6,7</td>
              <td align="center">8,7</td>
              <td align="center">ns</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">65,8</td>
              <td align="center">55,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Carvedilol, mean &#177; SD</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>14,7 &#177; 13 mg</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>12,7 &#177; 9,3 mg</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>ns</italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI / ARB</td>
              <td align="center">79,6</td>
              <td align="center">62</td>
              <td align="center">0,004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Enalapril, mean &#177; SD</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>18,2 &#177; 8,1 mg</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>17,1 &#177; 8,2 mg</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>ns</italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>ns: non-significant; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; SD: standard deviation; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin-receptor blocker.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>HF is one of the leading causes of hospital admission in the world. Data from the literature show that approximately 1 to 2% of the adult population in developed countries has HF, with a higher prevalence (&#8805; 10%) in the elderly older than 70 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The American Heart Association has estimated a prevalence of 5.1 million individuals with HF only in the United States, from 2007 to 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The incidence of a first hospitalization for HF in a study carried out in France in 2009 was 0.14%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A recent North-American study observed a reduction in the hospitalization rate for HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> as well as another study carried out in Canada, which analyzed inpatients and outpatients from 1997 and 2007, showing a 32.7% decline in the incidence of HF cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In Brazil, a reduction in the number of hospitalizations due to HF from 2000 to 2007 was also identified, with a proportional decrease in all geographic regions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The incidence and rates of hospital admission for HF have steadily declined since the 1990s in several countries worldwide,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and this seems to reflect a real decrease in HF, which can be explained by lower rates of smoking, better SAH control and greater use of reperfusion therapies, such as primary angioplasty.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, the rate of in-hospital mortality for HF (11.2%) was much higher than that found in studies carried out in other countries,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> such as the ICARO registry, in Chile,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> but it agrees with recent Brazilian studies, such as the BREATHE trial and another performed in the state of S&#227;o Paulo by Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), in which the mortality rates were 12.6% and 10%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Comparing data from the studied population with those from DATASUS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> we observed lower mortality rates and length of hospital stay in our institution when compared to two cardiology referral centers in the country, InCor and Instituto Dante Pazzanese. It was also verified that the longer the hospital length of stay, the higher the in-hospital mortality. The Japanese trial ATTEND, which had a mean hospitalization period of 30 days, reported that most sudden cardiac deaths occur within 14 days of hospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Thus, a hospital length of stay of just a few days may be too short to assess mortality.</p>
      <p>The mean age of the patients was 66.5 years, that is, similar to the one in the BREATHE trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> but lower than that of most international studies (69 to 77 years).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> This difference may be related to an earlier manifestation of heart diseases in Brazil, less effective treatment of diseases that lead to HF onset, nonadherence to the recommended treatment or even only represent differences in the studied populations. Another Brazilian study, carried out in a private hospital in Rio de Janeiro, showed an older age group (72.5 years).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Still regarding age, as expected, higher mortality rates were observed among older patients, as shown in the Framingham Heart Study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and confirmed by other trials.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although there was no statistically significant difference, there was a predominance of males among non-survivors (62%), being in according to the literature, which reports that HF prognosis is worse in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The predominance of the Caucasian ethnic group (survivors: 87.4%, non-survivors: 96.7%) can be explained by the demographic difference in our country, with a higher prevalence of Caucasians in the South and Southeast regions;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> however, the black ethnicity was more prevalent among the survivors (7.3% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.01). The effect of ethnicity on HF prognosis is uncertain, as different studies have shown divergent results. Dries et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> in a study comparing HF evolution between Caucasians and blacks, identified higher mortality among blacks; Rathore et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> showed lower mortality among blacks hospitalized for HF; and Mathew et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> showed no difference in mortality between the ethnicities.</p>
      <p>The comparative analysis between survivors and non-survivors confirmed some findings of poor prognosis in HF, including elevated NYHA-FC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> prolonged length of hospital stay,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> higher number of previous hospitalizations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> hyperkalemia, elevated BNP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> presence of comorbidities such as coronary artery disease, chronic AF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> in addition to severe mitral regurgitation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and diastolic dysfunction with restrictive pattern.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The occurrence of acute coronary syndrome,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> pulmonary thromboembolism,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> respiratory infection,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> renal dysfunction and / or need for dialysis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> during hospitalization is also associated with higher mortality. Contrary to what has been described in the literature, there were fewer smokers among non-survivors. This may be due to a specific feature of this group or to a selection bias. Differences regarding the presence of diabetes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> previous AMI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> previous stroke,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> anemia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> hyponatremia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> COPD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> reduced left ventricular ejection fraction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and severe tricuspid regurgitation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> although well established as factors of poor prognosis, were not significant in this study.</p>
      <p>The rate of patients who had at least one hospital readmission during the study period was 12%. The ESC-HF Pilot study (Heart Failure Pilot Survey) found a one-year rehospitalization rate of 24.8%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> The 60-to-90 day-rehospitalization rate in the OPTIMIZE-HF (Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure) trial was 29.9% in patients with systolic dysfunction and 29.2% in those with preserved ejection fraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> The ADHERE trial indicates that rehospitalization may reach 50% after hospital discharge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Our findings of a lower percentage of hospital readmission may be influenced by the absence of follow-up after hospital discharge, which would identify readmissions at other institutions and death after discharge.</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown the correlation between BNP levels and HF severity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> The ADHERE trial showed that BNP levels at admission were a marker of mortality, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> as well as a rehospitalization predictor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As demonstrated in our series, AF is the most frequent arrhythmia in patients with HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and its onset may determine symptom worsening, higher risk of thromboembolism and a worse prognosis. Potential precipitating factors (electrolyte changes, hyperthyroidism, alcohol consumption, mitral valvulopathy, acute ischemia, infection, and uncontrolled hypertension) should be investigated and, if possible, corrected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As in our study, the OPTIMIZE-HF trial identified a clinical factor that caused HF in approximately 60% of the patients, with pulmonary processes, myocardial ischemia and arrhythmias being the most common ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Renal dysfunction is a frequent finding among those hospitalized for HF, and approximately 66% of HF patients have some degree of impaired renal function, which would be one of the main predictors of in-hospital mortality among HF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Evidence shows that patients with COPD have a significantly higher risk of congestive HF, and that acute exacerbations of COPD may lead to HF worsening.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the treatment of systolic HF, guidelines recommend the prescription of ACEI /ARB, followed by the introduction of a beta-blocker. It is also recommended that an aldosterone antagonist be introduced in the presence of an ejection fraction &lt; 35%, if the patient maintains FC II to IV. Diuretics are recommended only to reduce congestion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The percentage of patients receiving ACEI / ARB, beta-blockers and spironolactone, which are measures that decrease HF mortality, was markedly higher than in other studies (Long-Term Registry ESC-HF, ICARO and BREATHE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Additionally, the use of ACEI/ARB at hospital admission was significantly higher among survivors. However, although the literature shows an increase in HF survival with the use of beta-blockers and/or ACEI/ARB,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> it is probable that non-surviving patients had a more severe clinical and hemodynamic presentation that did not allow the use of these drugs.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, there are still considerable failures in the treatment of HF, which may contribute to high morbidity, mortality, and economic costs of this pathology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The analysis of the Euro Heart Survey showed that beta-blockers and ACEI were prescribed to less than half of the eligible patients, and the prescribed doses were below those proven to be effective.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> The IMPROVE-HF (Registry to Improve the Use of Evidence-Based Heart Failure Therapies in the Outpatient Setting) trial showed that the addition of each evidence-based therapy is associated with a significant reduction in mortality risk at 1 year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Retrospective data collection, lack of standardization when recording the information in the medical records, possible underreporting of data and the absence of follow-up of patients after hospital discharge can be mentioned as limitations. The use of vasoactive drugs during hospitalization was not addressed, making it impossible to analyze these data.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The results of this study may help improve the management of patients with heart failure, by drawing attention to subgroups with a higher mortality risk, such as patients with older age, previous hospitalizations, high functional class, presence of coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, severe mitral regurgitation, renal dysfunction, and/or elevated B-type natriuretic peptide, those with acute coronary syndrome, respiratory infection or need for dialysis during hospitalization.</p>
      <p>Patient drug treatment followed the recommended procedures in current heart failure therapy guidelines. The unfavorable clinical profile may have limited the applicability of some of the therapeutic measures considered to be decisive in the prognosis of this syndrome. Despite optimized drug therapy, in-hospital mortality remained high, as it was observed in other Brazilian referral services, when compared to the international average.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of final course assignment medical residency in Cardiology by Milton Ricardo Poffo, Amberson Vieira de Assis, Ma&#237;ra Fracasso, Ozir Miguel Londero Filho, Sulyane Matos de Menezes Alves, Ana Paula Bald, Camila Bussolo Schmitt, Nilton Rog&#233;rio Alves Filho, from Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil dos Pacientes Internados por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Hospital Terci&#225;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Poffo</surname>
            <given-names>Milton Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assis</surname>
            <given-names>Amberson Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fracasso</surname>
            <given-names>Ma&#237;ra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Londero</surname>
            <given-names>Ozir Miguel</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Sulyane Matos de Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bald</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmitt</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Bussolo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Nilton Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Palho&#231;a, SC</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8722; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Milton Ricardo Poffo</bold>, Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina. Rua Adolfo Donato da Silva, s/n, Praia Comprida. CEP: 88.103-901, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8722; Brasil. E-mail: <email>poffo.med@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Poffo MR, Assis AV. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Poffo MR, Bald AP, Fracasso M, Londero Filho OM, Alves SMM. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Poffo MR, Assis AV, Fracasso M, Londero Filho OM, Alves SMM. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Assis AV. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Poffo MR, Bald AP, Schmitt CB, Fracasso M, Londero Filho OM, Alves SMM. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Poffo MR, Assis AV, Schmitt CB, Fracasso M. Configura&#231;&#227;o de Figuras e Tabelas: Alves Filho NR</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma doen&#231;a de alta preval&#234;ncia, respons&#225;vel por grande n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e altas taxas de mortalidade em nosso pa&#237;s. O tratamento institu&#237;do tem influ&#234;ncia nos &#237;ndices de mortalidade e na qualidade de vida dos pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Identificar e comparar o perfil cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico e o tratamento institu&#237;do entre os pacientes sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes internados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aos dados da literatura internacional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, de 816 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que sobreviveram ou n&#227;o &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o. Foram registradas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, epidemiol&#243;gicas, dados laboratoriais, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e o tratamento institu&#237;do.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A maioria dos pacientes encontrava-se em classe funcional III/IV. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 66,5 &#177; 13,8 anos. Metade era do sexo masculino e 88,3%, brancos. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 11,2%. Idade avan&#231;ada, etnia branca, classe funcional elevada, reinterna&#231;&#245;es, interna&#231;&#245;es prolongadas, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do tipo restritivo, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico elevado tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o com maior mortalidade, assim como pacientes que, durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, apresentaram tromboembolismo pulmonar, s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda, infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar ou necessidade de di&#225;lise. O uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina ou de bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina na admiss&#227;o hospitalar foi significativamente maior entre os sobreviventes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi elevada quando comparada &#224; m&#233;dia internacional, mas foi semelhante a de outros servi&#231;os de refer&#234;ncia brasileiros. V&#225;rios indicadores de maior gravidade foram observados no grupo n&#227;o sobrevivente.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos Retrospectivos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; a via final comum da maioria das doen&#231;as que acomete o cora&#231;&#227;o, sendo um dos principais desafios cl&#237;nicos atuais na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Aproximadamente 23 milh&#245;es de pessoas s&#227;o portadoras de IC, e 2 milh&#245;es de novos casos s&#227;o diagnosticados a cada ano no mundo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> constituindo a primeira causa de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em pacientes acima de 60 anos de idade no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia da IC vem aumentando nos &#250;ltimos anos em todo o mundo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> tornando-se um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> As raz&#245;es para isto incluem o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o e os avan&#231;os terap&#234;uticos no tratamento do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS) e mesmo da IC, que elevam a sobrevida e, consequentemente, promovem aumento em sua preval&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nos Estados Unidos, cerca de 550 mil novos casos s&#227;o diagnosticados anualmente, sendo a quinta causa mais frequente de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No Brasil, segundo dados do Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS), no ano de 2012, foram realizadas cerca de 238 mil interna&#231;&#245;es por IC, com ocorr&#234;ncia de 26 mil &#243;bitos, perfazendo uma mortalidade de 9,5% durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O estudo BREATHE (<italic>Brazilian Registry of Acute Heart Failure</italic>), identificou uma mortalidade intra-hospitalar de 12,6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Muitas comorbidades associadas &#224; IC pioram seu progn&#243;stico. A Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) atinge aproximadamente 20 a 30% dos pacientes com IC aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC pode chegar a 29,6%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> sendo um marcador de mau progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que hiponatremia, n&#237;veis elevados de Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Tipo B (BNP), m&#250;ltiplas interna&#231;&#245;es e doen&#231;a pulmonar associada tamb&#233;m s&#227;o preditores de mau progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Atualmente, existem seis classes de medidas terap&#234;uticas com capacidade de reduzir a mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com IC, julgadas pelas diretrizes mundiais como medidas de indica&#231;&#227;o classe I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> No entanto, no Brasil, as medica&#231;&#245;es introduzidas na fase hospitalar frequentemente n&#227;o seguem as diretrizes atuais, podendo contribuir para elevada morbidade, mortalidade e custos econ&#244;micos desta s&#237;ndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar do avan&#231;o recente no tratamento da IC, a mortalidade dos pacientes que internam com esta s&#237;ndrome no Brasil ainda &#233; elevada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e comparar o perfil cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico e o tratamento institu&#237;do entre os pacientes sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes internados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aos dados da literatura internacional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal e retrospectivo de pacientes com IC que sobreviveram ou n&#227;o &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o no Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina (ICSC) no per&#237;odo de junho de 2010 at&#233; maio de 2014.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo os pacientes com mais de 18 anos que internaram no per&#237;odo com C&#243;digo Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID-10) compat&#237;vel com IC, a saber: I11, I13, I50 e I57. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com quadro descritivo cl&#237;nico, ecocardiogr&#225;fico e laboratorial incompat&#237;vel com esta comorbidade, al&#233;m daqueles cujo prontu&#225;rio estava incompleto.</p>
        <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes foi realizada mediante consulta no sistema de prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico (Micromed&#174;). Visando a uma an&#225;lise mais adequada, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo I, de sobreviventes e Grupo II, de n&#227;o sobreviventes. A amostra final analisada envolveu 816 pacientes (724 sobreviventes e 92 n&#227;o sobreviventes), como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-03-0189-70044-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A coleta dos dados foi realizada pelo sistema Micromed&#174; no Laborat&#243;rio Biocl&#237;nico S&#227;o Jos&#233; e no Servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia do ICSC. Foram analisados dados cl&#237;nicos-demogr&#225;ficos, como idade, sexo, etnia, classe funcional, presen&#231;a de comorbidades, intercorr&#234;ncias durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, mortalidade e medica&#231;&#245;es prescritas. Os exames laboratoriais analisados foram ureia, creatinina, s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, BNP e hemoglobina. Entre os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, foram analisados fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (m&#233;todo de Simpson), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, presen&#231;a de valvopatias e altera&#231;&#245;es de relaxamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        <p>Como o estudo foi retrospectivo, os dados demogr&#225;ficos foram coletados mediante pesquisa no sistema Micromed&#174;. A etnia do paciente considerada foi a autodeclarada no momento em que o paciente ou o acompanhante realizou o cadastro na institui&#231;&#227;o. A exist&#234;ncia de HAS e diabetes foi obtida de dados presentes no prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico (dados das evolu&#231;&#245;es, diagn&#243;sticos pr&#233;vios e uso de medica&#231;&#245;es).</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) do ICSC, com registro n&#250;mero 045475/2015.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados referentes &#224;s vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritos pela contagem absoluta e porcentual, e analisados por meio do teste exato de Fisher ou qui quadrado.</p>
          <p>Os dados relacionados &#224;s vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o descritos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. A compara&#231;&#227;o intra e intergrupos das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, quando aplic&#225;vel, foi realizada por meio do teste de T pareado e/ou n&#227;o pareado, sendo considerados significativos os valores de p inferiores a 0,05. Foi calculado a <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> (OR) para mortalidade relacionada a algumas vari&#225;veis. Os dados foram analisados por meio do programa Microsoft Excel&#174; 2007 e do programa de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica GraphPad InStat&#174;.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 816 pacientes (971 interna&#231;&#245;es). Ocorreram 92 &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares (11,2%). A m&#233;dia de idade foi 66,5 &#177; 13,8 anos, sendo significativamente maior entre os pacientes n&#227;o sobreviventes (p = 0,03). O sexo masculino apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia em ambos os grupos (52,2% dos sobreviventes e 62% dos n&#227;o sobreviventes), sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ra&#231;a, a maioria dos pacientes era de etnia branca, por&#233;m com preval&#234;ncia maior de brancos no grupo n&#227;o sobreviventes (p = 0,01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Fatores cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Sobreviventes</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>N&#227;o Sobreviventes</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total de pacientes, n</td>
                <td align="center">724</td>
                <td align="center">92</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, m&#233;dia &#177; DP, em anos</td>
                <td align="center">66,1 &#177; 13,8</td>
                <td align="center">70,4 &#177; 14,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">378 (52,2)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (62)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">346 (47,8)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etnia branca</td>
                <td align="center">632 (87,4)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (96,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etnia negra</td>
                <td align="center">53 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional, m&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#245;es previas, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dias por interna&#231;&#227;o, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">11,3 &#177; 11,5</td>
                <td align="center">15,5 &#177; 14,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">223 (30,9)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (28,3)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">380 (52,5)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (59,8)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVEi pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (14,1)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">181 (25,1)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">136 (18,9)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (27,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">170 (23,6)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (48,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FA (ACO), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipotireoidismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (12,3)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">217 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etilismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; ns: n&#227;o significativo; AVEi: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; FA (ACO): fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Comparando os grupos de pacientes, observou-se que os pacientes n&#227;o sobreviventes apresentavam pior Classe Funcional (CF) pela <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) na admiss&#227;o hospitalar (p = 0,004), maior n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias (p = 0,0001) e interna&#231;&#245;es mais prolongadas (p = 0,001).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s comorbidades associadas, os paciente n&#227;o sobreviventes apresentaram mais doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (p = 0,01) e FA cr&#244;nica (p = 0,0001). A presen&#231;a de HAS, IAM pr&#233;vio, Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico Isqu&#234;mico (AVEi) pr&#233;vio, hipotireoidismo, Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica (DPOC), diabetes e etilismo n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos. Os sobreviventes eram mais tabagistas (p = 0,01).</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">tabela 2</xref>, observa-se que, no grupo de pacientes n&#227;o sobreviventes, houve mais complica&#231;&#245;es ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o, como tromboembolismo pulmonar (p = 0,05), angina inst&#225;vel (p = 0,01), IAM (p = 0,001), FA (p = 0,0001), necessidade de di&#225;lise (p = 0,0001) e infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (p = 0,0001) &#8722; que foi a complica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente em ambos os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Eventos observados na amostra estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Intercorr&#234;ncias</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Sobreviventes n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tromboembolismo pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">14 (1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">11 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bradicardia</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">15 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (28,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria</td>
                <td align="center">156 (21,5)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (54,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#225;lise</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (17,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>ns: n&#227;o significativo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Foram avaliados 698 laudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Embora a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e os di&#226;metros sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tenham sido semelhantes entre os grupos, o padr&#227;o diast&#243;lico restritivo (p = 0,0001) e insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave (p = 0,005) foram mais frequentes nos pacientes n&#227;o sobreviventes, como demostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Sobreviventes</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">39,5 &#177; 18,9%</td>
                <td align="center">39,0 &#177; 20,0%</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">40,3 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">35,9 &#177; 12,4</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">57,5 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">58,9 &#177; 11,8</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau I (relaxamento), %</td>
                <td align="center">32,2</td>
                <td align="center">17,2</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau II (pseudonormal), %</td>
                <td align="center">29,4</td>
                <td align="center">13,8</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau III (restri&#231;&#227;o), %</td>
                <td align="center">38,4</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave, %</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide grave, %</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,8</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ns: n&#227;o significativo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os porcentuais de pacientes com BNP acima de 400 e 1.000 pcg/mL foram significativamente maiores entre os n&#227;o sobreviventes (p = 0,03 e 0,02, respectivamente), conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) na amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2"><bold>Valores de BNP (</bold>pcg/mL)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Sobreviventes (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 100</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">100-400</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,0</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 400</td>
                <td align="center">53,0</td>
                <td align="center">88,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 1.000</td>
                <td align="center">35,0</td>
                <td align="center">58,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>ns: n&#227;o significativo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Comparando-se os resultados de exames laboratoriais da admiss&#227;o hospitalar entre os grupos de pacientes, verificou-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa para disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e hipercalemia em favor do grupo n&#227;o sobrevivente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados laboratoriais da admiss&#227;o hospitalar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Exames laboratoriais</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Sobreviventes</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ureia, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">61,6</td>
                <td align="center">91,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, md/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,40</td>
                <td align="center">1,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#243;dio, mEq/L</td>
                <td align="center">135,8</td>
                <td align="center">134,4</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio, mEq/L</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">12,0</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>ns: n&#227;o significativo. </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As OR para mortalidade est&#227;o expressas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 6</xref>. Os achados que elevaram as chances de mortalidade hospitalar, entre as vari&#225;veis laboratoriais colhidas na admiss&#227;o, foram ureia &gt; 40 mg/dL (OR = 2,13), creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 1,4 mg/dL (OR = 4,0), pot&#225;ssio &gt; 5,0 mEq/L (OR = 3,0) e BNP &gt; 1.000 pg/mL (OR = 2,0).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t13">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Exames laboratoriais &#8211; odds ratio (OR) para mortalidade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Valores laboratoriais na admiss&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>OR (IC)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ureia &gt; 40 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">376</td>
                <td align="center">2,13 (1,3-3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina &gt; 1,4 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">233</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,8-9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio &gt; 5mEq/L</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,7-5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP &gt; 1.000 pg/mL</td>
                <td align="center">191</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,1-3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos medicamentos prescritos na admiss&#227;o hospitalar, o &#250;nico que apresentou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos foi o inibidor da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/Bloqueador do Receptor de Angiotensina (IECA/BRA), com maior preval&#234;ncia no grupo de pacientes sobreviventes (p = 0,04), por&#233;m suas doses n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 7</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t14">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tratamento medicamentoso institu&#237;do na admiss&#227;o hospitalar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Sobreviventes (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>N&#227;o sobreviventes (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">81,8</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hidroclorotiazida</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">56,1</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digoxina</td>
                <td align="center">36,1</td>
                <td align="center">43,5</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nitrato</td>
                <td align="center">31,7</td>
                <td align="center">23,9</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AAS</td>
                <td align="center">49,1</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hidralazina</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amiodarona</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
                <td align="center">8,7</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-bloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">65,8</td>
                <td align="center">55,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Carvedilol, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>14,7 &#177; 13 mg</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>12,7 &#177; 9,3 mg</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>ns</italic>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA / BRA</td>
                <td align="center">79,6</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Enalapril, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>18,2 &#177; 8,1 mg</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>17,1 &#177; 8,2 mg</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>ns</italic>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>ns: n&#227;o significativo; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A IC &#233; uma das principais causas de admiss&#227;o hospitalar no mundo. Dados da literatura mostram que aproximadamente 1 a 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta dos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos tem IC, com preval&#234;ncia maior (&#8805; 10%) em idosos com mais de 70 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A <italic>American Heart Association</italic> estimou preval&#234;ncia de 5,1 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos com IC somente nos Estados Unidos no per&#237;odo de 2007 a 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de uma primeira hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC em estudo realizado na Fran&#231;a em 2009 foi de 0,14%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Estudo americano recente observou redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> assim como outro realizado no Canad&#225;, que analisou pacientes hospitalizados e ambulatoriais entre 1997 e 2007, mostrando um decl&#237;nio de 32,7% na incid&#234;ncia de casos de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> No Brasil, tamb&#233;m identificou-se redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC no per&#237;odo de 2000 a 2007, com diminui&#231;&#227;o proporcional em todas as regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A incid&#234;ncia e as taxas de admiss&#227;o hospitalar por IC diminu&#237;ram de forma constante a partir da d&#233;cada de 1990 em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses do mundo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e isto parece refletir um real decl&#237;nio na IC, que pode ser explicado por menores taxas de tabagismo, melhor controle da HAS e maior uso de terapias de reperfus&#227;o, como angioplastia prim&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na presente casu&#237;stica, a taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar por IC (11,2%) foi muito maior que a encontrada em estudos realizados em outros pa&#237;ses,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> como o ICARO, realizado no Chile,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> mas est&#225; de acordo com recentes estudos brasileiros, como o BREATHE e outro realizado no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), no qual as taxas de mortalidade foram 12,6% e 10%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Comparando dados da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada com os do DATASUS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> observaram-se menores taxa de mortalidade e per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o comparativamente a dois centros de refer&#234;ncia de cardiologia do pa&#237;s, o InCor e o Instituto Dante Pazzanese. Verificou-se ainda que, quanto maior o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, maior a mortalidade intra-hospitalar. O estudo japon&#234;s ATTEND, que teve um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de 30 dias, relatou que a maioria das mortes s&#250;bitas card&#237;acas ocorre em at&#233; 14 dias da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Assim, uma interna&#231;&#227;o de poucos dias pode ser curta para avaliar a mortalidade.</p>
        <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi 66,5 anos, ou seja, similar ao BREATHE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> por&#233;m inferior a da maioria dos estudos internacionais (69 a 77 anos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Esta diferen&#231;a pode estar relacionada a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais precoce das cardiopatias no Brasil, tratamento menos eficaz das doen&#231;as que levam ao aparecimento de IC, n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento preconizado ou mesmo representar apenas diferen&#231;as nas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas. Outro estudo brasileiro, realizado em hospital privado do Rio de Janeiro, apresentou faixa et&#225;ria mais elevada (72,5 anos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ainda em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, como esperado, observaram-se maiores taxas de mortalidade entre os pacientes mais velhos, como demonstrado no estudo de Framighan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e confirmado por outros trabalhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica, houve predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino entre os pacientes n&#227;o sobreviventes (62%), estando de acordo com a literatura, a qual relata que o progn&#243;stico da IC &#233; pior nos homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O predom&#237;nio da etnia branca (sobreviventes: 87,4%; n&#227;o sobreviventes: 96,7%) pode ser explicado pela diferen&#231;a demogr&#225;fica de nosso pa&#237;s, com maior preval&#234;ncia de brancos nas Regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> por&#233;m os negros foram mais prevalentes entres os sobreviventes (7,3% vs. 2,2%; p = 0,01). O efeito da ra&#231;a sobre o progn&#243;stico da IC &#233; incerto, uma vez que diferentes estudos t&#234;m revelado resultados divergentes. Dries et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> em estudo comparando a evolu&#231;&#227;o da IC entre brancos e negros, identificaram maior mortalidade entre os negros; Rathore et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> demonstraram menor mortalidade entre os negros hospitalizados por IC; e Mathew et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> n&#227;o evidenciaram diferen&#231;a na mortalidade entre as ra&#231;as.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise comparativa entre os pacientes sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes confirmou alguns achados de mau progn&#243;stico na IC, incluindo CF de NYHA elevada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o prolongado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> maior n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> hipercalemia, BNP elevado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> presen&#231;a de comorbidades como doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, FA cr&#244;nica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> al&#233;m de insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica com padr&#227;o de restri&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> tromboembolismo pulmonar,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e/ou necessidade de di&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada &#224; maior mortalidade. Ao contr&#225;rio do que descrito na literatura, os pacientes n&#227;o sobreviventes eram menos tabagistas. Isto pode ser devido &#224; caracter&#237;stica espec&#237;fica deste grupo ou a um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Diferen&#231;as quanto a presen&#231;a de diabetes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> IAM pr&#233;vio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> AVEi pr&#233;vio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> anemia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> hiponatremia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> DPOC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo reduzida,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide grave,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> apesar de bem estabelecidas como fatores de mau progn&#243;stico, n&#227;o foram significativas neste estudo.</p>
        <p>A taxa de pacientes que teve ao menos uma reinterna&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo do estudo foi de 12%. No estudo ESC-HF Pilot (<italic>Heart Failure Pilot Survey</italic>), foi encontrada taxa de reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC em 1 ano de 24,8%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em 60 a 90 dias no registro OPTIMIZE-HF (<italic>Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure</italic>) foi de 29,9% nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e de 29,2% naqueles com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> O estudo ADHERE cita que a readmiss&#227;o pode chegar a 50% ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Nossos achados, de um menor porcentual de reinterna&#231;&#227;o, podem estar influenciados pela aus&#234;ncia de seguimento ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, o que identificaria reinterna&#231;&#245;es em outras institui&#231;&#245;es e morte ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
        <p>Diversos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de BNP e a gravidade da IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> No ADHERE, o n&#237;vel de BNP na admiss&#227;o foi um marcador de mortalidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> al&#233;m de preditor de reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim como demonstrado em nossa s&#233;rie, a FA &#233; a arritmia mais frequente entre os pacientes com IC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e seu aparecimento pode determinar piora dos sintomas, maior risco de tromboembolismo e pior progn&#243;stico. Potenciais fatores precipitantes (altera&#231;&#245;es eletrol&#237;ticas, hipertireoidismo, consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, valvulopatia mitral, isquemia aguda, infec&#231;&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada) devem ser investigados e, se poss&#237;vel, corrigidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tal como em nosso estudo, o OPTIMIZE-HF identificou um fator cl&#237;nico de precipita&#231;&#227;o da IC em cerca de 60% dos pacientes, sendo os processos pulmonares, a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e as arritmias os mais comuns.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; um achado frequente entre os hospitalizados por IC, e aproximadamente 66% dos pacientes com IC t&#234;m algum grau de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, o que seria um dos principais preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar entre os pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Evid&#234;ncias apontam que pacientes com DPOC t&#234;m um risco significativamente mais elevado de IC congestiva, e que as exacerba&#231;&#245;es agudas do DPOC podem provocar o agravamento da IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento da IC sist&#243;lica, diretrizes recomendam a prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA, seguida da introdu&#231;&#227;o de um betabloqueador. Recomenda-se, ainda, a introdu&#231;&#227;o de um antagonista da aldosterona, diante de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 35%, se o paciente mantiver em CF II a IV. Os diur&#233;ticos s&#227;o recomendados somente para reduzir congest&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A porcentagem de pacientes que receberam IECA/BRA, betabloqueadores e espironolactona, que s&#227;o medidas que diminuem a mortalidade na IC, foi notadamente maior que em outros estudos (Long Term Registry ESC-HF, ICARO e BREATHE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o uso de algum IECA/BRA na admiss&#227;o hospitalar foi significativamente maior entre os sobreviventes. No entanto, apesar de a literatura evidenciar aumento da sobrevida da IC com o uso de betabloqueadores e/ou IECA/BRA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> &#233; prov&#225;vel que os pacientes n&#227;o sobreviventes tinham uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica mais grave que n&#227;o permitia a utiliza&#231;&#227;o destes f&#225;rmacos.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, ainda existem consider&#225;veis falhas no tratamento da IC, que podem contribuir para elevada morbidade, mortalidade e custo econ&#244;mico desta patologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> An&#225;lise do <italic>Euro Heart Survey</italic> mostrou que, para menos da metade dos pacientes eleg&#237;veis, foram prescritos betabloqueador e IECA, e as doses utilizadas foram abaixo daquelas que provaram ser eficazes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> O IMPROVE-HF (<italic>Registry to Improve the Use of Evidence-Based Heart Failure Therapies in the Outpatient Setting</italic>) mostrou que a adi&#231;&#227;o de cada terapia baseada em evid&#234;ncia est&#225; associada com importante diminui&#231;&#227;o do risco de mortalidade em 1 ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A coleta retrospectiva de dados, a falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o no registro de informa&#231;&#245;es no prontu&#225;rio, a eventual subnotifica&#231;&#227;o de dados e a aus&#234;ncia de seguimento dos pacientes ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar podem ser mencionados como limita&#231;&#245;es. O uso de drogas vasoativas durante a interna&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi abordado, impossibilitando a an&#225;lise destes dados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo podem auxiliar na melhora do manejo dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, chamando aten&#231;&#227;o para subgrupos de maior risco de mortalidade, como pacientes com idade avan&#231;ada, interna&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias, classe funcional elevada, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e/ou pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B elevado, que apresentem s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria ou necessidade de di&#225;lise durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O tratamento medicamentoso dos pacientes seguiu o recomendado nas diretrizes de tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca atuais. O perfil cl&#237;nico desfavor&#225;vel pode ter limitado a aplicabilidade de algumas das medidas terap&#234;uticas consideradas decisivas no progn&#243;stico desta s&#237;ndrome. Apesar da terapia medicamentosa otimizada, a mortalidade intra-hospitalar permaneceu elevada, assim como o observado em outros servi&#231;os de refer&#234;ncia brasileiros, comparativamente &#224; m&#233;dia internacional.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.onlineijcs.org">http://www.onlineijcs.org</ext-link>
					</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de trabalho de conclus&#227;o de curso de resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica em Cardiologia de Milton Ricardo Poffo, Amberson Vieira de Assis, Ma&#237;ra Fracasso, Ozir Miguel Londero Filho, Sulyane Matos de Menezes Alves, Ana Paula Bald, Camila Bussolo Schmitt, Nilton Rog&#233;rio Alves Filho pelo Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
