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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">D44Z78MB5fRrq5vkxtwz5jb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000200181</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170036</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Differential Diagnosis of Marfan Syndrome in a Teenage Volleyball Athlete</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Graffunder</surname>
            <given-names>Fabrissio Portelinha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sties</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina Weiss</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;les</surname>
            <given-names>Ana In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Tales de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Avantis</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Avantis</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Faculdade AVANTIS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Sabrina Weiss Sties</bold>, Rua Pascoal Simone, 358, Coqueiros. Postal Code: 88080-350, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil. E-mail <email>sabrinawsties@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Graffunder FP, Sties SW, Gonz&#225;les AI, Carvalho T. Acquisition of data: Graffunder FP, Sties SW, Gonz&#225;les AI, Carvalho T. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Graffunder FP, Sties SW, Gonz&#225;les AI, Carvalho T. Writing of the manuscript: Graffunder FP, Sties SW, Gonz&#225;les AI, Carvalho T. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Graffunder FP, Sties SW, Gonz&#225;les AI, Carvalho T.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>181</fpage>
      <lpage>184</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Marfan Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Rupture</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Athletes</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease mainly caused by mutations in the <italic>fibrillin-1</italic> (<italic>FBN1</italic>) gene. It is characterized by the occurrence of thoracic aortic aneurysm and/or dissection, <italic>ectopia lentis</italic>, and systemic abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The highest risk of death associated with the syndrome is attributed to cardiovascular abnormalities, in particular, progressive aortic root aneurysm, leading to aortic dissection and rupture if not corrected surgically.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The clinical diagnosis of MFS may be established by the revised Ghent nosology,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> although this can be challenging, since many characteristics of this disease are dependent on the age of the patient, while others are frequently seen in the general population, with substantial phenotypic variability. In addition, MFS has considerable overlap with other connective tissue diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Even though MFS is a rare condition (1:5,000),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> its prevalence is speculated to be much higher among individuals participating in sports, especially those sports in which tall stature and long limbs are advantageous. One such example is volleyball,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> which is classified as a moderate dynamic and low static sport.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies on the practice of competitive sports by individuals with borderline or evident aortic root dilation are limited. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the differential diagnosis of MFS or any evident systemic disease.</p>
      <p>In this context, the present study describes the case of a volleyball athlete with a possible diagnosis of MFS. The athlete and his guardian signed both agreement and informed consent forms. The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at <italic>Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</italic> (UDESC).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>We report the case of a 16-year-old black male athlete with a height of 2.08 meters and weighing 80.9 kg. He was summoned to the Brazilian National Junior Volleyball Team in October 2013. During pre-joining assessment procedures, the patient was asymptomatic. He underwent clinical examination, ophthalmologic evaluation by a specialist, electrocardiography at rest, cardiopulmonary testing, and laboratory analysis, which showed no significant findings. While undergoing unidimensional and bidimensional echocardiography with color Doppler, a 45-mm diameter dilatation was observed on the thoracic ascendant aorta involving the sinuses of Valsalva. The athlete was removed from practice and underwent magnetic resonance angiography of the thoracic aorta, which evidenced a dilatation at the valvular plane with maximum diameters measured at this topography of 48 X 46 mm.</p>
      <p>Based on the findings described above and the international literature, particularly the 36<sup>th</sup> Bethesda Conference, which contraindicates volleyball practice by individuals with ectasia at this level greater than 40 mm, the medical team recommended the athlete to be removed from practicing the sport. The patient was born with 3.8 kg and 51 cm, and his parents had normal height and weight. His family medical history was negative for MFS or sudden death, and he had no cognitive or sociability problems, showing excellent motor coordination and exercising with great ability the tasks of middle hitter, libero, and outside hitter in volleyball.</p>
      <p>Six months after being summoned, his height was 2.10 m, and his weight was 85.5 kg. He continued to participate in volleyball training at his base team, but remained out from the Brazilian National Team. On April 2014, the athlete underwent a new echocardiography, in which no significant increase in the aortic dimensions was observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patient characteristics and echocardiographic results</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">16.5</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
              <td align="center">2.08</td>
              <td align="center">2.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">84</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>1st Echocardiogram</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>2nd Echocardiogram</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Dimensions of the cardiac structure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aorta (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left Atrium (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right Ventricle (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Interventricular Septum (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left Ventricular Posterior Wall (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left Ventricular Diastolic Diameter (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">5.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left Ventricular Systolic Diameter (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">4.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">66.4</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic Diameter <italic>z</italic> score </td>
              <td align="center">2.52</td>
              <td align="center">2.43</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>His aortic diameter <italic>z</italic> score was &gt; 2 standard deviations (SD) of the mean for his body surface area (2.43 m<sup>2</sup>). An aortic root diameter greater than 2 SD, in addition to a positive genetic test or <italic>ectopia lentis</italic>, confirms the diagnosis of MFS regardless of systemic criteria. However, an ophthalmologic evaluation, conducted by a specialist, demonstrated that the patient's lenses were typical and within normal parameters, without any shape abnormality. A genetic test to investigate MFS was not performed, but the athlete had no family history of the syndrome, therefore, did not reach the score to confirm MFS.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of MFS signs was assessed with the revised Ghent nosology, which totaled only 2 points (skin <italic>striae,</italic> as well as reduced upper segment/lower segment ratio and increased arm span/height and absence of severe scoliosis), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Systemic scores for Marfan syndrome presented by the athlete</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="80%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Points</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Wrist and thumb sign<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Pectus carinatum</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">or <italic>pectus excavatum</italic> or chest asymmetry</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hindfoot deformity</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">or plain <italic>pes planus</italic></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pneumothorax</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dural ectasia</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Protrusio acetabuli</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reduced upper segment/lower segment ratio and increased arm span/height and absence of severe scoliosis</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Scoliosis or thoracolumbar kyphosis</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reduced elbow extension </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Facial features (three out of five)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">***</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Skin <italic>striae</italic></td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Myopia &gt; 3 diopters</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral valve prolapse</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Wrist sign: This signal is positive when one hand wraps the contralateral wrist and the tip of the thumb of the hand covers the distal phalanx of the 5<sup>th</sup> finger in the same hand.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Thumb sign: positive when during thumb adduction transversely across the hand, the distal phalanx of the thumb protrudes beyond the ulnar border.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>***</label>
            <p>Facial characteristics: includes dolichocephaly, enophthalmos, downslanting palpebral fissures, malar hypoplasia, retrognathia.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The uncertainty regarding the diagnosis of MFS in this athlete was due to the fact that although his aortic diameter <italic>z</italic> score was 2 SDs above the mean for his body surface area, his phenotypic expression was incomplete on physical exam. In order to confirm the diagnosis of MFS, the systemic score must be &#8805; 7. It is well established in the literature that the main concern in individuals with MFS is their increased risk of death due to aortic dissection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this context, the recommendations of the 36<sup>th</sup> Bethesda Conference are used to regulate the participation of athletes in competitions and establish that individuals with aortic diameters &#8805; 4.0 cm or &gt; 2 SD of the mean for body surface area should only participate in low-to-medium intensity athletic competitions. However, these cutoff values are derived from the general population.</p>
      <p>The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recommends removal from all competitive sports of those athletes with a definitive diagnosis of MFS (by phenotypic identification and/or genetic test), regardless of aortic root dimensions. On the other hand, when this diagnosis is uncertain due to incomplete phenotypic expression in young athletes, and/or ineffective or negative genetic testing, the ESC allows the athlete to continue participating in sports, provided they undergo a periodic clinical reassessment.</p>
      <p>According to the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and Brazilian Society of Sports Medicine, individuals with a complete MFS phenotype may participate in low-to-moderate dynamic and low static sports, and should be assessed by echocardiography every 6 months, provided they do not present the following conditions: dilation of the aortic root greater than 2 SDs, moderate to severe mitral regurgitation, and family history of aortic dissection or sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Due to the characteristics presented by the athlete in this report, MASS phenotype was included in his differential diagnosis. This phenotype includes involvement of the skeletal muscle, <italic>striae</italic>
				<italic>atrophica</italic>, borderline but nonprogressive aortic dilatation, and mitral valve prolapse. Only the latter was not observed in the athlete. However, the MASS phenotype only applies if the aortic diameter <italic>z</italic> score is &lt; 2, the systemic score is &#8805; 5, and the patient is at least 20 years old.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The adolescent in the present study did not fit these criteria.</p>
      <p>A cohort study by Joundeau <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> including individuals with confirmed MFS concluded that the risk of sudden death or aortic dissection is low in individuals with aortic diameter between 4.5 and 4.9 cm. For these authors, the diameter of 5 cm was deemed a reasonable threshold for prophylactic surgery.</p>
      <p>In addition to the aortic dilation, an aortic growth at a rate greater than 0.5 cm per year is considered a concern in terms of dissection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In order to determine the importance and prevalence of aortic root dilatation in competition athletes, Peliccia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> evaluated 2,317 Italian athletes without cardiovascular disease, including men and women participating in Olympic Games and world championships, and competitors in different sports at national and regional levels. The authors found that the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile value for the aortic root diameter was 40 mm in men and 34 mm in women. Overall, 17 male athletes showed larger aortic diameters than the set threshold, including young athletes practicing rowing, basketball or volleyball who were tall and had a large body surface area, but none satisfied the revised Ghent criteria for the diagnosis of MFS. They were allowed to practice sports and were followed up every 6 months. A significant increase in the size of the aorta was observed, which in two of these athletes exceeded 5 cm. However, they had no cardiovascular complications, remained without any Ghent criterion, and had a negative test for genetic <italic>FBN1</italic> mutations.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Changes in the aortic diameter pattern should be taken into account the individual's body surface area and progressive aortic dilation.</p>
      <p>There is a paucity of information on the practice of competitive sports by individuals with borderline or obvious aortic root dilation but without diagnostic criteria for MFS or any evident systemic disease.</p>
      <p>The athlete in this report had a possible differential diagnosis of MFS that could be confirmed after periodic evaluations over time. It is important to highlight that trainers in sports in which tall stature is advantageous and, thus common, should become acquainted with MFS, in order to identify through known signs potential athletes who have the disease and help them seek appropriate guidance.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diagn&#243;stico Diferencial de S&#237;ndrome de Marfan em Adolescente Atleta de Voleibol</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Graffunder</surname>
            <given-names>Fabrissio Portelinha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sties</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina Weiss</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;les</surname>
            <given-names>Ana In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Tales de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Avantis</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sabrina Weiss Sties</bold>, Rua Pascoal Simone, 358, Coqueiros. CEP 88080-350, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil. E-mail <email>sabrinawsties@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Graffunder FP, Sties SW, Gonz&#225;les AI, Carvalho T. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Graffunder FP, Sties SW, Gonz&#225;les AI, Carvalho T. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Graffunder FP, Sties SW, Gonz&#225;les AI, Carvalho T. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Graffunder FP, Sties SW, Gonz&#225;les AI, Carvalho T. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Graffunder FP, Sties SW, Gonz&#225;les AI, Carvalho T.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>de Marfan</kwd>
        <kwd>Ruptura A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as da Aorta</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Marfan (SMF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante heredit&#225;ria, causada principalmente por muta&#231;&#245;es no gene <italic>fibrilina-1</italic> (<italic>FBN1</italic>). Caracteriza-se pela presen&#231;a de aneurisma e/ou dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica, subluxa&#231;&#227;o do cristalino e anormalidades sist&#234;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O maior risco de &#243;bito na s&#237;ndrome &#233; atribu&#237;do &#224;s patologias cardiovasculares, em especial o aneurisma progressivo da raiz a&#243;rtica, levando &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o e ruptura se n&#227;o tratado cirurgicamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico da SMF pode ser estabelecido pela nosologia Ghent revisada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> mas isto pode ser desafiador, visto que muitas caracter&#237;sticas desta doen&#231;a s&#227;o dependentes da idade do paciente, enquanto outras s&#227;o vistas com frequ&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o geral com uma variabilidade fenot&#237;pica consider&#225;vel. Al&#233;m disto, a SMF tem consider&#225;vel sobreposi&#231;&#227;o com outras doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar da SMF ser rara (1:5.000),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> especula-se que a sua preval&#234;ncia pode ser muito maior entre os indiv&#237;duos que participam em esportes, especialmente nos quais a alta estatura e membros longos representam uma vantagem. Um exemplo seria o voleibol,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> um esporte classificado como tendo um componente din&#226;mico moderado e est&#225;tico baixo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os estudos sobre a pr&#225;tica de esportes competitivos por indiv&#237;duos com raiz da aorta lim&#237;trofe ou claramente dilatada s&#227;o limitados, portanto torna-se necess&#225;rio realizar o diagn&#243;stico diferencial de SMF ou de qualquer doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica evidente.</p>
        <p>Neste contexto, o presente estudo descreve o caso de um atleta de voleibol com poss&#237;vel diagn&#243;stico de SMF. O atleta e o respons&#225;vel assinaram termos de assentimento e de consentimento livre e esclarecido. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>Relata-se o caso de um atleta negro de 16 anos, com 2,08 metros de altura e 80,9 kg de peso. O adolescente foi convocado para a Sele&#231;&#227;o Brasileira Infantil de Voleibol em outubro de 2013. Durante os procedimentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o, apresentava-se assintom&#225;tico. Ele foi submetido a exame cl&#237;nico, avalia&#231;&#227;o oftalmol&#243;gica com especialista, eletrocardiografia de repouso, teste cardiopulmonar e an&#225;lises laboratoriais, que n&#227;o mostraram achados significativos. Ao ser submetido &#224; ecocardiografia unidimensional e bidimensional com Doppler colorido, foi observada dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica ascendente na regi&#227;o dos seios de Valsalva, com di&#226;metro de 45 mm. O atleta foi afastado do treinamento e submetido &#224; angiorresson&#226;ncia da aorta tor&#225;cica, a qual evidenciou dilata&#231;&#227;o no plano valvar medindo nos seus di&#226;metros m&#225;ximos nesta topografia 48 X 46 mm.</p>
        <p>Com base nos achados supracitados e na literatura internacional, particularmente na 36&#170; Confer&#234;ncia de Bethesda, que contraindica a pr&#225;tica de v&#244;lei por indiv&#237;duos com ectasia neste n&#237;vel acima de 40 mm, a equipe m&#233;dica preconizou o afastamento do atleta da pr&#225;tica esportiva. O paciente nasceu com 3,8 kg e 51 cm, os pais do atleta apresentaram estatura e peso normais. Ele n&#227;o apresentava hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico familiar de SMF ou morte s&#250;bita, ou problemas cognitivos e de sociabilidade, demonstrando excelente coordena&#231;&#227;o motora e exercendo com qualidade as fun&#231;&#245;es de central, ponteiro e/ou oposto no voleibol.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 6 meses da convoca&#231;&#227;o, o paciente apresentava 2,10 m de altura, 85,5 kg de peso e continuava a participar dos treinamentos de voleibol em sua equipe de base, por&#233;m permanecia afastado da Sele&#231;&#227;o Brasileira. Em abril de 2014, o atleta realizou nova ecocardiografia, na qual n&#227;o foram encontrados aumentos significativos na dimens&#227;o da aorta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente e resultados dos ecocardiogramas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">16,5</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (m)</td>
                <td align="center">2,08</td>
                <td align="center">2,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>1&#186; Ecocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>2&#186; Ecocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Dimens&#245;es da estrutura card&#237;aca</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aorta (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;trio Esquerdo (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventr&#237;culo Direito (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Septo Interventricular (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parede Posterior do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro Diast&#243;lico do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro Sist&#243;lico do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">66,4</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore <italic>z</italic> para o Di&#226;metro A&#243;rtico</td>
                <td align="center">2,52</td>
                <td align="center">2,43</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O escore <italic>z</italic> para o di&#226;metro da aorta do paciente estava acima de 2 desvios padr&#227;o (DP) da m&#233;dia para a sua &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (2,43 m<sup>2</sup>). Um di&#226;metro da raiz a&#243;rtica maior que 2 DP, somado a um teste gen&#233;tico positivo ou &#224; luxa&#231;&#227;o do cristalino, confirmam o diagn&#243;stico de SMF, independente dos crit&#233;rios sist&#234;micos. No entanto, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o oftalmol&#243;gica do paciente, realizada por um especialista, mostrou que os cristalinos do paciente eram t&#237;picos, normais e sem altera&#231;&#227;o de forma. O teste gen&#233;tico para investiga&#231;&#227;o de SMF n&#227;o foi realizado, mas o atleta n&#227;o apresentava hist&#243;rico familiar da s&#237;ndrome, portanto, n&#227;o atingiu o escore para a confirma&#231;&#227;o da SMF.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de sinais de SMF foi avaliada com a nosologia Ghent revisada, que totalizou apenas 2 pontos (estrias na pele, al&#233;m de raz&#245;es do segmento superior/inferior reduzida e envergadura de bra&#231;o/altura aumentada sem escoliose grave), conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escores sist&#234;micos para a s&#237;ndrome de Marfan apresentados pelo atleta.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Pontos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sinal de punho e polegar<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Pectus carinatum</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ou <italic>pectus excavatum</italic> ou assimetria peitoral</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Deformidade retrop&#233;</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ou p&#233;s planos</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pneumot&#243;rax</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ectasia dural</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acet&#225;bulo protuso</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#245;es segmento superior/inferior reduzida e envergadura de bra&#231;os/altura aumentada e sem escoliose grave</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escoliose ou cifose toracolombar</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Extens&#227;o de cotovelo reduzida</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas faciais (tr&#234;s de cinco)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estrias na pele</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miopia &gt; 3 dioptrias</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prolapso da v&#225;lvula mitral</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Sinal de punho: este sinal &#233; positivo quando ao envolver o pulso contralateral com uma das m&#227;os, a ponta do polegar desta m&#227;o cobre a falange distal do 5&#186;. quirod&#225;ctilo da mesma m&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Sinal de polegar: positivo quando ao aduzir o polegar transversalmente pela m&#227;o, a falange distal do polegar projeta-se al&#233;m da borda ulnar.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>Carater&#237;sticas faciais: incluem dolicocefalia, enoftalmia, fendas palpebrais com inclina&#231;&#227;o para baixo, hipoplasia malar, retrognatia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A incerteza do diagn&#243;stico da SMF neste atleta ocorreu pois apesar do escore <italic>z</italic> para o seu di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico estar acima de 2 DP da m&#233;dia para a sua &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, sua express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica era incompleta ao exame f&#237;sico. Para confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico da SMF, o escore sist&#234;mico deve ser &#8805; 7. &#201; bem estabelecido na literatura que a principal preocupa&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos com SMF &#233; o elevado risco de morte por dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste contexto, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da 36&#170; Confer&#234;ncia de Bethesda, s&#227;o utilizadas para regular a participa&#231;&#227;o dos atletas em competi&#231;&#245;es e estabelecem que indiv&#237;duos com di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico &#8805; 4,0 cm ou &gt; 2 DP da m&#233;dia para a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal devem participar apenas de esportes de competi&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dia e baixa intensidade. Por&#233;m, estes valores de corte s&#227;o derivados da popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
        <p>A Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (SEC) recomenda o afastamento de todos os esportes de competi&#231;&#227;o dos atletas com diagn&#243;stico definitivo de SMF (por reconhecimento fenot&#237;pico e/ou teste gen&#233;tico), independente da dimens&#227;o da raiz a&#243;rtica. Por outro lado, quando este diagn&#243;stico &#233; incerto devido &#224; express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica incompleta em jovens atletas e/ou teste gen&#233;tico ineficaz ou negativo, a SEC permite que o atleta continue sua participa&#231;&#227;o esportiva, desde que seja submetido &#224; reavalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica peri&#243;dica.</p>
        <p>De acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, indiv&#237;duos com fen&#243;tipo completo de SMF podem participar de esportes de din&#226;mica baixa a moderada e est&#225;tica baixa, devendo ser avaliados por ecocardiograma a cada 6 meses, desde que n&#227;o apresentem as seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es: dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta superior a 2 DP, regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral moderada a severa e hist&#243;ria familiar de dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica ou morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas apresentadas pelo atleta neste relato, o fen&#243;tipo MASS foi inclu&#237;do no seu diagn&#243;stico diferencial. Este fen&#243;tipo inclui envolvimento esquel&#233;tico, estrias atr&#243;ficas, dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica suave e n&#227;o progressiva e prolapso da v&#225;lvula mitral. Somente este &#250;ltimo n&#227;o estava presente no atleta. Por&#233;m, o fen&#243;tipo MASS s&#243; &#233; aplic&#225;vel se o escore <italic>z</italic> do di&#226;metro da raiz a&#243;rtica for &lt; 2, o escore sist&#234;mico for &#8805; 5, e o paciente tiver 20 anos de idade ou mais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O adolescente no presente estudo n&#227;o se enquadrou nestes crit&#233;rios.</p>
        <p>Um estudo de coorte incluindo indiv&#237;duos com SMF confirmada publicado por Joundeau <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> conclu&#237;ram que o risco de morte s&#250;bita ou dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica &#233; baixo em indiv&#237;duos com di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico entre 4,5 e 4,9 cm. Para estes autores, o di&#226;metro de 5 cm foi considerado um limite razo&#225;vel para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia profil&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da dilata&#231;&#227;o, uma taxa de crescimento da aorta acima de 0,5 cm por ano &#233; considerada preocupante em termos de dissec&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A fim de definir a import&#226;ncia e a preval&#234;ncia da dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta em atletas de competi&#231;&#227;o, Peliccia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> avaliaram 2.317 atletas italianos sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular, incluindo homens e mulheres participantes em Jogos Ol&#237;mpicos ou campeonatos mundiais e competidores em n&#237;vel nacional e regional de diferentes esportes. Estes autores encontraram que o valor do percentil 99 do di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta foi de 40 mm nos homens e 34 mm nas mulheres. Um total de 17 atletas homens apresentaram di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos maiores que o limite estabelecido, incluindo jovens atletas de remo, basquete ou v&#244;lei de alta estatura e grande &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, por&#233;m nenhum deles satisfez os crit&#233;rios de Ghent para o diagn&#243;stico de SMF. Estes atletas foram liberados para a pr&#225;tica esportiva e acompanhados a cada 6 meses. Observou-se aumento significativo no tamanho da aorta, que em dois destes atletas superou 5 cm. Todavia, n&#227;o apresentavam complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e ambos os atletas continuaram sem nenhum crit&#233;rio Ghent e apresentaram teste negativo para muta&#231;&#245;es do gene <italic>FBN1</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es no padr&#227;o de di&#226;metro da aorta devem levar em considera&#231;&#227;o a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal do sujeito e a dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva da aorta.</p>
        <p>H&#225; escassez de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a pr&#225;tica de esportes competitivos por indiv&#237;duos com raiz da aorta lim&#237;trofe ou claramente dilatada por&#233;m sem crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para a SMF ou qualquer doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica evidente.</p>
        <p>O atleta neste relato apresentou um poss&#237;vel diagn&#243;stico diferencial de SMF que poder&#225; ser confirmado ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#245;es peri&#243;dicas ao longo do tempo. &#201; importante destacar que treinadores de esportes nos quais a alta estatura &#233; uma vantagem e, portanto, comum, devem obter conhecimento sobre a SMF, a fim de identificar atrav&#233;s dos sinais conhecidos, atletas que possivelmente tenham a doen&#231;a e ajud&#225;-los a buscar orienta&#231;&#227;o adequada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
