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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sK6mMhsJsTj6xqgVwcgGRfP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000200177</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170021</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caseous Necrosis of the Mitral Valve: Imaging Methods Allow the Diagnosis and Prevent Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Joaquim</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo de Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Edileide de Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Su&#233;llen Lacerda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Senra Garcia dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albrecht</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiano de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rodrigo de Moura Joaquim</bold>, Rua S&#227;o Francisco, 217, apt. 701, Centro. Postal Code: 88015-140, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil. E-mail <email>rodrigojoaquim@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Joaquim RM, Bezerra SL. Acquisition of data: Joaquim RM, Bezerra SL. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pinto IMF, Santos TSG. Writing of the manuscript: Joaquim RM, Correia EB, Albrecht FC. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: : Joaquim RM, Correia EB, Albrecht FC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>177</fpage>
      <lpage>180</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Calcinosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Multidetector Computed Tomography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Calcification of the mitral annulus (CMA) is defined as a chronic degeneration of the mitral annulus fibrous involving mainly the posterior annulus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is a common condition in the elderly, especially in women, and is associated with hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Caseous necrosis of the mitral valve (CNMV) is a rare and less known CMA variant with a prevalence of 0.64%, which can reach up to 2.7% in autopsy studies of patients with CMA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On echocardiography, CNMV appears as a large rounded or semilunar echodense mass, with a liquid filling and central echolucency, similar to a periannular tumor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The mechanism of liquefaction and caseification are still not well understood, but it is believed to occur due to changes in calcium metabolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>A 66-year-old female patient with a history of hypertension and chronic renal disease with an atrophic right kidney was referred to the emergency department of our institution after presenting a left atrial tumor mass with atypical characteristics, evidenced on echocardiography at another institution. She reported on the occasion a retrosternal and epigastric pressure-type pain associated with gastric fullness, without relation to physical effort, variable duration from minutes to hours, and without other associated symptoms. She also presented dyspnea on exertion.</p>
      <p>The patient was hospitalized to undergo complementary tests and for a possible surgical intervention. The electrocardiogram showed a sinus rhythm and presented criteria for left ventricular overload. Transthoracic echocardiography showed an enlarged left atrium (46 mm) with an indexed volume of 63 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, moderate concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, a 76% left ventricular ejection fraction, mild tricuspid insufficiency, thickened aortic valve without a significant gradient, and a sessile heterogeneous image with areas of calcification adhered to the ventricular face of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, restricting its mobility and opening, measuring 25 x 18 mm and causing mild reflux, with a valvular area of 1.9 cm<sup>2</sup> (pressure half-time [PHT]) and a maximum transvalvular gradient of up to 12 and a mean of 4.</p>
      <p>A magnetic resonance imaging of the heart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) showed dilatation of the left atrium, mitral insufficiency, concentric and asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy predominantly in the septum, measuring up to 23 mm in the middle and basal regions, and a cystic mass with well-defined borders adhered to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, with a heterogeneous content and a halo on late enhancement.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance. A) Apical four-chamber view; B) Apical three-chamber view.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0177-70021-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Coronary computed tomographic angiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) revealed no significant coronary obstructions and identified a well-delineated mass in the inferolateral portion of the mitral annulus, with regular borders and a fibrotic thin layer with high-intensity interior attenuation and focal coarse calcifications measuring 17 x 26 x 22 mm in the anteroposterior, transversal, and longitudinal axis, respectively.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac computed tomography. A) Two-chamber view; B) Four-chamber view; C) Calcium score.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0177-70021-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Considering the association of the finding of important calcifications and the cystic image seen on noninvasive tests, the diagnosis of CNMV was established.</p>
      <p>Since the patient was oligosymptomatic and had a mild mitral insufficiency, valvular intervention was not recommended at the time of diagnosis. The patient did not present any suggestive manifestations of previous embolism and no further investigation was conducted. At the moment of this publication, she remains on clinical treatment receiving medications for her comorbidities, without anticoagulation, and following up regularly on an outpatient basis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The most common presentation of CNMV is as an intracardiac mass, and its diagnosis is incidental. When clinical manifestation occurs, it is usually with palpitations and dyspnea, and rarely with syncope due to atrioventricular blockade. These patients may present several other clinical findings related to the valvular lesion, with stenosis or insufficiency and, eventually, findings of systemic embolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Harpaz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> evaluated a series of 19 patients of whom 18 had isolated involvement of the posterior leaflet of the mitral annulus and one presented associated involvement of the anterior and posterior leaflets. In the same series, these authors observed that five patients (23%) presented some type of cerebrovascular event and only three patients underwent mitral valve replacement, while 84% of them were treated conservatively during a mean follow-up of 3.8 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Several other cases of CNMV presenting as a stroke have already been described in the literature, demonstrating the importance of such type of event in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The mechanisms for the occurrence of stroke are unclear; it is unknown whether they occur due to their association with atherosclerosis, age and other risk factors related to the patients, or embolization of fragments of the mass.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The differential diagnoses include intracardiac tumors, especially atrial myxoma, thrombosis of the coronary sinus, circumflex artery anomalies, and vegetations and abscesses of the mitral annulus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Multiple modalities of cardiovascular imaging should be used to differentiate between the various lesions and, in these cases, are capable of establishing a definitive diagnosis without requiring pathological analysis of the mass, eliminating invasive surgical procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Follow-up after diagnostic definition may be performed only with echocardiography at the discretion of the attending physician.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>CNMV is a dynamic process that, in some cases, may resolve spontaneously and even recur after surgically excised, depending on the valvular degeneration. Surgery is recommended upon dysfunction of the mitral valve with important stenosis or insufficiency, embolic events or when other types of tumors cannot be excluded regardless of the imaging method used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Anticoagulation may be prescribed in cases of embolic events, but no consensus has been established in this regard.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Even though CNMV is a rare condition, it is important for cardiologists performing imaging tests to be familiar with this diagnosis, in order to avoid confusion with other masses or abscesses, thus preventing unnecessary surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costeira</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus: A multi-modality imaging perspective</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>313</fpage>
          <lpage>316</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Necrose Caseosa da Valva Mitral: M&#233;todos de Imagem Permitem o Diagn&#243;stico e Evitam Cirurgia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Joaquim</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo de Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Edileide de Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Su&#233;llen Lacerda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Senra Garcia dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albrecht</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiano de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rodrigo de Moura Joaquim</bold>, Rua S&#227;o Francisco, 217, apt. 701, Centro. CEP 88015-140, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil. E-mail <email>rodrigojoaquim@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Joaquim RM, Bezerra SL. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Joaquim RM, Bezerra SL. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pinto IMF, Santos TSG. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Joaquim RM, Correia EB, Albrecht FC. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Joaquim RM, Correia EB, Albrecht FC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Calcinose</kwd>
        <kwd>Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada Multidetectores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral (CAM) &#233; definida como uma degenera&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do anel fibroso da valva mitral envolvendo principalmente o anel posterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#201; uma condi&#231;&#227;o comum em idosos, especialmente em mulheres, e est&#225; associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A necrose caseosa da valva mitral (NCVM) &#233; uma variante rara e menos conhecida da CAM, com preval&#234;ncia de 0,64%, podendo chegar at&#233; 2,7% em estudo de necropsia de pacientes com CAM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A NCVM apresenta-se &#224; ecocardiografia como uma grande massa arredondada ou semilunar, ecodensa, com conte&#250;do l&#237;quido e ecolusc&#234;ncia central, semelhante a um tumor perianular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O mecanismo de liquefa&#231;&#227;o e casea&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o &#233; bem entendido, mas acredita-se que deva ocorrer por altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo do c&#225;lcio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>Paciente feminina de 66 anos de idade, com antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica com rim direito atr&#243;fico, foi encaminhada ao pronto-socorro de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o por ter apresentado uma massa tumoral de caracter&#237;sticas at&#237;picas em &#225;trio esquerdo, evidenciada &#224; ecocardiografia realizada em outro servi&#231;o. Relatava, na ocasi&#227;o, dor tor&#225;cica em press&#227;o retroesternal e epig&#225;strica associada a plenitude g&#225;strica, sem rela&#231;&#227;o com esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, dura&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel de minutos a horas e sem outros sintomas associados. Apresentava ainda dispneia aos grandes esfor&#231;os.</p>
        <p>A paciente foi internada para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares e uma poss&#237;vel interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. O eletrocardiograma mostrava ritmo sinusal e apresentava crit&#233;rios de sobrecarga de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica demonstrou um &#225;trio esquerdo aumentado (46 mm) com volume indexado de 63 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda conc&#234;ntrica moderada, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 76%, insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide discreta, valva a&#243;rtica espessada sem gradiente significativo e imagem s&#233;ssil heterog&#234;nea com &#225;reas de calcifica&#231;&#227;o, aderida &#224; face ventricular da c&#250;spide posterior da valva mitral, restringindo sua mobilidade e abertura, medindo 25 x 18 mm e acarretando refluxo discreto, com &#225;rea valvar de 1,9 cm<sup>2</sup> (<italic>pressure half-time</italic> [PHT]) e gradiente transvalvar m&#225;ximo de 12 e m&#233;dio de 4.</p>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de cora&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>) evidenciou dilata&#231;&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo, insufici&#234;ncia mitral, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda conc&#234;ntrica assim&#233;trica de predom&#237;nio septal, medindo at&#233; 23 mm na regi&#227;o m&#233;dia e basal e massa c&#237;stica de contornos bem definidos, aderida ao folheto posterior da valva mitral, com conte&#250;do heterog&#234;neo e halo de realce tardio.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de cora&#231;&#227;o. A) Corte apical 4 c&#226;maras; B) Corte apical 3 c&#226;maras.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0177-70021-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A angiotomografia computadorizada de coron&#225;rias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>) n&#227;o revelou obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas significativas e identificou uma massa bem delimitada na por&#231;&#227;o inferolateral do anel mitral, com bordos regulares e capa fibr&#243;tica fina com atenua&#231;&#227;o interior de alta intensidade e calcifica&#231;&#245;es focais grosseiras medindo 17 x 26 x 22 mm nos eixos anteroposterior, transversal e longitudinal, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tomografia computadorizada de cora&#231;&#227;o. A) Corte 2 c&#226;maras; B) Corte 4 c&#226;maras; C) Escore de c&#225;lcio</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0177-70021-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Considerando a associa&#231;&#227;o do achado de calcifica&#231;&#245;es importantes e a imagem c&#237;stica vista nos exames n&#227;o invasivos, foi estabelecido o diagn&#243;stico de NCVM.</p>
        <p>Como a paciente apresentava-se oligossintom&#225;tica e com insufici&#234;ncia mitral discreta, n&#227;o houve indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de interven&#231;&#227;o valvar no momento do diagn&#243;stico. A paciente n&#227;o apresentava nenhum quadro sugestivo de embolia pr&#233;via e nenhuma investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional foi realizada. No momento desta publica&#231;&#227;o, segue mantida em tratamento cl&#237;nico com medica&#231;&#245;es para as comorbidades, sem anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, em seguimento ambulatorial regular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais comum da NCVM &#233; na forma de massa intracard&#237;aca e seu diagn&#243;stico &#233; incidental, por&#233;m quando ocorre manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, geralmente &#233; atrav&#233;s de palpita&#231;&#245;es e dispneia, raramente ocorrendo s&#237;ncope devido a bloqueios atrioventriculares. Diversos outros quadros cl&#237;nicos relacionados &#224; les&#227;o da valva podem ocorrer nesses pacientes, como estenose ou insufici&#234;ncia e, eventualmente, achados de embolia sist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Harpaz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> avaliaram uma s&#233;rie de 19 pacientes onde 18 possu&#237;am envolvimento isolado do folheto posterior do anel mitral e um apresentava envolvimento dos folhetos anterior e posterior em associa&#231;&#227;o. Na mesma s&#233;rie, estes autores observaram que cinco pacientes (23%) apresentavam algum evento cerebrovascular e apenas tr&#234;s pacientes foram submetidos &#224; troca valvar mitral, enquanto 84% dos pacientes foram mantidos em tratamento conservador durante um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de seguimento de 3,8 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Diversos outros casos de NCVM com apresenta&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) j&#225; foram descritos na literatura, demonstrando a import&#226;ncia deste tipo de evento nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Os mecanismos para a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVE ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o claros; n&#227;o se sabe se ocorrem devido a uma associa&#231;&#227;o com aterosclerose, pela idade e outros fatores de risco dos pacientes, ou por emboliza&#231;&#227;o de fragmentos da massa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais incluem tumores intracard&#237;acos, em especial o mixoma atrial, trombose do seio coronariano, anomalias da art&#233;ria circunflexa, e vegeta&#231;&#245;es e abscessos do anel mitral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> M&#250;ltiplas modalidades de imagem cardiovascular devem ser empregadas para diferenciar entre as variadas les&#245;es e s&#227;o capazes de, nestes casos, chegarem ao diagn&#243;stico definitivo, sem necessidade de estudo anatomopatol&#243;gico da massa, dispensando procedimentos invasivos cir&#250;rgicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O seguimento ap&#243;s a defini&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica pode ser realizado apenas com ecocardiografia a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A NCVM &#233; um processo din&#226;mico que, em alguns casos, pode se resolver espontaneamente e tamb&#233;m recorrer ap&#243;s uma cirurgia de ex&#233;rese, conforme a degenera&#231;&#227;o valvar. A cirurgia est&#225; indicada quando ocorre disfun&#231;&#227;o da valva, com estenose ou insufici&#234;ncia importante, eventos emb&#243;licos ou quando outros tipos de tumores n&#227;o puderem ser afastados a despeito dos m&#233;todos de imagem empregados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pode ser prescrita nos casos de eventos emb&#243;licos, por&#233;m ainda n&#227;o existe consenso a este respeito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar da NCVM ser uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara, &#233; importante que cardiologistas que trabalham com imagem estejam familiarizados com este diagn&#243;stico para evitar confus&#227;o com outras massas ou abscessos, evitando, assim, cirurgias desnecess&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
