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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zK9Tm5GgFG3W6z9R7h7ckMQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000200171</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170032</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exercise Improves Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Fitness, and Quality Of Life in Hiv+ Children and Adolescents: Pilot Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Rodrigo Augustemak de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Back</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela de Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beck</surname>
            <given-names>Carmem Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramelli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor)</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFSC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de Pesquisa em Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano (NuCiDH)</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de Pesquisa em Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano (NuCiDH), UFSC, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Rodrigo Augustemak de Lima</bold>, Campus Reitor Jo&#227;o David Ferreira Lima, Centro de Desportos. Postal Code: 88040-900, Trindade, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rodrigo.augustemak@ufsc.br</email>, <email>augustemak@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Back IC, Beck CC; Acquisition of data: Lima LRA, Back IC, Beck CC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lima LRA, Caramelli B; Statistical analysis: Lima LRA; Writing of the manuscript: Lima LRA, Back IC, Caramelli B; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Lima LRA, Back IC, Beck CC, Caramelli B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>171</fpage>
      <lpage>176</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Children and adolescents infected by HIV through mother-to-child transmission are at high risk of developing premature cardiovascular diseases due to dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and low-grade chronic inflammation. The aim of the pilot study was to verify the effect of a playful exercise program on cardiovascular, morphological, metabolic, fitness, and quality of life outcomes. A non-randomized clinical trial consisting of 24 sessions of playful aerobic and resistive exercises was applied to 10 children and adolescents living with HIV from Florianopolis, Brazil. The following variables were obtained before and after the program: fasting total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, glucose, C-reactive protein, blood pressure, common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT), flexibility, muscular endurance, aerobic fitness, anthropometry, and measured quality of life. After the intervention, a decrease in systolic blood pressure (-6.8 mmHg, 6.6%; p = 0.019) and CCA-IMT (-60.0 &#181;m, 12.2%; p = 0.002) was observed after 24 sessions. There was an increase in upper-limb muscular endurance (+3.3 rep.min<sup>-1</sup>, 63.5%; p = 0.002), flexibility (+5.7 cm, 26.0%; p = 0.001), and quality of life (+10.4 points, 27.5%; p = 0.003). In our sample of children and adolescents living with HIV, a short-term exercise program was associated with improvement in cardiovascular risk, fitness, and quality of life.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Fitness</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Style</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Exercise is a non-pharmacological treatment for adults living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), because it can reduce HIV-associated symptoms, cardiovascular, morphological, metabolic abnormalities and improve fitness, anxiety and depression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In children and adolescents living with HIV, only one study has demonstrated the feasibility, safety and efficacy of aerobic and resistive exercises to improve muscle strength and endurance, aerobic fitness and fat free mass.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> This is important, since fitness is reduced in several pediatric pathological conditions and might be associated with premature mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, no effect on lipids was observed and cardiovascular variables were not analyzed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although the effect of exercise on the health of children and adolescents is evident, the magnitude of the effect depends on the intervention characteristics (e.g. intensity and volume of sessions) and health status at the baseline intervention (e.g. normal values of cardiovascular and lipid profiles).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Since the long-term exposure to HIV infection and highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>exercise could mitigate unfavorable conditions of HIV-infected children. This study reports preliminary data on the effect of a short-term playful exercise program on cardiometabolic risk factors, our primary outcome. Fitness and quality of life were also tested as our secondary outcomes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and patient population</title>
        <p>This was a non-randomized clinical trial that evaluated a sample of children and adolescents before and after 8 weeks of aerobic and resistive exercises, conducted in the second half of 2008 at the Rehabilitation Center in Florianopolis, Brazil. This pilot study was carried out with 10 children and adolescents infected by HIV-through mother-to-child transmission and follow at a reference hospital for the treatment of pediatric HIV infection. Before inclusion, the patients were evaluated regarding the risk of exercise. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital (063/2007).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Intervention</title>
        <p>The program consisted of 24 exercise sessions, with each session lasting 90 minutes. There was a gradual increase in the duration of aerobic and muscle resistive exercises from 40 to 60 minutes (every two weeks). A 48-hour interval was used between sessions for recovery. Each session consisted of warm-up/stretching (15 min), playful aerobic and muscle-resistance activities, such as dancing, and recreational and pre-sports games (40-60 minutes), and cool-down (10 min). Playful activities appropriate for the patients' ages were selected. Most activities were organized in a circuit system to permit the session to be more dynamic. The intensity of each session was monitored with a heart rate monitor, thus permitting to determine the exercise time in the previously calculated target zone as 50-85% of the heart rate reserve.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <p>Fasting serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density (HDL-c) and low-density (LDL-c) lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein were assayed using standard procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Blood pressure and resting heart rate were measured as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Intima-media thickness of the right common carotid artery (CCA-IMT) was measured using the Vivid i system (GE, Horten, Norway) with a 12.5-MHz linear transducer. The three best images of the carotid bulb segment close to the bifurcation were analyzed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Fitness was assessed by the Fitnessgram&#174;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Flexibility was evaluated by the sit-and-reach test. Muscular endurance was assessed by the abdominal curl-up test and flexed arm hang test. Aerobic fitness was measured in a submaximal exercise test performed on a treadmill and the peak oxygen consumption was estimated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Anthropometric measurements were performed using standard procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Body mass index, trunk-extremity skinfold ratio, and upper arm muscle area were calculated. Quality of life was evaluated using the "Autoquestionnaire Qualit&#233; de vie Enfant Imag&#233;".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify Gaussian distribution. Descriptive analyses were presented as mean and standard deviation for data before and after the intervention. The after - before intervention differences (&#916;&#186;) were calculated to describe effects. Paired Student t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were performed, adopting a p-value &#8804; 0.05 in two-tailed analyses. Statistical analyses were performed using the STATA 11.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) and GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) packages.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The sample included nine girls and one boy aged 13.0 years (interquartile range [IQR]= 11.5 to 15.5 years); 4/10 participants were white and 6/10 were in moderate to severe stages of HIV infection. Half the participants used protease inhibitors, 8/10 used nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), and 2/10 were undergoing HAART. The median CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was 722.0 cells.ml<sup>-1</sup> (IQR= 647.5 and 914.2) and the median viral load was 17,750 copies.ml<sup>-1</sup> (IQR= 368 and 26.000). Eight of the 10 subjects were pubertal, one was prepubertal, and the other was post-pubertal. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the time spent in the target heart rate zone (50-85%) during each session.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Median time in the target heart rate zone during the exercise sessions.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0171-70032-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the changes in outcomes after the exercise program. A decrease was observed in systolic blood pressure (6.6%) and CCA-IMT (12.2%), as well as an increase in muscular endurance (63.5%), flexibility (26.0%) and quality of life (27.5%). The CD4+ T-lymphocyte count and viral load remained unchanged after the intervention. No dropout from the exercise program or intercurrence during the program was observed.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cardiometabolic, fitness and quality of life outcomes in children and adolescents living with HIV submitted to the exercise program (n = 10)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Outcomes</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Pre- Intervention</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Post- Intervention</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&#916;&#176;</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Mean (standard deviation)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Morphological</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">43.8 (12.9)</td>
              <td align="center">44.3 (12.8)</td>
              <td align="center">+0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.070 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg.est<sup>-2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">18.9 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">19.0 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">+0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.267 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tricipital SF (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">11.6 (4.7)</td>
              <td align="center">12.2 (5.6)</td>
              <td align="center">+0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.142 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Subscapular SF (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">11.2 (10.6)</td>
              <td align="center">11.3 (10.3)</td>
              <td align="center">+0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.918 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bicipital SF (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.8 (2.4)</td>
              <td align="center">5.5 (3.5)</td>
              <td align="center">+0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.307 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Suprailiac SF (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">20.8 (12.3)</td>
              <td align="center">20.9 (11.3)</td>
              <td align="center">+0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.933 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#931;SF (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">48.4 (26.4)</td>
              <td align="center">50.0 (27.3)</td>
              <td align="center">+1.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.292 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abdominal circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">62.0 (21.4)</td>
              <td align="center">68.2 (9.9)</td>
              <td align="center">+6.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.878 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TER (s/u)</td>
              <td align="center">1.84 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">1.78 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.646 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">UAMA (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">28.3 (9.4)</td>
              <td align="center">28.2 (8.0)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.910 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Metabolic and inflammatory</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg.dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">164.1 (22.1)</td>
              <td align="center">162.3 (28.8)</td>
              <td align="center">-1.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.822 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg.dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">137.3 (46.7)</td>
              <td align="center">141.5 (45.3)</td>
              <td align="center">+4.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.641 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-c (mg.dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">53.6 (9.3)</td>
              <td align="center">46.6 (9.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-7.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.019 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-c (mg.dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">83.0 (13.7)</td>
              <td align="center">87.6 (22.8)</td>
              <td align="center">+4.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.445 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VLDL (mg.dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">27.5 (9.3)</td>
              <td align="center">28.3 (9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">+0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.641 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg.dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">80.4 (8.5)</td>
              <td align="center">83.9 (8.9)</td>
              <td align="center">+3.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.260 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C-reactive protein (mg.L<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">3.5 (6.9)</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.444 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Cardiovascular</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">102.6 (10.8)</td>
              <td align="center">95.8 (10.8)</td>
              <td align="center">-6.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.002 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">62.2 (8.9)</td>
              <td align="center">58.8 (6.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-3.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.120 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HRresting (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">77.2 (15.1)</td>
              <td align="center">72.1 (19.6)</td>
              <td align="center">-5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.427 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CCA-IMT (&#181;m)</td>
              <td align="center">493.2 (20.8)</td>
              <td align="center">432.3 (60.5)</td>
              <td align="center">-60.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.005 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Fitness</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MEupper limbs (rep.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">5.2 (3.4)</td>
              <td align="center">8.5 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">+3.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.002 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MEabdomen (rep.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">21.4 (10.8)</td>
              <td align="center">25.8 (9.6)</td>
              <td align="center">+4.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.137 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Flexibility (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">21.9 (9.8)</td>
              <td align="center">27.6 (11.7)</td>
              <td align="center">+5.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.001 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Estimated VO2 peak (ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">41.9 (11.3)</td>
              <td align="center">41.2 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">+0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.508 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Quality of Life</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Quality of life score (score)</td>
              <td align="center">37.80 (14.2)</td>
              <td align="center">48.20 (11.4)</td>
              <td align="center">+10.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.003 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; SF: skinfold; TER: trunk-extremity ratio; UAMA: upper arm muscle area; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL: very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BP: blood pressure; HR: heart rate; CCA-IMT: common carotid artery intima-media thickness; ME: muscular endurance; VO<sub>2</sub> peak: peak oxygen consumption.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>paired Student's T test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Mann Whitney U test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study demonstrated a positive effect of 24 sessions of a playful exercise program on systolic blood pressure, CCA-IMT, upper limb muscular endurance, flexibility, and quality of life in children and adolescents living with HIV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating changes in endothelial structure after an exercise intervention program. Although preliminary, these results highlight the importance of exercise as a non-pharmacological therapy for children and adolescents living with HIV.</p>
      <p>CCA-IMT is a surrogate endpoint measure of atherosclerosis and has been shown to be increased in several studies on pediatric HIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Increased CCA-IMT has been associated with elevated high blood pressure and C-reactive protein,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> insulin and glycosylated hemoglobin levels,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> severe symptoms of HIV infection and use of protease inhibitors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> long-term exposure to HAART,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> increased suprailiac skinfold, stavudine use, and low CD4+ T-lymphocyte count.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Although we found no changes in traditional cardiovascular risk factors after the intervention, except for a reduction in systolic blood pressure, the decrease in CCA-IMT suggests regression of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Prospective observational studies have demonstrated an association between reduced carotid and aortic IMT and increased leisure physical activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and aerobic fitness,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> respectively, in healthy Finnish adolescents. Our data corroborate the findings of an intervention study involving obese children, in which a reduction in CCA-IMT was observed after 12 weeks of exercise, even in the absence of significant changes in C-reactive protein or triglyceride levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The reduction in CCA-IMT after exercise may be explained by hemodynamic, antioxidant and antiatherogenic mechanisms (e.g., altered physical strength, upregulation of vascular eNOS and superoxide dismutase expression, downregulation of P-selectin, V-CAM and MCP-1 expression), as most of these changes occur after 4 weeks of training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Likewise, we hypothesize that regression of IMT occurred rapidly due to the plasticity of the cardiovascular tissue during the pubertal period, to hypoactivity as seen in chronic diseases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> or to a "less favorable scenario" such as pediatric HIV infection. Moreover, the decrease in systolic blood pressure observed in our sample represents the attenuation of a cardiovascular risk factor associated with CCA-IMT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> We observed a decrease of 13% of HDL-cholesterol; however, the time of observation in the study was very short to verify a benefit from exercise.</p>
      <p>Satisfactory levels of muscular endurance and flexibility are important because they reflect the functional capacity of the organism. In contrast, low levels of fitness may restrict the participation in sports and daily physical activities, as a result of real or perceived limitations and are even predictive of morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Thus, the pathological state may cause hypoactivity, which reduces fitness and functional capacity, leading to further hypoactivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In agreement with Miller et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> our data showed that exercises are effective in increasing the levels of upper limb muscular endurance and flexibility of the lumbar spine and hamstring muscles. In the context of pediatric HIV, there is a need for interventions designed to improve fitness due to poor aerobic capacity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> flexibility,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> anaerobic power,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> agility and lower limb strength.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Exercise interventions can also improve quality of life in HIV-infected individuals. This was evidenced in our study and corroborates other investigations involving adults living with HIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Interventions should include playful and fun activities and satisfy the priorities of childhood and adolescence. For example, children need to focus on the development of motor skills, while adolescents can explore health, fitness, and physical activity behavioral components.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Based on our preliminarily data, we conclude that 24 sessions of aerobic and resistive exercises were successful to reduce blood pressure and CCA-IMT and to improve muscular endurance, flexibility and quality of life in children and adolescents living with HIV. Subsequent studies with larger samples using long-term interventions are necessary to support our findings and could also explore the effects of exercise on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exerc&#237;cio Melhora o Risco Cardiovascular, Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica e Qualidade de Vida em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes Hiv+: Estudo Piloto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Rodrigo Augustemak de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Back</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela de Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beck</surname>
            <given-names>Carmem Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramelli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de Pesquisa em Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano (NuCiDH), UFSC, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Rodrigo Augustemak de Lima</bold>, Campus Reitor Jo&#227;o David Ferreira Lima, Centro de Desportos. CEP: 88040-900, Trindade, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rodrigo.augustemak@ufsc.br</email>, <email>augustemak@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Back IC, Beck CC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lima LRA, Back IC, Beck CC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lima LRA, Caramelli B; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lima LRA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lima LRA, Back IC, Caramelli B; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lima LRA, Back IC, Beck CC, Caramelli B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Crian&#231;as e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV atrav&#233;s da transmiss&#227;o m&#227;e-filho t&#234;m alto risco de desenvolver doen&#231;as cardiovasculares precoces devido &#224; dislipidemia, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de baixo grau. O objetivo do estudo piloto foi analisar o efeito de um programa de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos l&#250;dicos sobre os desfechos cardiovasculares, morfol&#243;gicos, metab&#243;licos, de aptid&#227;o e qualidade de vida. Um ensaio cl&#237;nico n&#227;o-randomizado composto por 24 sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e resistidos foi aplicado a 10 crian&#231;as e adolescentes vivendo com o HIV, oriundos de Florian&#243;polis, SC, Brasil.</p>
        <p>As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram obtidas antes e ap&#243;s o programa: colesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglicer&#237;deos, glicose, prote&#237;na-C reativa em jejum, press&#227;o arterial, espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum (EIM-ACC), resist&#234;ncia muscular, aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bia, antropometria e qualidade de vida medida. Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (-6,8 mmHg, 6,6%, p = 0,019) e EIM-ACC (-60,0 &#181;m, 12,2%; p = 0,002) ap&#243;s 24 sess&#245;es. Observou-se aumento na resist&#234;ncia muscular dos membros superiores (+3,3 rep.min<sup>-1</sup>, 63,5%, p = 0,002), flexibilidade (+5,7 cm, 26,0%; p = 0,001) e qualidade de vida (+10,4 pontos, 27,5%, p = 0,003). Em nossa amostra de crian&#231;as e adolescentes vivendo com o HIV, um programa de exerc&#237;cios de curta dura&#231;&#227;o foi associado com melhora no risco cardiovascular, aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e qualidade de vida.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura Intima-M&#233;dia Carot&#237;dea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O exerc&#237;cio &#233; um tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico para adultos vivendo com o v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana (HIV), porque pode reduzir os sintomas associados ao HIV, anormalidades cardiovasculares, morfol&#243;gicas, metab&#243;licas e melhorar a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, ansiedade e depress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Em crian&#231;as e adolescentes vivendo com o HIV, apenas um estudo demonstrou a viabilidade, seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e resistidos para melhorar a for&#231;a e a resist&#234;ncia musculares, a aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica e massa livre de gordura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Isso &#233; importante porque a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica est&#225; reduzida em v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas pedi&#225;tricas e pode estar associada &#224; mortalidade prematura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o se observou efeito nos n&#237;veis de l&#237;pides e as vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares n&#227;o foram analisadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora o efeito do exerc&#237;cio sobre a sa&#250;de de crian&#231;as e adolescentes seja evidente, a magnitude do efeito depende das caracter&#237;sticas da interven&#231;&#227;o (por exemplo, intensidade e volume das sess&#245;es) e do estado de sa&#250;de na interven&#231;&#227;o basal (por exemplo, valores normais de perfil lip&#237;dico e cardiovascular).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> J&#225; que a exposi&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV e a terapia antirretroviral combinada (HAART) est&#227;o associadas &#224; dislipidemia, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau que aumentam o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> o exerc&#237;cio poderia mitigar as condi&#231;&#245;es desfavor&#225;veis de crian&#231;as infectadas pelo HIV.</p>
        <p>Esse estudo relata dados preliminares sobre o efeito de um programa de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos l&#250;dicos de curto prazo sobre fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos, nosso desfecho prim&#225;rio. Aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e qualidade de vida tamb&#233;m foram analisados como desfechos secund&#225;rios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
          <p>O presente estudo &#233; um ensaio cl&#237;nico n&#227;o randomizado, que avaliou uma amostra de crian&#231;as e adolescentes antes e ap&#243;s 8 semanas de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e resistidos, realizados no segundo semestre de 2008 no Centro de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o de Florian&#243;polis, Brasil. Esse estudo piloto foi realizado com 10 crian&#231;as e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV por transmiss&#227;o de m&#227;e para filho e acompanhados em hospital de refer&#234;ncia para o tratamento de infec&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica pelo HIV. Antes da inclus&#227;o, os pacientes foram avaliados quanto ao risco de exerc&#237;cio. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital (063/2007).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O programa consistiu em 24 sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios, e cada sess&#227;o tinha a dura&#231;&#227;o de 90 minutos. Houve um aumento gradual na dura&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e resistidos musculares de 40 para 60 minutos (a cada duas semanas). Foi adotado um intervalo de 48 horas entre sess&#245;es para recupera&#231;&#227;o. Cada sess&#227;o consistiu em atividades de aquecimento/alongamento (15 min), exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos l&#250;dicos, aer&#243;bicos e de resist&#234;ncia muscular, como dan&#231;a e jogos recreativos e pr&#233;-esportivos (40-60 minutos), e desaquecimento (10 min). Foram selecionadas atividades l&#250;dicas apropriadas para a idade dos pacientes. A maioria das atividades foi organizada em um sistema de circuito para permitir que a sess&#227;o fosse mais din&#226;mica. A intensidade de cada sess&#227;o foi monitorada atrav&#233;s de um monitor de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, permitindo assim determinar o tempo de exerc&#237;cio na zona alvo previamente calculada como 50-85% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de reserva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfecho</title>
          <p>Foram medidos em jejum o colesterol total s&#233;rico, triglic&#233;rides, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (HDL-c) e colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c), glicose e prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel utilizando procedimentos padr&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A press&#227;o arterial e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso foram mensuradas como anteriormente descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum direita (EIM-ACC) foi medida atrav&#233;s do sistema Vivid i (GE, Horten, Noruega) com um transdutor linear de 12,5MHz. As tr&#234;s melhores imagens do segmento do bulbo carot&#237;deo pr&#243;ximo &#224; bifurca&#231;&#227;o foram analisadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do Fitnessgram&#174;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A flexibilidade foi avaliada pelo teste de sentar e alcan&#231;ar ("sit-and-reach"). A resist&#234;ncia muscular foi avaliada pelo teste de flex&#227;o abdominal e teste de flex&#227;o do bra&#231;o. A aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica foi medida em um teste de esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo realizado em esteira e o pico do consumo de oxig&#234;nio foi estimado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> As medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram realizadas utilizando-se procedimentos padronizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O &#237;ndice de massa corporal, a raz&#227;o tronco-extremidades das pregas cut&#226;neas e a &#225;rea do m&#250;sculo do bra&#231;o foram calculados. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do question&#225;rio "Autoquestionnaire Qualit&#233; de vie Enfant Imag&#233;".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Utilizamos o teste de Shapiro-Wilks para verificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana. As an&#225;lises descritivas s&#227;o apresentadas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o aos dados antes e depois da interven&#231;&#227;o. As diferen&#231;as depois - antes da interven&#231;&#227;o (&#916;&#186;) foram calculadas para descrever os efeitos. O teste t de Student pareado e o teste U de Mann-Whitney foram realizados, adotando-se um valor p &#8804; 0,05 em an&#225;lises bicaudais. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se os programas STATA 11.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, EUA) e GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A amostra incluiu nove meninas e um menino de 13,0 anos (intervalo interquartil [IIQ] = 11,5 a 15,5 anos); 4/10 participantes eram brancos e 6/10 estavam em est&#225;gios moderados a graves da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV. Metade dos participantes usavam inibidores de protease, 8/10 usavam inibidores da transcriptase reversa nucleos&#237;deos (NRTI) e inibidores da transcriptase reversa n&#227;o-nucleos&#237;deos (NNRTI), e 2/10 estavam em HAART. A mediana da contagem de linf&#243;citos T CD4+ foi de 722,0 c&#233;lulas.mL<sup>-1</sup> (IIQ = 647,5 e 914,2) e a mediana da carga viral foi de 17.750 c&#243;pias.mL<sup>-1</sup> (IQR = 368 e 26,000). Oito dos 10 indiv&#237;duos eram p&#250;beres, um era pr&#233;-p&#250;beres e o outro era p&#243;s-p&#250;bere. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> mostra o tempo gasto na zona de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca-alvo (50-85%) durante cada sess&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mediana do tempo na zona de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca-alvo durante as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0171-70032-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as altera&#231;&#245;es nos desfechos ap&#243;s o programa de exerc&#237;cios. Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (6,6%) e na EIM-ACC (12,2%) e aumento da resist&#234;ncia muscular (63,5%), flexibilidade (26,0%) e qualidade de vida (27,5%). A contagem de linf&#243;citos T CD4 + e a carga viral permaneceram inalteradas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o houve abandono do programa de exerc&#237;cios ou intercorr&#234;ncias durante o programa.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfechos cardiometab&#243;licos, de aptid&#227;o e qualidade de vida em crian&#231;as e adolescentes que vivem com o HIV submetidos ao programa de exerc&#237;cios (n = 10)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Desfechos</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Pr&#233;- Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">P&#243;s- Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">&#916;&#176;</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia (desvio-padr&#227;o)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" style="background-color:white">
                  <bold>Morfol&#243;gicos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:white">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:white">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:white">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa corporal (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">43,8 (12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">44,3 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">+0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,070 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg.est<sup>-2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">18,9 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">19,0 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">+0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,267 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DC tricipital. (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">11,6 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">12,2 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">+0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,142 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DC subescapular (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">11,2 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">11,3 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">+0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,918 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DC bicipital (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,8 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">5,5 (3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">+0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,307 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DC supra-il&#237;aca (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">20,8 (12,3)</td>
                <td align="center">20,9 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">+0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,933 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#931;DC (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">48,4 (26,4)</td>
                <td align="center">50,0 (27,3)</td>
                <td align="center">+1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,292 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">62,0 (21,4)</td>
                <td align="center">68,2 (9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">+6,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,878 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RTE (s/u)</td>
                <td align="center">1,84 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,78 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,646 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AMB (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 (9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 (8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,910 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Metab&#243;licos e inflamat&#243;rios</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol Total (mg.dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">164,1 (22,1)</td>
                <td align="center">162,3 (28,8)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,822 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg.dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">137,3 (46,7)</td>
                <td align="center">141,5 (45,3)</td>
                <td align="center">+4,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,641 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c (mg.dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">53,6 (9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">46,6 (9,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-7,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,019 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c (mg.dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">83,0 (13,7)</td>
                <td align="center">87,6 (22,8)</td>
                <td align="center">+4,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,445 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VLDL (mg.dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27,5 (9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 (9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">+0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,641 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg.dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">80,4 (8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">83,9 (8,9)</td>
                <td align="center">+3,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,260 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;na C-reativa (mg.L<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,444 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cardiovasculares</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">102,6 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">95,8 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">-6,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,002 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA Diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">62,2 (8,9)</td>
                <td align="center">58,8 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-3,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,120 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC<sub>rep</sub> (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">77,2 (15,1)</td>
                <td align="center">72,1 (19,6)</td>
                <td align="center">-5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,427 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EIM-ACC (&#181;m)</td>
                <td align="center">493,2 (20,8)</td>
                <td align="center">432,3 (60,5)</td>
                <td align="center">-60,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,005 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RM<sub>MMSS</sub> (rep.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">5,2 (3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">8,5 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">+3,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,002 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RM<sub>ab</sub> (rep.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">21,4 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">25,8 (9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">+4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,137 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Flexibilidade (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">21,9 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 (11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">+5,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pico de VO<sub>2</sub> estimado (ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">41,9 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">41,2 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">+0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,508 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Qualidade de Vida</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore de Qualidade de Vida (escore)</td>
                <td align="center">37,80 (14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">48,20 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">+10,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,003 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DC: dobra cut&#226;nea; RTE: raz&#227;o tronco-extremidades; AMB: &#225;rea muscular do bra&#231;o; HDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; VLDL: lipoproteinas de muito baixa densidade; PA: press&#227;o arterial; FC<sub>rep</sub>: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso; EIM-ACC: espessura intima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea; RM<sub>MMSS</sub>: resist&#234;ncia muscular de membros superiores; RM<sub>ab</sub>: resist&#234;ncia muscular do abd&#244;men; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>teste T pareado de Student;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>teste U de Mann-Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esse estudo demonstrou um efeito positivo de 24 sess&#245;es de um programa de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos l&#250;dicos sobre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, EIM-ACC, resist&#234;ncia muscular dos membros superiores, flexibilidade e qualidade de vida em crian&#231;as e adolescentes vivendo com o HIV. Que seja de nosso conhecimento, esse &#233; o primeiro estudo que demonstra mudan&#231;as na estrutura endotelial ap&#243;s um programa de interven&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios. Embora preliminares, esses resultados destacam a import&#226;ncia do exerc&#237;cio como terapia n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gica para crian&#231;as e adolescentes vivendo com o HIV.</p>
        <p>A EIM-ACC &#233; uma medida de desfecho substituto para a aterosclerose e mostrou-se aumentada em v&#225;rios estudos sobre o HIV pedi&#225;trico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O aumento da EIM-ACC tem sido associado a n&#237;veis elevados de hipertens&#227;o arterial e prote&#237;na C-reativa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> insulina e hemoglobina glicosilada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> sintomas graves de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV e uso de inibidores de protease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> exposi&#231;&#227;o prolongada &#224; HAART,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> aumento da dobra cut&#226;nea supra-il&#237;aca, uso de estavudina e baixa contagem de linf&#243;citos T CD4+.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Embora n&#227;o tenham sido observados altera&#231;&#245;es nos fatores de risco cardiovasculares tradicionais ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, exceto pela redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da EIM-ACC sugere regress&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de placa ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
        <p>Estudos observacionais prospectivos demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre redu&#231;&#227;o da EIM carot&#237;dea e a&#243;rtica e aumento da atividade f&#237;sica de lazer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> respectivamente, em adolescentes saud&#225;veis finlandeses. Nossos dados corroboram os achados de um estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o envolvendo crian&#231;as obesas, nas quais foi observada redu&#231;&#227;o da EIM-ACC ap&#243;s 12 semanas de exerc&#237;cio, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa ou triglic&#233;rides.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da EIM-ACC ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio pode ser explicada por mecanismos hemodin&#226;micos, antioxidantes e antiaterog&#234;nicos (por ex., resist&#234;ncia f&#237;sica alterada, supra-regula&#231;&#227;o da eNOS vascular e da express&#227;o da super&#243;xido dismutase, infra-regula&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o da P-selectina, V-CAM e MCP-1), j&#225; que maioria dessas mudan&#231;as ocorrem ap&#243;s 4 semanas de treinamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Da mesma forma, levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que a regress&#227;o da EIM ocorreu rapidamente devido &#224; plasticidade do tecido cardiovascular durante o per&#237;odo puberal, &#224; hipoatividade vista em doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> ou a um "cen&#225;rio menos favor&#225;vel" como a infec&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica pelo HIV. Al&#233;m disso, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica observada em nossa amostra representa a atenua&#231;&#227;o de um fator de risco cardiovascular associado &#224; EIM-ACC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Observamos uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 13% no HDL-colesterol; por&#233;m, o tempo de observa&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi muito curto para verificar um benef&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>N&#237;veis satisfat&#243;rios de resist&#234;ncia muscular e flexibilidade s&#227;o importantes porque refletem a capacidade funcional do organismo. Em contraste, os baixos n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica podem restringir a participa&#231;&#227;o em esportes e atividades f&#237;sicas di&#225;rias, como resultado de limita&#231;&#245;es reais ou percebidas e s&#227;o at&#233; mesmo preditivos de morbidade e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Assim, o estado patol&#243;gico pode causar hipoatividade, o que reduz a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e a capacidade funcional, levando &#224; maior hipoatividade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> De acordo com Miller et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> nossos achados mostraram que os exerc&#237;cios s&#227;o eficazes no aumento dos n&#237;veis de resist&#234;ncia muscular dos membros superiores e na flexibilidade da coluna lombar e dos m&#250;sculos isquiotibiais. No contexto do HIV pedi&#225;trico, h&#225; necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es destinadas a melhorar a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica devido &#224; baixa capacidade aer&#243;bica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> flexibilidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> pot&#234;ncia anaer&#243;bica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> agilidade e for&#231;a dos membros inferiores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As interven&#231;&#245;es com exerc&#237;cios tamb&#233;m podem melhorar a qualidade de vida em indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo HIV. Isso foi demonstrado em nosso estudo e corrobora outras investiga&#231;&#245;es envolvendo adultos vivendo com o HIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As interven&#231;&#245;es devem incluir atividades l&#250;dicas e divertidas e satisfazer as prioridades da inf&#226;ncia e da adolesc&#234;ncia. Por exemplo, as crian&#231;as precisam se concentrar no desenvolvimento de habilidades motoras, enquanto os adolescentes podem explorar os componentes comportamentais de sa&#250;de, aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Com base em nossos dados preliminares, conclu&#237;mos que 24 sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e resistidos foram bem-sucedidos em reduzir a press&#227;o arterial e a EIM-ACC e na melhora da resist&#234;ncia muscular, flexibilidade e qualidade de vida em crian&#231;as e adolescentes vivendo com o HIV. Estudos futuros com amostras maiores, utilizando interven&#231;&#245;es de longo prazo, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para apoiar nossos achados e tamb&#233;m poderiam explorar os efeitos dos exerc&#237;cios em biomarcadores metab&#243;licos e inflamat&#243;rios.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
