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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">35qWcKCX6nKJhDPqMWMkMYM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000200157</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quantity of Aerobic Exercise Training for the Improvement of Heart Rate Variability in Older Adults</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Farinazzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro Paulo da Silva Soares</bold>, Universidade Federal Fluminense R. Prof. Hernani Melo, 101, Sala 304Y. Postal Code: 24210-130, S&#227;o Domingos, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ppssoares@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ferreira LF, Rodrigues GD, Soares PPS. Acquisition of data: Ferreira LF, Rodrigues GD, Soares PPS. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ferreira LF, Rodrigues GD, Soares PPS. Writing of the manuscript: Ferreira LF, Rodrigues GD, Soares PPS. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ferreira LF, Rodrigues GD, Soares PPS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>157</fpage>
      <lpage>162</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular autonomic markers such as cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (CBS) and heart rate variability (HRV) decline with the aging process. Aerobic training (AT) may be able to improve HRV, suggesting that AT can alter neuroregulatory control over the heart, improving autonomic markers and cardiac protection. Together, age and AT can influence HRV, but not revert the overall effects of aging on the decline of physical performance and HRV. The aim of this study was to review studies and describe the volume of AT necessary to produce modifications in HRV in elderly individuals. The review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The articles selected were indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Lilacs and Scopus. The used keywords were "aging", "heart rate variability", "exercise" combined with the Boolean descriptors "AND" and "OR" with the synonyms "elderly", "cardiac autonomic modulation", "aerobic training" and "endurance training". The filters "languages", "humans", "age" and "clinical trial" were applied in the selection of the articles. Initially, 940 articles were found, PubMed (n = 729), Lilacs (n = 16) and Scopus (n = 195), filters and searches led to the 287 potential studies. The keyword combinations provided 24 articles that were in agreement with the inclusion criteria, and after full reading of the texts, 17 studies were excluded. From seven articles, four showed increases in HRV in response to AT. In an older population, 8 weeks of AT is enough to induce positive changes on HRV. However, longer exercise protocols and higher intensities also seem to have some influence.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Aging</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Capes and Faperj</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/00953-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Capes and Faperj (E-26/110.079/2013).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Aging provokes changes in cardiovascular autonomic regulation, and a broad range of alterations in cardiovascular structure and function occurs as a part of the process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Cardiovascular autonomic markers such as cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (CBS) and heart rate variability (HRV) decline with the aging process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Experimental evidence indicates that CBS and HRV provide prognostic information regarding the risk of sudden cardiac death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The spontaneous fluctuation of heart rate (HR) can be assessed by the spectral analysis of HR time series, known as HRV, which is a non-invasive and selective assessment of the sympathetic and parasympathetic contributions on cardiac autonomic regulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Through HRV, we can observe the natural consequence of aging and of physical fitness on cardiovascular function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this sense, aerobic training (AT) is a broad mode of exercise practiced worldwide by the older population. For the elderly, AT induces a chronic bradycardia at rest accompanied by increased vagal-mediated HRV in healthy individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In fact, AT may be able to exert an antiarrhythmic effect and other effects on RR interval because the higher frequency power (HF) of HRV, vagal modulation, suggests that aerobic exercise training can alter the neuroregulatory control over the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition to that, the effects of AT on RR interval are different between age groups. Older and middle age subjects showed different effects, which were common in magnitude for both on RR interval. They demonstrated a reduction in trainability of the heart and neural input with age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A recent review of Sandercock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> demonstrated distinct results of several methods of HRV analysis, large differences in mean effect size and the lack of a control group. Other studies presented an improvement of HRV through many types of exercise, including aerobics, endurance, and force exercises, but responses were different when compared to the sedentary control group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Aging and AT can, together, influence HRV, although without reverting the overall effects of aging on the decline of physical performance and HRV. The aim of this study was to review studies and describe the volume of AT necessary to produce modifications in the HRV in elderly individuals.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Research strategy: The review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The articles selected for this study were indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Lilacs and Scopus. The keywords used for the searched were "aging", "heart rate variability", "exercise" combined with the Boolean descriptors "AND" and "OR" with the synonyms "elderly", "cardiac autonomic modulation", "aerobic training" and "endurance training". The filters "languages", "humans", "age" and "clinical trial" were applied for the selection of the articles.</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria: We included articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish that did human clinical trials in middle-aged or elderly individuals undergoing AT protocol to compare their changes in HRV to that of a sedentary control group.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria: We excluded preliminary studies, pilots, articles without AT protocol, without a sedentary control group, those that did not measure HRV in the time and frequency domains, that used drugs that could influence HRV, and those that included smokers and individuals with some types of diseases.</p>
      <p>Study selection: These were the criteria analyzed in the selected articles: sex, age, and fitness, type of exercise, time, frequency and intensity of training. The methods and procedures for the measurement of HRV were: analyzed position, time and breathing in the test, technique used for spectral analysis and the variables in the time and frequency domains.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Using this research strategy 940 articles were initially found: PubMed (n = 729), Lilacs (n = 16) and Scopus (n = 195). After we applied the filters, the research led to the identification of 287 potential studies to be included in the analysis. The combination of keywords yielded many irrelevant studies and only 24 of those met the inclusion criteria. Of the other papers, when analyzed to full text, 17 studies were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria, as show in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Shows de flow diagram of the researched literature.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0157-70003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> describes the characteristics of the selected studies, volunteers and exercise protocols. There are five studies done with women, one with men and two with men and women. Age showed great variation, with individuals under and over 60 years of age. The studies used aerobic exercises like walking, jogging, cycling, rowing, step aerobics, treadmill, leg ergometer and dancing. Intensity had 50% to 85% variation of heart rate (HR) and maximum oxygen onsumption (VO2max). Duration of sessions observed a prevalence of periods of 40 minutes, and a frequency of three times per week. The period of exercise training was very different among the studies, varying between 8 to 36 weeks of training.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Variables in volunteers' and protocol of exercise training</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Study</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Age</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sex</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Exercise</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Intensity</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Duration</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Frequency</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Period</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Audette et.al.<break/> (2006)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#8805; 65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">female</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">walking</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">50-70% of HR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">15 min of warm-up, 40 min of walking and 5 min of cool down</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3x week</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12 weeks</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Jurca et.al.<break/> (2004)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">56 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">female</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">treadmill and a recumbent leg ergometer</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">50% of VO2max</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">165 min per week</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3-4x week</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8 weeks</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Schuit et.al. <break/>(1999)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">66.2 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">female and male</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">walking, jogging, cycling, and rowing</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">60-70% of HR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">45 to 60 min</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5x week</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">24 weeks</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Karavirta et.al.<break/> (2013)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">40 a 65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">female</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">bicycle ergometer</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">--</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">90 min</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2x week</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21 weeks</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Monahan et.al.<break/> (2000)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">57 a 79</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">male</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">walking</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">65-80% of HRR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">40-50 min</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5-7x week</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12 weeks</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Shen and Wen<break/> (2013)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">58.48 &#177; 0.53</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">female</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">step-aerobics</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">75-85% HR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">35-40 min</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3x week</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10 weeks</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Wanderley et.al.<break/> (2013)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#8805; 60</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">male and female</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">walking, step aerobics and dancing</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">70-80% of HR Reserve</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10 min warm-up, 30 min aerobic, 10 min of cool down</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7x week</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">32 weeks</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>HR: heart rate; HRR: heart rate reserve.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the results of the review for changes in RR interval after exercise training. In the analysis of the duration, we compared five studies that measured SD of all R-R intervals (SDNN) and square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent R-R intervals (rMSSD) before and after exercise training, and one study that analyzed RR interval standard deviation (SDRR), mean RR interval (RRi), coefficient of variation (CV), SD of SD (SDSD), NN50/20, RR intervals differing more than 50 ms (NN50), percentage value of NN50 intervals (PNN50), NN20 represents the RR intervals differing more than 20 ms (NN20), percentage value of NN20 intervals (PNN20). Regarding the analysis of the frequency domain, the studies compared high-frequency power (HF), low-frequency power (LF), LFnu, HFnu, total-frequency power (TP), sympathovagal balance (LF/HF) and VLF.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Effect of variables in RR interval after training</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Study</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sample</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Domain</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Results</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Time</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Frequency</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Time</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Frequency</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Audette et.al.<break/> (2006)</td>
              <td align="center">CG n = 8EG n = 8</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
              <td align="center">LF/LFnu, HF/HFnu, TP, LF/HF</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
              <td align="center">&#8596;LF/LFnu, &#8596;HF/HFnu, &#8596;TP, &#8596;LF/HF</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Jurca et.al.<break/> (2004)</td>
              <td align="center">CG = 39 <break/> EG = 49</td>
              <td align="center">SDNN, rMSSD</td>
              <td align="center">LF/LFnu, HF/HFnu, TP</td>
              <td align="center">&#8593;SDNN<break/> &#8593;rMSSD</td>
              <td align="center">&#8593;LF<break/> &#8593;HF<break/> &#8593;TP</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Schuit et.al.<break/> (1999)</td>
              <td align="center">CG = 16<break/> EG = 16 </td>
              <td align="center">SDNN, rMSSD</td>
              <td align="center">LF, HF, VLF</td>
              <td align="center">&#8593;SDNN &#8596;rMSSD</td>
              <td align="center">&#8593;LF<break/> &#8596;HF<break/> &#8593;VLF</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Karavirta et.al. <break/>(2013)</td>
              <td align="center">CG n = 17<break/> EG n = 26 </td>
              <td align="center">SDNN, rMSSD</td>
              <td align="center">LF/LFnu, HF/HFnu, TP</td>
              <td align="center">Rest before and after 21 weeks. No statistically significant changes were observed</td>
              <td align="center">Rest before and after 21 weeks. No statistically significant changes not observed</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Monahan et.al. <break/>(2000)</td>
              <td align="center">CG = 15<break/> EG = 16 Endurance G = 15</td>
              <td align="center">SDRR, RRi</td>
              <td align="center">HF</td>
              <td align="center">&#8593;SDRR &#8593; RRi</td>
              <td align="center">&#8593;HF</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Shen and Wen <break/>(2013)</td>
              <td align="center">CG n = 30<break/> EG = 32</td>
              <td align="center">RRmean, SDNN, CV, NN50, Pnn50, NN20, Pnn20, rMSSD, SDSD</td>
              <td align="center">LF, HF, TP, VLF, LF/HF</td>
              <td align="center">&#8595;RRmean, &#8595;SDNN, &#8595;CV, &#8595;NN50,&#8595;Pnn50, &#8595;NN20,&#8595;Pnn20, &#8595;rMSSD, &#8595;SDSD</td>
              <td align="center">&#8595;LF, &#8593;HF, &#8595;TP, &#8595;VLF, &#8595;LF/HF</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Wanderley et.al. <break/>(2013)</td>
              <td align="center">CG = 10<break/> EG = 20</td>
              <td align="center">SDRR</td>
              <td align="center">HF</td>
              <td align="center">&#8596;SDRR </td>
              <td align="center">&#8596;HF </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>CG: control group; EG: exercise group; EnduranceG: endurance group; &#8596; : no significant; &#8595;: significant decrease; &#8593;: significant increase; LF: low frequency; VLF: very low frequency component; HF: High frequency component; LF/HF: sympathovagal balance; SDNN: standard deviation of normal to normal intervals; SD: standard deviation; TP: total power; CV: coefficient of variation; NN50 and NN20: number of consecutive RR intervals; Pnn50 and Pnn20: percentage value of NN50 intervals; rMSSD: root mean squared standard deviation; SD of SD (SDSD).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The aim of this study was to review studies and describe the volume of aerobic exercise training necessary to produce modifications in the HRV in elderly individuals. Firstly, this systematic review described, with the included studies, that AT improves cardiac autonomic modulation in healthy elders. In this sense, the quantity of exercise to improve HRV was discussed. AT increases HRV after 8 weeks,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> but after 10 weeks,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> 12 weeks,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and 24 weeks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> increases were also observed.</p>
      <p>Jurca et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> investigated the influence of aerobic exercise during 8 weeks, 3-4 days per weeks at 50% of VO2max. The exercise training group (n = 46, age= 56 &#177; 6) showed a significant increase in all vagal-HRV indeces. On the other hand, Shen and Wen showed a high effect of AT on HRV, but the exercise training protocol was longer (10 weeks) and more intense (75-85% VO2max).</p>
      <p>Regarding the weekly volume, we did not find studies comparing different weekly volume protocols. The studies reviewed show similar weekly volumes with 5 days per week and 40-50 minutes per session<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and with 5 days per week and 45-60 minutes per session,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> but the intensity and protocol duration were different in those studies. The first study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> was performed with higher intensity intervals (65-80% of HRR) and duration (12 weeks) than the second study (60 - 70% of HR) and a duration of 10 weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Studies with 10 weeks of AT showed a higher increase in HRV, but it is too difficult to compare them to other studies because the intensity and exercise type are different. Shen and Wen<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> showed significant decreases in SDNN (22.4 %), CV (21.4 %), NN50 (72.6 %), LF (55.8 %), HF (39.9 %), LFnu (11.2 %), and LF/HF (34.5 %) and a significant increase in HFnu (40.0 %), CAV (44.4 %) compared to smaller changes shown in the study by Jurca et. al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> rMSSD (25%), SDNN (18%), lnPHF (11%), lnPLF (9%), and lnPT (6%), to Schuit et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> during the day SDNN (6%), pNN50 (16%), LF (15%), VLF 10% and to Monahan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> RRi (26%), RRSD (103%), InHF (16%).</p>
      <p>All studies were consistent when showing that positive changes in HRV occurred within a short period of exercise and with a relatively modest amount of exercise but with greater intensity. With regards to the results of greater changes in HRV as shown by the review, there are several protocols of exercise intensity in the current studies. Monahan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> used 65-80% of HR rest, Shen and Wen<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> used a little more intensity, 75-85% of HRmax. In fact, the intensity of exercise is an important determining factor for HRV adaptations, more so than the number of training weeks.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, no changes in HRV were observed with 12, 32, 21 weeks respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Audette et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> did not perform between-group comparisons because baseline values were not consistent. Karavirta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> found no differences recorded during supine rest; however, during steady state exercise, they found training-induced changes in HR dynamics, submaximal HR significantly decreased, and changes in SDNN, HFP. Wanderley<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> demonstrated, in the aerobic group, lower levels of SBP and DBP after intervention. The fact that no changes were observed in HRV were not due to training.</p>
      <p>The specific type of exercise is also very important in a study by Audette et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> who used walking, but it was necessary to have more days of training in the week and higher intensity to obtain changes in HRV, whereas with step- aerobics changes are observed with fewer days in the week. The type of exercise influences the intensity of effort that the individual will use.</p>
      <p>In relation to gender effects, there was a predominance of post-menopausal women in the articles, because this group shows a decrease in HRV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Audette et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, Jurca et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, Earnest et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Karavirta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and Shen and Wen<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> probably used women due to the difference in gender and the menopausal period, and in other studies, the volunteers were both male and female.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> There is an interest in the postmenopausal period, and thus some studies included volunteers who were under 60 years old. In the studies by Jurca et al, Conrad et al, Karavirta et al. the female participants ranged between 45-75 and 40-65 years of age. The authors also demonstrated that gender can influence neural and hemodynamic responses in several situations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and other studies support the theory that aerobic exercise training can alter neuroregulatory control over the heart in both genders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> AT can increase CBS in sedentary middle-age and older men in a 3 month period using the type (primarily walking), frequency, and intensity the exercise that middle-age and older men are able to perform.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Other types of exercise were measured on the response to isometric exercise in autonomic modulation of the HR, but in older men, HR responses or the HRV (in the time domain) were not altered during sub-maximal isometric exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Another study demonstrated, with increasing loads during a non-continuous resistance exercise protocol, a gradual withdrawal of the vagal tone followed by increased sympathetic activation. This shows the convergence of results of the effect to the other types of exercise. However, AT is the most robust exercise type to provoke cardiovascular adaptation. Thus, before we discuss other types of exercise, this systematic review can provide key points of quantity and quality of aerobic exercise in the improvement of HRV. This type of exercise is a powerful instrument proposed as a possible antiarrhythmic intervention. The increase in HRV is followed by the cardiovascular risk protection proposed by exercise.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Most studies included in this review show a change in HRV with AT. There are different results, but that can attributed to characteristics such as intensity and duration of training, since we observed that studies that used exercises with higher intensity obtained a more consistent improvement in HRV. In elders, we can observe changes in HRV with only 8 months of training, but there are differences in some works that probably lack standardization in exercise protocols.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Capes and Faperj (E-26/110.079/2013).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="presented-at">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Luana Farinazzo Ferreira, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Volume de Treinamento Aer&#243;bio para o Aumento da Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Idosos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Farinazzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Paulo da Silva Soares</bold>, Universidade Federal Fluminense R. Prof. Hernani Melo, 101, Sala 304Y. CEP: 24210-130, S&#227;o Domingos, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>ppssoares@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ferreira LF, Rodrigues GD, Soares PPS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ferreira LF, Rodrigues GD, Soares PPS. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ferreira LF, Rodrigues GD, Soares PPS. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ferreira LF, Rodrigues GD, Soares PPS. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ferreira LF, Rodrigues GD, Soares PPS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Os marcadores auton&#244;micos cardiovasculares como a sensibilidade do barorreflexo arterial espont&#226;nea (SBR) e a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) s&#227;o prejudicadas com o envelhecimento. O treinamento aer&#243;bio (TA) pode aumentar a VFC, sugerindo uma altera&#231;&#227;o no controle neurorregulat&#243;rio do cora&#231;&#227;o, melhorando assim os marcadores auton&#244;micos e a cardio prote&#231;&#227;o. Em conjunto, a idade e o TA podem influenciar na VFC, mas parecem reverter os efeitos gerais do decl&#237;nio no desempenho f&#237;sico e na VFC. O objetivo desse estudo foi revisar outros estudos que discorrem sobre o volume necess&#225;rio de TA para produzir modifica&#231;&#245;es na VFC na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa. A revis&#227;o seguiu as diretrizes do "<italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalysis</italic> (PRISMA)". Os artigos selecionados foram indexados nos bancos PubMed/MEDLINE, Lilacs e Scopus. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram "envelhecimento", "variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca", "exerc&#237;cio", combinadas com os descritores booleanos "AND" e "OR", com os sin&#244;nimos "idosos", "modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca", "treinamento aer&#243;bio" e "treinamento de resist&#234;ncia". Os filtros "l&#237;nguas", "humanos", "idade" e "ensaio cl&#237;nico" foram aplicados na sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos. Inicialmente, 940 artigos foram encontrados: PubMed (n = 729), Lilacs (n = 16) e Scopus (n = 195). Filtros e pesquisas levaram &#224; 287 potenciais estudos. A combina&#231;&#227;o das palavras-chave proporcionou 24 artigos que estavam de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Ap&#243;s leitura completa dos textos, 17 estudos foram exclu&#237;dos. Dos sete artigos, quarto apresentaram aumentos na VFC como resposta ao TA. Na popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa, oito semanas de TA &#233; suficiente para induzir mudan&#231;as positivas na VFC. Contudo, protocolos mais longos de exerc&#237;cio e maior intensidade tamb&#233;m parecem ter influ&#234;ncia na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Envelhecimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Capes e Faperj</funding-source>
          <award-id>E-26/110.079/2013</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado por Capes e Faperj (E-26/110.079/2013).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O envelhecimento provoca mudan&#231;as na regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o e estrutura do sistema cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Marcadores auton&#244;micos cardiovasculares como sensibilidade do baroreflexo arterial espont&#226;nea (SBR) e variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) em repouso diminuem com o envelhecimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Evid&#234;ncias experimentais indicam que a SBC e a VFC proporcionam informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas sobre o risco de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> As flutua&#231;&#245;es espont&#226;neas da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) pode ser avaliada pela an&#225;lise espectral das s&#233;ries temporais da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, conhecidas como VFC, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva e seletiva das contribui&#231;&#245;es simp&#225;ticas e parassimp&#225;ticas da regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Por meio da VFC, podemos observar a consequ&#234;ncia natural do envelhecimento e da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica na fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O treinamento aer&#243;bio (TA) consiste em uma ampla modalidade de exerc&#237;cios praticados ao redor do mundo pela popula&#231;&#227;o idosa. Para os idosos, o TA induz bradicardia cr&#244;nica em repouso acompanhada por um aumento da VFC mediado pelo nervo vago em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Na verdade, o TA pode ter um efeito antiarr&#237;tmico al&#233;m de outros efeitos nos intervalos RR, porque o componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF) da an&#225;lise espectral da VFC, a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal, sugere que a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios podem alterar o controle neurorregulat&#243;rio do cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos de TA nos intervalos RR variam dependendo da faixa-et&#225;ria. Indiv&#237;duos mais velhos e de meia-idade mostraram efeitos diferentes, comuns em magnitude para os dois grupos no intervalo RR, e demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na treinabilidade do cora&#231;&#227;o e input neural com o envelhecimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Uma recente revis&#227;o de um estudo de Sandercock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> demonstrou resultados distintos de diversos m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise de VFC, diferen&#231;as significativas no tamanho m&#233;dio do efeito e a n&#227;o inclus&#227;o de um grupo de controle. Outros estudos apresentaram uma melhora na VFC por meio de diversos tipos de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios, de endurance e de for&#231;a, mas as respostas foram diferentes em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle sedent&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste sentido, o envelhecimento e o TA parecem influenciar a VFC, embora sem a clareza do volume necess&#225;rio de treinamento para gerar adapta&#231;&#245;es na VFC de idosos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa: A revis&#227;o seguiu as diretrizes dos Itens de Relat&#243;rio Preferidos para Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas e Meta-an&#225;lises (PRISMA). Os artigos selecionados para este estudo foram encontrados na PubMed/MEDLINE, Lilacs e Scopus. As palavras-chave usadas para a busca foram "envelhecimento", "variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca", "exerc&#237;cio", combinadas com os descritores booleanos "AND" e "OR", com os sin&#244;nimos "idosos", "modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca", "treinamento aer&#243;bio" e "treinamento de resist&#234;ncia". Os filtros "l&#237;nguas", "humanos", "idade" e "ensaio cl&#237;nico" foram aplicados para a sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos.</p>
        <p>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: Foram inclu&#237;dos artigos em ingl&#234;s, portugu&#234;s e espanhol que realizaram ensaios cl&#237;nicos em indiv&#237;duos idosos ou de meia-idade, submetidos ao protocolo de TA para a compara&#231;&#227;o de suas mudan&#231;as em VFC &#224;quelas de um grupo de controle sedent&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: Foram exclu&#237;dos estudos preliminares, pilotos, artigos sem protocolo de TA, sem grupo de controle sedent&#225;rio, aqueles que n&#227;o mediram a VFC nos dom&#237;nios do tempo e frequ&#234;ncia, os que usaram medica&#231;&#245;es que podem influenciar a VFC, e aqueles que inclu&#237;am participantes tabagistas ou com alguns tipos de doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos: Foram estes os crit&#233;rios analisados nos artigos selecionados: sexo, idade, aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, tipo de exerc&#237;cio, tempo, frequ&#234;ncia e intensidade de treinamento. Os m&#233;todos e procedimentos para a medi&#231;&#227;o de VFC foram: posi&#231;&#227;o analisada, tempo e respira&#231;&#227;o no teste, t&#233;cnica usada para an&#225;lise espectral e vari&#225;veis nos dom&#237;nios do tempo e frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Utilizando-se essa estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa, 940 artigos foram inicialmente encontrados. PubMed (n = 729), Lilacs (n = 16) e Scopus (n = 195). Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos filtros, a pesquisa levou &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o de 287 estudos que poderiam ser inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. A combina&#231;&#227;o de palavras-chave proporcionou muitos artigos irrelevantes, e apenas 24 estudos preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Dos outros estudos, quando analisados por completo, 17 foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o preencherem os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, conforme ilustrado <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do diagrama de fluxo da literatura pesquisada<italic>.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0157-70003-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> descreve as caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos selecionados, volunt&#225;rios e protocolos de exerc&#237;cio. H&#225; cinco estudos feitos com mulheres, um com homens e dois com homens e mulheres. Houve grande varia&#231;&#227;o de idade, com indiv&#237;duos abaixo e acima de 60 anos de idade. Os estudos usaram exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios como caminhada, corrida, ciclismo, remo, step, esteira, erg&#244;metro de perna e dan&#231;a. A intensidade variou entre 50% e 85% de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca(FC) e consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2max</sub>). A dura&#231;&#227;o das sess&#245;es apresentou uma preval&#234;ncia de per&#237;odos de 40 minutos, e uma frequ&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s vezes por semana. O per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cios variou bastante nos estudos - entre 8 e 36 semanas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis dos protocolos de exerc&#237;cios e volunt&#225;rios</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Estudo</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Idade</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sexo</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Exerc&#237;cio</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Intensidade</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Dura&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Frequ&#234;ncia</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Per&#237;odo</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Audette et.al.<break/> (2006)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 65</td>
                <td align="center">mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">caminhada</td>
                <td align="center">50-70% da FC</td>
                <td align="center">15 min de aquecimento, <break/>40 min de caminhada e <break/>5 min para esfriar</td>
                <td align="center">3x semana</td>
                <td align="center">12 semanas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Jurca et.al.<break/> (2004)</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">esteira e erg&#244;metro reclinado de perna</td>
                <td align="center">50% do VO2max</td>
                <td align="center">165 min por semana</td>
                <td align="center">3-4x semana</td>
                <td align="center">8 semanas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Schuit et.al.<break/> (1999)</td>
                <td align="center">66,2 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">mulheres e homens</td>
                <td align="center">caminhada, &#8203;corrida, ciclismo e remo</td>
                <td align="center">60-70% da FC</td>
                <td align="center">45 a 60 min</td>
                <td align="center">5x semana</td>
                <td align="center">24 semanas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Karavirta et.al.<break/> (2013)</td>
                <td align="center">40 a 65</td>
                <td align="center">mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">bicicleta erg&#244;metro</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">90 min</td>
                <td align="center">2x semana</td>
                <td align="center">21 semanas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Monahan et.al.<break/> (2000)</td>
                <td align="center">57 a 79</td>
                <td align="center">homens</td>
                <td align="center">caminhada</td>
                <td align="center">65-80% de FCR</td>
                <td align="center">40-50 min</td>
                <td align="center">5-7x semana</td>
                <td align="center">12 semanas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Shen and Wen<break/> (2013)</td>
                <td align="center">58,48 &#177; 0,53</td>
                <td align="center">mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">step-aer&#243;bica</td>
                <td align="center">75-85% FC</td>
                <td align="center">35-40 min</td>
                <td align="center">3x semana</td>
                <td align="center">10 semanas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Wanderley et.al.<break/> (2013)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 60</td>
                <td align="center">homens e mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">caminhada, step aer&#243;bica e dan&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">70-80% de FCR </td>
                <td align="center">10 min aquecimento, 30 min aer&#243;bica, 10 min para esfriar</td>
                <td align="center">7x semana</td>
                <td align="center">32 semanas</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, FCR: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de reserva.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os resultados da revis&#227;o para as mudan&#231;as no intervalo RR ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio. Na an&#225;lise do tempo, comparamos cinco estudos que mediram o desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais (SDNN) e raiz quadrada das diferen&#231;as sucessivas dos intervalos RR normais adjacentes ao quadrado (rMSSD) antes e depois do exerc&#237;cio, e um estudo que analisou o desvio padr&#227;o do interval RR (DPRR), m&#233;dia do intervalo RR (RRi), coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV), n&#250;mero de intervalos RR consecutivos ap&#243;s 50ms (NN50), valor percentual de intervalos NN50 (Pnn50), n&#250;mero de intervalos RR consecutivos ap&#243;s 20ms (NN20), valor percentual de intervalos NN20 (Pnn20), DPDP e DPRR. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, os estudos compararam componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF), componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF), LF normalizado (LFnu), HF normalizado (HFnu), pot&#234;ncia total (TP), balan&#231;o simpatovagal (LF/HF) e componente e muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia (VLF).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito das vari&#225;veis no intervalo R-R ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Estudo</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sample</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Dom&#237;nio</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Resultados</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Tempo</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Tempo</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Audette et.al.<break/> (2006)</td>
                <td align="center">GC n = 8<break/> GE n = 8</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">LF/LFnu, HF/HFnu, PT, LF/HF</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">&#8596;LF/LFnu, &#8596;HF/HFnu, &#8596;PT, &#8596;LF/HF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Jurca et.al.<break/> (2004)</td>
                <td align="center">GC = 39 <break/> GE = 49</td>
                <td align="center">SDNN, rMSSD</td>
                <td align="center">LF/LFnu, HF/HFnu, PT</td>
                <td align="center">&#8593;SDNN<break/> &#8593;rMSSD</td>
                <td align="center">&#8593;LF<break/> &#8593;HF<break/> &#8593;PT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Schuit et.al.<break/> (1999)</td>
                <td align="center">GC = 16<break/> GE = 16 </td>
                <td align="center">SDNN, rMSSD</td>
                <td align="center">LF, HF, VLF</td>
                <td align="center">&#8593;SDNN &#8596;rMSSD</td>
                <td align="center">&#8593;LF<break/> &#8596;HF<break/> &#8593;VLF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Karavirta et.al.<break/> (2013)</td>
                <td align="center">GC n = 17<break/> GE n = 26 </td>
                <td align="center">SDNN, rMSSD</td>
                <td align="center">LF/LFnu, HF/HFnu, PT</td>
                <td align="center">Repouso antes e depois de 21 semanas. N&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as significativas</td>
                <td align="center">Repouso antes e depois de 21 semanas. N&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as significativas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Monahan et.al.<break/> (2000)</td>
                <td align="center">GC =15<break/> GE =16 <break/> G Resist&#234;ncia = 15</td>
                <td align="center">DPRR, RRi</td>
                <td align="center">HF</td>
                <td align="center">&#8593;DPRR &#8593; RRi</td>
                <td align="center">&#8593;HF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Shen and Wen<break/> (2013)</td>
                <td align="center">GC n = 30<break/> GE = 32</td>
                <td align="center">RRmean, SDNN, CV, NN50, Pnn50, NN20, Pnn20, rMSSD, DPDP</td>
                <td align="center">LF, HF, PT, VLF, LF/HF</td>
                <td align="center">&#8595;RRmean, &#8595;SDNN, &#8595;CV, &#8595;NN50,&#8595;Pnn50, &#8595;NN20,&#8595;Pnn20, &#8595;rMSSD, &#8595;SDSD</td>
                <td align="center">&#8595;LF, &#8593;HF, &#8595;PT, &#8595;VLF, &#8595;LF/HF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Wanderley et.al.<break/> (2013)</td>
                <td align="center">GC= 10<break/> GE = 20</td>
                <td align="center">SDRR</td>
                <td align="center">HF</td>
                <td align="center">&#8596;DPRR </td>
                <td align="center">&#8596;HF </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>GC: grupo controle; GE: grupo exerc&#237;cio; G resist&#234;ncia: grupo resist&#234;ncia; &#8596;: n&#227;o significativo; &#8595;: redu&#231;&#227;o significativa; &#8593;: aumento significativo; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; VLF: componente de muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia; LF/HF: equil&#237;brio simp&#225;tico vagal; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de intervalos normal a normal; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; PT: pot&#234;ncia total; CV: coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o; NN50 e NN20: n&#250;mero de intervalos RR consecutivos; Pnn50 e Pnn20: valor percentual de intervalos NN50; rMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre os intervalos RR normais adjacentes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O objetivo desse estudo foi revisar estudos e descrever o volume de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio necess&#225;rio para a produ&#231;&#227;o de modifica&#231;&#245;es na VFC em indiv&#237;duos idosos. Primeiramente, esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica descreveu, com os estudos inclu&#237;dos, que TA melhora a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca em idosos saud&#225;veis. Neste sentido, foi discutida a quantidade de exerc&#237;cio para a melhora da VFC. O TA aumenta a VFC ap&#243;s 8 semanas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> mas os aumentos tamb&#233;m foram observados ap&#243;s 10,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> 12<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e 24<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> semanas de treinamento.</p>
        <p>Jurca et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> investigaram a influ&#234;ncia de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos durante 8 semanas, de 3 a 4 dias por semana a 50% do VO2max. O grupo de exerc&#237;cio (n = 46, idade = 56 &#177; 6 anos) apresentou um aumento significativo em todos os &#237;ndices vagais de VFC mediado pelo nervo vago. Por outro lado, Shen e Wen mostraram um alto efeito de TA na VFC, mas o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio era mais longo (10 semanas) e mais intenso (75-85% VO2max).</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao volume semanal, n&#227;o encontramos estudos comparando diferentes protocolos de volume semanal. Os estudos revisados apresentaram volumes semanais semelhantes com 5 dias por semana e 40-50 minutos por sess&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e com 5 dias por semana e 45-60 minutos por sess&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> mas a intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o do protocolo foram diferentes naqueles estudos. O primeiro estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> foi realizado com intervalos de intensidade (65-80% da FCR) e dura&#231;&#227;o (12 semanas) mais altas do que o segundo estudo (60-70% da FC) e dura&#231;&#227;o de 10 semana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Estudos com 10 semanas de TA mostraram um maior aumento da VFC, mas &#233; dif&#237;cil compar&#225;-los a outros estudos, pois a intensidade e o tipo de exerc&#237;cio eram diferentes. Shen e Wen<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no SDNN (22,4%), CV (21,4), NN50 (72,6%), LF (55,8%), HF (39,9%), LFnu (11,2%) e LF/HF (34,5%), e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa em HFnu (40,0%), CAV (44,4%) em compara&#231;&#227;o a mudan&#231;as menos significativas apresentadas no estudo de Jurca et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> rMSSD (25%), SDNN (18%), InPHF (11%), InPLF (9%) e InTP (6%), e ao estudo de Schuit et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> durante o dia SDNN (6%), pNN50 (16%), LF (15%), VLF (10%), e ao de Monahan et.al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> RRi (26%), RRDP (103%), InHF (16%).</p>
        <p>Todos os estudos foram consistentes ao mostrarem que mudan&#231;as positivas na VFC ocorreram dentro de um curto per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cio e com uma quantidade modesta de exerc&#237;cios com alta intensidade. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados de mudan&#231;as mais significativas na VFC, conforme apontado pela revis&#227;o, h&#225; diversos protocolos de intensidade de exerc&#237;cios nos estudos atuais. Monahan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> utilizou 65-80% da FC em repouso, Shen e Wen<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> usaram uma intensidade um pouco mais alta (75-85%) da FCmax. Na verdade, a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio &#233; um fator determinante importante para adapta&#231;&#245;es da VFC, mais ainda do que o n&#250;mero de semanas de treinamento.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, n&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as na VFC com 12, 32 e 21 semanas respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Audette et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> n&#227;o realizaram compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos, pois os valores basais n&#227;o eram consistentes. Karavirta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as registradas durante o repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, por&#233;m, durante exerc&#237;cios de estado estacion&#225;rio, detectaram mudan&#231;as na din&#226;mica da FC induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca subm&#225;xima significativamente reduzidas e mudan&#231;as na SDNN, e HFP. Wanderley<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> demonstrou, no grupo aer&#243;bico, n&#237;veis mais baixos de PAS e PAD ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o. O fato de que n&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as na VFC n&#227;o se deve ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>O tipo espec&#237;fico de exerc&#237;cio tamb&#233;m &#233; muito importante em estudo de Audette et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> que utilizaram a caminhada, mas foi necess&#225;rio aumentar o n&#250;mero de dias de exerc&#237;cio por semana, bem como sua intensidade, para obterem-se as mudan&#231;as na VFC, ao passo que com exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bios de step, mudan&#231;as foram observadas melhoras com um volume semanal menor. O tipo de exerc&#237;cio influencia a intensidade do esfor&#231;o que ser&#225; utilizado pelos indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos de g&#234;nero, houve uma predomin&#226;ncia de mulheres p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas nos artigos, uma vez que este &#233; um grupo que apresenta uma redu&#231;&#227;o na VFC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Audette et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Jurca et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Earnest et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Karavirta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e Shen e Wen<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> provavelmente usaram mulheres pelas diferen&#231;as do g&#234;nero e pelo per&#237;odo menop&#225;usico; e, em outros estudos, os volunt&#225;rios eram homens e mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> H&#225; certo interesse no per&#237;odo p&#243;s menop&#225;usico, e portanto alguns estudos inclu&#237;ram volunt&#225;rias com menos de 60 anos de idade. Nos estudos de Jurca et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Earnest et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e Karavirta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> participantes do sexo feminino tinham entre 45-75 e 40-65 anos de idade. Os autores tamb&#233;m demonstraram que o g&#234;nero pode influenciar respostas neurais e hemodin&#226;micas em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e outros estudos apoiam a teoria de que o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio pode alterar o controle neurorregulat&#243;rio do cora&#231;&#227;o em ambos os g&#234;neros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> O TA parece aumentar a SBR em homens sedent&#225;rios de meia-idade e idosos em um per&#237;odo de 3 meses, usando o tipo (primeiramente a caminhada), frequ&#234;ncia e intensidade de exerc&#237;cios que estes indiv&#237;duos conseguem desempenhar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outros tipos de exerc&#237;cio foram medidos pela resposta ao exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica da FC, mas em homens mais velhos, as respostas da FC ou da VFC (no dom&#237;nio do tempo) n&#227;o sofreram altera&#231;&#245;es durante o exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico sum&#225;ximo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Outro estudo demonstrou, com cargas progressivamente mais pesadas durante um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio de resist&#234;ncia n&#227;o-cont&#237;nuo, uma retirada gradual do t&#244;nus vagal, seguida da ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica aumentada. Isso mostra a converg&#234;ncia dos resultados do efeito de outros tipos de exerc&#237;cio. Por&#233;m, o TA &#233; o tipo mais robusto de exerc&#237;cio que provoca adapta&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. Portanto, antes de discutirmos outros tipos de exerc&#237;cio, esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica pode proporcionar pontos chave da qualidade e quantidade de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios que podem produzir melhoras na VFC em idosos. Esse tipo de exerc&#237;cio &#233; um poderoso instrumento proposto como possibilidade de interven&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica. O aumento da VFC ap&#243;s o TA est&#225; associada &#224; maior prote&#231;&#227;o contra risco vascular em idosos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A maioria dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o mostrou um aumento na VFC ap&#243;s o TA em idosos. H&#225; resultados diferentes, o que pode ser atribu&#237;do a caracter&#237;sticas como intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, j&#225; que observamos que 6 estudos que usaram exerc&#237;cios com intensidade mais alta obtiveram melhoras mais consistentes na VFC. Em idosos, podemos observar mudan&#231;as na VFC com apenas 8 meses de treinamento, mas h&#225; diferen&#231;as em alguns trabalhos que provavelmente n&#227;o t&#234;m padroniza&#231;&#227;o nos protocolos de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Capes e Faperj (E-26/110.079/2013).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="presented-at">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Luana Farinazzo Ferreira pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
