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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kTxsKzvfrqNV9RwJxJKyMmP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000200145</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170033</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rescue Therapy with Nifurtimox and Dipyridamole for Severe Acute Chagas Myocarditis with Congestive Heart Failure in NMRI Albino Mice</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aparicio</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Yustiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;lez-Hern&#225;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hern&#225;ndez-Forero</surname>
            <given-names>Greybis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gu&#233;dez-Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santeliz</surname>
            <given-names>Sonia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goncalves</surname>
            <given-names>Loredana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabarcas</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Bonfante</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Centroccidental "Lisandro Alvarado"</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Biochemistry Research Unit</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barquisimeto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="VE">Venezuela</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Biochemistry Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Centroccidental "Lisandro Alvarado" (UCLA), Barquisimeto, Venezuela</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de los Andes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">M&#233;rida</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="VE">Venezuela</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad de los Andes, M&#233;rida - Venezuela</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de los Andes</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rafael Bonfante Cabarcas</bold>, Av. libertador con Av. Andr&#233;s Bello, Decanato de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Centroccidental "Lisandro Alvarado". Postal Code: 3001, Barquisimeto - Venezuela. E-mail: <email>rbonfantecabarcas@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cabarcas RB. Acquisition of data: Aparicio DY, Gonz&#225;lez-Hern&#225;ndez M, Hern&#225;ndez-Forero G, Gu&#233;dez-Ortiz M, Santeliz S, Goncalves L, Cabarcas RB. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Aparicio DY, Gonz&#225;lez-Hern&#225;ndez M, Santeliz S, Goncalves L, Cabarcas RB. Statistical analysis: Aparicio DY, Gonz&#225;lez-Hern&#225;ndez M, Santeliz S, Cabarcas RB. Obtaining financing: Cabarcas RB. Writing of the manuscript: Aparicio DY, Gonz&#225;lez-Hern&#225;ndez M, Hern&#225;ndez-Forero G, Gu&#233;dez-Ortiz M, Santeliz S, Goncalves L, Cabarcas RB. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Aparicio DY, Gonz&#225;lez-Hern&#225;ndez M, Hern&#225;ndez-Forero G, Gu&#233;dez-Ortiz M, Santeliz S, Goncalves L, Cabarcas RB. Supervision: Santeliz S, Goncalves L, Cabarcas RB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>145</fpage>
      <lpage>156</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Chagas disease is a global health problem; therefore, the development of new therapeutic protocols is necessary. Our group recently demonstrated that nifurtimox associated with dipyridamole has curative effects in mice with acute Chagas disease. In this study, we assess the effect of this therapeutic protocol in chagasic mice with heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate whether nifurtimox and dipyridamole are useful to rescue mice with severe acute chagasic myocarditis with heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>42 mice with acute chagasic myocarditis and congestive heart failure were divided into three groups: control chagas (n = 11), Nif-Dip treated with nifurtimox and dipyridamole (n = 14) and Nif-Dip-heart failure treated with nifurtimox and dipyridamole associated with digoxin, furosemide, and captopril (n = 17). Nifurtimox and dipyridamole doses were 40 and 30 mg/kg/day, respectively, for 6 weeks. Mice underwent clinical, electrocardiographic, hemoparasitological and histopathological assessments.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Lower mortality in Nif-Dip (28.57%; n = 4) compared to control chagas (54.54%; n = 6) and Nif-Dip-heart failure (52.9%; n = 9) was observed. Clinically, nifurtimox and dipyridamole-treated mice increased body weight and improved heart failure without splenomegaly. In these groups, parasitemia and tissue parasites were eradicated; fibrosis, myocytolysis, inflammatory cell infiltrate and mast cells decreased. Repolarization disorders, prolonged QRS and QT intervals, increase of S wave amplitude and atrioventricular dissociation were reversed by the treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Nifurtimox with dipyridamole can rescue NMRI mice from severe acute chagas disease, as nifurtimox showed trypanocidal activity and dipyridamole potentiated its effect. Dipyridamole would be useful in chagasic heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Mice</kwd>
        <kwd>Nifurtimox</kwd>
        <kwd>Dipyridamole</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Fondo Nacional para la Ciencia y Tecnolog&#237;a</funding-source>
          <award-id>2007001425</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Fondo Nacional para la Ciencia y Tecnolog&#237;a (FONACIT), number: 2007001425, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Ciencia y Tecnolog&#237;a, Venezuela.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas Disease (ChD) is a global public health problem due to a high residual 1.06% prevalence in endemic countries, where reemergence has been reported as oral transmission outbreaks and because of the disease globalization, as a product of the migration of people from endemic countries to developed countries; it has resulted in a 4.2% prevalence in immigrant populations in Europe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Symptomatic acute ChD cases have been associated with patent parasitemia and severe acute myocarditis, with high morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Severe heart damage would reflect parasite pathogenic action; therefore, it would be mandatory to conduct aggressive trypanocidal therapeutic interventions, to decrease parasitic load, morbidity, and mortality.</p>
      <p>Currently, the accepted treatment protocols for acute ChD are nifurtimox and benznidazole. The use of this protocol, even when the best results are obtained, shows these results are not fully satisfactory. In Venezuela, studies using nifurtimox and/or benznidazole have been disappointing, with more than 70% of the cases with proven presence of parasites in tissues, parasite genome or its antigens (positive serology) after using these drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, it would be useful to create therapeutic schemes where these drugs will be combined with others, which could increase nifurtimox and benznidazole efficacy and decrease their side effects. Ideally, these drugs should have trypanocidal effect, promote cardiac functionality, and counteract pathophysiological phenomena resulting from infection, inflammation, and free-radical generation.</p>
      <p>According with the microvascular theory, dipyridamole could be seen as the adjunctive drug, because it induces coronary vasodilation through nitric oxide (NO), improving blood flow; it has antiplatelet effect preventing thrombi formation; it increases extracellular levels of adenosine, improving cardiac function in patients with HF; it promotes an anti-inflammatory effect suppressing free radical formation and it improves the redox state of cells undergoing inflammatory phenomena<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Recently, our group demonstrated that dipyridamole has a trypanocidal effect <italic>in vitro</italic> with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 372 &#181;M and potentiates the effect of subtherapeutic doses of nifurtimox, providing curative effects on NMRI mice with acute ChD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> For this reason, in this study we consider whether a therapeutic rescue in acute chagasic myocarditis (AChM) animals with severe CHF can be performed with nifurtimox and dipyridamole, allowing a reduction in mortality and cardiac functional sequelae.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materials and methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>The sample consisted of 48 male NMRI adult mice, weighing between 30-50 g, obtained from the <italic>animal</italic> research <italic>facilities at Center-West</italic> Lisandro Alvarado University (Barquisimeto, Venezuela), which were infected intraperitoneally with blood trypomastigotes suspended in 0.9% NaCl, at a dose of 100 trypomastigotes per gram of body weight. The strain of TcI lineage used has been registered in the WHO bank under the name MHOM/VEcepa792/2-92-YBM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The assayed parasites were obtained from blood of infected mice in the acute phase of ChD and maintained in vector/mouse cycles; vectors were <italic>Rhodnius prolixus</italic> stage III nymphs. At week 2 of inoculation, confirmation of parasitemia was performed, and only positive mice were included in the study.</p>
        <p>Of the 48 infected mice, 6 (12.50%) died during the first six weeks of infection, the remaining 42 mice with AChM with clinical signs of CHF were electrocardiographically studied under anesthesia, then divided in three groups and received treatment during 6 weeks. The Control Chagas group (CC; n = 11) were treated with vehicle; the Nif-Dip group (n = 14) were treated with nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) associated with dipyridamole (30 mg/kg) and Nif-Dip-CHF group (n = 17) were treated with nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) and dipyridamole (30 mg/kg) associated with drugs for CHF treatment (captopril 5 mg/kg, digoxin 8 &#181;g/kg and furosemide 2 mg/kg, the latter two administered for only for 1 week).</p>
        <p>The mice were distributed in stainless steel cages, measuring 29x30x14 cm, with 5 to 8 animals per cage, with free access to water and food (Perrarina&#174;, Protinal, Venezuela), with a 12-hour light/dark cycle and an average 27&#176;C temperature.</p>
        <p>At 6 weeks of treatment, the animals were clinically evaluated (weight, piloerection, and clinical signs of CHF, such as dyspnea and/or cyanosis at rest or under anesthesia), as well as submitted to parasitological (parasitemia) and electrocardiographic assessments. They were subsequently sacrificed by exsanguination via cardiac puncture under anesthesia, followed by autopsy, when organs were removed and weighed, and samples for histopathology were collected.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Bioethics</title>
        <p>All experimental procedures performed in this study were based on the principles established in the bioethics and biosafety manual of the National Fund for Science and Technology, Ministry of Popular Power for Science and Technology, Venezuela.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiography</title>
        <p>Electrocardiographic studies were performed under anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital 25 mg/kg and ketamine 25 mg/kg of body weight ip, in bipolar configuration, using 3 needle-type electrodes (one positive, one negative and one neutral or reference), positioned in the subcutaneous tissue. We worked with 4 lead-ECG configurations: in DI, a positive electrode was placed together with the reference electrode on the left shoulder joint, while the negative electrode was positioned on the right shoulder joint; in DII, a positive electrode was positioned on the xiphoid process, while a negative one was placed on the right shoulder joint and the reference on the left shoulder joint; in DIII, both the negative electrode and the reference electrode were placed on the left shoulder joint and a positive electrode was maintained on the xiphoid process, and in AVF lead, a negative electrode was positioned on the cervical midline above the suprasternal fossa, while a positive electrode was placed on the xiphoid process and a reference one remained on the left shoulder joint.</p>
        <p>Electrodes were connected to a BioAmp amplifier (AD Instruments, New Zealand), and analog signals were converted to digital signals through a Powerlab/8sp interphase system (AD Instruments, New Zealand), displayed, recorded, and analyzed on a personal computer using the Chart v4.2.1 software (AD Instruments New Zealand). The signal capture was performed at a 1000 events/sec frequency and filtered at 60 Hz.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histopathology</title>
        <p>Right ventricular and cardiac apex samples were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde solution in PBS, pH 7.4 for 2 hours. Fixed tissue samples were embedded successively in 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% sucrose solutions until samples migrated to the container bottom in each solution; then samples were stored at -70&#176;C until used. Samples were thawed and embedded in Optimal Cutting Temperature (OCT) compound, and again frozen with liquid nitrogen, cryostat-cut obtaining 5 &#181;m-sections, put on microscope slides and stained with hematoxylin-eosin or toluidine blue stains. Additionally, another group of samples was fixed with 10% formalin in PBS pH 7.4, embedded in paraffin, cut with a microtome and stained with hematoxylin-eosin.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>Data is expressed as absolute values, percentages or mean &#177; SEM. Paired or unpaired Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used to analyze the significance of observed differences before and after treatment in a group or to compare two unrelated groups, respectively; while ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-test was used to analyze significance of observed differences between the three experimental groups. A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. GraphPad Prism Software 5.0 was used for the statistical analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>All mice became infected with an average parasitemia of 4.19 &#177; 0.74 x 10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> parasites/mL on the 6<sup>th</sup> week post-infection before treatment protocol began. In all experimental treated groups, parasites were not detected at the 7<sup>th</sup> week, while in the CC group, parasitemia disappeared between the 8<sup>th</sup> and 9<sup>th</sup> week; all groups had 0 parasitemia at sacrifice.</p>
      <p>During the post-anesthetic period (0-48 hours), the CC group had 45.45% (n = 5), Nif-Dip 21.42% (n = 3) and Nif-Dip-CHF 41.17% (n = 7) of mortality rate, respectively. During the following six weeks, 1 animal of each CC and Nif-Dip groups and 2 from Nif-Dip-CHF group died, resulting in a total mortality of 54.54% (n = 6), 28.57% (n = 4) and 52.9% (n = 9), respectively.</p>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, clinical parameters observed at the end of the experimental protocol are shown. We can observe that treated groups significantly increased body weight; while spleen weight and CHF clinical signs decreased significantly in these groups as compared with the CC group.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical parameters quantified in mice with AChD treated or not with nifurtimox and dipyridamole.</title>
            <p>In A, body weight is shown; mice submitted to the treatment protocol increased weight. In B, normalized spleen weight based on body weight is shown; splenomegaly decreased in mice submitted to the treatment protocol. In C, a summative clinical analysis based on the presence (1) or absence (0) of the following clinical signs were performed in each mouse: dyspnea and cyanosis at rest or under anesthesia and piloerection; mice submitted to the treatment protocol had decreased signs of CHF or infection. * means p &lt; 0.05 when comparing treated groups in relation to Control Chagas non-treated group, using ANOVA test followed by Tukey's post-test</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0145-70033-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Quantitative and qualitative electrocardiographic parameters are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables I</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">II</xref>, respectively, before and after starting the therapeutic protocol. Altered electrocardiographic signs found before treatment included decreased heart rate, cardiac conduction disturbances, characterized as an increase in QRS and QT intervals values; alterations in ventricular repolarization, characterized by disorders in amplitude, axis direction and T wave decay (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table I</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>). These signs were reversed by the therapeutic protocol; however, R and S wave amplitudes decreased (See <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table I</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>). Regarding qualitative data disorders, nifurtimox-dipyridamole-based therapeutic protocol tended to decrease atrioventricular dissociation and post-depolarization disorders; however, rhythm disorders (nodal and ventricular extrasystoles) tended to increase (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table II</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Electrocardiographic quantitative parameters in mice with acute chagasic cardiomyopathy with heart failure before and after starting the therapeutic protocol</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Parameter</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Experimental groups</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Nif-Dip</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Nif-Dip- CHF</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pre-treatment</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Post-treatment</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pre-Treatment</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Post-treatment</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">373.40 &#177; 22.08</td>
              <td align="center">431.40 &#177; 24.35</td>
              <td align="center">382.20 &#177; 39.34</td>
              <td align="center">416.10 &#177; 22.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PR</td>
              <td align="center">57.37 &#177; 2.87</td>
              <td align="center">52.59 &#177; 3.72</td>
              <td align="center">54.70 &#177; 3.73</td>
              <td align="center">58.07 &#177; 3.94</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QRS (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">13.83 &#177; 0.21</td>
              <td align="center">11.50 &#177; 0.74<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">14.71 &#177; 0.69</td>
              <td align="center">11.13 &#177; 0.45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">101.50 &#177; 11.54</td>
              <td align="center">68.31 &#177; 12.81<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">105.50 &#177; 11.33</td>
              <td align="center">90.01 &#177; 6.20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTc (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">244.90 &#177; 22.16</td>
              <td align="center">175.00 &#177; 29.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">252.30 &#177; 21.94</td>
              <td align="center">230.80 &#177; 11.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">P (&#181;V)</td>
              <td align="center">56.77 &#177; 10.65</td>
              <td align="center">65.57 &#177; 8.02</td>
              <td align="center">34.07 &#177; 12.74</td>
              <td align="center">65.96 &#177; 4.18<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">R (&#181;V)</td>
              <td align="center">680.30 &#177; 82.25</td>
              <td align="center">577.40 &#177; 83.88</td>
              <td align="center">755.10 &#177; 83.82</td>
              <td align="center">631.80 &#177; 82.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S (&#181;V)</td>
              <td align="center">-363.90 &#177;62.56</td>
              <td align="center">-204.20 &#177; 40.44<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-252.10 &#177; 45.81</td>
              <td align="center">-40.10 &#177; 40.48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">T (&#181;V)</td>
              <td align="center">218.20 &#177; 46.28</td>
              <td align="center">270.00 &#177; 41.68</td>
              <td align="center">225.60 &#177; 49.06</td>
              <td align="center">255.50 &#177; 38.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#964;1</td>
              <td align="center">5.19 &#177; 0.71</td>
              <td align="center">7.82 &#177; 1.07</td>
              <td align="center">6.30 &#177; 0.78</td>
              <td align="center">8.41 &#177; 2.63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#964;1 %</td>
              <td align="center">40.63 &#177; 8.19</td>
              <td align="center">79.25 &#177; 4.21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">47.72 &#177; 6.91</td>
              <td align="center">74.04 &#177; 6.25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#964;2</td>
              <td align="center">67.16 &#177; 11.69</td>
              <td align="center">104.50 &#177; 23.29</td>
              <td align="center">69.88 &#177; 6.57</td>
              <td align="center">67.94 &#177; 5.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#964;2 %</td>
              <td align="center">59.70 &#177; 9.28</td>
              <td align="center">23.32 &#177; 3.76</td>
              <td align="center">30.12 &#177; 6.57</td>
              <td align="center">32.06 &#177; 5.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">D<sub>5</sub></td>
              <td align="center">73.78 &#177; 2.33</td>
              <td align="center">62.24 &#177; 4.39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">71.47 &#177; 3.51</td>
              <td align="center">59.78 &#177; 4.55<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">D<sub>10</sub></td>
              <td align="center">48.69 &#177; 4.98</td>
              <td align="center">30.98 &#177; 5.46</td>
              <td align="center">49.41 &#177; 4.78</td>
              <td align="center">38.56 &#177; 4.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">D<sub>20</sub></td>
              <td align="center">39.06 &#177; 3.80</td>
              <td align="center">20.78 &#177; 3.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">38.21 &#177; 3.97</td>
              <td align="center">24.22 &#177; 3.72<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">D<sub>40</sub></td>
              <td align="center">37.27 &#177; 2.85</td>
              <td align="center">17.26 &#177; 3.16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">33.84 &#177; 3.38</td>
              <td align="center">23.43 &#177; 3.50<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">D<sub>60</sub></td>
              <td align="center">20.33 &#177; 3.09</td>
              <td align="center">11.64 &#177; 2.44<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">22.69 &#177; 2.88</td>
              <td align="center">14.46 &#177; 3.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QRS axis</td>
              <td align="center">43.80 &#177; 21.17</td>
              <td align="center">46.90 &#177; 15.85</td>
              <td align="center">70.28 &#177; 12.26</td>
              <td align="center">78.86 &#177; 6.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">P axis</td>
              <td align="center">53.17 &#177; 18.53</td>
              <td align="center">53.38 &#177; 9.87</td>
              <td align="center">15.40 &#177; 18.69</td>
              <td align="center">58.32 &#177; 12.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">T axis</td>
              <td align="center">68.00 &#177; 16.83</td>
              <td align="center">79.78 &#177; 5.31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">59.49 &#177; 17.08</td>
              <td align="center">74.61 &#177; 6.89</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>"HR"-heart rate; "bpm" - beats per minute; T wave decay was analyzed by an exponential decay equation for two components. obtaining values and time constants &#964;1 and &#964;2 with their respective percentage contribution to decay; additionally, T wave amplitude percentage decay at 5. 10. 20. 40 and 60 ms after T peak was quantified;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>means p &lt; 0.05 comparing values before and after treatment using a paired Student's t test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Electrocardiographic qualitative parameters recorded in mice with acute chagas cardiomyopathy with heart failure before and after starting the therapeutic protocol</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Parameters</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Experimental groups</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Nif-Dip</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Nif-Dip-CHF</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Beforen (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Aftern (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Beforen (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Aftern (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AV dissociation</td>
              <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ventricular extrasystoles</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nodal extrasystoles</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>"AV"- atrioventricular</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Electrocardiographic changes observed before and after nifurtimox and dipyridamole therapeutic protocol was applied, associated with drugs for heart failure. Lead-ECG DIII, electrocardiographic records of two individuals are shown, before starting treatment (left) or after treatment (right). In record A, ischemic disorders are shown, characterized by inversion of T wave and J point below the isoelectric line, which were reversed by the therapeutic protocol with restitution of T wave morphology and amplitude (record B); additionally, the treatment induced a recovery of P wave amplitude. In record C, a decrease in the QRS complex and T wave amplitudes can be observed; note that T wave has a prolonged plateau; after treatment (record D) recovery of the QRS complex and T wave amplitude can be observed, which almost recovered normal morphology. Vertical bars indicate 400 &#181;V, horizontal ones indicate 100 ms.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0145-70033-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Electrocardiographic abnormalities observed before and after the nifurtimox and dipyridamole therapeutic protocol was applied. Lead-ECG DIII electrocardiographic records of two animals are shown, before starting treatment (left) or after treatment (right). In record A, low amplitude of bimodal P wave, decreased R wave amplitude, deep S wave, prolonged QRS complex and T wave second extended component, which does not reach the isoelectric line are shown; after treatment (record B) P, R and S wave amplitudes are recovered and a T wave amplitude of the second component is decreased. In record C, it is clearly shown that the second component of T wave forms an upward deflection, compatible with post-depolarization phenomenon, which was totally reversed by the treatment protocol (record D).Vertical bars indicate 400 &#181;V, horizontal ones indicate 100 ms..</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0145-70033-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Histopathological analysis (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table III</xref>) of the right ventricular sections from the CC mice group displayed thickened epicardium, myocytolysis and diffuse mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate; while in the Nif-Dip mice group, only reduced focal inflammatory infiltrate was observed and epicardial thickness was diminished; fibrosis degree was similar in both groups. In the cardiac apex sections, fibrosis, myocytolysis, epicardium thickness and inflammatory infiltrate were lower in mice treated with nifurtimox-dipyridamole when compared to the CC group. In both sections, in 60% of untreated mice, intact and/or broken parasitic nests were present, while in sections of nifurtimox-dipyridamole treated mice amastigotes and/or parasite nests were not observed (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). Additionally, in 60% (n = 3) of CC and in 50% (n = 2) of Nif-Dip group mice, mast cells were observed in cardiac apex sections; however, the number of mast cells per field was higher in the CC group (10.60 &#177; 7.53) than in the Nif-Dip group (1.00 &#177; 0.82); (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table III</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Histopathological analysis in right ventricle and cardiac apex sections from mice with acute chagas cardiomyopathy with heart failure treated or not with nifurtimox and dipyridamole </title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Parameter</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Experimental groups</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Control Chagas</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Nif-Dip</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">RV</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Apex</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">RV</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Apex</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Parasitic nests</td>
              <td align="center">6.00 &#177; 2.47</td>
              <td align="center">3.00 &#177; 1.91</td>
              <td align="center">0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fibrosis</td>
              <td align="center">1.40 &#177; 0.50</td>
              <td align="center">1.75 &#177; 0.47</td>
              <td align="center">1.40 &#177; 0.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.25 &#177; 0.25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Myocytolysis</td>
              <td align="center">2.00 &#177; 0.44</td>
              <td align="center">1.50 &#177; 0.28</td>
              <td align="center">1.40 &#177; 0.24</td>
              <td align="center">0.25 &#177; 0.25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Epicardium thickness</td>
              <td align="center">1.80 &#177; 0.20</td>
              <td align="center">1.75 &#177; 0.25</td>
              <td align="center">1.20 &#177; 0.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.75 &#177; 0.25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inflammatory infiltrate</td>
              <td align="center">2.80 &#177; 0.20</td>
              <td align="center">2.00 &#177; 0.57</td>
              <td align="center">1.80 &#177; 0.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.50 &#177; 0.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mast cells</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
              <td align="center">10.60 &#177; 7.53</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
              <td align="center">1 &#177; 0.82</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>"RV": right ventricle;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>means p &lt; 0.05 when comparing the values given for the same cardiac region with and without nifurtimox and dipyridamole treatment by an unpaired Student's t test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Heart tissue histopathological characteristics of mice with acute Chagas disease treated or not with nifurtimox and dipyridamole. Tissue sections fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, cryopreserved with 30% sucrose, embedded in OCT, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin are shown. In A, a representative Control Chagas heart section is displayed, where amastigotes nests (arrow), a mononuclear diffuse infiltrate and myocytolysis (1000X magnification) can be observed. In B, a representative heart section in mice treated with nifurtimox and dipyridamole is shown, disclosing muscle fiber integrity and a very discrete mononuclear cell infiltrate; fiber separation is a product of the cryopreservation technique (400X magnification).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0145-70033-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mast cell expression in heart tissue of mice with acute Chagas disease, treated or not with nifurtimox and dipyridamole. Tissue sections that were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, cryopreserved with 30% sucrose, embedded in OCT, and stained with toluidine blue are shown. In A, a representative Control Chagas heart section is shown, where two mast cells with degranulation in process can be seen (see arrow, 1000x magnification). In B, a representative heart section from a mouse treated with nifurtimox and dipyridamole is shown, where mast cells are not present (400Xmagnification). In the upper right corner, a bar graph is shown with the average number of mast cells in 10 fields and SEM values obtained in heart sections of the Chagas Control (white bar) and Nif-Dip (black bar) groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0145-70033-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, we demonstrate that the combination of nifurtimox with dipyridamole was therapeutically useful in mice with AChM with CHF, since, compared with untreated control mice, it reduced mortality, decreased or eradicated infection and, furthermore clinical, and histopathological signs of severe AChM were reversed. To our knowledge, this is the first study carried out in animal models to evaluate nifurtimox-dipyridamole-based therapeutic rescue in mice with severe AChM.</p>
      <p>The trypanocidal effect of nifurtimox treatment was tested in the present study by demonstrating absence of parasitemia after the first week of treatment and the absence of amastigotes or parasite nests in cardiac right ventricular and apex histopathology sections. These results concur with those reported by Santeliz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> who demonstrated that the nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) and dipyridamole (30 mg/kg) combination eradicates tissue and hematic parasites in mice with acute ChD without CHF. The trypanocidal effect shown in the present work could depend solely on the effect of nifurtimox at a 40 mg/kg dose, as this dose has been reported to be curative (16); however, several studies in murine models about the use of nifurtimox in ChD treatment have been controversial (see below).</p>
      <p>Studies on nifurtimox effect in experimental animals have used high doses of the drug, obtaining conflicting results; while Bustamante et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> working with C57BL/6 (Ly5.2 +) mice obtained a 95-100% cure rate with doses of 100 mg/kg, during 40 days of continuous or 13 days of intermittent treatment, Wong-Baeza et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> working with NIH albino mice, obtained a slight parasitemia decrease, with similar doses using a 50-day therapeutic protocol. This discordance observed between the aforementioned studies and our work can be explained by mouse strains used; however, response to nifurtimox treatment may depend also on the tested <italic>T. cruzi</italic> strain, as demonstrated in the study by Andrade et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, who found that Type I strain (high and early parasitemia, macrophage tropism) showed high sensitivity (56 &#177; 16% cure), type II strains (high and late parasitemia, heart muscle tropism) showed medium to high sensitivity (52 &#177; 11% cure) and type III strains (low parasitemia and skeletal muscle tropism) showed low sensitivity (0.45&#177;0.45% cure) to therapeutic regimens based on nifurtimox 200 mg/kg for 4 days, followed by 50 mg/kg for 5 days a week, up to a total of 90 days. Additionally, Fa&#250;ndez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> found parasitemia decreases using doses of 2.5 and 10 mg/kg, with 25 and 100% of survival, respectively.</p>
      <p>The trypanocidal effect of dipyridamole should also be considered, as this effect has been reported on epimastigotes in axenic culture with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 372 &#181;M; this effect was partially reproduced while working with NMRI mice, where this drug decreased, but not cleared parasitemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> However, we propose that dipyridamole most beneficial effect is functional and it is related to its action mechanism.</p>
      <p>The microvascular theory suggests that Chagas myocardiopathy development reflects endothelium damage in the microcirculation, with the formation of platelet and blood thrombi, causing diffuse ischemia in cardiac tissue, which then causes necrosis, cardiac remodeling, and fibrosis, leading to the development of dilated cardiomyopathy with CHF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Because dipyridamole is an antiplatelet agent, it prevents platelet thrombus formation and, consequently, hematic ones; also by increasing cGMP and adenosine levels, it induces coronary vasodilation mediated by NO production, improving ischemic phenomena in the chagasic myocardium. Similarly, by increasing levels of adenosine acting on A1- and A3-receptors, it has a cardioprotective effect that allows better management of the failing heart's energy demands and avoids early apoptotic phenomena, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Likewise, it has been reported that endogenous adenosine acting on A1-receptors generate a chronotropic and dromotropic negative effect, reducing the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias caused by ischemia-reperfusion in isolated beating rat hearts,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and when acting on A2-receptors it has an antiarrhythmic effect in acute myocardial ischemia, thus reducing the frequency of ventricular fibrillation;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> therefore it could prevent lethal arrhythmias observed in Chagas cardiomyopathy. Also in this line of thought, it has been reported that long-term oral administration of dipyridamole improves physical and cardiac status of patients with mild to moderate CHF, resulting in echocardiographic improvements of ejection fraction, left ventricular systolic diameter, and plasma B-type natriuretic peptide level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recently, Ramakers et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> reported that dipyridamole treatment increases the levels of IL-10, which is considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine that can induce TNF-&#945; and IL-6 decrease. Increased levels of TNF-&#945; and IL-6 have been associated with ChD advanced stages and negatively correlated with cardiac function;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> while high levels of IL-10 have been associated with cardiac function recovery, ejection fraction improvement and a reduction in left ventricular diastolic diameters, therefore being a cardioprotective factor. In the indeterminate phase of ChD, elevated levels of IL-10 have been reported, whereas in patients who develop CChM these levels are decreased.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Evidence suggests that during <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection, the myocardium is exposed to lesions caused by continuous oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxygen species, which are released continuously as a result of mitochondrial injuries during Chagas cardiomyopathy progression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The molecular structure of dipyridamole allows it to accept electrons, thus functioning as a free radical scavenger, with a greater capacity than &#945;-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, suggesting that dipyridamole beneficial effect observed in the present study is associated with its antioxidant capacity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, the early mortality observed in all experimental groups can be explained by cardiac functional impairment caused by AChM, which was aggravated by subjecting the mice to general anesthesia. In vigil state, mice usually have a heart rate of around 580 bpm, while under anesthesia with pentobarbital-ketamine, as reported in the present study, it ranges &#8203;&#8203;between 373 and 382 bpm. Anesthesia-induced bradycardia decreases cardiac output and aggravates HF, thereby increasing death risk, which was evidenced in the CC group mortality. In contrast, mice treated with nifurtimox and dipyridamole had the lowest mortality, which could be related to those previously described dipyridamole effects (see above). Unexpectedly, the Nif-Dip-CHF group had a higher mortality than the Nif-Dip group; this can be explained considering that the administration of drugs such as digoxin to a vulnerable host, the risk of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death is increased, as it has been shown in humans by Madelaire et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> who reported that digoxin use was associated with increased risk of death in patients with chronic heart failure.</p>
      <p>Experimental results obtained in the present study confirmed that all NMRI mice with acute ChD showed repolarization abnormalities, which were improved by the therapeutic scheme. Alvarado et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> stated that repolarization disorders are characteristic signs of AChM in humans and NMRI mice, which gives them a diagnostic value for acute ChD, clearly demonstrated in the present work. Ventricular repolarization disorders have been associated with ischemia and ventricular overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As nifurtimox has a trypanocidal effect potentiated by dipyridamole, it would quickly eradicate the infection, which would reverse the inflammatory phenomena related to parasitism, thus improving cardiac function; however, the adjuvant effect of dipyridamole must be crucial, because it reverses the functional ischemic phenomena, causing coronary vasodilation and improving the energy balance of cardiomyocytes, allowing the transmembrane ionic equilibrium to be restored and thus normalizing the repolarizing electrical phenomena.</p>
      <p>Coincident with repolarization disorders, an increase in the S wave amplitude was observed in the present study, which was reversed with the therapeutic scheme. Few studies have defined the S wave electrogenic substrate; however, in humans, the S wave reflects a late depolarization of the diaphragmatic surface or Purkinje cell depolarization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Nonetheless, in mice, given the high density of early repolarizing currents, it is proposed that S wave also reflects an early repolarizing component,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and thus, as repolarization disorders improves, the S wave amplitude decreases, as shown in the present study.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, slowed intraventricular conduction reflected in QRS and QT values improved significantly after the therapeutic scheme was applied; however, atrioventricular (AV) conduction values reflected by PR length did not show improvement. Improvement of intraventricular conduction may reflect an inflammation and blood flow restoration in a reversible morphofunctional substrate, while irreversible AV conduction disorders, including arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, which seems to be a reflection of an irreversible damage, product of intense inflammation, remodeling and fibrosis of the atria, usually observed in ChD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Likewise, the R wave amplitude was unchanged, which might be due to irreversible damage to the myocardial structure or it could reflect a net pharmacological effect due to dipyridamole-induced negative inotropic effect mediated by adenosine acting on A1 receptors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mast cell density in heart tissue histological sections was higher in the CC group when compared to the Nif-Dip group. Mast cells are inflammatory cells that increase and trigger a series of responses to inflammatory and infectious stimuli involved in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy pathogenesis; a correlation between the degree of fibrosis and mast cell density in hearts of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with CHF has been reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> In this regard, Rork et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> (2008) reported that mast cell degranulation contributes to myocardial injury observed in ischemia-reperfusion protocols and adenosine receptors (A2A) activation reduced the infarct area.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, this study showed that treatment with nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) and dipyridamole (30 mg/kg) has a beneficial effect on NMRI albino mice with acute ChD and CHF. The effect of nifurtimox is related to their trypanocidal activity, while the effect of dipyridamole can be related to its ability to potentiate nifurtimox trypanocidal effect and to its capacity to reverse the pathophysiological phenomena related to AChM, such as microvascular ischemia, free radical generation, immunomodulation of inflammation and cardiac overload. Dipyridamole safety, experience based on its use and wide therapeutic window constitute a valuable advantage for its inclusion in future ChD therapeutic protocols in humans.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Fondo Nacional para la Ciencia y Tecnolog&#237;a (FONACIT), number: 2007001425, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Ciencia y Tecnolog&#237;a, Venezuela.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Bioqu&#237;mica, Escola de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidad Centroccidental "Lisandro Alvarado" (UCLA), Barquisimeto, Venezuela</institution>
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      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rafael Bonfante Cabarcas</bold>, Av. libertador con Av. Andr&#233;s Bello, Decanato de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Centroccidental "Lisandro Alvarado". CEP: 3001, Barquisimeto - Venezuela. E-mail: <email>rbonfantecabarcas@gmail.com</email>
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            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cabarcas RB. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Aparicio DY, Gonz&#225;lez-Hern&#225;ndez M, Hern&#225;ndez-Forero G, Gu&#233;dez-Ortiz M, Santeliz S, Goncalves L, Cabarcas RB. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Aparicio DY, Gonz&#225;lez-Hern&#225;ndez M, Santeliz S, Goncalves L, Cabarcas RB. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Cabarcas RB. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Aparicio DY, Gonz&#225;lez-Hern&#225;ndez M, Santeliz S, Cabarcas RB. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Cabarcas RB. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Aparicio DY, Gonz&#225;lez-Hern&#225;ndez M, Hern&#225;ndez-Forero G, Gu&#233;dez-Ortiz M, Santeliz S, Goncalves L, Cabarcas RB. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Aparicio DY, Gonz&#225;lez-Hern&#225;ndez M, Hern&#225;ndez-Forero G, Gu&#233;dez-Ortiz M, Santeliz S, Goncalves L, Cabarcas RB. Supervis&#227;o: Santeliz S, Goncalves L, Cabarcas RB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de global, sendo necess&#225;rio o desenvolvimento de novos protocolos terap&#234;uticos. Nosso grupo demonstrou recentemente que o nifurtimox associado ao dipiridamol tem efeitos curativos em camundongos com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda. Neste estudo, avaliamos o efeito deste protocolo terap&#234;utico em camundongos chag&#225;sicos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar se o nifurtimox e o dipiridamol s&#227;o &#250;teis no tratamento de resgate em camundongos com miocardite chag&#225;sica aguda com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos 42 camundongos com miocardite chag&#225;sica aguda e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva: Controle Chagas (n = 11); Nif-Dip, tratados com nifurtimox e dipiridamol (n = 14); e Nif-Dip-Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, tratados com nifurtimox e dipiridamol, associados com digoxina, furosemida e captopril (n = 17). As doses de nifurtimox e dipiridamol foram de 40 e 30 mg/kg/dia, respectivamente, durante 6 semanas. Os camundongos foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, hemoparasitol&#243;gicas e histopatol&#243;gicas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Observou-se menor mortalidade no Grupo Nif-Dip (n = 4; 28,57%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Controle Chagas (n = 6; 54,54%) e ao Nif-Dip-Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (n = 9; 52,9%). Clinicamente, os camundongos tratados com nifurtimox e dipiridamol aumentaram o peso corporal e melhoraram a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sem mostrar esplenomegalia. Nestes grupos, foram erradicadas as parasitemias e os parasitas teciduais; a fibrose, a miocit&#243;lise, o infiltrado de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias e os mast&#243;citos diminu&#237;ram. Os dist&#250;rbios de repolariza&#231;&#227;o, os intervalos QRS e o QT prolongados, o aumento da amplitude da onda S e a dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular foram revertidos pelo tratamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O tratamento com nifurtimox e dipiridamol pode ser usado no resgate em camundongos com doen&#231;a chag&#225;sica aguda grave, j&#225; que o nifurtimox teve atividade tripanocida, e o dipiridamole potenciou seu efeito. O dipiridamol seria &#250;til na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca chag&#225;sica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Camundongos, Nifurtimox</kwd>
        <kwd>Dipiridamol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Fondo Nacional para la Ciencia y Tecnolog&#237;a</funding-source>
          <award-id>2007001425</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado por Fondo Nacional para la Ciencia y Tecnolog&#237;a (FONACIT), n&#250;mero: 2007001425, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Ciencia y Tecnolog&#237;a, Venezuela.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica global, devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia residual de 1,06% em pa&#237;ses end&#234;micos, onde o ressurgimento da doen&#231;a tem sido relatado sob a forma de surtos por transmiss&#227;o oral e tamb&#233;m pela globaliza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, consequ&#234;ncia da migra&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos oriundos de pa&#237;ses end&#234;micos para pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, resultando em uma preval&#234;ncia de 4,2% na popula&#231;&#227;o imigrante na Europa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os casos agudos de DC sintom&#225;tica t&#234;m sido associados &#224; parasitemia patente e &#224; miocardite aguda grave, com alta morbidade e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A les&#227;o card&#237;aca grave seria um reflexo da a&#231;&#227;o patog&#234;nica do parasita; assim, seria obrigat&#243;rio realizar interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas tripanossomicidas agressivas para diminuir a carga parasit&#225;ria, a morbidade e a mortalidade.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, os protocolos de tratamento aceitos para a DC aguda s&#227;o o nifurtimox e o benznidazole. O uso deste protocolo, mesmo quando os melhores resultados s&#227;o obtidos, n&#227;o &#233; totalmente satisfat&#243;rio. Na Venezuela, estudos com nifurtimox e/ou benznidazole t&#234;m sido decepcionantes, com mais de 70% dos casos com presen&#231;a comprovada de parasitas teciduais, genoma parasit&#225;rio ou seus ant&#237;genos (sorologia positiva) ap&#243;s o uso destes f&#225;rmacos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, pode ser &#250;til criar esquemas terap&#234;uticos nos quais estes f&#225;rmacos sejam combinados com outros, o que poderia aumentar a efic&#225;cia do nifurtimox e do benznidazole, e diminuir seus efeitos secund&#225;rios. Idealmente, estas drogas precisam ter um efeito tripanocida, promover a funcionalidade card&#237;aca e neutralizar os fen&#244;menos fisiopatol&#243;gicos resultantes da infec&#231;&#227;o, inflama&#231;&#227;o e gera&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres.</p>
        <p>De acordo com a teoria microvascular, o dipiridamol pode ser considerado medicamento adjuvante, porque induz a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o coronariana por meio do &#211;xido N&#237;trico (NO), a melhorando o fluxo sangu&#237;neo. Ele tem efeito antiplaquet&#225;rio, que impede a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos; aumenta os n&#237;veis extracelulares de adenosina, melhorando a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; promove um efeito anti-inflamat&#243;rio, suprimindo a forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres, e melhora o estado redox das c&#233;lulas submetidas a fen&#244;menos inflamat&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Recentemente, nosso grupo demonstrou que o dipiridamol tem um efeito tripanocida <italic>in vitro</italic> com uma CI<sub>50</sub> de 372 &#181;M e que potencializa o efeito de doses subterap&#234;uticas de nifurtimox, proporcionando efeitos curativos em camundongos NMRI com DC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> aguda. Por este motivo, neste estudo, avaliamos se um resgate terap&#234;utico em indiv&#237;duos com Miocardite Chag&#225;sica Aguda (MCA) e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Congestiva (ICC) grave pode ser realizado com nifurtimox e dipiridamol, permitindo redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e sequelas card&#237;acas funcionais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>A amostra incluiu 48 camundongos NMRI machos, adultos, com peso entre 30 e 50 g, obtidos nas instala&#231;&#245;es do biot&#233;rio da Universidade Centro-Oeste Lisandro Alvarado (Barquisimeto, Venezuela), que foram infectados intraperitonealmente com tripomastigotas sangu&#237;neas suspensas em soro fisiol&#243;gico 0,9%, com dosagem de 100 tripomastigotas por grama de peso corporal. A cepa da linhagem de TcI utilizada est&#225; registada no banco da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) sob a denomina&#231;&#227;o MHOM/VEcepa792/2-92-YBM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os parasitas analisados foram obtidos a partir do sangue de camundongos infectados na fase aguda da DC e mantidos em ciclos de vetor/camundongo. Os vetores foram ninfas de <italic>Rhodnius prolixus</italic> de terceiro est&#225;gio. Na segunda semana ap&#243;s a inocula&#231;&#227;o, foi confirmada a parasitemia, e apenas os camundongos positivos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
          <p>Dos 48 camundongos infectados, seis (12,50%) morreram durante as primeiras 6 semanas de infec&#231;&#227;o, e os 42 camundongos restantes com MCA e sinais cl&#237;nicos de ICC foram eletrocardiograficamente estudados sob anestesia, depois divididos em tr&#234;s grupos e tratados durante 6 semanas. O Grupo Controle Chagas (CC n = 11) foi tratado com ve&#237;culo, o Grupo Nif-Dip (n = 14) foi tratado com nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) associado ao dipiridamol (30 mg/kg), e o Grupo Nif-Dip-ICC (n = 17) foi tratado com nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) e dipiridamol (30 mg/kg) associados a f&#225;rmacos para o tratamento da ICC (captopril 5 mg/kg, digoxina 8 &#181;g/kg e furosemida 2 mg/kg, os dois &#250;ltimos administrados apenas por 1 semana).</p>
          <p>Os camundongos foram distribu&#237;dos em gaiolas de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel medindo 29 x 30 x 14 cm, com cinco a oito animais por gaiola, com acesso livre &#224; &#225;gua e aos alimentos (Perrarina&#174;, Protinal, Venezuela), com ciclos de 12 horas de luz/escurid&#227;o e m&#233;dia de 27&#176;C de temperatura.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 6 semanas de tratamento, os animais foram avaliados clinicamente (peso, piloere&#231;&#227;o e sinais cl&#237;nicos de ICC, como dispneia e/ou cianose em repouso ou sob anestesia), bem como submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es parasitol&#243;gicas (parasitemia) e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. Eles foram posteriormente sacrificados por exsanguina&#231;&#227;o via pun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sob anestesia, seguido de aut&#243;psia, quando os &#243;rg&#227;os foram removidos e pesados, e as amostras para histopatologia foram coletadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bio&#233;tica</title>
          <p>Todos os procedimentos experimentais realizados neste estudo foram baseados nos princ&#237;pios estabelecidos no manual de bio&#233;tica e biosseguran&#231;a do Fundo Nacional de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Minist&#233;rio do Poder Popular para Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia da Venezuela.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eletrocardiografia</title>
          <p>Foram realizados estudos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos sob anestesia com pentobarbital s&#243;dico 25 mg/kg e cetamina 25 mg/kg de peso corporal via intraperitoneal, em configura&#231;&#227;o bipolar utilizando tr&#234;s eletrodos tipo agulha (um positivo, um negativo e um neutro ou de refer&#234;ncia), posicionados no tecido subcut&#226;neo. Trabalhamos com um Eletrocardiograma (ECG) de quatro deriva&#231;&#245;es nas seguintes configura&#231;&#245;es: em DI, um eletrodo positivo foi colocado junto do eletrodo de refer&#234;ncia na articula&#231;&#227;o do ombro esquerdo, enquanto o eletrodo negativo foi posicionado na articula&#231;&#227;o do ombro direito; em DII, um eletrodo positivo foi posicionado no processo xifoide, enquanto um negativo foi colocado na articula&#231;&#227;o do ombro direito e o de refer&#234;ncia na articula&#231;&#227;o do ombro esquerdo; em DIII, tanto o eletrodo negativo quanto o de refer&#234;ncia foram colocados na articula&#231;&#227;o do ombro esquerdo, e um eletrodo positivo foi mantido no processo xifoide; e na deriva&#231;&#227;o AVF, um eletrodo negativo foi posicionado na linha mediana cervical acima da fossa supraesternal, enquanto o eletrodo positivo foi colocado sobre o processo xifoide, e o de refer&#234;ncia permaneceu na articula&#231;&#227;o do ombro esquerdo.</p>
          <p>Os eletrodos foram ligados a um amplificador BioAmp (AD Instruments, Nova Zel&#226;ndia), e os sinais anal&#243;gicos foram convertidos para sinais digitais por um sistema de interfase Powerlab/8sp (AD Instruments, Nova Zel&#226;ndia), exibidos, gravados e analisados em um computador pessoal utilizando o <italic>software</italic> Chart v4.2.1 (AD Instruments Nova Zel&#226;ndia). A captura de sinal foi realizada a uma frequ&#234;ncia de 1.000 eventos/segundo e filtrada a 60 Hz.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histopatologia</title>
          <p>As amostras do ventr&#237;culo direito e do &#225;pice card&#237;aco foram fixadas em solu&#231;&#227;o de paraformalde&#237;do a 4% em PBS, pH 7,4 durante 2 horas. Amostras fixadas de tecido foram imersas sucessivamente em solu&#231;&#245;es de sacarose a 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30%, at&#233; que as amostras migrassem para o fundo do recipiente em cada solu&#231;&#227;o; ent&#227;o as amostras foram armazenadas a -70&#176;C at&#233; serem utilizadas. As amostras foram descongeladas e imersas em composto OCT (Temperatura &#211;tima de Corte, sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>Optimal Cutting Temperature</italic>) e novamente congeladas em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido, cortadas em um criostato, obtendo amostras de 5 &#181;m, colocadas em l&#226;minas de microsc&#243;pio e coradas com t&#233;cnicas de hematoxilina e eosina ou azul de toluidina. Adicionalmente, outro grupo de amostras foi fixado com formalina a 10% em PBS pH 7,4, imerso em parafina, cortado com micr&#243;tomo e corado com hematoxilina e eosina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
          <p>Os dados foram expressos como valores absolutos, porcentagens ou m&#233;dia &#177; Erro Padr&#227;o da M&#233;dia (EPM). O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado ou n&#227;o pareado foi utilizado para analisar a signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as observadas antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento em um grupo, ou para comparar dois grupos n&#227;o relacionados, respectivamente; enquanto a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), seguida pelo teste de Tukey, foi utilizada para analisar o significado das diferen&#231;as observadas entre os tr&#234;s grupos experimentais. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo. O <italic>software</italic> GraphPad Prism 5.0 foi utilizado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Todos os camundongos foram infectados com uma parasitemia m&#233;dia de 4,19 &#177; 0,74 x 10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> parasitas/mL na sexta semana p&#243;s-infec&#231;&#227;o antes do in&#237;cio do protocolo de tratamento. Em todos os grupos tratados experimentalmente, parasitas sangu&#237;neos n&#227;o foram detectados na s&#233;tima semana, enquanto no Grupo Controle Chagas, a parasitemia desapareceu entre a oitava e a nona semanas. Todos os grupos apresentavam parasitemia 0 ao sacrif&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-anest&#233;sico (0 a 48 horas), o Grupo Controle Chagas apresentou taxa de mortalidade de 45,45% (n = 5), o Grupo Nif-Dip de 21,42% (n = 3) e o Grupo Nif-Dip-ICC de 41,17% (n = 7), respectivamente. Durante as 6 semanas seguintes, um animal do Grupo CC, um animal do Grupo Nif-Dip e dois do Grupo Nif-Dip-ICC morreram, resultando em uma mortalidade total de 54,54% (n = 6), 28,57% (n = 4) e 52,9% (n = 9), respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figura 1</xref>, s&#227;o apresentados os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos observados no final do protocolo experimental. Os grupos tratados aumentaram significativamente o peso corporal; enquanto o peso do ba&#231;o e os sinais cl&#237;nicos de ICC diminu&#237;ram significativamente nestes grupos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Grupo Controle Chagas.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos quantificados em camundongos com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda, tratados ou n&#227;o com nifurtimox e dipiridamol.</title>
              <p>Em (A), &#233; mostrado o peso corporal: camundongos submetidos ao protocolo de tratamento aumentaram de peso. Em (B), &#233; mostrado o peso do ba&#231;o normalizado com base no peso corporal; a esplenomegalia diminuiu em camundongos submetidos ao protocolo de tratamento. Em (C), foi realizada uma an&#225;lise cl&#237;nica sumativa baseada na presen&#231;a (1) ou aus&#234;ncia (0) dos seguintes sinais cl&#237;nicos em cada camundongo: dispneia e cianose em repouso ou sob anestesia e piloere&#231;&#227;o; os camundongos submetidos ao protocolo de tratamento tinham sinais reduzidos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva ou infec&#231;&#227;o. * p &lt; 0,05 quando comparados os grupos tratados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Controle Chagas n&#227;o tratado, utilizando An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia seguida do p&#243;s-teste de Tukey.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0145-70033-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">2</xref> mostram os par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos quantitativos e qualitativos, respectivamente, antes e depois do in&#237;cio do protocolo terap&#234;utico. Os sinais eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos alterados encontrados antes do tratamento inclu&#237;ram diminui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, caracterizados como um aumento nos valores dos intervalos QRS e QT; altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular caracterizadas por dist&#250;rbios na amplitude; dire&#231;&#227;o do eixo e decaimento da onda T (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">3</xref>). Estes sinais foram revertidos pelo protocolo terap&#234;utico; no entanto, as amplitudes das ondas R e S diminu&#237;ram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">3</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dist&#250;rbios dos dados qualitativos, o protocolo terap&#234;utico baseado em nifurtimox-dipiridamol tendeu a diminuir a dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e os dist&#250;rbios p&#243;s-despolariza&#231;&#227;o; no entanto, os dist&#250;rbios do ritmo (extrass&#237;stoles nodais e ventriculares) tenderam a aumentar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros quantitativos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos em camundongos com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;stica aguda e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, antes e ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do protocolo terap&#234;utico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Grupos experimentais</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Nif-Dip</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Nif-Dip-ICC</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;-tratamento</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s-tratamento</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;-tratamento</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s-tratamento</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">373,40 &#177; 22,08</td>
                <td align="center">431,40 &#177; 24,35</td>
                <td align="center">382,20 &#177; 39,34</td>
                <td align="center">416,10 &#177; 22,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PR</td>
                <td align="center">57,37 &#177; 2,87</td>
                <td align="center">52,59 &#177; 3,72</td>
                <td align="center">54,70 &#177; 3,73</td>
                <td align="center">58,07 &#177; 3,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QRS (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">13,83 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">11,50 &#177; 0,74<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">14,71 &#177; 0,69</td>
                <td align="center">11,13 &#177; 0,45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">101,50 &#177; 11,54</td>
                <td align="center">68,31 &#177; 12,81<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">105,50 &#177; 11,33</td>
                <td align="center">90,01 &#177; 6,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">244,90 &#177; 22,16</td>
                <td align="center">175,00 &#177; 29,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">252,30 &#177; 21,94</td>
                <td align="center">230,80 &#177; 11,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P (&#181;V)</td>
                <td align="center">56,77 &#177; 10,65</td>
                <td align="center">65,57 &#177; 8,02</td>
                <td align="center">34,07 &#177; 12,74</td>
                <td align="center">65,96 &#177; 4,18<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">R (&#181;V)</td>
                <td align="center">680,30 &#177; 82,25</td>
                <td align="center">577,40 &#177; 83,88</td>
                <td align="center">755,10 &#177; 83,82</td>
                <td align="center">631,80 &#177; 82,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S (&#181;V)</td>
                <td align="center">-363,90 &#177;62,56</td>
                <td align="center">-204,20 &#177; 40,44<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-252,10 &#177; 45,81</td>
                <td align="center">-40,10 &#177; 40,48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T (&#181;V)</td>
                <td align="center">218,20 &#177; 46,28</td>
                <td align="center">270,00 &#177; 41,68</td>
                <td align="center">225,60 &#177; 49,06</td>
                <td align="center">255,50 &#177; 38,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#964;1</td>
                <td align="center">5,19 &#177; 0,71</td>
                <td align="center">7,82 &#177; 1,07</td>
                <td align="center">6,30 &#177; 0,78</td>
                <td align="center">8,41 &#177; 2,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#964;1%</td>
                <td align="center">40,63 &#177; 8,19</td>
                <td align="center">79,25 &#177; 4,21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">47,72 &#177; 6,91</td>
                <td align="center">74,04 &#177; 6,25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#964;2</td>
                <td align="center">67,16 &#177; 11,69</td>
                <td align="center">104,50 &#177; 23,29</td>
                <td align="center">69,88 &#177; 6,57</td>
                <td align="center">67,94 &#177; 5,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#964;2%</td>
                <td align="center">59,70 &#177; 9,28</td>
                <td align="center">23,32 &#177; 3,76</td>
                <td align="center">30,12 &#177; 6,57</td>
                <td align="center">32,06 &#177; 5,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D<sub>5</sub></td>
                <td align="center">73,78 &#177; 2,33</td>
                <td align="center">62,24 &#177; 4,39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">71,47 &#177; 3,51</td>
                <td align="center">59,78 &#177; 4,55<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D<sub>10</sub></td>
                <td align="center">48,69 &#177; 4,98</td>
                <td align="center">30,98 &#177; 5,46</td>
                <td align="center">49,41 &#177; 4,78</td>
                <td align="center">38,56 &#177; 4,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D<sub>20</sub></td>
                <td align="center">39,06 &#177; 3,80</td>
                <td align="center">20,78 &#177; 3,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">38,21 &#177; 3,97</td>
                <td align="center">24,22 &#177; 3,72<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D<sub>40</sub></td>
                <td align="center">37,27 &#177; 2,85</td>
                <td align="center">17,26 &#177; 3,16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">33,84 &#177; 3,38</td>
                <td align="center">23,43 &#177; 3,50<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D<sub>60</sub></td>
                <td align="center">20,33 &#177; 3,09</td>
                <td align="center">11,64 &#177; 2,44<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">22,69 &#177; 2,88</td>
                <td align="center">14,46 &#177; 3,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eixo QRS </td>
                <td align="center">43,80 &#177; 21,17</td>
                <td align="center">46,90 &#177; 15,85</td>
                <td align="center">70,28 &#177; 12,26</td>
                <td align="center">78,86 &#177; 6,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eixo P </td>
                <td align="center">53,17 &#177; 18,53</td>
                <td align="center">53,38 &#177; 9,87</td>
                <td align="center">15,40 &#177; 18,69</td>
                <td align="center">58,32 &#177; 12,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eixo T </td>
                <td align="center">68,00 &#177; 16,83</td>
                <td align="center">79,78 &#177; 5,31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">59,49 &#177; 17,08</td>
                <td align="center">74,61 &#177; 6,89</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 comparando os valores antes e depois do tratamento por meio do teste t de Student pareado. O decaimento da onda T foi analisado por uma equa&#231;&#227;o de decaimento exponencial para dois componentes, obtendo-se valores e constantes de tempo &#964;1 e &#964;2 com suas respectivas contribui&#231;&#245;es porcentuais ao decaimento; adicionalmente, a porcentagem da amplitude da onda T decaiu a 5, 10, 20, 40 e 60 ms ap&#243;s a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do pico T. Nif-Dip: grupo tratado com nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) associado ao dipiridamol (30 mg/kg); Nif-Dip-ICC: grupo tratado com nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) e dipiridamol (30 mg/kg) associados a f&#225;rmacos para o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (captopril 5 mg/kg, digoxina 8 &#181;g/kg e furosemida 2 mg/kg, os dois &#250;ltimos administrados apenas por 1 semana); FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PR: intervalo de tempo entre a onda P e da onda R.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros qualitativos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos registrados em camundongos com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;stica aguda e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca antes e ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do protocolo terap&#234;utico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Grupos experimentais</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Nif-Dip</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Nif-Dip-ICC</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Antesn (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Depoisn (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Antesn (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Depoisn (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular </td>
                <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Extrass&#237;stoles nodais </td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Nif-Dip: grupo tratado com nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) associado ao dipiridamol (30 mg/kg); Nif Dip-ICC: grupo tratado com nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) e dipiridamol (30 mg/kg) associados a f&#225;rmacos para o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (captopril 5 mg/kg, digoxina 8 &#181;g/kg e furosemida 2 mg/kg, os dois &#250;ltimos administrados apenas por 1 semana).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas observadas antes e ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo terap&#234;utico com nifurtimox e dipiridamol associado a medicamentos para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. S&#227;o apresentados os registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos na deriva&#231;&#227;o DIII de dois animais, antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento (&#224; esquerda) ou ap&#243;s o tratamento (&#224; direita). No registro (A), mostramos dist&#250;rbios isqu&#234;micos, caracterizados pela invers&#227;o da onda T e ponto J abaixo da linha isoel&#233;trica, os quais foram revertidos pelo protocolo terap&#234;utico com restitui&#231;&#227;o da morfologia e amplitude da onda T (B); adicionalmente, o tratamento induziu uma recupera&#231;&#227;o da amplitude da onda P. Em (C), pode-se observar uma diminui&#231;&#227;o das amplitudes do complexo QRS e da onda T, notando-se que a onda T tem um plat&#244; prolongado; ap&#243;s o tratamento (D) pode ser observada a recupera&#231;&#227;o da amplitude do complexo QRS e da onda T, que praticamente recuperou a morfologia normal. As barras verticais indicam 400 &#181;V; as horizontais indicam 100 ms.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0145-70033-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas observadas antes e ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo terap&#234;utico com nifurtimox e dipiridamol. S&#227;o mostrados os registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos em DIII de dois animais antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento (&#224; esquerda) ou ap&#243;s o tratamento (&#224; direita). No registro (A), s&#227;o mostrados: baixa amplitude da onda P bimodal, amplitude da onda R diminu&#237;da, onda S profunda, complexo QRS prolongado e um segundo componente da onda T estendido, que n&#227;o atinge a linha isoel&#233;trica; ap&#243;s o tratamento (B), a amplitude das ondas P, R e S &#233; recuperada e a amplitude da onda T do segundo componente diminui. Em (C), mostra-se claramente que o segundo componente da onda T forma uma deflex&#227;o ascendente, compat&#237;vel com o fen&#244;meno p&#243;s-despolariza&#231;&#227;o, que foi totalmente revertido pelo protocolo de tratamento (D). As barras verticais indicam 400 &#181;V; as horizontais indicam 100 ms.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0145-70033-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>) em amostras do ventr&#237;culo direito dos camundongos do Grupo Controle Chagas mostrou espessura do epic&#225;rdio aumentada, miocit&#243;lise e infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio mononuclear difuso; enquanto no Grupo Nif-Dip, foram observados apenas infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio focal reduzido e a espessura do epic&#225;rdio diminu&#237;da; o grau de fibrose foi semelhante em ambos os grupos. Nas amostras do &#225;pice card&#237;aco, a fibrose, a miocit&#243;lise, a espessura do epic&#225;rdio e o infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio foram menores nos camundongos tratados com nifurtimox-dipiridamol quando comparados ao Grupo Controle Chagas. Em ambas as amostras, em 60% dos camundongos n&#227;o tratados, estiveram presentes ninhos parasit&#225;rios intactos e/ou quebrados, enquanto em amostras obtidas de camundongos tratados com nifurtimox-dipiridamol n&#227;o foram observados amastigotas e/ou ninhos parasit&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>). Al&#233;m disto, em 60% (n = 3) do Grupo Controle Chagas e em 50% (n = 2) dos camundongos do Grupo Nif-Dip, foram observados mast&#243;citos em amostras do &#225;pice card&#237;aco; no entanto, o n&#250;mero de mast&#243;citos por campo foi maior no Grupo Controle Chagas (10,60 &#177; 7,53) do que no Grupo Nif-Dip (1,00 &#177; 0,82) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica em amostras do ventr&#237;culo direito e do &#225;pice card&#237;aco de camundongos com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;stica aguda e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tratados ou n&#227;o com nifurtimox e dipiridamol</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Grupos experimentais</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Controle Chagas</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Nif-Dip</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">VD</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">&#193;pice</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">VD</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">&#193;pice</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ninhos de parasitas</td>
                <td align="center">6,00 &#177; 2,47</td>
                <td align="center">3,00 &#177; 1,91</td>
                <td align="center">0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrose</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 &#177; 0,50</td>
                <td align="center">1,75 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 &#177; 0,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,25 &#177; 0,25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocit&#243;lise</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 &#177; 0,44</td>
                <td align="center">1,50 &#177; 0,28</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 &#177; 0,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,25 &#177; 0,25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura do epic&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">1,80 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">1,75 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 &#177; 0,25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">2,80 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 &#177; 0,57</td>
                <td align="center">1,80 &#177; 0,37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,50 &#177; 0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mast&#243;citos</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">10,60 &#177; 7,53</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">1 &#177; 0,82</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 quando comparados os valores para a mesma regi&#227;o card&#237;aca, com e sem tratamento com nifurtimox e dipiridamol, por meio do teste t de Student n&#227;o emparelhado. Nif Dip: grupo tratado com nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) associado ao dipiridamol (30 mg/kg); VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas do tecido card&#237;aco de camundongos com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda, tratados ou n&#227;o com nifurtimox e dipiridamol. Trata-se de amostras de tecidos fixadas com paraformalde&#237;do a 4%, criopreservadas com sacarose a 30%, imersas em solu&#231;&#227;o especial (OCT) para temperatura &#243;tima de corte e coradas com hematoxilina e eosina. Em (A), amostra do cora&#231;&#227;o de um indiv&#237;duo do grupo Controle Chagas, na qual se observam um ninho de amastigotas (seta), infiltrado difuso mononuclear e miocit&#243;lise (aumento de 1.000X). Em (B), amostra do cora&#231;&#227;o de camundongos tratados com nifurtimox e dipiridamol, podendo ser observados a integridade das fibras musculares e um infiltrado de c&#233;lulas mononucleares muito discretas; a separa&#231;&#227;o das fibras &#233; produto da t&#233;cnica de criopreserva&#231;&#227;o (amplia&#231;&#227;o 400X).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0145-70033-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Express&#227;o de mast&#243;citos no tecido card&#237;aco de camundongos com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda, tratados ou n&#227;o com nifurtimox e dipiridamol. S&#227;o apresentadas amostras de tecidos fixadas com paraformalde&#237;do a 4%, criopreservadas com sacarose a 30%, imersas em solu&#231;&#227;o especial (OCT) para temperatura &#243;tima de corte e coradas com azul de toluidina. Em (A), amostra do cora&#231;&#227;o de camundongo do grupo Controle Chagas, na qual podem ser vistos dois mast&#243;citos em processo de degranula&#231;&#227;o (ver seta, amplia&#231;&#227;o de 1.000x). Em (B), amostra do cora&#231;&#227;o de um camundongo tratado com nifurtimox e dipiridamol, na qual n&#227;o est&#227;o presentes mast&#243;citos (aumento de 400X). No canto superior direito mostramos um gr&#225;fico de barras com o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de mast&#243;citos em dez campos e os valores do erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia obtidos em amostras card&#237;acas do grupo Controle Chagas (barra branca) e do grupo tratado com nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) associado ao dipiridamol (30 mg/kg) (barra preta).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0145-70033-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, demonstramos que a combina&#231;&#227;o de nifurtimox com dipiridamol foi terapeuticamente &#250;til em camundongos com MCA e ICC, uma vez que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os camundongos de controle n&#227;o tratados, reduziu a mortalidade, diminuiu ou erradicou a infec&#231;&#227;o, e, al&#233;m disto, os sinais cl&#237;nicos e histopatol&#243;gicos de MCA grave foram revertidos. Que seja de nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo realizado em modelos animais para avaliar o tratamento de resgate terap&#234;utico baseado em nifurtimox-dipiridamol em camundongos com MCA grave.</p>
        <p>O efeito tripanocida do nifurtimox foi testado no presente estudo, demonstrando aus&#234;ncia da parasitemia ap&#243;s a primeira semana de tratamento e aus&#234;ncia de amastigotas ou ninho de parasitas nas amostras card&#237;acas do ventr&#237;culo direito e nas amostras histopatol&#243;gicas do &#225;pice. Estes resultados coincidem com os relatados por Santeliz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> que demonstraram que a combina&#231;&#227;o de nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) e dipiridamol (30 mg/kg) erradicava os parasitas teciduais e sangu&#237;neos em camundongos com DC aguda sem ICC. O efeito tripanocida, mostrado no presente estudo, poderia depender unicamente do efeito do nifurtimox na dose de 40 mg/kg, j&#225; que tal dose foi relatada curativa mas v&#225;rios estudos em modelos murinos sobre o uso de nifurtimox no tratamento de DC t&#234;m sido controversos</p>
        <p>Estudos sobre o efeito do nifurtimox em animais experimentais utilizaram doses elevadas da droga, obtendo resultados conflitantes. Bustamante et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> por&#233;m, trabalhando com camundongos C57BL/6 (Ly5.2 +), obtiveram taxa de cura de 95 a 100% com doses de 100 mg/kg em esquemas de 40 dias cont&#237;nuos ou intermitentes de 13 dias; Wong-Baeza et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> trabalhando com camundongos albinos NIH, obtiveram ligeira diminui&#231;&#227;o da parasitemia com doses semelhantes em um protocolo terap&#234;utico de 50 dias. Esta discord&#226;ncia observada entre os trabalhos citados e o nosso pode ser explicada pela linhagens de camundongos utilizadas; entretanto, a resposta ao tratamento com nifurtimox pode depender tamb&#233;m da cepa de <italic>T. cruzi</italic> testada, como demonstrado no trabalho de Andrade et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> que encontrou que a cepa tipo I (parasitemia alta e precoce, tropismo de macr&#243;fagos) apresentava alta sensibilidade (56 &#177; 16% de cura); cepas tipo II (parasitemia alta e tardia, tropismo do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco) tinha sensibilidade m&#233;dia a alta (52 &#177; 11% de cura), e a tipo III (baixa parasitemia e tropismo muscular esquel&#233;tico) baixa sensibilidade (0,45 &#177; 0,45% de cura) aos regimes terap&#234;uticos baseados em nifurtimox 200 mg/kg durante 4 dias, seguidos de 50 mg/kg durante 5 dias por semana, totalizando 90 dias. Adicionalmente, Fa&#250;ndez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> encontraram diminui&#231;&#227;o da parasitemia utilizando doses de 2,5 e 10 mg/kg, com 25 e 100% de sobreviv&#234;ncia, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>O efeito tripanocida do dipiridamol tamb&#233;m deve ser considerado. Ele foi relatado em epimastigotas em cultura ax&#234;nica com CI<sub>50</sub> de 372 &#181;M. Este efeito foi reproduzido parcialmente em camundongos NMRI, e este f&#225;rmaco diminuiu, mas n&#227;o eliminou a parasitemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> No entanto, propomos que o efeito mais ben&#233;fico do dipiridamol &#233; funcional e est&#225; relacionado com seu mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A teoria microvascular sugere que o desenvolvimento da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica reflete um dano endotelial na microcircula&#231;&#227;o, com forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos plaquet&#225;rios e sangu&#237;neos, o que acarreta isquemia difusa no tecido card&#237;aco, causando necrose, remodelamento card&#237;aco e fibrose, e levando ao desenvolvimento de cardiomiopatia dilatada com ICC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Como o dipiridamol &#233; um agente antiplaquet&#225;rio, ele evita a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos plaquet&#225;rios e, consequentemente, trombos sangu&#237;neos; tamb&#233;m devido ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de cGMP e adenosina, induz a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o coronariana mediada pela produ&#231;&#227;o de NO, melhorando os fen&#244;menos isqu&#234;micos no mioc&#225;rdio chag&#225;sico. Do mesmo modo, ao aumentar os n&#237;veis de adenosina atuando sobre os receptores A1 e A3, ele tem um efeito cardioprotetor, que permite um melhor manejo das necessidades energ&#233;ticas do cora&#231;&#227;o em fal&#234;ncia e evita fen&#244;menos apopt&#243;ticos precoces, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Igualmente, foi relatado que a adenosina end&#243;gena, atuando sobre os receptores A1, gera um efeito cronotr&#243;pico e dromotr&#243;pico negativo, reduzindo a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares causadas por isquemia-reperfus&#227;o em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados de camundongos com batimentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e, quando atuando sobre os receptores A2, tem um efeito antiarr&#237;tmico na isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda, reduzindo, assim, a frequ&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Desta forma, seria poss&#237;vel evitar arritmias letais observadas na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. Tamb&#233;m nesta linha de pensamento, foi relatado que a administra&#231;&#227;o oral prolongada de dipiridamol melhora o estado f&#237;sico e card&#237;aco de pacientes com ICC leve a moderada, resultando em melhorias ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e do n&#237;vel de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Recentemente, Ramakers et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> relataram que o tratamento com dipiridamol aumenta os n&#237;veis de Interleucina (IL) 10, que &#233; considerada uma citocina anti-inflamat&#243;ria capaz de induzir uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de Fator de Necrose Tumoral Alfa (TNF-&#945;) e IL-6. N&#237;veis aumentados de TNF-&#945; e IL-6 t&#234;m sido associados com est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados de DC e negativamente correlacionados com a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> enquanto altos n&#237;veis de IL-10 t&#234;m sido associados &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, melhorando a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e reduzindo os di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sendo, portanto, um fator cardioprotetor. Na fase indeterminada da DC foram relatados n&#237;veis elevados de IL-10, enquanto que, em pacientes que desenvolvem miocardite chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, estes n&#237;veis est&#227;o reduzidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que, durante o curso da infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T. cruzi</italic>, o mioc&#225;rdio &#233; exposto &#224; les&#245;es causadas por estresse oxidativo cont&#237;nuo por meio da produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, que s&#227;o liberadas continuamente como resultado de les&#245;es mitocondriais durante a progress&#227;o da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> A estrutura molecular do dipiridamol permite que ele aceite el&#233;trons, funcionando, desta forma, como um eliminador de radicais livres, com uma maior capacidade do que alfa-tocoferol e &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico, sugerindo que o efeito ben&#233;fico do dipiridamol observado no presente estudo est&#225; relacionado com sua capacidade antioxidante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste trabalho, a mortalidade precoce observada em todos os grupos experimentais pode ser explicada pela defici&#234;ncia funcional card&#237;aca, causada pela MCA, agravada pela administra&#231;&#227;o de anestesia geral aos camundongos. Em camundongos no estado de vig&#237;lia, tem-se geralmente uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em torno de 580 bpm, enquanto sob anestesia com pentobarbital-cetamina, como relatado no presente estudo, obt&#233;m-se um valor entre 373 e 382 bpm. A bradicardia induzida pela anestesia diminui o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e agravou a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, aumentando o risco de morte, o que foi evidenciado na mortalidade do Grupo Controle Chagas. Em contraste, os camundongos tratados com nifurtimox e dipiridamol apresentaram mortalidade mais baixa, o que pode estar relacionado com os efeitos do dipiridamol descritos anteriormente. Inesperadamente, o Grupo Nif-Dip-ICC apresentou maior mortalidade do que o Grupo Nif-Dip; isto pode ser explicado considerando que a administra&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos como a digoxina, em um hospedeiro vulner&#225;vel, aumenta o risco de arritmias card&#237;acas e morte s&#250;bita, como demonstrado em seres humanos por Madelaire et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> que relataram que o uso de digoxina estava associado ao aumento do risco de morte em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica.</p>
        <p>Resultados experimentais obtidos no presente estudo confirmaram que todos os camundongos NMRI com DC aguda apresentavam anormalidades de repolariza&#231;&#227;o, que foram melhoradas pelo esquema terap&#234;utico. Alvarado et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> verificaram que os dist&#250;rbios de repolariza&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o sinais caracter&#237;sticos de MCA em humanos e camundongos NMRI, o que lhes confere um valor diagn&#243;stico para a DC aguda, fato que foi claramente demonstrado no presente estudo. Dist&#250;rbios de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular t&#234;m sido associados &#224; isquemia e &#224; sobrecarga ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Como nifurtimox tem efeito tripanocida potencializado pelo dipiridamol, isto eliminaria rapidamente a infec&#231;&#227;o, o que reverteria os fen&#244;menos inflamat&#243;rios relacionados ao parasitismo, melhorando a funcionalidade card&#237;aca. Entretanto, o efeito adjuvante do dipiridamol deve ser crucial, pois reverte fen&#244;menos isqu&#234;micos funcionais, causando vasodilata&#231;&#227;o coronariana e melhorando o balan&#231;o energ&#233;tico dos cardiomi&#243;citos, al&#233;m de permitir o restabelecimento do equil&#237;brio i&#244;nico transmembrana e normalizar os fen&#244;menos el&#233;tricos repolarizantes.</p>
        <p>Coincidente com os transtornos de repolariza&#231;&#227;o, no presente estudo, observou-se um aumento na amplitude da onda S, que foi revertido com o esquema terap&#234;utico. Poucos estudos definiram o substrato eletrog&#234;nico da onda S, mas, em seres humanos, a onda S reflete uma despolariza&#231;&#227;o tardia da superf&#237;cie diafragm&#225;tica ou depolariza&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas de Purkinje.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> No entanto, em camundongos, dada a alta densidade das correntes de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce, &#233; sugerido que a onda S tamb&#233;m caracterize um componente de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e, assim, &#224; medida que os dist&#250;rbios de repolariza&#231;&#227;o melhoram, a amplitude da onda S diminui, como foi aqui demonstrado.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, a condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular retardada, como demonstrado nos valores dos intervalos QRS e QT, melhorou significativamente ap&#243;s o uso do esquema terap&#234;utico. Por&#233;m, os valores de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, caracterizados pelo comprimento do intervalo PR, n&#227;o apresentaram melhora. A melhora da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular pode refletir inflama&#231;&#227;o e restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo em um substrato morfofuncional revers&#237;vel, enquanto que a irreversibilidade dos dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, incluindo arritmias como a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, parece ser um reflexo de um dano irrevers&#237;vel de intensa inflama&#231;&#227;o, remodelamento e fibrose atrial, que &#233; geralmente observado na DC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Do mesmo modo, a amplitude da onda R permaneceu inalterada, o que pode ser por conta de danos irrevers&#237;veis &#224; estrutura mioc&#225;rdica ou ser reflexo de um efeito farmacol&#243;gico l&#237;quido, resultado do efeito inotr&#243;pico negativo induzido pelo dipiridamol, mediado pela adenosina, agindo sobre os receptores A1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nas amostras histol&#243;gicas do tecido card&#237;aco, a densidade de mast&#243;citos foi maior no Grupo Controle Chagas quando comparado ao Grupo Nif-Dip. Os mast&#243;citos s&#227;o c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias que aumentam e desencadeiam uma s&#233;rie de respostas aos est&#237;mulos inflamat&#243;rios e infecciosos envolvidos na miocardite e patog&#234;nese da cardiomiopatia dilatada; foi relatada uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de fibrose e a densidade de mast&#243;citos nos cora&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada e ICC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> A este respeito, Rork et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> relataram que a degranula&#231;&#227;o de mast&#243;citos contribui para a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica observada em protocolos de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o, e que a ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptores de adenosina (A2A) reduziu a &#225;rea de infarto.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo mostrou que o tratamento com nifurtimox (40 mg/kg) e dipiridamol (30 mg/kg) tem efeito ben&#233;fico sobre os camundongos albinos NMRI com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. O efeito do nifurtimox est&#225; relacionado &#224; sua atividade tripanocida, enquanto o do dipiridamol pode estar relacionado &#224; sua capacidade de potencializar o efeito tripanocida do nifurtimox e &#224; sua capacidade de reverter os fen&#244;menos fisiopatol&#243;gicos relacionados &#224; miocardite chag&#225;sica aguda, como isquemia microvascular, gera&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres, imunomodula&#231;&#227;o de inflama&#231;&#227;o e sobrecarga card&#237;aca. A seguran&#231;a, experi&#234;ncia baseada no uso e ampla janela terap&#234;utica do dipiridamol constituem valiosas vantagens para sua inclus&#227;o em futuros protocolos terap&#234;uticos de doen&#231;a de Chagas em seres humanos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Fondo Nacional para la Ciencia y Tecnolog&#237;a (FONACIT), n&#250;mero: 2007001425, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Ciencia y Tecnolog&#237;a, Venezuela.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
