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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yNb5FHXb9LsdcTZYCNfcSQm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000200136</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170038</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correlation Between Cardiac Calcium Index and Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Cintia Rocha Fortes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wermelinger</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Camarozano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rafael</surname>
            <given-names>Daniane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darwich</surname>
            <given-names>Rubens Zen&#243;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fortunato</surname>
            <given-names>Jer&#244;nimo Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Liz Andr&#233;a Villela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Saber e Aprender</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Saber e Aprender</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Cruz Vermelha</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cruz Vermelha Brasileira</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Filial do Estado do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Cruz Vermelha - Cruz Vermelha Brasileira- Filial do Estado do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Cintia Rocha Fortes de S&#225;</bold>, Rua Jos&#233; Brusamolin, 658, Casa 2. Postal Code: 82210-280. S&#227;o Louren&#231;o, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cintiarochafortesdesa@hotmail.com</email>; <email>ffortes@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: S&#225; CRF, Baroncini LAV, Wermelinger ACC; Acquisition of data: S&#225; CRF, Rafael D, Darwich RZ, Fortunato Junior JA, Carmo DC; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: S&#225; CRF, Baroncini LAV; Obtaining funding and Writing of the manuscript: S&#225; CRF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>136</fpage>
      <lpage>144</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Introduction:</title>
          <p>Valvular deposits of calcium quantified by transthoracic echocardiography are associated with the occurrence of systemic atherosclerotic disease, but its prognostic value and influence of associated cardiovascular risk factors have not been defined yet.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To correlate the valvular cardiac calcium index by transthoracic echocardiography with cardiovascular risk factors and presence of coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We selected 203 patients (61.2 &#177; 14.3 years; 57.6% females) who underwent transthoracic echocardiography with cardiac calcium index quantification. The presence or absence of CAD, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, and smoking was assessed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Age above 65 years (p &lt; 0.001) and the presence of hypertension (p &lt; 0.001) showed a significant correlation with the presence of cardiac calcification, whereas DM (p = 0.056) and CAD (p = 0.08) showed only a trend toward a correlation with calcification. Mitral valve calcification alone correlated significantly with age above 65 years (p &lt; 0.001), presence of CAD (p = 0.004), hypertension (p = 0.054), and DM (p = 0.07). On multivariate analysis, CAD (odds ratio [OR] 3.39, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.58-7.29, p = 0.002) and age &gt; 65 years (OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02-1.08, p = 0.003) correlated significantly and independently with mitral valve calcification. Aortic valve calcification alone showed no correlation with the presence of CAD (p = 0.435), but correlated significantly with age above 65 years (p &lt; 0.001) and hypertension (p &lt; 0.001). On multivariate analysis, only age (OR 1.1, 95%CI 1.06-1.14, p &lt; 0.001) remained independently and significantly correlated with aortic calcification.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Age above 65 years and hypertension were independent risk factors for the presence of valvular cardiac calcification, with mitral valve calcification alone emerging as significantly and independently associated with the presence of CAD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Calcium Channels</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Calcification</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography / methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Studies have shown that calcium deposits in the cardiovascular system are associated with atherosclerotic disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Similar to computed tomography (CT), bidimensional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is capable of detecting cardiac calcium deposits, and is a portable, noninvasive, nonradioactive, and low-cost method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Coronary angiotomography is known to predict individual risk of coronary events, evaluating the calcium score of the coronary arteries and the semiquantitative scores of valvular calcium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A study by Gaibazzi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> has established a cardiac calcification index by TTE and predicted the presence of important coronary calcification, with results comparable to those of coronary angiotomography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), mitral annular calcification and aortic valve sclerosis on TTE are independent risk factors for cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Some studies have shown that calcium deposition in the aortic leaflets and fibrous skeleton at the base of the heart is related to aging. In the elderly, up to 55% of the bidimensional TTEs demonstrate calcifications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Other studies have shown that the absence of cardiac calcification is a stronger predictor of absence of coronary disease than the absence of traditional risk factors, with the exception of diabetes mellitus (DM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Mitral annular calcification is associated with calcification of other cardiac structures, such as the aortic root, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, and aortic valves, suggesting that it may be a result of a degenerative process that increases with age, or secondary to increased valvular stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> As a result of the increased turbulence and mechanical stress, the aortic valve serves as a focus of deposition of lipids involved in the process of atherosclerosis. Histopathological studies of aortic valves with valve sclerosis show accumulation of atherogenic lipoproteins, infiltration of inflammatory cells, extracellular matrix, and microscopic calcifications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Finally, aortic valve sclerosis may be related to systemic atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events, but its usefulness in predicting CAD is questionable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to correlate the cardiac calcification index on TTE with cardiovascular risk factors and the presence of CAD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This observational, cross-sectional study evaluated consecutive outpatients users of the public health system who underwent TTE with quantification of the cardiac calcification index from May 2015 to February 2016.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>Among the outpatient population referred by the attending physician for TTE due to any clinical indication, we selected patients of both genders, older than 18 years of age, and of any race. The exclusion criteria were patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis, since these patients show changes in calcium metabolism and ectopic calcification associated with the renal dysfunction, patients with prosthetic heart valves, and patients with valvular stenosis, due to calcification of the valves being due primarily to mechanical stress. The following clinical data were evaluated: age, gender, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, DM, CAD, smoking (current or previous), dyslipidemia, and use of medications (statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [ACEIs], angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs], aspirin, and beta-blockers). The diagnoses of hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, and smoking were retrieved from medical records and/or reported by the patients. The presence of CAD was confirmed by data from medical records and included the occurrence of non-fatal myocardial infarction and surgical or percutaneous myocardial revascularization.</p>
        <p>All patients signed two copies of a free and informed consent form and retained one of the copies. The study was approved by the local Research Ethics Committee (CAAE 58034716.9.0000.0093).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic equipment</title>
        <p>We used the following echocardiographic equipment with enabled harmonic imaging software: Philips iE33, Philips Envisor, and Vivid (GE). The examinations were performed by two experienced echocardiographers, and the composite valvular cardiac calcium index was calculated according to the Gaibazzi score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) by a cardiologist blinded to the patients' clinical data. This score defines aortic valvular sclerosis as focal areas of increased reflectivity and thickening of the aortic valve leaflet in the absence of aortic stenosis (transvalvular speed &lt; 2.5 m/sec). Each aortic valve leaflet is graded on a scale of 0 (normal) to 3 (severe) according to leaflet thickening and calcium deposits; the highest score given to a particular leaflet is designated as the overall degree of aortic valve sclerosis. Mitral annular calcification is defined as a hyperreflective and bright structure located at the junction between the atrioventricular groove and the posterior mitral valve leaflet, measured from the leading anterior to the posterior edge of the valve leaflet and graded on a scale of 0 (normal) to 3 (severe). Papillary muscle calcification is determined in the presence of a hyperreflective area in the head of one or both papillary muscles. Aortic root calcification is defined by the presence of a focal or diffuse hyperreflective area and aortic annular thickening in the parasternal short-axis. The final score is the sum of all identified calcium deposits and ranges from 0 (no visible calcification) to 8 (extensive cardiac and aortic annular calcification deposits).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic grading system of cardiac and aortic root calcium (adapted from Gaibazzi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Degree</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Papillary muscle calcium</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mitral annular calcium</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Aortic valve sclerosis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Aortic root calcium</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="center">Absent</td>
                <td align="center">Absent</td>
                <td align="center">Absent (leaflet thickness &lt; 2 mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Absent</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">Present</td>
                <td align="center">Mild (&lt; 5 mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Mild (leaflet thickness &gt; 2 mm or focal or diffuse increased reflectivity)</td>
                <td align="center">Present</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate (5-10 mm)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Severe (&gt; 10 mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Severe (leaflet thickness &gt; 6 mm and/or marked hyperreflectivity)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>We described quantitative variables as mean, median, minimum and maximum values, and standard deviation. To summarize the qualitative variables, we used frequencies and percentages. We compared two classifications of a single variable in relation to a quantitative variable with Student's <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples. To evaluate the association between two qualitative variables, we used the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. To evaluate the combined association of variables of interest with the presence of CAD, we fitted a logistic regression model using Wald's test to evaluate the statistical significance of each variable included in the model. P values lower than 0.05 indicated statistical significance.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population characteristics</title>
        <p>In all, we evaluated 203 patients with a mean age of 61.2 &#177; 14.3 years, 117 (57.6%) of whom were female. The most prevalent risk factors were hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The medications mostly used by the patients were ACEI/ARB (65.5%) and beta-blockers (45.3%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Number of patients (n)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Percentage</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female sex</td>
                <td align="center">117</td>
                <td align="center">57.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">42.4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age &lt; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">113</td>
                <td align="center">56.2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age &#8805; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">44.3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">28.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI &#8805; 25 and &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
                <td align="center">43.8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">27.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">149</td>
                <td align="center">73.4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">37.9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">35%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">26.6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAD</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">21.7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Use of ACEI/ARB</td>
                <td align="center">133</td>
                <td align="center">65.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirin use</td>
                <td align="center">93</td>
                <td align="center">45.8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blocker use</td>
                <td align="center">92</td>
                <td align="center">45.3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statin use</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">17.7%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Calcification indices</title>
        <p>With respect to the presence of valvular calcifications, 41% of the study population presented visible calcifications on TTE, while this index increased to 58.8% in patients older than 65 years (n = 90). In the overall sample, 16% of the calcifications observed affected both the valves, 15% affected only the aortic valve, and 9% affected only the mitral valve (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of valvular cardiac calcification on transthoracic echocardiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absence of calcification</td>
                <td align="center">120 (59%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral and aortic valvular calcification</td>
                <td align="center">33 (16.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral calcification (of the papillary muscle)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral calcification (annular)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (25%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aortic valve calcification (aortic valve sclerosis)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (23.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aortic calcification (aortic root)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (16.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calcification index 0</td>
                <td align="center">120 (59.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calcification index 1 or 2</td>
                <td align="center">60 (29.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calcification index 3, 4 or 5</td>
                <td align="center">23 (11.3%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As for the distribution of the indices, 59% of the patients presented a valvular cardiac calcium index of 0 (no calcification), 29.5% presented an index of 1 or 2, and 11.3% had an index of 3, 4 or 5. None of the patients had calcification indices between 6 and 8.</p>
        <p>With respect to the calcium index and patients' age, there was a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.001) between patients with a calcium index of 0 (mean age 56.9 years) and those with calcium indices of 1 or 2 (mean age 65.6 years) and 3, 4 or 5 (mean age of 72.1 years).</p>
        <p>With respect to the calcium index <italic>versus</italic> presence of hypertension, we observed that 50.7% of the hypertensive patients (<italic>versus</italic> 81.8% of the non-hypertensive ones) presented a calcium index of 0; 35.8% (<italic>versus</italic> 12.7% of non-hypertensive ones) had indices between 1 and 2; and 13.5% (<italic>versus</italic> 5.5% of non-hypertensive ones) had indices of 3, 4 or 5. From these data, we conclude that hypertension is associated with the presence of calcification (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risk factors and combined mitral and aortic valvular cardiac calcification</title>
        <p>The present study showed an independent association between age above 65 years and the presence of valvular cardiac calcification (p &lt; 0.001), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. It also revealed an independent association between the presence of hypertension and the occurrence of valvular cardiac calcification (p &lt; 0.001), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>. The variables DM (p = 0.056) and CAD (p = 0.08) showed a trend toward an independent association with valvular calcification. Dyslipidemia (p = 0.45), smoking (p = 0.37), BMI (p = 0.22), and sex (p = 0.53) showed no significant correlation with cardiac calcification.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between cardiac calcification and age.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0136-70038-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between cardiac calcification and hypertension. </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0136-70038-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risk factors and mitral valve calcification</title>
        <p>The risk factors associated with mitral annular or papillary muscle calcification were age over 65 years (p &lt; 0.001), presence of hypertension (p = 0.05), and presence of CAD (p = 0.004). The presence of DM showed only a trend toward an association with mitral valve calcification (p = 0.076). On multivariate analysis, the presence of CAD (p = 0.002, odds ratio [OR] 3.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.58-7.29) was an independent risk factor for the presence of mitral annular and/or papillary muscle calcification (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). Similarly, age above 65 years (p = 0.003, OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02-1.08) emerged as an independent risk factor for the presence of mitral valve calcification. Each additional year of age estimated a 5% OR increase in the occurrence of calcification (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Dyslipidemia (p = 0.34), smoking (p = 0.24), BMI (p = 0.36), and sex (p = 0.26) showed no correlation with mitral valve calcification.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between mitral calcification and age. EP: standard error; SD: standard deviation</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0136-70038-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Combined association between mitral calcification and coronary artery disease. CAD: coronary artery disease.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0136-70038-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risk factors and aortic valve calcification</title>
        <p>Regarding the presence of aortic root calcification and/or aortic valve sclerosis, the risk factors associated were age over 65 years (p &lt; 0.001) and presence of hypertension (p &lt; 0.001). The presence of CAD did not correlate with aortic calcification (p = 0.435). On multivariate analysis, only age above 65 years (p &lt; 0.001, OR 1.1, 95%CI 1.06-1.14) remained as an independent risk factor for the presence of aortic valve calcification and/or aortic valve sclerosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). Each additional year of age estimated a 10% OR increase in the occurrence of valvular sclerosis or aortic root calcification. Dyslipidemia (p = 0.69), DM (p = 0.17), smoking (p = 0.6), BMI (p = 0.65), and sex (p = 0.78) showed no correlation with aortic calcification.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between aortic calcification and age. EP: standard error; SD: standard deviation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0136-70038-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study identified the occurrence of mitral valve annular calcification as a risk factor independently and significantly associated with CAD. This fact has been already demonstrated in necropsy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and population studies, which have shown the occurrence of calcium deposits in the cardiovascular system of individuals with atherosclerotic disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>TTE is a practical tool to assess cardiac calcium and its efficacy is comparable to that of angiotomography, as demonstrated in the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study, published in JAMA in 2010.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> There is no standardization in regards to the quantification of cardiac calcium on TTE, and the present study used the Gaibazzi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> score for this purpose.</p>
      <p>Numerous studies have correlated cardiac calcium to established CAD. A 2015 study published in the American Journal of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> including 595 outpatients with stable CAD undergoing TTE has shown that the risk of death was higher in patients with a calcium score &#8805; 2, even when adjusted for age, previous revascularization, DM, diastolic blood pressure, and glomerular filtration rate. However, the presence of cardiac calcification did not emerge as an independent risk factor in our study patients with previous CAD.</p>
      <p>A 2006 study published in Circulation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> attempted to determine whether atherosclerotic calcification of multiple vascular areas would be significantly associated with mitral and aortic annular calcification, independently of traditional risk factors. To determine that, the study evaluated the extension of the atherosclerotic calcification by CT of five vascular beds and mitral and aortic annular calcification in 1,242 patients. It observed that 24% of the patients had aortic annular calcification and 8% had mitral annular calcification, and that age and hypertension were the only cardiovascular risk factors independently associated with the prevalence of these calcifications. We found similar results in the present study: 41% of the study population showed some degree of valvular cardiac calcification on TTE, whereas 15% had calcification only in the aortic valve and 9% only in the mitral valve. Similarly, only age and hypertension emerged as risk factors independently associated with valvular calcification.</p>
      <p>Other studies have shown that calcium deposition in the aortic leaflets and cardiac fibrous skeleton (mitral and aortic annuli) is related to the aging process. In elderly individuals, up to 55% of the bidimensional echocardiographic examinations demonstrate valvular calcifications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> At this age, aortic valve sclerosis was identified in 54% of the patients, mitral annular calcification in 42%, and aortic annular calcification in 44%. A combination of all three calcifications was present in 17% of the patients. Patients with calcifications were older than those without calcifications. Similarly, the present study found a higher prevalence of calcification in patients older than 65 years (58.8% had cardiac calcifications), and a 5% increase in odds of mitral valve calcification and 10% in aortic valve calcification at each additional year of age.</p>
      <p>A study has shown that patients with mitral annular calcification have cardiovascular, renal, metabolic, and functional profiles worse than those with aortic ring calcification or aortic valve sclerosis. The same study also demonstrated that the more intense the calcification, the greater is the relationship with cardiovascular disease. When the risk was adjusted for the presence of DM, hypertension, previous CAD, ankle-brachial index (ABI) &#8804; 0.9, serum creatinine &#8805; 1.5 mg/dL, carotid stenosis &#8805; 25%, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and myocardial mass (g), only mitral annular calcification was associated with cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Similarly, the present study revealed in the multivariate analysis that the presence of CAD and age above 65 years are independent risk factors for the presence of mitral annular and/or papillary muscle calcification.</p>
      <p>Although several studies have shown a connection between aortic valve sclerosis and risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular morbidity, the data are still controversial. A 2015 study by Bhatt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> attempted to determine the association between the presence or absence of aortic valve sclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors, CAD extent, and severity of coronary lesions. After allocating 482 patients evaluated with coronary cineangiography into two groups, with and without valvular sclerosis, age was the only independent predictor of aortic valve sclerosis. Aortic valve sclerosis was also not independently associated with the number of obstructed vessels or degree of obstruction, showing that it is probably a benign marker of senile degenerative cardiac changes, regardless of the severity and complexity of the CAD. Finally, aortic valve sclerosis may be related to systemic atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events, but its usefulness in predicting CAD is questionable. In the present study, multivariate analysis revealed that only age was an independent risk factor for the presence of aortic valve calcification. In contrast, some studies have considered the absence of aortic root calcification and mitral annular calcification as a stronger predictor of absence of coronary disease than the absence of traditional risk factors, with the exception of DM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The use of ACEIs, aspirin, beta-blockers, and statins was frequent among the patients in this study due to the prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia in these individuals. There is no treatment based on evidence to reduce or prevent mitral annular calcification, and it unknown whether commonly used medications such as aspirin, beta-blockers, and statins may prevent its pathogenesis. Several studies suggest that warfarin is associated with increased valvular calcification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Although Bhatt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> found no association between hypercholesterolemia and mitral annular calcification, further studies are needed to determine whether the use of statins would affect prognosis in these patients. Although many patients in the present study used drugs such as ACEIs (65.5% of the patients), aspirin (45.8%), and statin (17.7%), the study was not delineated to correlate the use of drugs and the presence of cardiac calcification.</p>
      <p>Some factors have limited this study. First, the study population consisted mainly of elderly and hypertensive patients, since these patients were referred to TTE from an outpatient cardiology clinic. Second, the clinical diagnoses of the risk factors were established by self-report by the patients or through information obtained by review of their medical records. Another limiting factor of the study was the relative subjectivity in the quantification of cardiac calcification. Finally, the medications used by the patients were not included in the multivariate analysis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present study concluded that age above 65 years and hypertension were independent risk factors for the presence of valvular cardiac calcification, with mitral valvular calcification alone significantly and independently associated with the presence of CAD.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="presented-at">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of specialization submitted by Cintia Rocha Fortes de S&#225;, from Hospital da Cruz Vermelha - Filial Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre &#205;ndice de C&#225;lcio Card&#237;aco e Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Cintia Rocha Fortes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wermelinger</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Camarozano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rafael</surname>
            <given-names>Daniane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darwich</surname>
            <given-names>Rubens Zen&#243;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Jer&#244;nimo Antonio Fortunato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Liz Andr&#233;a Villela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Saber e Aprender</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Cruz Vermelha - Cruz Vermelha Brasileira- Filial do Estado do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cintia Rocha Fortes de S&#225;</bold>, Rua Jos&#233; Brusamolin, 658, Casa 2. CEP: 82210-280. S&#227;o Louren&#231;o, Curitiba, Paran&#225;, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cintiarochafortesdesa@hotmail.com</email>; <email>ffortes@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: S&#225; CRF, Baroncini LAV, Wermelinger ACC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: S&#225; CRF, Rafael D, Darwich RZ, Fortunato Junior JA, Carmo DC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: S&#225; CRF, Baroncini LAV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: S&#225; CRF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Dep&#243;sitos valvares de c&#225;lcio quantificados por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica est&#227;o associados &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica sist&#234;mica, embora seu valor progn&#243;stico e a influ&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular associados ainda n&#227;o estejam definidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Correlacionar o &#237;ndice de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca valvar pela ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com fatores de risco cardiovascular e presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados 203 pacientes (61,2 &#177; 14,3 anos; 57,6% do sexo feminino) que realizaram ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com quantifica&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de c&#225;lcio card&#237;aco. A presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de DAC, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia e tabagismo foi avaliada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Idade acima de 65 anos (p &lt; 0,001) e presen&#231;a de HAS (p &lt; 0,001) mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, enquanto que o DM (p = 0,056) e a DAC (p = 0,08) apresentaram apenas uma tend&#234;ncia a se correlacionar com a mesma. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o isolada da valva mitral mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com idade acima de 65 anos (p &lt; 0,001), presen&#231;a de DAC (p = 0,004), HAS (p = 0,054) e DM (p = 0,07), sendo que na an&#225;lise multivariada a DAC (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] 3,39, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC95%] 1,58-7,29, p = 0,002) e idade &gt; 65 anos (OR 1,05, IC95% 1,02-1,08, p = 0,003) mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e independente com calcifica&#231;&#227;o mitral. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o isolada da valva a&#243;rtica n&#227;o mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de DAC (p = 0,435), mas apresentou uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com idade acima de 65 anos (p &lt; 0,001) e HAS (p &lt; 0,001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas a idade (OR 1,1, IC95% 1,06-1,14, p &lt; 0,001) manteve uma correla&#231;&#227;o independente e significativa com calcifica&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Idade acima de 65 anos e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foram fatores de risco independentes para a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca valvar, sendo que a calcifica&#231;&#227;o isolada da valva mitral esteve associada de forma significativa e independente com a presen&#231;a de DAC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Canais de C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia / m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos demonstram que dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio no sistema cardiovascular est&#227;o associados com a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> &#192; semelhan&#231;a da tomografia computadorizada (TC), a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) bidimensional &#233; capaz de detectar dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio card&#237;aco, al&#233;m de ser port&#225;til, n&#227;o invasiva, n&#227;o radiativa e de baixo custo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Sabe-se que a angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias &#233; capaz de predizer o risco individual de eventos coronarianos ao avaliar o escore de c&#225;lcio das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e escores semiquantitativos de c&#225;lcio valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um trabalho publicado por Gaibazzi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> estabeleceu um &#237;ndice de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pela ETT que identificou a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana importante, com resultados compar&#225;veis aos da angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias. Em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), a calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral e a esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica &#224; ETT s&#227;o fatores de risco independentes para eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Alguns estudos mostram que a deposi&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio nas c&#250;spides a&#243;rticas e no esqueleto fibroso da base do cora&#231;&#227;o est&#225; relacionada ao envelhecimento. Em idosos, at&#233; 55% das ETTs bidimensionais demonstram calcifica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Outros estudos mostram que a aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; um preditor mais forte de aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana do que a aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco tradicionais, com exce&#231;&#227;o do diabetes mellitus (DM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral est&#225; associada &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o de outras estruturas card&#237;acas, como a raiz a&#243;rtica, m&#250;sculos papilares, cordas tend&#237;neas e valvas a&#243;rticas, sugerindo que possa ser resultado de um processo degenerativo que aumenta com a idade, ou secund&#225;rio a um aumento do estresse valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Em decorr&#234;ncia da alta turbul&#234;ncia e estresse mec&#226;nico, a valva a&#243;rtica serve como foco de deposi&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;pides envolvidos no processo de aterosclerose. Estudos histopatol&#243;gicos de valvas a&#243;rticas com esclerose valvar mostram ac&#250;mulo de lipoprote&#237;nas aterog&#234;nicas, infiltrado de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, matriz extracelular e calcifica&#231;&#245;es microsc&#243;picas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Enfim, a esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica pode estar relacionada &#224; aterosclerose sist&#234;mica e eventos cardiovasculares, mas sua utilidade na predi&#231;&#227;o da DAC &#233; question&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo do presente trabalho foi correlacionar o &#237;ndice de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca valvar &#224; ETT com fatores de risco cardiovascular e presen&#231;a de DAC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo de coorte observacional e transversal avaliou pacientes ambulatoriais consecutivos, usu&#225;rios do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, que realizaram ETT com quantifica&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca valvar no per&#237;odo de maio de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Dentre a popula&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial encaminhada por m&#233;dicos assistentes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ETT por qualquer indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, foram selecionados pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade acima de 18 anos e de qualquer etnia. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica dial&#237;tica, por apresentarem altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo do c&#225;lcio e calcifica&#231;&#245;es ect&#243;picas inerentes &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, pacientes portadores de pr&#243;teses valvares e pacientes com estenoses valvares, devido &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o destas valvas ser decorrente primariamente de estresse mec&#226;nico. Os seguintes dados cl&#237;nicos foram avaliados: idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS), DM, DAC, tabagismo (atual ou pregresso), dislipidemia e uso de medicamentos (estatina, inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina [IECA], bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina [BRA], &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico [AAS] e betabloqueador). Os diagn&#243;sticos de HAS, DM, dislipidemia e tabagismo constavam dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes e/ou foram relatados pelos mesmos. A presen&#231;a de DAC foi confirmada por dados de prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico e incluiu a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido em duas vias, uma das quais permaneceu com o pr&#243;prio participante da pesquisa. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa local (CAAE 58034716.9.0000.0093).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Equipamentos de ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>Os seguintes equipamentos de ecocardiografia foram utilizados: Philips iE33, Philips Envisor e Vivid (GE), todos com programas de imagem harm&#244;nica habilitados. Os exames foram realizados por dois ecocardiografistas experientes, e o &#237;ndice composto de c&#225;lcio card&#237;aco valvar foi calculado segundo o escore de Gaibazzi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>) por um cardiologista cegado para os dados cl&#237;nicos do paciente. Este escore define esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica como &#225;reas focais de aumento da ecogenicidade e espessamento das c&#250;spides valvares a&#243;rticas na aus&#234;ncia de estenose a&#243;rtica (velocidade transvalvar &lt; 2,5 m/seg). Cada c&#250;spide valvar a&#243;rtica &#233; graduada numa escala de 0 (normal) a 3 (importante) de acordo com o espessamento da c&#250;spide e com os dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio; o maior escore dado para determinada c&#250;spide &#233; designado como o grau geral da esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral &#233; definida como uma estrutura hiper-refringente e brilhante localizada na jun&#231;&#227;o entre o sulco atrioventricular e o folheto posterior da valva mitral, medida do in&#237;cio ao fim das margens das c&#250;spides valvares e graduada numa escala de 0 (normal) a 3 (importante). A calcifica&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar &#233; definida como uma hiper-refring&#234;ncia da cabe&#231;a de um ou ambos os m&#250;sculos papilares. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o da raiz a&#243;rtica &#233; definida como a presen&#231;a de uma &#225;rea focal ou difusa de hiper-refring&#234;ncia e espessamento do anel a&#243;rtico na janela paraesternal no eixo curto. O escore final &#233; a soma de todos os dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio identificados em uma faixa de 0 (nenhum c&#225;lcio vis&#237;vel) a 8 (extensos dep&#243;sitos card&#237;acos de c&#225;lcio e dep&#243;sitos no anel a&#243;rtico).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sistema de gradua&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e na raiz a&#243;rtica (adaptado de Gaibazzi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Grau</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">C&#225;lcio no m&#250;sculo papilar</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">C&#225;lcio no anel mitral</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">C&#225;lcio na raiz a&#243;rtica</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">0</td>
                  <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                  <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                  <td align="center">Ausente (espessura da c&#250;spide &lt; 2 mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Presente</td>
                  <td align="center">Leve (&lt; 5 mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">Leve (espessura da c&#250;spide &gt; 2 mm ou hiper-refring&#234;ncia focal ou difusa)</td>
                  <td align="center">Presente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderado (5-10 mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderado (espessura da c&#250;spide &gt; 4 mm e/ou hiper-refring&#234;ncia acentuada)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Importante (&gt; 10 mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">Severo (espessura da c&#250;spide &gt; 6 mm e/ou hiper-refring&#234;ncia acentuada)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para a descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas, foram consideradas as estat&#237;sticas de m&#233;dia, mediana, valor m&#237;nimo, valor m&#225;ximo e desvio padr&#227;o. Para sumariza&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis qualitativas, foram consideradas frequ&#234;ncias e percentuais. A compara&#231;&#227;o de duas classifica&#231;&#245;es de uma vari&#225;vel em rela&#231;&#227;o a uma vari&#225;vel quantitativa foi realizada com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis qualitativas, foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o conjunta de vari&#225;veis de interesse com a presen&#231;a de DAC, foi ajustado um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, considerando-se o teste de Wald para avalia&#231;&#227;o da signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de cada vari&#225;vel inclu&#237;da no modelo. Valores de p menores do que 0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Ao todo, foram avaliados 203 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 61,2 &#177; 14,3 anos, dos quais 117 (57,6%) eram do sexo feminino. Os fatores de risco mais prevalentes foram a HAS, dislipidemia e tabagismo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). Os medicamentos mais utilizados pelos pacientes foram os IECA/BRA (65,5%) e betabloqueadores (45,3%).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N&#250;mero de pacientes (n)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Porcentagem</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo feminino </td>
                  <td align="center">117</td>
                  <td align="center">57,6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">42,4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade &lt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">113</td>
                  <td align="center">56,2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade &#8805; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                  <td align="center">44,3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC &#8805; 25 e &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">89</td>
                  <td align="center">43,8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">27,6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">149</td>
                  <td align="center">73,4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">77</td>
                  <td align="center">37,9%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">35%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">26,6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">21,7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Uso de IECA/BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">133</td>
                  <td align="center">65,5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Uso de AAS</td>
                  <td align="center">93</td>
                  <td align="center">45,8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Uso de betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">92</td>
                  <td align="center">45,3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Uso de estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">17,7%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Abreviaturas: IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IECA/BRA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina / bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#205;ndices de calcifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#245;es valvares, 41% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentou calcifica&#231;&#245;es vis&#237;veis &#224; ETT, enquanto que entre os pacientes acima de 65 anos (n = 90), esse &#237;ndice subiu para 58,8%. Na amostra geral, 16% das calcifica&#231;&#245;es vistas acometiam ambas as valvas, 15% acometiam apenas a valva a&#243;rtica e 9% acometiam apenas a valva mitral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca valvar &#224; ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (59%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o mitral e a&#243;rtica</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (16,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o mitral (do m&#250;sculo papilar)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o mitral (do anel)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (25%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (23,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (da raiz a&#243;rtica)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (16,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de calcifica&#231;&#227;o 0</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (59,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de calcifica&#231;&#227;o 1 ou 2</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (29,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de calcifica&#231;&#227;o 3, 4 ou 5</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (11,3%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices, 59% dos pacientes apresentaram &#237;ndice de c&#225;lcio card&#237;aco valvar de 0 (sem calcifica&#231;&#227;o), 29,5% apresentaram um &#237;ndice de 1 ou 2 e 11,3% apresentaram um &#237;ndice de 3, 4 ou 5. Nenhum paciente apresentou &#237;ndices de calcifica&#231;&#227;o entre 6 e 8.</p>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice de c&#225;lcio e &#224; idade dos pacientes, houve uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,001) entre os pacientes com &#237;ndice de c&#225;lcio 0 (m&#233;dia de idade de 56,9 anos) e aqueles com &#237;ndices de c&#225;lcio 1 ou 2 (m&#233;dia de idade de 65,6 anos) e 3, 4 ou 5 (m&#233;dia de idade de 72,1 anos).</p>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice de c&#225;lcio <italic>versus</italic> a presen&#231;a de HAS, observou-se que entre os participantes hipertensos (<italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o hipertensos), 50,7% (<italic>versus</italic> 81,8%) apresentavam &#237;ndice de c&#225;lcio de 0, 35,8% (<italic>versus</italic> 12,7%) apresentavam &#237;ndice de c&#225;lcio de 1 ou 2 e 13,5% (<italic>versus</italic> 5,5%) apresentavam &#237;ndice de c&#225;lcio de 3, 4 ou 5. A partir destes dados, conclui-se que a HAS est&#225; associada &#224; presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores de risco e calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca valvar mitral e a&#243;rtica associadas</title>
          <p>O presente estudo mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre idade acima de 65 anos e presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca valvar (p &lt; 0,001), mostrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>. Tamb&#233;m revelou uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre presen&#231;a de HAS e a ocorr&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca valvar (p &lt; 0,001), mostrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>. As vari&#225;veis DM (p = 0,056) e DAC (p = 0,08) mostraram tend&#234;ncia a uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente com calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar. Dislipidemia (p = 0,45), tabagismo (p = 0,37), IMC (p = 0,22) e sexo (p = 0,53) n&#227;o apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e idade.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0136-70038-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0136-70038-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores de risco e calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral</title>
          <p>Os fatores de risco associados &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral ou do m&#250;sculo papilar foram: idade acima de 65 anos (p &lt; 0,001), presen&#231;a de HAS (p = 0,05) e presen&#231;a de DAC (p = 0,004). J&#225; a presen&#231;a de DM mostrou apenas uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o com calcifica&#231;&#227;o mitral (p = 0,076). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a presen&#231;a de DAC (p = 0,002, <italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] 3,39, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC95%] 1,58-7,29) foi um fator de risco independente para a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral e/ou m&#250;sculo papilar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>). Da mesma forma, idade acima de 65 anos (p = 0,003, OR 1,05, IC95% 1,02-1,08) demonstrou ser um fator de risco independente para a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o mitral. Para cada ano de idade adicional, foi estimado 5% de aumento na OR de presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>). Dislipidemia (p = 0,34), tabagismo (p = 0,24), IMC (p = 0,36) e sexo (p = 0,26) n&#227;o mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o com calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre calcifica&#231;&#227;o mitral e idade. Abreviaturas: EP: erro padr&#227;o; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0136-70038-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o conjunta entre calcifica&#231;&#227;o mitral e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0136-70038-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores de risco e calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica</title>
          <p>Quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o na raiz a&#243;rtica e/ou esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica, os fatores de risco associados foram: idade acima de 65 anos (p &lt; 0,001) e presen&#231;a de HAS (p &lt; 0,001). A presen&#231;a de DAC n&#227;o mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com calcifica&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (p = 0,435). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas idade acima de 65 anos (p &lt; 0,001, OR 1,1, IC95% 1,06-1,14) permaneceu como fator de risco independente para a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica e/ou esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>). Para cada ano de idade adicional, estimou-se um aumento de 10% na OR da presen&#231;a de esclerose valvar ou calcifica&#231;&#227;o na raiz a&#243;rtica. Dislipidemia (p = 0,69), DM (p = 0,17), tabagismo (p = 0,6), IMC (p = 0,65) e sexo (p = 0,78) n&#227;o mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o com calcifica&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre calcifica&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e idade. EP: erro padr&#227;o; DP: desvio padr&#227;o</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0136-70038-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo identificou a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar mitral como fator de risco associado de modo independente e significativo com DAC. Tal fato j&#225; foi comprovado em estudos de necropsia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e populacionais que mostraram a presen&#231;a de dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio no sistema cardiovascular em indiv&#237;duos portadores de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ETT &#233; uma ferramenta pr&#225;tica na avalia&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio card&#237;aco e tem efic&#225;cia compar&#225;vel &#224; da angiotomografia, como demonstrado no estudo Heinz Nixdorf Recall, publicado no <italic>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</italic> (JACC) em 2010.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> N&#227;o h&#225; uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; maneira de se quantificar o c&#225;lcio card&#237;aco &#224; ETT, e o presente estudo utilizou o escore de Gaibazzi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> para este fim.</p>
        <p>In&#250;meros estudos t&#234;m correlacionado o c&#225;lcio card&#237;aco &#224; DAC estabelecida. Um estudo publicado no <italic>American Journal of Cardiology</italic> em 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> incluindo 595 pacientes ambulatoriais portadores de DAC est&#225;vel submetidos &#224; ETT, revelou que o risco de morte foi maior em pacientes com escore de c&#225;lcio &#8805; 2, mesmo quando ajustado para idade, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, DM, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular. Na amostra de pacientes estudada, no entanto, n&#227;o se demonstrou que a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fosse um fator de risco independente nos portadores de DAC pr&#233;via.</p>
        <p>Um estudo publicado no <italic>Circulation</italic> em 2006<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> tentou determinar se a calcifica&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica de m&#250;ltiplas &#225;reas vasculares estaria associada significativamente &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o dos an&#233;is mitral e a&#243;rtico, independentemente de fatores de risco tradicionais. Para tanto, o estudo avaliou com TC a extens&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica em cinco leitos vasculares e a calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral e a&#243;rtico de 1.242 pacientes. Observou-se que 24% dos pacientes apresentavam calcifica&#231;&#227;o no anel a&#243;rtico e 8% apresentavam calcifica&#231;&#227;o no anel mitral, sendo que a idade e a HAS foram os &#250;nicos fatores de risco cardiovascular independentemente associados &#224; presen&#231;a estas calcifica&#231;&#245;es. No presente estudo, resultados similares foram encontrados: 41% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentava algum grau de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca valvar observada &#224; ETT, sendo que 15% apresentavam calcifica&#231;&#227;o apenas da valva a&#243;rtica e 9% apenas da valva mitral. Da mesma forma, apenas idade e HAS foram fatores de risco independentemente associados &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar.</p>
        <p>Outros estudos demonstram que a deposi&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio nas c&#250;spides a&#243;rticas e no esqueleto fibroso da base do cora&#231;&#227;o (anel mitral e a&#243;rtico) est&#225; relacionada com o envelhecimento. Em idosos, at&#233; 55% das ecocardiografias bidimensionais demonstram calcifica&#231;&#245;es valvares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>. Nesta faixa et&#225;ria, a esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica foi identificada em 54% dos pacientes, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral em 42% e a calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel a&#243;rtico em 44%. As tr&#234;s calcifica&#231;&#245;es combinadas foram encontradas em 17% dos pacientes. Os pacientes portadores de calcifica&#231;&#245;es tinham mais idade do que aqueles que n&#227;o as possu&#237;am. Da mesma forma, o presente estudo notou uma preval&#234;ncia maior de calcifica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com mais de 65 anos (58,8% destes apresentavam calcifica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas) e que a cada ano a mais de idade significava um aumento de 5% na chance de apresentar calcifica&#231;&#227;o mitral e de 10% na chance de apresentar calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica.</p>
        <p>Um estudo demonstrou que os portadores de calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral apresentam um perfil cardiovascular, renal, metab&#243;lico e funcional pior do que aqueles com calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel a&#243;rtico ou esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica. O mesmo estudo demonstrou ainda que quanto mais intensa a calcifica&#231;&#227;o, maior &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o com a doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Quando o risco foi ajustado para a presen&#231;a de DM, HAS, DAC pr&#233;via, &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) &#8804; 0,9, creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805; 1,5 mg/dL, estenose de car&#243;tida &#8805; 25%, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) e massa mioc&#225;rdica (g), apenas a calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral esteve associada &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Da mesma forma, o presente estudo revelou na an&#225;lise multivariada, que a presen&#231;a de DAC e idade acima de 65 anos s&#227;o fatores de risco independentes para a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral e/ou m&#250;sculo papilar.</p>
        <p>Embora v&#225;rios estudos mostrem uma liga&#231;&#227;o entre a esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica e fatores de risco para aterosclerose e morbidade cardiovascular, os dados ainda s&#227;o controversos. Um estudo de Bhatt et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> em 2015, tentou determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica e fatores de risco cardiovascular, extens&#227;o da DAC e severidade das les&#245;es coronarianas. Ap&#243;s dividir 482 pacientes avaliados com cineangiocoronariografia em dois grupos, com e sem esclerose valvar, a idade foi o &#250;nico fator preditor independente de esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica. A esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica tamb&#233;m n&#227;o esteve associada independentemente ao n&#250;mero de vasos obstru&#237;dos ou grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o, mostrando que ela &#233; provavelmente um marcador benigno de altera&#231;&#245;es degenerativas card&#237;acas senis, independente da severidade e complexidade da DAC. Enfim, a esclerose valvar a&#243;rtica pode estar relacionada &#224; aterosclerose sist&#234;mica e eventos cardiovasculares, mas sua utilidade na predi&#231;&#227;o da DAC &#233; question&#225;vel. No presente estudo, a an&#225;lise multivariada revelou que apenas a idade foi fator de risco independente para a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica. Por outro lado, h&#225; estudos que consideram a aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o da raiz a&#243;rtica e do anel mitral como um preditor mais forte de aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana do que a aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco tradicionais, com exce&#231;&#227;o do DM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O uso de IECA, AAS, betabloqueadores e estatina foi frequente entre os pacientes do estudo devido &#224; preval&#234;ncia de HAS e dislipidemia nestes indiv&#237;duos. N&#227;o existe tratamento baseado em evid&#234;ncias para reduzir ou prevenir a calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral e n&#227;o se sabe se drogas comumente usadas, como AAS, betabloqueador e estatina, podem prevenir sua patog&#234;nese. V&#225;rios estudos apontam que a varfarina est&#225; relacionada com aumento das calcifica&#231;&#245;es valvares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Embora Bhatt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> n&#227;o tenham encontrado associa&#231;&#227;o entre a hipercolesterolemia e a calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para definir se o uso de estatinas alteraria o progn&#243;stico destes pacientes. No presente estudo, embora muitos pacientes utilizassem medicamentos como IECA (65,5% dos pacientes), AAS (45,8% dos pacientes) e estatina (17,7% dos pacientes), o estudo n&#227;o foi delineado para correlacionar o uso de medicamentos e a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Alguns fatores limitaram este estudo. Em primeiro lugar, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi constitu&#237;da predominantemente de pacientes idosos e hipertensos, uma vez que os mesmos foram encaminhados de um ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ETT. Em segundo lugar, os diagn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos dos fatores de risco foram feitos por autorrelato dos pacientes ou atrav&#233;s de informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas na revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio. Outro fator limitante foi a relativa subjetividade na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Por fim, os medicamentos utilizados pelos pacientes n&#227;o entraram na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo concluiu que idade acima de 65 anos e HAS foram fatores de risco independentes para a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca valvar, sendo que a calcifica&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral isoladamente se associou de forma significativa e independente com a presen&#231;a de DAC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="presented-at">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Especializa&#231;&#227;o de Cintia Rocha Fortes de S&#225; pelo Hospital da Cruz Vermelha - Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
