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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BtTtCCpMkcySgtLFY3LsHby</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000200128</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170039</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interdisciplinary Therapy and Decrease of Cardiovascular Overload in Obese Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerrone</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Poli</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Fadanelli Schoenardie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanches</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Badan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Stephan Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fidalgo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Pedro Novo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Maythe Amaral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caranti</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Arisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Leticia Andrade Cerrone</bold>, Av. Epit&#225;cio Pessoa, 741, Ponta da Praia. 11035-900, Santos, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>leticia_ac9@yahoo.com.br</email>; <email>leticia.ac9@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cerrone LA, Sanches RB, Fidalgo JPN, Poli VFS, Caranti DA; Acquisition of data: Cerrone LA, Sanches RB, Andrade-Silva SG, Fidalgo JPN, Nascimento MA, Poli VFS, Gomes RJ; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cerrone LA, Sanches RB, Fidalgo JPN, Poli VFS, Medeiros A, Caranti DA; Statistical analysis: Cerrone LA, Sanches RB, Fidalgo JPN, Poli VFS; Obtaining funding: Gomes RJ, Caranti DA; Writing of the manuscript: Cerrone LA, Sanches RB, Fidalgo JPN, Nascimento MA, Caranti DA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cerrone LA, Sanches RB, Andrade-Silva SG, Fidalgo JPN, Nascimento MA, Poli VFS, Medeiros A, Gomes RJ, Caranti DA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>128</fpage>
      <lpage>135</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>TThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Association between obesity, interdisciplinary therapy and intense physical exercise was described for obese patients. However, the study of physical activities representing daily tasks and cardiovascular risk in everyday activities becomes necessary to verify the occurrence of this association.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate whether a period of 18 weeks of interdisciplinary therapy is capable of promoting benefits in cardiovascular parameters at rest and during exercise in obese adults.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Sample of 32 individuals of both sexes with body mass index of 30 to 39.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and age between 30 and 50 years. Intervention with interdisciplinary therapy (physical education, psychology, nutrition and physiotherapy), duration of 18 weeks and measurement of anthropometric data of body mass, height, waist and hip circumferences, maximum exercise ergometer evaluation before and after the therapy period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Interdisciplinary therapy decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP): 125.83 &#177; 9.86 (baseline) vs 120.28 &#177; 16.82 (final), heart rate (HR): 74.75 &#177; 11.02 (baseline) ) Vs 72.77 &#177; 10.72 (final), and double-product (DP) at rest. Reduced also during the submaximal PAS stress stages 1: 143.44 &#177; 9.28 (baseline) vs 131.56 &#177; 15.26; Stage 2: 152.23 &#177; 21.91 (baseline) vs. 141.56 &#177; 17.43 (final), PAD stage 2: 89.89 &#177; 9.58 (baseline) vs 83.13 &#177; 9.65 (final) , FC stage 1: 118.40 &#177; 12.90 (baseline) vs 110.87 &#177; 7.66 (final); Stage 2: 137.09 &#177; 16.54 (baseline) vs 130.37 &#177; 11.51 (final) and the PD referring to the initial stages.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Interdisciplinary therapy reduced the overload of the cardiovascular system at rest and submaximal effort in obese adults, optimizing rest and daily activities.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Care Team / therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/00953-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) - Process 2015/00953-3.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The excess of body fat is considered an expressive factor for the development of chronic diseases and an increase in general cardiometabolic risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Obesity can be defined as a chronic degenerative disease that presents an abnormal accumulation of fat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The main environmental factors for the development of the disease are the unhealthy eating habits and the sedentary lifestyle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this context, high blood pressure (BP) is significantly present in obesity, which can be explained, among other factors, by the increase in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and also by the imbalance of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Previous studies have reported that a 10% increase in total body fat increases by about 6 mmHg in systolic BP (SBP) and 4 mmHg in diastolic BP (DBP) at rest, further evidencing this relationship.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Interdisciplinary therapy is presented as an effective intervention for the treatment of obesity and associated comorbidities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> This type of approach involves a team composed of, for example, physicians, professionals at physical education, nutrition, physiotherapy and psychology, and this integrated performance generates satisfactory results in the reduction of body mass, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, hepatic steatosis, asthma and factors of cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In addition to these benefits, there was an improvement in neuroendocrine regulation, energetic balance and quality of life of obese adolescents and adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this context, it is clear in the scientific literature that the weight decrease softens hemodynamic values at rest.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> However, the responses to submaximal physical exercise, which provides indicators of what happens in daily activities, need to be studied to verify whether or not there is a decrease in cardiovascular events in obese individuals.</p>
      <p>In relation to the interdisciplinary therapy, the implication of this protocol in the cardiovascular responses in submaximal conditions is not well elucidated. However, this is an important issue, since most obese people predominantly perform low-intensity physical activities throughout the day, and the response to submaximal physical exercise is directly related to total cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this aspect the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 18 weeks of interdisciplinary therapy on cardiovascular parameters (BP, heart rate [HR] and double product [DP]) at rest and during the ergospirometric test in obese adults.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, following the Helsinki Declaration. The interdisciplinary team undertook a screening to verify the inclusion criteria: BMI between 30 and 39.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, age between 30 and 50 years and release to the practice of exercise through a medical report, obtained from clinical evaluation and the exercise electrocardiogram. The exclusion criteria were: the presence of some neurological or musculoskeletal disorder that made physical activity, pregnancy and bariatric surgery impossible. Participants were recruited through local publicity on the radio, newspapers and mainly on the internet. There were 107 registrations to participate in the face-to-face screening, in which the criteria for inclusion and non-inclusion of the research were verified. After checking the criteria, 47 participants were selected to start the program. Volunteers who did not fit were referred to programs at the university itself, or to public programs. At the end of the therapy, 32 volunteers remained within the criteria for the program and performed the final reevaluations according to the methodology.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental design</title>
        <p>The therapy lasted 18 weeks and was developed based on the Interdisciplinary Model of the Obesity Study Group (GEO) described by Sanches et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Interventions occurred three times a week for a duration of two hours, and on each day there was one hour of combined physical training concomitant to one hour of the other areas (Physiotherapy [therapeutic exercises], Nutrition [lectures and interventions] and Psychology [group counseling - behavioral changes]), performed once a week (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Once a month there was an interdisciplinary intervention with the participation of two or more areas. In addition, the health team met weekly to discuss cases from the interrelationship between different areas, strengthening the interdisciplinary character of the project.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Organization chart of the course of the participants during the study. Beginning for screening, evaluations and interdisciplinary treatment (interventions). Prepared by SANCHES and CERRONE.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0128-70039-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>For the execution of the proposed experimental design, were made the following assessments before and after the 18-week therapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric Assessment</title>
        <p>To assess body mass (MC), the volunteers were instructed to wear light clothing and remain barefoot on a Toledo<sup>&#174;</sup> brand digital scale with a capacity of up to 200 kg and accuracy of 0.05 kg. Stature was measured with a stadiometer fixed on the wall with a resolution of 0.1 cm from Standard ES 2030- Sanny<sup>&#174;</sup>. The Body Mass Index (BMI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> was then calculated. In addition, waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HR) were evaluated by a single trained evaluator using a Sanny<sup>&#174;</sup> inelastic tape according to the protocol described by the World Health Organization.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and hemodynamic responses during the physical effort</title>
        <p>Previously to the experiment, all volunteers were instructed on the exercise protocol, as well as received guidelines for eating at least 2 hours in advance, avoiding physical exercise 48 hours earlier, and not drinking alcoholic beverages and/or stimulants 12 hours prior to the test. In addition, they were instructed to keep their medications on a routine basis.</p>
        <p>The hemodynamic evaluations measured during the submaximal test were PA, HR and the consequent PD calculation. For the evaluation of the aerobic capacity, the ergospirometric test of increasing loads up to stage 3 of the Ellestad protocol was used to determine the maximum oxygen consumption (Fitmate Cosmed<sup>&#174;</sup>). The evaluation was performed on treadmill (TRX 600 - Total Health<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
        <p>Protocol of the test: The Ellestad<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> protocol was used for the ergospirometry test up to stage 3 to represent the daily activities in obese individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Being stage 1 with a speed of 2.7 km/h; Stage 2 with a speed of 4.8 km/h and Stage 3 with a speed of 6.4 km/h, each with a slope of 10&#186; and respective time of 3, 2 and 2 minutes each stage.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood Pressure Measurement</title>
        <p>The BP was measured by the same evaluator before and during the exercise protocol using the auscultatory method with the specific sphygmomanometer for obese Medicate Adult and the stethoscope of the brand 3 m Littmann classiciis estethoscope, following the technical recommendations of the VI Brazilian Guidelines of hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> BP was always measured in the final minute of each of the first three stages that compose part of the protocol described above.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Heart Rate</title>
        <p>HR was measured before and during the exercise protocol from the Cosmed<sup>&#174;</sup> cardiofrequency meter attached to the gas analyzer, HR was always recorded in the final seconds of each of the test stages described previously.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The software used was the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) the continuous variables were presented through mean and standard deviation. To verify the normality of the variables the Shapiro-Wilk test was used. For comparisons of dependent samples, paired student t test was performed between the general characteristics of anthropometric and hemodynamic variables at was established the statistical significance criterion (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 47 volunteers who initiated the program, 32 completed the protocol with more than 68% adherence.</p>
      <p>The interdisciplinary therapy promoted significant decrease MC, BMI, CC and CQ all with p &#8804; 0.001 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Anthropometric changes before and after 18 weeks of Interdisciplinary Intervention</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Basal Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">After therapy Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">P</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BM (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">97.00 &#177; 12.80</td>
              <td align="center">94.09 &#177; 12.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.001*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
              <td align="center">1.66 &#177; 0.13</td>
              <td align="center">1.66 &#177; 0.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.813</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">34.96 &#177; 2.93</td>
              <td align="center">33.68 &#177; 2.73</td>
              <td align="center">0.001*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">110.05 &#177; 8.96</td>
              <td align="center">107.20 &#177; 8.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.001*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">120.92 &#177; 7.97</td>
              <td align="center">117.01 &#177; 7.75</td>
              <td align="center">0.001*</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Anthropometric variables before and after 18 weeks of intervention. BM: body mass; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; HC: hip circumference, P (significance level adopted at 0.05 (*), n (32). Presented in Mean and Standard Deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>It was found that here was a statistically significant decrease in SBP: SBP: 125.83 &#177; 9.86 (baseline) vs 120.28 &#177; 16.82 (final); Heart rate (HR): 74.75 &#177; 11.02 (baseline) vs 72.77 &#177; 10.72 (final) and double-product (PD): 9139.06 &#177; 1739.162 (baseline) vs. 8464.37 &#177; 2481.76 (final) at rest after 18 weeks of interdisciplinary therapy in both sexes with p &#8804; 0.01. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resting hemodynamic variables before and after 18 weeks of interdisciplinary intervention. SBP (systolic blood pressure), DBP (diastolic blood pressure), HR (heart rate) and DP (double-product). Statistically significant results (*), n (32). The data is displayed in Average and Standard Deviation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0128-70039-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The hemodynamic variables (SBP, DBP, HR and SD) during exercise, pre and post-therapy are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figure 3</xref>. Our results showed a decrease in the values of PAS stages 1: 143.44 &#177; 9.28 (baseline) vs 131.56 &#177; 15.26; Stage 2: 152.23 &#177; 21.91 (baseline) vs. 141.56 &#177; 17.43 (final), PAD stage 2: 89.89 &#177; 9.58 (baseline) vs 83.13 &#177; 9.65 (final), FC stage 1: 118.40 &#177; 12.90 (baseline) vs 110.87 &#177; 7.66 (final); Stage 2: 137.09 &#177; 16.54 (baseline) vs 130.37 &#177; 11.51 (final) and the DP stage 1: 13856.14 &#177; 3858.45 (baseline) vs 9091.45 &#177; 7249.90 (final ) And stage 2: 19691.14 &#177; 6906.31 (baseline) vs 11577.50 &#177; 9259.98 (final).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamic variables during exercise in the three initial stages of the Ellestad Protocol in ergometer, before and after 18 weeks of interdisciplinary intervention composed by Physical Education Professional, Nutritionist, Psychologist and Physiotherapist. SBP (systolic blood pressure), DBP (diastolic blood pressure), HR (heart rate) and DP (double-product). Statistically significant results (*), n (32). The data is displayed in Average and Standard Deviation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0128-70039-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Interdisciplinary therapy was efficient in reducing MC, BMI, CC, CQ and SBP at rest and SBP, FC and DP at submaximal intensities in obese individuals. Regarding the anthropometric data (MC, BMI, CC and QC), our results corroborate with those presented by Sanches et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and Franz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> regarding the decrease in values when compared to values before and after interdisciplinary therapy.</p>
      <p>Submaximal hemodynamic responses reflect the energetic demand for cardiovascular effort imposed on everyday activities, such as walking from one place to another, cycling, cleaning the house and even jogging to reach a bus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In this regard, it is important to emphasize that these elevated cardiovascular variables represent a public health problem that can silently affect several systems such as: renal, circulatory, nervous and visual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The expected behavior of BP in a stress test is an increase in SBP according to increased cardiac output and the maintenance or a slight decrease in DBP. This decrease depends mainly on the peripheral vascular resistance and will represent the efficiency of the vasodilator mechanisms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Corroborating the studies of Franz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> we observed that changes in lifestyle are closely related to improvements in the cardiovascular system.</p>
      <p>Decreased cardiac overload at rest indicates an improvement in the mechanisms responsible for cardiovascular control, emphasizing the importance of baroreceptor control, but also emphasizing the contribution of the mechanisms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, peripheral vasodilation and possible inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> It is important to note that decreases in BP, HR and DP even in small magnitudes, promote large reductions in the rate of cardiovascular complications and general mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The scientific literature shows that the physical exercise, present in the interdisciplinary therapy, promotes a decrease of the BP values in a chronic way. In this context, we discussed several factors for this improvement, such as the increase of the parasympathetic tonus in the myocardium, a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance or an increase in the vasodilatory effect of endothelial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this area, and corroborating previous studies, interdisciplinary therapy was efficient in improving cardiorespiratory parameters in the face of submaximal and maximal exertion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Therefore, we understand that interdisciplinary therapy provides the individual with comprehensive care, including benefits to biological systems, such as the cardiovascular system, cited above. With a didactic purpose we explain these systems in isolation, but in practice they are interrelated in a holistic way and offer a complex improvement with benefits to individuals who still need to be studied.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition to physical exercise, dietary intake has a great influence on BP control. Excessive sodium intake (greater than 2000 mg/day) and excessive dietary intake are associated with an increased risk of BP elevation, which is considered a risk factor for death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Thus, we know that the negative energy balance, with consequent loss of body mass, has a great contribution in reducing food intake and improving the overall quality of food.</p>
      <p>The interdisciplinary approach in the treatment of obesity has the proposal to go beyond weight loss, seeking to achieve improvements in the health of the individual as a whole, including its psychosocial dimension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Interventions that cover these different dimensions are fundamental even for adherence to therapy, since stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and symptoms of depression,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> for example, have already been evidenced as factors that interfere in the performance of physical activity.</p>
      <p>According to the results and the evidence cited, it is important to highlight the limitations of the present study, such as: absence of a control group, follow-up of the menstrual cycle of the volunteers, and hypotensive drugs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Interdisciplinary therapy allowed the reduction of SBP, HR and rest DP and in the submaximal intensities, also preserving the lower use of the heart in daily efforts. The decrease in these variables at rest leads to a lower overload on the cardiovascular system of individuals in their daily life and the decrease during exercise preserves the heart in daily activities. Therefore, we understand that interdisciplinary therapy is an important intervention strategy to increase the level of daily physical activity, aiming at the daily cardioprotective effect, especially for individuals who need to decrease the overload to the cardiovascular system such as obese individuals.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) - Process 2015/00953-3.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="presented-at">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the scientific initiation of Leticia Andrade Cerrone by Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledge</title>
      <p>Thanks to Prof. Dr Raphael Ritti for the advice and follow-up of the writing process and to Prof. Bruno Rem&#237;gio for the elaboration of the graphs.</p>
      <p>The Project was funded by the Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) - Process 2015 / 00953-3.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terapia Interdisciplinar e a Diminui&#231;&#227;o da Sobrecarga Cardiovascular em Obesos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerrone</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Poli</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Fadanelli Schoenardie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanches</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Badan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Stephan Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fidalgo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Pedro Novo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Maythe Amaral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caranti</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Arisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leticia Andrade Cerrone</bold> Av. Epit&#225;cio Pessoa, 741, Ponta da Praia. 11035-900, Santos, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>leticia_ac9@yahoo.com.br</email>; <email>leticia.ac9@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cerrone LA, Sanches RB, Fidalgo JPN, Poli VFS, Caranti DA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cerrone LA, Sanches RB, Andrade-Silva SG, Fidalgo JPN, Nascimento MA, Moraes AS, Poli VFS, Gomes RJ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cerrone LA, Sanches RB, Fidalgo JPN, Poli VFS, Medeiros A, Caranti DA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cerrone LA, Sanches RB, Fidalgo JPN, Poli VFS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Gomes RJ, Caranti DA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cerrone LA, Fidalgo JPN, Nascimento MA, Caranti DA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cerrone LA, Sanches RB, Andrade-Silva SG, Fidalgo JPN, Nascimento MA, Moraes AS, Poli VFS, Medeiros A, Gomes RJ, Caranti DA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade, terapia interdisciplinar e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico intenso foi descrita para obesos. Contudo o estudo das atividades f&#237;sicas representando as tarefas do dia a dia e o risco cardiovascular nas atividades do cotidiano torna-se necess&#225;rio para verificar a ocorr&#234;ncia dessa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar se um per&#237;odo de 18 semanas de terapia interdisciplinar &#233; capaz de promover benef&#237;cios nos par&#226;metros cardiovasculares no repouso e durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em adultos obesos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Amostra de 32 indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos com &#237;ndice de massa corporal de 30 a 39,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e idade entre 30 e 50 anos. Interven&#231;&#227;o com terapia interdisciplinar (educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, psicologia, nutri&#231;&#227;o e fisioterapia), dura&#231;&#227;o de 18 semanas e mensura&#231;&#227;o de dados antropom&#233;tricos de massa corporal, estatura, circunfer&#234;ncias de cintura e quadril, avalia&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo em erg&#244;metro antes e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de terapia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A terapia interdisciplinar diminuiu press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS): 125,83 &#177; 9,86 (basal) vs 120,28 &#177; 16,82 (final), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC): 74,75 &#177; 11,02 (basal) vs 72,77 &#177; 10,72 (final), e duplo-produto (DP) em repouso. Reduziu tamb&#233;m durante o esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo PAS est&#225;gios 1: 143,44 &#177; 9,28 (basal) vs 131,56 &#177; 15,26; est&#225;gio 2: 152,23 &#177; 21,91 (basal) vs 141,56 &#177; 17,43 (final), PAD est&#225;gio 2: 89,89 &#177; 9,58 (basal) vs 83,13 &#177; 9,65 (final), FC est&#225;gio 1: 118,40 &#177; 12,90 (basal) vs 110,87 &#177; 7,66 (final); est&#225;gio 2: 137,09 &#177; 16,54 (basal) vs 130,37 &#177; 11,51 (final) e o DP referentes aos est&#225;gios iniciais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A terapia interdisciplinar reduziu a sobrecarga do sistema cardiovascular em repouso e no esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo em adultos obesos otimizando o repouso e atividades do cotidiano. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2017;30(2):128-135)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Equipe de Assist&#234;ncia ao Paciente / terapia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/00953-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) - Processo 2015/00953-3.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O excesso de gordura corporal &#233; considerado um fator expressivo para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e aumento do risco cardiometab&#243;lico geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A obesidade pode ser definida como uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nico-degenerativa que apresenta um ac&#250;mulo anormal de gordura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os principais fatores ambientais para desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a s&#227;o os h&#225;bitos alimentares pouco saud&#225;veis e o sedentarismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, a press&#227;o arterial (PA) elevada est&#225; significantemente presente na obesidade, rela&#231;&#227;o que pode ser explicada, entre outros fatores pelo aumento da ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e tamb&#233;m pelo desequil&#237;brio do Sistema Renina-Angiotensina-Aldosterona.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios afirmam que o aumento de 10% na gordura corporal total aumenta cerca de 6 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) e 4 mmHg na PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) em repouso, evidenciando ainda mais essa rela&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A terapia interdisciplinar se apresenta como uma interven&#231;&#227;o efetiva para o tratamento da obesidade e comorbidades associadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Esse tipo de abordagem envolve uma equipe composta, por exemplo, por m&#233;dicos, profissionais de: educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, nutri&#231;&#227;o, fisioterapia e a psicologia e essa atua&#231;&#227;o integrada gera resultados satisfat&#243;rios na redu&#231;&#227;o da massa corporal, preval&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, esteatose hep&#225;tica, asma e fatores de risco cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Al&#233;m desses benef&#237;cios, houve melhora da regula&#231;&#227;o neuroend&#243;crina, do balan&#231;o energ&#233;tico e da qualidade de vida de adolescentes e adultos obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, &#233; claro na literatura cient&#237;fica que a diminui&#231;&#227;o ponderal ameniza os valores hemodin&#226;micos em repouso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Contudo as respostas ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico subm&#225;ximo, que fornece indicadores do que acontece nas atividades cotidianas, necessitam ser estudadas para verificar se h&#225; ou n&#227;o diminui&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares em obesos.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia interdisciplinar, n&#227;o est&#225; bem elucidada a implica&#231;&#227;o desse protocolo nas respostas cardiovasculares em condi&#231;&#245;es subm&#225;ximas. Contudo essa &#233; uma quest&#227;o importante, visto que a maioria dos obesos realizam predominantemente ao longo do dia atividades f&#237;sicas de baixa intensidade, e a resposta ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico subm&#225;ximo tem rela&#231;&#227;o direta com o risco cardiovascular total.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nessa vertente, o objetivo do estudo foi investigar os efeitos de 18 semanas de terapia interdisciplinar sobre os par&#226;metros cardiovasculares (PA, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca [FC] e duplo produto [DP]) no repouso e durante o teste ergoespirom&#233;trico em adultos obesos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado no Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, seguindo a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. A equipe interdisciplinar realizou uma triagem para verificar os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: IMC entre 30 e 39,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, idade entre 30 e 50 anos e libera&#231;&#227;o para a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio por meio de laudo m&#233;dico, obtido a partir de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e o exame de eletrocardiograma de esfor&#231;o. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: a presen&#231;a de algum dist&#250;rbio neurol&#243;gico ou musculoesquel&#233;tico que impossibilitasse a pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas, gravidez e realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia bari&#225;trica. Os participantes foram recrutados por meio de divulga&#231;&#227;o local no r&#225;dio, jornais e principalmente pela internet. Houve 107 inscritos para participar da triagem presencial, na qual foram verificados os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e n&#227;o inclus&#227;o da pesquisa. Ap&#243;s a verifica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios, 47 participantes foram selecionados para iniciar o programa. Os volunt&#225;rios que n&#227;o se encaixaram foram encaminhados para programas na pr&#243;pria universidade, ou para programas p&#250;blicos. Ao final da terapia, 32 volunt&#225;rios permaneceram dentro dos crit&#233;rios para o programa e realizaram as reavalia&#231;&#245;es finais conforme a metodologia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento experimental</title>
          <p>A terapia teve dura&#231;&#227;o de 18 semanas e foi desenvolvida com base no modelo Interdisciplinar do Grupo de Estudos da Obesidade (GEO) descrito por Sanches et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> As interven&#231;&#245;es ocorreram tr&#234;s vezes por semana com dura&#231;&#227;o de duas horas, sendo que em todos os dias houve uma hora de treinamento f&#237;sico combinado da Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica concomitante a uma hora das outras &#225;reas (Fisioterapia [exerc&#237;cios terap&#234;uticos], Nutri&#231;&#227;o [palestras e interven&#231;&#245;es] e Psicologia [aconselhamento em grupo- mudan&#231;as comportamentais]), realizadas uma vez por semana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Uma vez ao m&#234;s houve uma interven&#231;&#227;o interdisciplinar com a participa&#231;&#227;o de duas ou mais &#225;reas. Al&#233;m disso, semanalmente a equipe de sa&#250;de se reuniu para discutir casos a partir da inter-rela&#231;&#227;o entre as diferentes &#225;reas, fortalecendo o car&#225;ter interdisciplinar do projeto.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Organograma do percurso dos participantes durante o estudo. In&#237;cio pela triagem, avalia&#231;&#245;es e tratamento interdisciplinar (interven&#231;&#245;es). Elaborado por SANCHES e CERRONE.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0128-70039-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Para a execu&#231;&#227;o do delineamento experimental proposto foram realizadas as seguintes avalia&#231;&#245;es mensuradas antes e ap&#243;s a terapia com 18 semanas de dura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Antropom&#233;trica</title>
          <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da massa corporal (MC), os volunt&#225;rios foram orientados a usar roupas leves e permanecerem descal&#231;os sobre uma balan&#231;a digital da marca Toledo<sup>&#174;</sup> com capacidade de at&#233; 200 kg e precis&#227;o de 0,05 kg. A estatura foi mensurada com um estadi&#244;metro fixo na parede com resolu&#231;&#227;o de 0,1 cent&#237;metro da marca Standard ES 2030- Sanny<sup>&#174;</sup>. Em seguida foi calculado o &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Al&#233;m disso foram avaliadas as circunfer&#234;ncias de cintura (CC) e quadril (CQ), por um &#250;nico avaliador treinado, utilizando uma fita inel&#225;stica Sanny<sup>&#174;</sup> conforme o protocolo descrito pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Aptid&#227;o Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e das respostas hemodin&#226;micas durante o esfor&#231;o</title>
          <p>Antes do experimento, todos os volunt&#225;rios foram instru&#237;dos sobre o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, bem como receberam orienta&#231;&#245;es para se alimentarem com pelo menos 2h de anteced&#234;ncia, evitar exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos 48h antes e n&#227;o ingerir bebidas alc&#243;olicas e/ou estimulantes 12h antes do teste. Al&#233;m disso, foram orientados a manter suas medica&#231;&#245;es de rotina.</p>
          <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas mensuradas durante o teste subm&#225;ximo foram PA, FC e o consequente c&#225;lculo do DP. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade aer&#243;bia foi utilizado o teste ergoespirom&#233;trico de cargas crescentes at&#233; o est&#225;gio 3 do protocolo de Ellestad para determinar o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (Fitmate Cosmed<sup>&#174;</sup>). A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi executada em esteira ergom&#233;trica (TRX 600 - Total Health<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
          <p>Protocolo do teste: Utilizou-se o protocolo de Ellestad15 para o teste de ergoespirometria at&#233; o est&#225;gio 3 para representar as atividades cotidianas em obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Sendo o est&#225;gio 1 com velocidade de 2,7 km/h; Est&#225;gio 2 com velocidade de 4,8 km/h e o Est&#225;gio 3 com velocidade de 6,4 km/h todos com inclina&#231;&#227;o de 10&#186; e tempo, respectivo, de 3, 2 e 2 minutos cada est&#225;gio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aferi&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial</title>
          <p>A PA foi aferida, pelo mesmo avaliador, antes e durante o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio a partir do m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio com o esfigmoman&#244;metro espec&#237;fico para obesos Medicate Adulto Velcro e o estetosc&#243;pio da marca 3 m Littmann classiciis estethoscope, seguindo-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas da VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> a PA foi aferida sempre no minuto final de cada um dos tr&#234;s primeiros est&#225;gios que comp&#245;e parte do protocolo descrito anteriormente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A FC foi aferida antes e durante o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio a partir do cardiofrequenc&#237;metro Cosmed<sup>&#174;</sup> vinculado ao analisador de gases, a FC foi registrada sempre nos segundos finais de cada um dos est&#225;gios do teste descrito anteriormente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O software utilizado foi o Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS) as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Para verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es de amostras dependentes foi realizado o test t de student pareado entre as caracter&#237;sticas gerais de vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e hemodin&#226;micas ao crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica estabelecido (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A partir dos 47 volunt&#225;rios que iniciaram o programa, 32 conclu&#237;ram o protocolo com mais de 68% de ades&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A terapia interdisciplinar promoveu diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa MC, IMC, CC e CQ todos com p &#8804; 0,001 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es Antropom&#233;tricas pr&#233; e ap&#243;s 18 semanas de Interven&#231;&#227;o Interdisciplinar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Basal M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Ap&#243;s terapia M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">P</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MC (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">97,00 &#177; 12,80</td>
                <td align="center">94,09 &#177; 12,19</td>
                <td align="center"><bold>0,00</bold>1*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatura (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1,66 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">1,66 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,813</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC(kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">34,96 &#177; 2,93</td>
                <td align="center">33,68 &#177; 2,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">110,05 &#177; 8,96</td>
                <td align="center">107,20 &#177; 8,99</td>
                <td align="center"><bold>0,00</bold>1*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CQ (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">120,92 &#177; 7,97</td>
                <td align="center">117,01 &#177; 7,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas pr&#233; e ap&#243;s 18 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o. MC (massa corporal), IMC (&#237;ndice de massa corporal), CC (circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura), CQ (circunfer&#234;ncia de quadril), P (n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado em 0,05(*), n (32). Os dados est&#227;o apresentados em M&#233;dia e Desvio Padr&#227;o</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Verificou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante da PAS: PAS: 125,83 &#177; 9,86 (basal) vs 120,28 &#177; 16,82 (final); frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC): 74,75 &#177; 11,02 (basal) vs 72,77 &#177; 10,72 (final) e duplo-produto (DP): 9139,06 &#177; 1739,162 (basal) vs 8464,37 &#177; 2481,76 (final) em repouso ap&#243;s 18 semanas de terapia interdisciplinar em ambos os sexos com p &#8804; 0,01. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas de repouso pr&#233; e ap&#243;s 18 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o interdisciplinar. PAS (Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica), PAD (Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica), FC (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) e DP (Duplo-Produto). Resultados estatisticamente significantes (*), n (32). Os dados est&#227;o apresentados em M&#233;dia e Desvio Padr&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0128-70039-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas (PAS, PAD, FC e DP) durante o esfor&#231;o, pr&#233; e p&#243;s-terapia est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figura 3</xref>. Nossos resultados apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nos valores de PAS est&#225;gios 1: 143,44 &#177; 9,28 (basal) vs 131,56 &#177; 15,26; est&#225;gio 2: 152,23 &#177; 21,91 (basal) vs 141,56 &#177; 17,43 (final), PAD est&#225;gio 2: 89,89 &#177; 9,58(basal) vs 83,13 &#177; 9,65 (final), FC est&#225;gio 1: 118,40 &#177; 12,90 (basal) vs 110,87 &#177; 7,66 (final); est&#225;gio 2: 137,09 &#177; 16,54 (basal) vs 130,37 &#177; 11,51 (final) e o DP est&#225;gio 1: 13856,14 &#177; 3858,45 (basal) vs 9091,45 &#177; 7249,90 (final) e est&#225;gio 2: 19691,14 &#177; 6906,31 (basal) vs 11577,50 &#177; 9259,98 (final).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas durante o esfor&#231;o nos tr&#234;s est&#225;gios iniciais do Protocolo de Ellestad em erg&#244;metro, pr&#233; e ap&#243;s 18 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o interdisciplinar composta por Profissional de Educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, Nutricionista, Psic&#243;logo e Fisioterapeuta. PAS (Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica), PAD (Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica), FC (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) e DP (Duplo-Produto). Resultados estatisticamente significantes (*), n (32). Os dados est&#227;o apresentados em M&#233;dia e Desvio Padr&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0128-70039-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A terapia interdisciplinar foi eficiente na diminui&#231;&#227;o da MC, IMC, CC, CQ e PAS no repouso e na PAS, FC e DP em intensidades subm&#225;ximas em indiv&#237;duos obesos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados antropom&#233;tricos (MC, IMC, CC e CQ) nossos resultados corroboram com os apresentados por Sanches et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e Franz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> sobre a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos valores quando comparados os valores antes e ap&#243;s a terapia interdisciplinar.</p>
        <p>As respostas hemodin&#226;micas subm&#225;ximas refletem a demanda energ&#233;tica do esfor&#231;o cardiovascular imposto para as atividades cotidianas, tais como andar de um lugar para outro, andar de bicicleta, limpar a casa e at&#233; mesmo trotar para alcan&#231;ar um &#244;nibus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Nessa vertente, &#233; importante ressaltar que essas vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares elevadas representam um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, que silenciosamente pode afetar diversos sistemas tais como: renal, circulat&#243;rio, nervoso e visual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O comportamento esperado da PA em um teste de esfor&#231;o &#233; um aumento da PAS, de acordo com o aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, e a manuten&#231;&#227;o ou uma leve diminui&#231;&#227;o da PAD. Essa diminui&#231;&#227;o depende principalmente da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e ir&#225; representar a efici&#234;ncia dos mecanismos vasodilatadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Corroborando com os estudos de Franz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> observamos que as mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida est&#227;o intimamente relacionadas &#224; melhorias no sistema cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga card&#237;aca em repouso indica a melhora nos mecanismos respons&#225;veis pelo controle cardiovascular, enfatizando a import&#226;ncia do controle barorreceptor, mas salientando tamb&#233;m a contribui&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica e poss&#237;vel inibi&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> &#201; importante ressaltar que diminui&#231;&#245;es nas PA, FC e DP mesmo que em pequenas magnitudes, promovem grandes redu&#231;&#245;es na taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e de mortalidade geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A literatura cient&#237;fica mostra que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, presente na terapia interdisciplinar, promove uma diminui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de PA de forma cr&#244;nica. Nesse contexto discutimos diversos fatores para essa melhora, como por exemplo, o aumento do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico no mioc&#225;rdio, diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica ou aumento do efeito vasodilatador da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nessa vertente e corroborando com estudos pr&#233;vios, percebe-se que a terapia interdisciplinar foi eficiente na melhora de par&#226;metros cardiorrespirat&#243;rios perante o esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo e m&#225;ximo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Por conseguinte, entendemos que a terapia interdisciplinar propicia ao indiv&#237;duo um cuidado integral, incluindo benef&#237;cios aos sistemas biol&#243;gicos, tais como o sistema cardiovascular, citado anteriormente. Com finalidade did&#225;tica explicamos esses sistemas isoladamente, mas na pr&#225;tica se interrelacionam de forma hol&#237;stica e oferecem uma melhora complexa com benef&#237;cios ao indiv&#237;duos que ainda necessitam ser estudados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, a ingest&#227;o alimentar tem grande influ&#234;ncia no controle da PA. O consumo excessivo de s&#243;dio (maior que 2000 mg/dia) e o excesso alimentar est&#225; associado com maior risco de eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA, a qual &#233; considerada um fator de risco para morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Dessa forma, sabemos que o balan&#231;o energ&#233;tico negativo, com consequente perda de massa corporal, tem grande contribui&#231;&#227;o na diminui&#231;&#227;o da ingesta alimentar e melhora na qualidade global da alimenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A abordagem interdisciplinar no tratamento da obesidade possui a proposta de ir al&#233;m da perda de peso, buscando alcan&#231;ar melhoras no quadro de sa&#250;de do indiv&#237;duo como um todo, incluindo sua dimens&#227;o psicossocial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> As interven&#231;&#245;es que abrangem essas diferentes dimens&#245;es s&#227;o fundamentais inclusive para a ades&#227;o a terapia, visto que o estresse<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e sintomas de depress&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> por exemplo, j&#225; foram evidenciados como fatores que interferem na realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
        <p>De acordo com os resultados encontrados e as evid&#234;ncias citadas cabe destacar as limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo tais como: a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle, acompanhamento do ciclo menstrual das volunt&#225;rias e medicamentos hipotensores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A terapia interdisciplinar permitiu a diminui&#231;&#227;o a PAS, FC e DP de repouso e nas intensidades subm&#225;ximas, preservando tamb&#233;m a menor utiliza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o em esfor&#231;os di&#225;rios. A diminui&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis em repouso propicia uma menor sobrecarga ao sistema cardiovascular dos indiv&#237;duos no seu dia a dia e a diminui&#231;&#227;o durante o esfor&#231;o preserva o cora&#231;&#227;o em atividades do cotidiano. Portanto, entendemos que a terapia interdisciplinar &#233; uma importante estrat&#233;gia de interven&#231;&#227;o para aumentar o n&#237;vel de atividades f&#237;sicas di&#225;rias, visando o efeito cardioprotetor cotidiano, especialmente para os indiv&#237;duos que necessitam diminuir a sobrecarga ao sistema cardiovascular tal como os indiv&#237;duos obesos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) - Processo 2015/00953-3.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="presented-at">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de inicia&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica de Leticia Andrade Cerrone pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos ao Prof. Dr Raphael Ritti pelos conselhos e acompanhamento do processo de escrita e ao Prof. Bruno Rem&#237;gio pela elabora&#231;&#227;o dos gr&#225;ficos.</p>
        <p>O Projeto foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) - Processo 2015/00953-3.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
