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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zSGXXBXr4xBF8L7tzTP9nvp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000200123</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170029</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correlation between Length of Hospital Stay and Gait Speed in Patients Submitted to Cardiac Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Lago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peruna</surname>
            <given-names>Max Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Raimundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cacau</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas de Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA, Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Nobre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Nobre; Feira de Santana, BA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia, Feira de Santana, BA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Primavera</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Primavera, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa Cordeiro</bold>, Rua Jap&#227;o, 94. Postal Code: 44052-022, Caseb, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>andrelisboacordeiro@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cordeiro ALL. Acquisition of data: Cordeiro ALL, Peruna MP, Guimar&#227;es AR. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Borges DL, Cacau LA. Statistical analysis: Borges DL, Cacau LA. Writing of the manuscript: Cordeiro ALL, Peruna MP, Guimar&#227;es AR. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cordeiro ALL, Borges DL, Cacau LA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>123</fpage>
      <lpage>127</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular diseases have been increasing worldwide in recent decades due to the increased occurrence of triggering factors. In the postoperative period of cardiovascular surgery, patients experience a functional decline, which may be potentiated by the length of hospital stay. Therefore, it is important to evaluate these patients' functional capacity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare the length of hospital stay with the gait speed in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>Prospective, cohort study carried out at the <italic>Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia</italic> (Incardio) at <italic>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia</italic> (Feira de Santana, Bahia). Upon discharge, all patients were evaluated with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). The length of hospital stay in the postoperative period was also recorded at the same time and correlate with the gait speed. We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to evaluate the assumption of normality, and Spearman's correlation to correlate the gait velocity with age, length of hospital stay, and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). All conclusions were based on a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In all, 64 patients were included (33 males [51.5%], mean age 57.2 &#177; 14.06 years). The mean distance walked by the patients was 375.8 &#177; 197.6 meters, the mean gait speed was 0.98 &#177; 0.53 m/s, and the mean hospital stay was 8.2 &#177; 2.3 days. A weak correlation was observed between the length of hospital stay and gait speed (r = 0.27 and p = 0.02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The length of hospital stay correlated weakly with the gait speed upon hospital discharge in a sample of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Trial registration:</title>
          <p>Registered at CAAE (41151214.5.0000.5654) on June 26, 2015.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracic Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Walking</kwd>
        <kwd>Physiotherapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Velocity Measurement</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases have been increasing considerably worldwide, with genetic predisposition, poor diet, and sedentary lifestyle emerging as major triggering factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Thus, an increasing number of highly complex procedures such as cardiac surgery has emerged, and the presence of complications arising from these procedures may increase the length of hospital stay.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite technological advances, postoperative complications are common and may affect a patient's lung function and peripheral muscle strength. Factors such as age, duration of extracorporeal circulation (ECC), and respiratory complications (including atelectasis, pleural effusion, and respiratory failure) may increase the length of hospital stay in patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> which, in turn, is associated with prolonged hospital stay.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The main complications affecting the musculoskeletal system are respiratory and peripheral muscle weakness and decreased functional capacity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> whereas the pulmonary changes include atelectasis, respiratory infection, and hypoxemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the functional capacity of these patients during the postoperative period because of the potential decline in their activities after surgery. The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is a practical and inexpensive method that has been used to evaluate treatment responses and functional capacity, in addition to being used as a morbidity and mortality predictor in patients with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering that increased hospital stay may worsen an individual's ability to perform exercises, as assessed with the 6MWT, the aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the duration of hospital stay and walking speed in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a prospective cohort study conducted at the <italic>Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia</italic> (Incardio) at <italic>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia</italic> (Feira de Santana, Bahia) from July to October 2015. The inclusion criteria were patients aged over 18 years, of both genders, and undergoing cardiac surgery (coronary-artery bypass grafting [CABG], aortic and/or mitral valve procedures, or correction of atrial septal defect) via sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).</p>
      <p>We excluded patients who were unable to understand the techniques proposed in the study or who had uncontrolled arrhythmia, hemodynamic instability before or during the 6MWT (systolic blood pressure above 150 mmHg or below 90 mmHg), history of pulmonary disease, neurological and/or motor deficits, and musculoskeletal limitations that prevented the completion of the protocol, in addition to those who were readmitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), had died, or refused to sign the consent form. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the [omitted] under the protocol number 796,580.</p>
      <p>The information collected included the age of the participants and duration of CPB and IVM. Upon discharge, all patients underwent the 6MWT following recommendations by the American Thoracic Society.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> During the test, the patients were instructed to walk 30 meters as fast as they could without running. The path was marked every 3 meters, with the turnaround point marked with a cone, and the total distance covered by the patient was measured. To determine the patient's gait speed, we divided the distance walked during the test by 360, which corresponds to the number of seconds in 6 minutes. At the same time of the 6MWT, we recorded the length of hospital stay in the postoperative period to correlate this variable with the gait speed.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to analyze the normality of the sample. As the distribution of the sample was deemed normal, we expressed continuous and categorical variables as mean and standard deviation. In order to correlate the gait velocity with the variables age, length of hospital stay, and duration of CPB and IMV, we used Spearman's correlation. An alpha &lt; 5% was adopted as statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 64 patients with a mean age of 57.2 &#177; 14.06 years were included in the study, of whom 33 were males (51.5%). All participants had been admitted to the <italic>Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia</italic>, <italic>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia</italic> (Feira de Santana, Bahia - Brazil). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the characteristics of the patients included in the study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the sample of patients included in the study</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender (n)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">33 (51.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">31 (48.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">57.2 &#177; 14.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Type of surgery (n)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CABG</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valvular</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Correction of atrial septal defect</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration of CPB (minutes)</td>
              <td align="center">71.3 &#177; 21.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration of IMV (hours)</td>
              <td align="center">7.7 &#177; 2.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Walk distance (meters)</td>
              <td align="center">375.8 &#177; 197.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Walking speed (m/s)</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 &#177; 0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration of hospital stay (days)</td>
              <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 2.3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CABG: coronary-artery bypass grafting; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation; m/s: meters per second.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The mean length of hospital stay was 8.2 &#177; 2.3 days, and the mean gait speed was 0.98 &#177; 0.53 m/s. The length of hospital stay correlated significantly with the gait speed (p = 0.02), but this correlation was weak (r = 0.27). The duration of IMV (7.7 &#177; 2.9 hours) also showed no correlation with the gait speed (r = -0.007, p = 0.96). Other correlations are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation between gait speed and the study variables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Gait speed (m/s)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">r<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Length of hospital stay (days)</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (minutes)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration of mechanical ventilation (hours)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.007</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Spearman's correlation coefficient.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study demonstrated that the length of hospital stay correlated weakly with the gait speed upon hospital discharge in a sample of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>These findings are supported by the results of another prospective cohort with a smaller sample size that aimed to evaluate the influence of the pulmonary function, assessed by spirometry before and after surgery, on the walking ability of patients undergoing CABG and/or valvular replacement. The authors demonstrated a significant correlation between the duration of hospital stay and the distance in the 6MWT, forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The mean distance walked after surgery in the present study was 375.8 &#177; 197.6 meters, which is similar (albeit with a higher standard deviation) to that found by Oliveira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> of 375.78 &#177; 50.66 meters. Our findings are also similar to those of another cohort study with a 2-year follow-up that included 215 patients undergoing CABG, in which the sedentary participants walked 375.53 &#177; 210.92 meters after 2 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The 6MWT is a test well tolerated by adults and elderly patients after cardiac surgery without complications,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and the findings of this study suggest that early mobilization and ambulation have an important role in reducing the length of hospitalization. Therefore, the implementation of early mobilization as soon as possible is of paramount importance, and the physiotherapist has a major role in this approach after cardiac surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A retrospective survey of women undergoing CABG found a lower complication rate in those operated on without CPB compared with those who underwent the procedure with CPB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Although the study has a larger sample of women and the fact that women have a higher operative mortality, the gender factor had no independent prognostic impact.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Another study has suggested that an ECC duration longer than 75 minutes increased the mortality rate by 3.2 times in patients over the age of 70 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In the study by Nogueira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> the results suggested that on-pump (<italic>versus</italic> off-pump) CABG was negatively associated with the patients' functional capacity.</p>
      <p>Age above 60 years was an important predictor of death in this study, resulting in two score points. The EuroSCORE determines that there is an increased risk of death above the age of 60 years, with an additional point for each 5 years after this age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Age above 85 years is a risk that must be taken into account in patients undergoing CABG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In our study, age showed no significant correlation with gait speed.</p>
      <p>On statistical analysis, the duration of IMV showed a poor correlation with the gait speed, which may be justified by a short time on the mechanical ventilator. A prospective study has reported that patients requiring IMV had a mean duration of ventilatory support of 7 days and mean length of ICU stay of 13 days. This study found that half of the patients who were not extubated within 24 hours remained in the ICU for more than one week.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>One of the hypotheses to explain the weak correlation between the variables in the present study is the fact that often, clinical factors such as international normalized ratio (INR) value and echocardiographic alterations may increase the length of hospital stay, but these variables do not correlate with the patient's functional capacity. Therefore, a longer length of hospitalization may be sufficient to help the patients return to their preoperative functionality and perform well during the tests.</p>
      <p>The limitations of this study include the small sample size and the lack of information regarding the patients' pulmonary function and body mass index, which can have an impact on the completion of the 6MWT. Moreover, the study did not include a preoperative evaluation to demonstrate the progression of the gait speed during hospital stay.</p>
      <p>Conclusion</p>
      <p>We conclude that the length of hospital stay correlated weakly with the gait speed upon hospital discharge in a sample of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="presented-at">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa Cordeiro, from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Kalil</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furlani</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effetiveness of a preoperative physiotherapeutic approach in myocardial revascularization</article-title>
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          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
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        </element-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>20 Esteban A, Anzueto A, Frutos F, Al&#237;a I, Brochard L, Stewart TE, et al; Mechanical Ventilation International Study Group. Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a 28-day international study. JAMA. 2002;287(3):345-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Esteban</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anzueto</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frutos</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al&#237;a</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brochard</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Mechanical Ventilation International Study Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a 28-day international study</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>287</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>345</fpage>
          <lpage>355</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a Dura&#231;&#227;o da Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar e a Velocidade da Marcha em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Lago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peruna</surname>
            <given-names>Max Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Raimundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cacau</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas de Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Nobre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia, Feira de Santana, BA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Primavera, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa Cordeiro</bold>, Rua Jap&#227;o, 94. CEP 44052-022, Caseb, Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil E-mail: <email>andrelisboacordeiro@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cordeiro ALL.Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cordeiro ALL, Peruna MP, Guimar&#227;es AR. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Borges DL, Cacau LA. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Borges DL, Cacau LA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cordeiro ALL, Peruna MP, Guimar&#227;es AR. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cordeiro ALL, Borges DL, Cacau LA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares t&#234;m aumentado em todo o mundo nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas devido ao aumento na ocorr&#234;ncia de fatores desencadeantes. No per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia cardiovascular, os pacientes experimentam um decl&#237;nio funcional, que pode ser potencializado pelo tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Portanto, &#233; importante avaliar a capacidade funcional destes pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar com a velocidade da marcha em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte prospectivo, realizado no Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia (Incardio) da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia (Feira de Santana, Bahia). Na alta hospitalar, todos os pacientes foram avaliados com o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6). O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi tamb&#233;m registrado no momento da avalia&#231;&#227;o e correlacionado com a velocidade da marcha. Utilizamos o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avaliar a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade e a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para correlacionar a velocidade da marcha com a idade, tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e com a dura&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) e da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva (VMI). Todas as conclus&#245;es foram baseadas em um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ao todo, 64 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos (33 homens [51,5%], idade m&#233;dia 57,2 &#177; 14,06 anos). A dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia percorrida pelos pacientes foi de 375,8 &#177; 197,6 metros, a m&#233;dia da velocidade da marcha foi de 0,98 &#177; 0,53 m/s e a m&#233;dia de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi de 8,2 &#177; 2,3 dias. Foi observada uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e a velocidade da marcha (r = 0,27 e p = 0,02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o mostrou uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o com a velocidade da marcha na alta hospitalar em uma amostra de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Registro do estudo:</title>
          <p>Registrado no CAAE (41151214.5.0000.5654) em 26 de junho de 2015.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Caminhada</kwd>
        <kwd>Fisioterapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Velocidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares t&#234;m aumentado consideravelmente em todo o mundo, com a predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, dieta inadequada e sedentarismo surgindo como principais fatores desencadeantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Com isto, tem surgido um n&#250;mero crescente de procedimentos de alta complexidade, como as cirurgias card&#237;acas, sendo que a presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes de tais procedimentos pode aumentar o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias s&#227;o comuns e podem afetar a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e a for&#231;a muscular perif&#233;rica do paciente. Fatores como idade, tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias (incluindo atelectasia, derrame pleural e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria) podem aumentar o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar de pacientes submetidos &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva (VMI),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> que por sua vez est&#225; associada com um tempo prolongado de interna&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> As principais complica&#231;&#245;es do sistema musculoesquel&#233;tico s&#227;o a fraqueza muscular respirat&#243;ria e perif&#233;rica e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> enquanto as altera&#231;&#245;es pulmonares incluem atelectasias, infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e hipoxemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Portanto, torna-se necess&#225;rio avaliar a capacidade funcional destes pacientes durante o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em virtude do potencial decl&#237;nio de suas atividades ap&#243;s a cirurgia. O teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) &#233; um m&#233;todo pr&#225;tico e de baixo custo que tem sido utilizado para avaliar as respostas ao tratamento e a capacidade funcional, al&#233;m de ser tamb&#233;m utilizado como preditor de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e respirat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando que o prolongamento da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar pode piorar a capacidade de um indiv&#237;duo realizar exerc&#237;cios, conforme avaliada pelo TC6, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e a velocidade de caminhada de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado no Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia (Incardio) da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia (Feira de Santana, Bahia) entre julho e outubro de 2015. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram pacientes com idade acima de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca (cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica [CRM], procedimentos valvares a&#243;rticos e/ou mitrais, ou corre&#231;&#227;o de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial) via esternotomia e circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC).</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes incapazes de compreender as t&#233;cnicas propostas no estudo ou que apresentavam arritmia descontrolada, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica antes ou durante o TC6 (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica acima de 150 mmHg ou abaixo de 90 mmHg), hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a pulmonar, d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico e/ou motor e limita&#231;&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas que impediam a conclus&#227;o do protocolo, al&#233;m daqueles que foram reinternados na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), faleceram, ou que se recusaram a assinar o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da [omitidas] sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 796.580.</p>
        <p>Foram coletadas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a idade dos participantes e dura&#231;&#227;o da CEC e da VMI. Na alta, todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao TC6 seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Thoracic Society</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Durante o teste, os pacientes foram orientados a caminhar 30 metros o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel, sem correr. O percurso foi marcado a cada 3 metros, com o ponto de volta marcado com um cone, e a dist&#226;ncia total percorrida pelo paciente foi medida. Para determinar a velocidade de marcha do paciente, foi dividida a dist&#226;ncia percorrida durante o teste por 360, que corresponde ao n&#250;mero de segundos em 6 minutos. No mesmo momento da TC6, foi registrado o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio a fim de correlacionar esta vari&#225;vel com a velocidade da marcha.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para analisar a normalidade da amostra. Como a distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra foi considerada normal, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. A fim de correlacionar a velocidade da marcha com as vari&#225;veis idade, tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar e dura&#231;&#227;o da CEC e VMI, foi utilizada a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. Um alfa &lt; 5% foi adotado como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O estudo incluiu 64 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 57,2 &#177; 14,06 anos, dos quais 33 eram do sexo masculino (51,5%). Todos os participantes haviam sido admitidos no Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia, Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Feira de Santana, Bahia (Brasil). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo (n)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">33 (51,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">31 (48,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">57,2 &#177; 14,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tipo de cirurgia (n)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRM</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valvar</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Corre&#231;&#227;o de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial </td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da CEC (minutos)</td>
                <td align="center">71,3 &#177; 21,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da VMI (horas)</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 &#177; 2,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dist&#226;ncia da caminhada (metros)</td>
                <td align="center">375,8 &#177; 197,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade da caminhada (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 &#177; 0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 2,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; VMI: ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva; m/s: metros por segundo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi de 8,2 &#177; 2,3 dias e a velocidade m&#233;dia da marcha foi de 0,98 &#177; 0,53 m/s. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o se correlacionou significativamente com a velocidade da marcha (p = 0,02), mas esta correla&#231;&#227;o foi fraca (r = 0,27). A dura&#231;&#227;o da VMI (7,7 &#177; 2,9 horas) tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com a velocidade da marcha (r = -0,007, p = 0,96). Outras correla&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade da marcha e as vari&#225;veis do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Velocidade da marcha (m/s)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">r<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (minutos)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (horas)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,007</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo demonstrou que a dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar mostrou uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o com a velocidade da marcha na alta hospitalar em uma amostra de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Esses achados s&#227;o apoiados pelos resultados de outro estudo de coorte prospectivo com uma amostra de tamanho menor, que teve o objetivo de avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar avaliada pela espirometria antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia sobre a capacidade de caminhada de pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM e/ou substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar. Os autores demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6, capacidade vital for&#231;ada (CVF) e volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 1 segundo (VEF1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia percorrida ap&#243;s a cirurgia no presente estudo foi de 375,8 &#177; 197,6 metros, que &#233; semelhante (mas com desvio padr&#227;o maior) &#224; encontrada por Oliveira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> de 375,78 &#177; 50,66 metros. Nossos achados tamb&#233;m s&#227;o semelhantes aos de outro estudo de coorte com seguimento de 2 anos que incluiu 215 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM, no qual os participantes sedent&#225;rios caminharam 375,53 &#177; 210,92 metros ap&#243;s 2 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O TC6 &#233; um teste bem tolerado por adultos e idosos ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca sem complica&#231;&#245;es,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e os achados deste estudo sugerem que a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce e a deambula&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m um papel importante na redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, a implementa&#231;&#227;o da mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce assim que poss&#237;vel &#233; de import&#226;ncia primordial e o fisioterapeuta tem um papel importante nesta abordagem ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um levantamento retrospectivo com mulheres submetidas &#224; CRM encontrou uma taxa menor de complica&#231;&#245;es naquelas operadas sem CEC em compara&#231;&#227;o com as submetidas ao procedimento com CEC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Apesar de o estudo ter uma amostra maior de mulheres e o fato de que as mulheres t&#234;m uma maior mortalidade operat&#243;ria, o sexo n&#227;o foi um fator de impacto progn&#243;stico independente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Outro estudo sugeriu que uma dura&#231;&#227;o da CEC maior que 75 minutos aumentou a taxa de mortalidade em 3,2 vezes em pacientes com idade superior a 70 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> No estudo de Nogueira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> os resultados sugerem que a CRM sem CEC (<italic>versus</italic> com CEC) est&#225; associada negativamente com a capacidade funcional dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>A idade acima de 60 anos foi um importante preditor de morte neste estudo, resultando em dois pontos. O EuroSCORE determina que existe um risco aumentado de morte acima dos 60 anos de idade, com um ponto adicional para cada 5 anos depois desta idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A idade acima de 85 anos &#233; um risco que deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Em nosso estudo, a idade n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com a velocidade da marcha.</p>
        <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o da VMI mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o pobre com a velocidade da marcha &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, o que pode ser justificado por um curto per&#237;odo de tempo no ventilador. Um estudo prospectivo relatou que pacientes que necessitaram de VMI apresentavam um tempo m&#233;dio de suporte ventilat&#243;rio de 7 dias e um tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia na UTI de 13 dias. Este estudo concluiu que a metade dos pacientes que n&#227;o foram extubados no prazo de 24 horas permaneceram na UTI por mais de uma semana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma das hip&#243;teses para explicar a fraca correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis do presente estudo &#233; o fato de que, muitas vezes, fatores cl&#237;nicos como o valor da raz&#227;o normalizada internacional (RNI) e altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas podem aumentar o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, mas estas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o se correlacionam com a capacidade funcional do paciente. Portanto, um tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o maior pode ser o suficiente para ajudar os pacientes a retornarem &#224;s suas funcionalidades pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias e a apresentarem uma boa execu&#231;&#227;o durante os testes.</p>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo incluem o pequeno tamanho da amostra e a falta de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal dos pacientes, que podem ter um impacto na realiza&#231;&#227;o do TC6. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo n&#227;o incluiu uma avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria para demonstrar a progress&#227;o da velocidade da marcha durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o fraca com a velocidade da marcha na alta hospitalar em uma amostra de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="presented-at">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa Cordeiro pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
