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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hFSsjGv6Px5KMGtv45ZcxcL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000200109</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170037</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of Right Ventricle Function and Myocardial Fibrosis by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Patients with Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Neri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Gabriella Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Adilson Machado</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>J&#233;ssica Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mac&#234;do</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Ricardo Bastos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Maur&#237;cio Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA); Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Ana Neri</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Neri, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Priscila Neri Lacerda</bold>, Rua Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n. Postal Code: 40110-100. Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>priscilanlacerda@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lacerda PN, Mac&#234;do CRB, Aras J&#250;nior R, Fernandes AMS; Acquisition of data: Gomes J&#250;nior AM, Lacerda PN, Pinto FGF, Almeida RF, Santos JM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lacerda PN, Pinto FGF, Almeida RF, Gomes J&#250;nior AM, Santos JM, Fernandes AMS; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Lacerda PN, Pinto FGF, Almeida RF, Gomes J&#250;nior AM, Santos JM, Mac&#234;do CRB, Aras J&#250;nior R, Fernandes AMS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>109</fpage>
      <lpage>116</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) can be found in 30-50% of patients with inferior wall myocardial infarction (I-MI) and predicts early mortality. Myocardial fibrosis is associated with progressive ventricular dysfunction and severe prognosis. In these patients, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is an important risk stratification method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study sought to evaluate the association between RVD and myocardial fibrosis in patients with I-MI, using CMR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cohort study conducted in a prominent center of cardiology. Forty individuals with I-MI were included in the study. CMR was performed during hospitalization to estimate parameters of right ventricle function and to quantify myocardial fibrosis through late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) technique. Patients were stratified by ventricular function, and clinical characteristics were compared between study groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Forty patients were included in the study, 75% were male and 43% elderly (age &#8805; 60 years). Hypertension (45%) and smoking (33%) were the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors. RVD was found in 33% of patients. Mean fibrosis mass was 22 &#177; 12 g in patients with RVD compared with 15 &#177; 8 g in patients with preserved ventricular function (p = 0.051).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The findings of our study indicate a possible association between RVD and myocardial fibrosis in patients with I-MI. However, further studies with larger series are needed to confirm our findings.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Spectroscopy</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) can be observed in 30% to 50% of patients with inferior wall myocardial infarction (I-MI) and it might be associated with atrioventricular block, hemodynamic instability and in-hospital mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In these patients, early detection of right ventricle involvement plays a key role in planning the most appropriate treatment strategy and in determining favorable prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The assessment of right ventricle (RV) by echocardiography is technically difficult due to the lack of an adequate acoustic window and its peculiar anatomical conformation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The capability to precisely visualize the RV makes cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) the method of choice for estimating the extent of myocardial damage and the functional impairment by means of highly accurate and reproducible measures of RV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Following myocardial infarction, cardiac remodeling involves an inflammatory reaction followed by scar formation at the site of infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, sustained fibrotic activity results in stiffening of the myocardium and is associated with progressive ventricular dysfunction and severe prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Late-gadolinium enhancement (LGE) CMR has been used extensively in a large number of studies as the technique of choice for detection and measurement of myocardial fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In patients with I-MI, therefore, CMR has been established as the gold standard imaging method for the assessment of RV function and myocardial fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> This study aimed to evaluate the association between myocardial fibrosis and RVD in patients with I-MI, using CMR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>A total of fifty-seven patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction with inferior wall involvement (ST segment elevation in D2, D3 and aVF derivations on the electrocardiography) were prospectively recruited at Ana Neri Hospital, Brazil, between January and December 2014. Patients were excluded if they had metallic implants incompatible with CMR, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) &lt; 30 ml/min, severe claustrophobia or gadolinium hypersensitivity.</p>
        <p>Clinical data including age, sex, family history, comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors were retrospectively collected from patients' medical records. CMR was performed during hospitalization to estimate parameters of RV function and to quantify myocardial fibrosis. Right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), end-systolic volume and end-diastolic volume were measured to estimate ventricular function. LGE-CMR technique was used to measure myocardial fibrosis in the inferior wall. Patients were stratified by ventricular function, considering RVD if RVEF &lt; 40%.</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the ethical, institutional review board (Ana Nery Hospital Ethics Committee) and the National Ethics Committee and all patients provided written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CMR acquisition</title>
        <p>Patients were scanned in the supine position and CMR studies were performed using a 1.5 T whole-body scanner (Avanto, Siemens Medical Solutions, Germany). An 8 channel cardiac coil was used for signal reception. Scout images were obtained to plan the four-chamber, three-chamber and two-chamber views, as well as short axis cine imaging. ECG-gated steady-state free precession (SSFP) short-axis images of the ventricles were acquired during breath holds with 20 image frames per cardiac cycle. Acquisition parameters were: 8-mm slice thickness, FOV 300, matrix 128 x 128.</p>
        <p>A stack of images, using a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 12 slices in short-axis plane (slice thickness 8-mm; gap 2-mm) was acquired, allowing coverage of the entire cardiac volume. Every effort was made to obtain adequate images with a satisfactory right ventricle depiction.</p>
        <p>LGE-CMR enabled the assessment of myocardial fibrosis, as presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. After a bolus of 0.2 mmol/kg of contrast agent (Gadodiamide, Omniscan<sup>&#8482;</sup>, GE Healthcare), images were acquired using a T1-weighted segmented inversion-recovery turbo fast low-angle shot sequence (echo time 4.8 ms; voxel size 1.4&#215;2.4&#215;7 mm; flip angle, 20&#176;). The inversion time was meticulously adjusted for optimal nulling of normal myocardium. A non-viable segment was one in which delayed enhancement comprised more than 50% of wall thickness.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Late gadolinium enhancement-cardiac magnetic resonance images from patients with inferior wall myocardial infarction (white arrows show myocardial fibrosis in the inferior wall).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0109-70037-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CMR analysis</title>
        <p>Ventricular mass, volume, and systolic function, including RVEF, were analyzed using the cine MR images and ARGUS 4D VF software. End-systolic and end-diastolic frames were identified by the smallest and largest cavity area, respectively. Ventricular contours were manually traced in both systolic and diastolic frames, for at least 8 slices from base to apex.</p>
        <p>The regions of interest were manually traced along the areas of fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Fibrosis mass was obtained by multiplying this area by the slice thickness and by myocardium density (1.05 g/ml).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Measurement of fibrosis by late gadolinium enhancement (1 represents the area of fibrosis).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0109-70037-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; SD if normally distributed and otherwise as median and range. The <italic>Kolmogorov-Smirnov</italic> test was used to test variable normality. Categorical variables were given as counts and percentages of total. Continuous variables were compared by Student's t-test for independent samples and comparisons of categorical variables were made using Fisher's exact test. The Pearson's correlation test was applied to examine the association between RVD and fibrosis. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine predictors of RVD. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software, version 17.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Fifty-seven patients were selected between January and December 2014 according to our inclusion criteria. CMR imaging exam was performed in forty individuals, and seventeen participants were excluded due to impossibility of performing the exam or technical issues on their CMR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flow chart of patients' recruitment. GFR: glomerular filtration rate; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0109-70037-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Of the forty patients included in the study, 30 (75%) were male and 18 (45%) were elderly (age &#8805; 60 years) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Twenty-two patients (55%) had hypertension, 12 (30%) had coronary artery disease, 10 (25%) had diabetes mellitus, 10 (25%) had heart failure, 10 (25%) had obesity and 8 (20%) had dyslipidemia. Moreover, 16 patients (40%) had a history of smoking and 3 patients (8%) a history of stroke (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Graph 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n = 40</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Demographic</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">58 &#177; 8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age &#8805; 60 (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (45)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Clinical</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (55)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (25)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (20)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (25)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (40)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart failure (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (25)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary artery disease (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (30)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Graph 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0109-70037-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> describes RV function and the variables analyzed by LGE-CMR. Mean end-systolic volume was 45 &#177; 24 mL, mean end-diastolic volume was 84 &#177; 34 ml and mean ejection fraction was 44 &#177; 12%. Thirteen (33%) patients had RVD. Mean fibrosis area obtained by CRM was 20 &#177; 12 mm<sup>2</sup>, mean fibrosis mass was 17 &#177; 10 g and mean of non-viable segments was 3 &#177; 2.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ventricular function and variables analyzed by late gadolinium enhancement technique</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n = 40</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">44 &#177; 12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction &lt; 40 (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (33)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">End-systolic volume (ml)</td>
              <td align="center">45 &#177; 24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">End-diastolic volume (ml)</td>
              <td align="center">84 &#177; 34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-viable segments</td>
              <td align="center">3 &#177; 2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fibrosis area (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">20 &#177; 12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fibrosis mass (g)</td>
              <td align="center">17 &#177; 10</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>According to Pearson's correlation, fibrosis mass and RVEF were indirectly correlated, although there was no statistical significance (r = -0.3; p = 0.08). Furthermore, multivariate logistical regression analysis showed that age, gender and hypertension were positively correlated, while smoking, dyslipidemia and diabetes were negatively correlated with RVEF, without statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Moreover, there was a negative correlation between RVEF and fibrosis mass (p = 0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Regression model for predictors of right ventricular dysfunction</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">B</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fibrosis mass</td>
              <td align="center">-0.167</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">0.048</td>
              <td align="center">0.503</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">0.148</td>
              <td align="center">0.927</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">-3.883</td>
              <td align="center">0.075</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">0.579</td>
              <td align="center">0.676</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">-21.984</td>
              <td align="center">0.999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">-0.401</td>
              <td align="center">0.794</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Patients were stratified by RV function and both study groups had similar clinical characteristics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Student's t-test showed that mean fibrosis area and mean fibrosis mass were higher in the group of patients with RVD (p = 0.092, p = 0.051 respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in the number of non-viable segments between groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of clinical characteristics and cardiac magnetic resonance variables between study groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Right ventricular dysfunction</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">YES (n = 13)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">NO (n = 26)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Demographic, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age &#8805; 60</td>
              <td align="center">5 (38)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (46)</td>
              <td align="center">0.473</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender (male)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (69)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (77)</td>
              <td align="center">0.613</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Clinical, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">5 (39)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (61)</td>
              <td align="center">0.358</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">2 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.475</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.154</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">2 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.953</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">4 (31)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (46)</td>
              <td align="center">0.481</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart failure</td>
              <td align="center">3 (23)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.559</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">1 (7)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.537</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">3 (23)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (31)</td>
              <td align="center">0.543</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CMR variables (Mean &#177; SD)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-viable segments</td>
              <td align="center">4 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">3 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">0.464</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fibrosis area (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">25 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">18 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">0.092</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fibrosis mass (g)</td>
              <td align="center">22 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">15 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">0.051</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Recent studies have been focused in the negative impact of RVD in patients with I-MI, as it is considered an important independent predictor of mortality in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The assessment of RV function and its predictors enables early identification of individuals who tend to have worse outcomes and poor prognosis. The present study, in agreement with previous reports,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> confirms the ability of CMR to precisely evaluate RV function and quantify myocardial fibrosis.</p>
      <p>In our study group, composed mostly of male and elderly patients, hypertension was the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factor (55%) followed by smoking (40%), diabetes mellitus (25%) and heart failure (25%). Smarz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have reported a similar prevalence of these cardiovascular risk factors in 90 patients with I-MI, except for the prevalence of dyslipidemia of 70%, which was different from that found in our study (20%).</p>
      <p>In the present study, RVD was evident in 33% of cases with I-MI, which was similar to the prevalence of 32% reported in previous studies on 50 patients with I-MI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Considering that similar clinical features were observed between patients with RVD and patients with preserved ventricular function, our study could investigate, with relative precision, the association between RV function and myocardial fibrosis.</p>
      <p>Our study revealed a negative correlation between RVEF and variables such as smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes and fibrosis mass. The analysis showed a strong trend towards the association between RVEF and fibrosis mass (p = 0.05), indicating that grater mass of fibrosis is related to lower RVEF. This finding suggests that fibrosis is a possible predictor of RVD.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, the current study showed an important trend towards higher mean fibrosis mass in patients with RVD compared to patients with preserved ventricular function (22 &#177; 12g vs 15 &#177; 8 g, p = 0.051). This result indicates a possible association between RVD and myocardial fibrosis within inferior wall, with clinical and prognostic significance in patients with I-MI. A similar association has been reported in a study by Kaandorp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> which results showed higher values of RV end-diastolic volume in the group of patients with higher mean fibrosis mass.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The small sample size of our study population is the main limitation to the present findings. Moreover, the amount of patients excluded (30%) due to the lack of CMR imaging data is an important limitation of the present study. Therefore, further studies with larger series are needed to confirm our findings.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The CMR seems to be an adequate method for risk stratification of patients with I-MI and RV dysfunction. The findings of our study indicate a possible association between myocardial fibrosis in the left ventricular inferior wall and RVD in patients with I-MI. Nevertheless, further studies with larger series are needed to confirm our findings.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Direito e Fibrose Mioc&#225;rdica por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca em Pacientes com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio da Parede Inferior</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Neri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Gabriella Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Adilson Machado Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>J&#233;ssica Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mac&#234;do</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Ricardo Bastos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Maur&#237;cio Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Roque Aras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA)</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Neri, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Priscila Neri Lacerda</bold>, Rua Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n. CEP 40110-100. Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>priscilanlacerda@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lacerda PN, Mac&#234;do CRB, Aras J&#250;nior R, Fernandes AMS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gomes J&#250;nior AM, Lacerda PN, Pinto FGF, Almeida RF, Santos JM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lacerda PN, Pinto FGF, Almeida RF, Gomes J&#250;nior AM, Santos JM, Fernandes AMS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lacerda PN, Pinto FGF, Almeida RF, Gomes J&#250;nior AM, Santos JM, Mac&#234;do CRB, Aras J&#250;nior R, Fernandes AMS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) &#233; observada em 30-50% dos pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio na parede inferior (IM-I) e &#233; fator preditor de mortalidade precoce. A fibrose mioc&#225;rdica est&#225; associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular progressiva e progn&#243;stico grave. Nesses pacientes, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) &#233; um importante m&#233;todo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com IM-I por RMC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo coorte realizado em um centro de cardiologia de refer&#234;ncia. Quarenta indiv&#237;duos com IM-I foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. RMC foi realizada durante a interna&#231;&#227;o para estimar fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e quantificar fibrose mioc&#225;rdica pela t&#233;cnica de realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (TRT). Os pacientes foram estratificados quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas foram comparadas entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Quarenta pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 75% eram homens e 43% idosos (idade &#8805; 60 anos). Entre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares, hipertens&#227;o (45%) e tabagismo (33%) foram os mais prevalentes. A disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD estava presente em 33% dos pacientes. A massa de fibrose m&#233;dia foi 22 &#177; 12g nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e 15 &#177; 8 g nos pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada (p = 0,051).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicam uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica nos pacientes com IM-I. No entanto, outros estudos envolvendo um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos achados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Infarto Mioc&#225;rdico</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia</kwd>
        <kwd>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) &#233; encontrada em 30-50% dos pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio de parede inferior (IM-I), e pode estar associada a bloqueio atrioventricular, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e mortalidade intra-hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Nesses pacientes, a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce do comprometimento do VD exerce um papel chave no planejamento da melhor estrat&#233;gia de tratamento e na determina&#231;&#227;o de um progn&#243;stico favor&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD por ecocardiografia &#233; considerada dif&#237;cil tecnicamente dada &#224; limita&#231;&#227;o da janela ac&#250;stica e caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas pr&#243;prias do VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O m&#233;todo de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) permite a visualiza&#231;&#227;o do VD de forma precisa e, por esse motivo, &#233; considerado o m&#233;todo de escolha para se definir a extens&#227;o do dano no mioc&#225;rdio e estimar o d&#233;ficit funcional por meio de medidas altamente precisas e reprodut&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, o remodelamento card&#237;aco envolve uma rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria seguida de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o no local do infarto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No entanto, o processo fibr&#243;tico causa rigidez do mioc&#225;rdio e est&#225; associado com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular progressiva e mau progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A RMC pela t&#233;cnica de realce tardio (TRT) tem sido amplamente utilizada em um grande n&#250;mero de estudos como o m&#233;todo de escolha para detec&#231;&#227;o e medida de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com IM-I, portanto, a RMC foi estabelecida como o m&#233;todo de imagem padr&#227;o-ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e da fibrose no mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD em pacientes com IM-I, atrav&#233;s de RMC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Cinquenta e sete pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e envolvimento da parede inferior (supradesnivelamento do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D2, D3 e aVF no eletrocardiograma) foram recrutados prospectivamente no Hospital Ana Neri, Brasil, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2014. Pacientes que possu&#237;am implantes met&#225;licos incompat&#237;veis com RMC, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) &lt; 30 mL/min, claustrofobia grave ou hipersensibilidade ao gadol&#237;nio foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
          <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos incluindo idade, sexo, hist&#243;ria familiar, comorbidades e fatores de risco cardiovasculares foram coletados retrospectivamente dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. A RMC foi realizada durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar para estimar os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e para quantificar fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Foram medidos fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD (FEVD), volume sist&#243;lico final, e volume diast&#243;lico final para estimar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A RMC atrav&#233;s da TRT foi usada para medir fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na parede inferior. Os pacientes foram estratificados quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e 'disfun&#231;&#227;o' do VD foi considerada como FEVD inferior a 40%.</p>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o e pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Nacional. Consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exame de RMC</title>
          <p>O exame de RMC foi realizado com os pacientes na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, utilizando um aparelho de 1,5 T de todo o corpo (Avanto, Siemens Medical Solutions, Alemanha). Foi utilizada uma bobina de 8 canais para recep&#231;&#227;o dos sinais. Imagens explorat&#243;rias (<italic>scout images</italic>) foram obtidas para orientar a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens em quatro c&#226;maras, tr&#234;s c&#226;maras, duas c&#226;maras, bem como cine-RM em eixo curto. Imagens do eixo curto em precess&#227;o livre no estado de equil&#237;brio (<italic>steady-state free precession, SSFP</italic>), sincronizadas com ECG, foram obtidas dos ventr&#237;culos, em apneia, com 20 imagens por ciclo card&#237;aco. Os par&#226;metros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o foram: espessura de corte de 8 mm, campo de vis&#227;o (FOV) de 300, matriz 128 x 128.</p>
          <p>Conjuntos de imagens foram adquiridos utilizando-se de 8 a 12 cortes no plano do eixo curto (espessura do corte de 8 mm; intervalo entre os cortes de 2 mm), permitindo a cobertura de todo o volume card&#237;aco.</p>
          <p>A RMC atrav&#233;s da TRT permitiu a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, como apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>. Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o em <italic>bolus</italic> do contraste (Gadodiamide, Omniscan<sup>&#8482;</sup>, GE Healthcare) na dose de 0,2 mmol/kg, foram adquiridas imagens ponderadas em T1 por sequ&#234;ncia invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o, e gradiente-eco r&#225;pida com pequenos &#226;ngulos de excita&#231;&#227;o (tempo de eco 4,8 ms; tamanho do voxel 1.4&#215;2.4&#215;7 mm, &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o - <italic>flip angle</italic> - de 20&#186;). O tempo de invers&#227;o foi cuidadosamente ajustado para "anular" o mioc&#225;rdio normal, isto &#233;, para otimizar o contraste entre o mioc&#225;rdio normal e o infartado. Segmentos com realce tardio &gt; 50% da espessura da parede foram considerados invi&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Imagens de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca pela t&#233;cnica de realce tardio de pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio da parede inferior (setas brancas indicam fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na parede inferior).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0109-70037-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da RMC</title>
          <p>Massa, volume e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular, incluindo a FEVD, foram analisados pelas imagens obtidas por cine-RM e pelo programa ARGUS 4D VF. As imagens (<italic>frames</italic>) correspondentes &#224;s &#225;reas sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas finais foram consideradas como a menor e a maior &#225;rea da cavidade, respectivamente. Os contornos dos ventr&#237;culos foram manualmente tra&#231;ados nas imagens sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, considerando-se no m&#237;nimo 8 cortes da base ao &#225;pice.</p>
          <p>As regi&#245;es de interesse foram tra&#231;adas manualmente nas &#225;reas de fibrose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). A massa da fibrose foi obtida multiplicando-se essa &#225;rea pela espessura do corte e pela densidade do mioc&#225;rdio (1,05 g/ml).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Medida da fibrose card&#237;aca pela t&#233;cnica de realce tardio (1: &#225;rea de fibrose).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0109-70037-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP, e aquelas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal em mediana e intervalo interquartil. A normalidade da vari&#225;vel foi testada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como contagens e porcentagens do total. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas pelo teste exato de Fisher. O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi aplicado para avaliar associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e fibrose. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi realizada para determinar os preditores da disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>, vers&#227;o 17.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Cinquenta e sete pacientes foram selecionados entre janeiro e dezembro de 2014 seguindo nossos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. O exame de RMC foi realizado em 40 pacientes, e 17 foram exclu&#237;dos devido &#224; impossibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame ou aspectos t&#233;cnicos de seus exames (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma do recrutamento dos pacientes TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0109-70037-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dos 40 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 30 (75%) eram do sexo masculino, e 18 (45%) eram idosos (idade &#8805; 60 anos) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>). Vinte e dois pacientes (55%) eram hipertensos, 12 (30%) apresentavam doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, 10 (25%) diabetes mellitus, 10 (25%) insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 10 (25%) eram obesos, e 8 (20%) apresentavam dislipidemia. Al&#233;m disso, 16 pacientes (40%) tinham hist&#243;ria de tabagismo, e 3 pacientes (8%) hist&#243;ria de acidente vascular cerebral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n = 40</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (m&#233;dia &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade &#8805; 60 (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (55)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (30)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-02-0109-70037-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> descreve a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e as vari&#225;veis analisadas por RMC atrav&#233;s da TRT. O volume sist&#243;lico final m&#233;dio foi 45 &#177; 24 mL, o volume diast&#243;lico final m&#233;dio foi 84 &#177; 34 mL, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia foi 44 &#177; 12%. Treze pacientes apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD. A &#225;rea de fibrose m&#233;dia obtida por RMC foi 20 &#177; 12 mm<sup>2</sup>, a massa de fibrose m&#233;dia foi 17 &#177; 10 g, e a m&#233;dia de segmentos n&#227;o vi&#225;veis foi 3 &#177; 2.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e vari&#225;veis analisadas por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca arav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica de realce tardio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n = 40</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40 (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico final (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume diast&#243;lico final (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Segmentos n&#227;o vi&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea de fibrose (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">20 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa de fibrose (g)</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 10</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>De acordo com a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, a massa de fibrose e a FEVD estavam indiretamente correlacionadas, por&#233;m, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (r = -0,3; p = 0,08). A an&#225;lise por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada mostrou que idade, sexo e hipertens&#227;o estavam positivamente correlacionados com FEVD, enquanto que dislipidemia e diabetes estavam negativamente correlacionados, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, havia uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre FEVD e massa de fibrose (p = 0,05).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores de modelo de regress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">B</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa de fibrose</td>
                <td align="center">-0,167</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
                <td align="center">0,503</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">0,148</td>
                <td align="center">0,927</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">-3,883</td>
                <td align="center">0,075</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,579</td>
                <td align="center">0,676</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">-21,984</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">-0,401</td>
                <td align="center">0,794</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os pacientes foram estratificados por fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, e ambos os grupos do estudo possu&#237;am caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas similares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student mostrou que a &#225;rea m&#233;dia de fibrose e a massa m&#233;dia de fibrose eram maiores no grupo de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD (p = 0,092, p = 0,051, respectivamente). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no n&#250;mero de segmentos n&#227;o vi&#225;veis entre os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e vari&#225;veis da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca entre os grupos do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="right" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sim (n = 13)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N&#227;o (n = 26)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Demogr&#225;fica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade &#8805; 60</td>
                <td align="center">5 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,473</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo (masculino)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,613</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cl&#237;nica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">5 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (61)</td>
                <td align="center">0,358</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">2 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,475</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,154</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">2 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,953</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">4 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,481</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">3 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,559</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,537</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">3 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,543</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis da RMC (M&#233;dia &#177; SD)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Segmentos n&#227;o vi&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">4 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0,464</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea de fibrose (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">18 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa de fibrose (g)</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos recentes investigaram o impacto negativo da disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD em pacientes com IM-I, uma vez que essa condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerada um preditor de mortalidade independente nesses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD bem como de seus preditores permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de indiv&#237;duos com maior chance de atingirem piores desfechos e pior progn&#243;stico. O presente estudo est&#225; de acordo com estudos pr&#233;vios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> ao confirmar a capacidade da RMC de avaliar precisamente a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, e quantificar fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>Em nosso grupo de pacientes, composto majoritariamente de homens e idosos, hipertens&#227;o foi o fator de risco cardiovascular mais prevalente (55%), seguido de tabagismo (40%), diabetes mellitus (25%), e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (25%). Smarz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> relataram uma preval&#234;ncia similar desses fatores de risco cardiovasculares em uma amostra de 90 pacientes com IM-I, com exce&#231;&#227;o de dislipidemia, cuja preval&#234;ncia foi de 70%, diferentemente da encontrada em nosso estudo, de 20%.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD foi evidente em 33% dos casos com IM-I, similar &#224; preval&#234;ncia de 32% relatada em estudos pr&#233;vios com 50 pacientes com IM-I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Considerando que as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas eram similares entre pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada, nosso estudo p&#244;de investigar, com relativa precis&#227;o, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre FEVD e vari&#225;veis como tabagismo, dislipidemia, diabetes e massa de fibrose. A an&#225;lise revelou uma forte tend&#234;ncia &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre FEVD e massa de fibrose (p = 0,05), indicando que uma maior massa de fibrose est&#225; relacionada a menor FEVD. Esse resultado sugere a fibrose como um poss&#237;vel preditor de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, o presente estudo demonstrou uma tend&#234;ncia importante &#224; maior massa de fibrose em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada (22 &#177; 12 g vs 15 &#177; 8 g, p = 0,051). Tal resultado indica uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na parede inferior, com import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e progn&#243;stica em pacientes com IAM-I. Associa&#231;&#227;o semelhante foi relatada em estudo de Kaandorp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> cujos resultados mostraram valores superiores de volume diast&#243;lico final do VD no grupo de pacientes com maiores valores m&#233;dios da massa de fibrose.</p>
        <p>O pequeno tamanho da nossa amostra &#233; a principal limita&#231;&#227;o dos nossos achados. Outra importante limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o n&#250;mero de pacientes exclu&#237;dos (30%) por falta de dados da RMC. Portanto, outros estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos achados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A RMC parece ser um m&#233;todo adequado de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com IM-I e disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD. Nossos resultados indicam uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na parede inferior do VD e disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD em pacientes com IM-I. Contudo, novos estudos, incluindo um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esses achados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
