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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zMWVN8XvcLxnLYp7v8wcNPc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000200100</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170028</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inadequacies of Sphygmomanometers Used in Emergency Care Services in a Large Capital City in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Kleisson Antonio Pontes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Viana de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mariano</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael da Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Viana de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Kleisson Antonio Pontes Maia</bold>, Rua Romano Stochiero, 27/702. Postal Code: 30130-120, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>kleissonpmaia@gmail.com</email>, <email>kleisson@clinicaunice.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Author contributions</label>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Maia KAP, Malachias MVB. Acquisition of data: Maia KAP, Paiva IV, Mariano RM, Paiva RV. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Maia KAP, Malachias MVB. Statistical analysis: Maia KAP. Obtaining financing: Maia KAP. Writing of the manuscript: Maia KAP, Malachias MVB. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Maia KAP, Malachias MVB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>100</fpage>
      <lpage>108</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hypertension is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Technical quality of sphygmomanometers is a prerequisite for the correct measurement of arterial pressure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate sphygmomanometers available in emergency services in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We performed a cross-sectional, observational, non-interventional study to evaluate characteristics of the sphygmomanometers available in adult emergency services of public and private hospitals in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. We evaluated 337 sphygmomanometers of 25 hospitals - 15 (of 16) public hospitals and 10 (of 12) private hospitals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Twenty-six percent (88/337) of devices were considered inadequate regarding the INMETRO (National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology) standards, 39.2% (132/337) for calibration dates, and 54% (188/337) for the mismatching between cuff's and device's brands. In 13 of 25 hospitals (52%), there were no spare cuffs in different sizes for different arm circumferences. Higher adequacy was found for aneroid and mercury sphygmomanometers used in private hospitals (p = 0.038 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively) and electronic devices used in public hospitals (p &lt; 0.001) compared with others.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Seventy-eight percent of sphygmomanometers available in emergency services had technical inadequacies, and half of these services had no spare cuffs in different sizes available. These findings serve as a warning of the conditions of the equipment used in healthcare services provided to the general population in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Sphygmomanometers</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Medical Services</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitals, Public</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitals, Private</kwd>
        <kwd>Equipment Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a multifactorial clinical condition diagnosed and characterized by sustained increased arterial pressure (AP) levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> SAH affects nearly 30% of adult population,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and is considered as the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, which in turn are the major cause of deaths in Brazil and in the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Significant increases in AP is responsible for approximately 3% of emergency room admissions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Patients are considered hypertensive if they have a hypertensive urgency or emergency at their medical visit.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> AP measurements should be performed in every clinical assessment by a physician or other healthcare professionals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> However, although simple and easy to perform, determination of AP is not always conducted as recommended. A correct measurement of AP, crucial for diagnostic and decision-making processes, is determined by proper functioning of sphygmomanometer and use of appropriate technique,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> which involves determination of arm circumference and selection of appropriate blood pressure cuff size.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The arm circumference/cuff width ratio must be of 0.40, and bladder length should be of 80-100% of arm circumference.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>.</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Standard bladder should be 12-13 cm wide and 35 cm long, and larger and smaller bladders should be available for large and thin arms, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Measurements can be performed either indirectly, by auscultatory method and use of aneroid sphygmomanometer, or by oscillometric technique, using a semi-automated device.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> All devices should be validated and calibrated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study was designed to assess the quality of AP measurement devices used at emergency care units in the city of Belo Horizonte, which is the sixth most populated city in Brazil, with more than 2.5 million inhabitants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> It aimed to evaluate sphygmomanometers available at adult emergency care services of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Outcome measures were parameters directly related to the quality of AP measurements - validation by the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO), availability of blood pressure cuffs in different sizes, conditions of their components - bulb, hose, hook and loop closures (Velcro and hooks), manometer, mercury column, valve - calibration, and adequacy between sphygmomanometer and cuff brands. Also, the study aimed to compare sphygmomanometers and components available at public and private adult emergency services.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was an observational, non-interventional study. After obtaining approval from clinical or technical directors of the institutions, and informed consent from participants, a questionnaire on the outcome measures of this study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) was administered to physicians, nurses and administrative staff members of emergency care services of public and private hospitals in Belo Horizonte. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais (certificate of submission: 35484614.9.0000.5134; certificate of approval: 846.017, 10/19/2014).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Questionnaire</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="100%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Questionnaire</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Do the sphygmomanometers available at the service belong to the institution or to the physicians/nurses?<break/>( ) institution ( ) professionals ( ) both</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">How many sphygmomanometers are available at the emergency department, considering triage, consultation and observation rooms?</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">What type of sphygmomanometer is available at the emergency department of this hospital/institution? <break/>( ) aneroid ( ) electronic ( ) <break/>mercuryQuantity, brands and models:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">In addition to standard cuffs, are there different sized cuffs available at the service? <break/>( ) no ( ) yes - available number, brands and sizes </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Is there an adequacy between cuff and device? ( ) yes ( ) no</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Are the sphygmomanometers regularly calibrated? ( ) yes ( ) no<break/>Date of last calibration:</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After the questionnaires were filled out by participants, the investigators evaluated all AP measurement devices available in participating hospitals. A calibration interval of up to one year was considered adequate, based on the date when calibration was last performed (printed on the equipment or informed by the emergency service). Bulb and hose conditions were considered adequate when no damage or difficulty in manipulation was detected. Manometers and mercury columns should have numbers and pointers starting at zero and in perfect conditions during inflation and disinflation. Hook and loop closures should be in good conditions, with Velcros with good stickiness. Valves should be intact and easily manipulated during inflation and disinflation. INMETRO certificate seal should be present in every device. Data were collected from January to August 2015.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Both public and private hospitals offering emergency care services for the general population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Hospitals that did not accept to participate in the study, hospitals whose emergency services are not open for the general population, and specialized hospitals (maternity, pediatric, psychiatric hospitals, otolaryngology, ophthalmology and orthopedics emergencies).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>According to information provided by the Medical Board of Minas Gerais, 16 public hospitals and 12 private hospitals that met the inclusion criteria were identified.</p>
        <p>For sample calculation, we used the following equation</p>
        <p>
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        <p>Where</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="cols">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="80%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="left">Meaning</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">n</td>
                <td align="left">Sample size</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">a</td>
                <td align="left">Probability of type I error </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">b</td>
                <td align="left">Probability of type II error</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">z<sub>a/2</sub></td>
                <td align="left">(1-a) percentile from the standard normal distribution </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p1</td>
                <td align="left">Estimate of proportion (of variable of interest) in group 1; if unknown, p<sub>1</sub> = 0.5 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p2</td>
                <td align="left">Estimate of proportion (of variable of interest) in group 2; if unknown, p<sub>2</sub> = 0.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N1</td>
                <td align="left">Group 1 population size</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N2</td>
                <td align="left">Group 2 population size</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
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                                    <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                                    <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                                    <mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
                                    <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                                    <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                                    <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                                    <mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
                                    <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                                    <mml:mn>12</mml:mn>
                                  </mml:mrow>
                                </mml:mfenced>
                              </mml:mrow>
                            </mml:mfenced>
                            <mml:msup>
                              <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                                <mml:mrow>
                                  <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                                  <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                                  <mml:mn>96</mml:mn>
                                  <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                                  <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                                  <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                                  <mml:mn>84</mml:mn>
                                </mml:mrow>
                              </mml:mfenced>
                              <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                            </mml:msup>
                          </mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>16</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>12</mml:mn>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:mfenced>
                        </mml:mfrac>
                        <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mn>14</mml:mn>
                      </mml:mtd>
                    </mml:mtr>
                  </mml:mtable>
                </mml:mstyle>
              </mml:semantics>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
        </p>
        <p>A minimum of 14 (6 private and 8 public, according to proportionality) should be randomly selected. A level of significance of 5% (z = 1.96), estimate of proportion of 0.5 (since p1 and p2 were unknown), and probability of type II (b) error of 20% (z = 0.84) were adopted.</p>
        <p>First, descriptive analysis was used to characterize the sample; qualitative variables were described in absolute and relative frequencies. The sample was stratified by type of hospital (public/private). The chi-squared test was used to compare characteristics of sphygmomanometers used in public emergency services with those used in private emergency ones. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Analysis was performed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software, version 20.0, 2012.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 337 sphygmomanometers used in 25 emergency care services (15 out the 16 public hospitals, and 10 of the 12 private hospitals) in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, were assessed. One hundred and ninety-seven sphygmomanometers (120 from public hospitals and 77 from private hospitals) were of aneroid type, 134 were electronic (98 from public hospitals and 36 from private hospitals), and 6 (1 from a public hospital and 5 from private hospitals) of mercury column type (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). With respect to the quality of device components, high percentage of bulb and hose (96.4%, 325/337), valve (98.8%, 333/337), hook and loop closures (92%, 310/337), and manometers and mercury columns (97.5%, 198/203) were considered adequate. For the last item (manometers and mercury columns, electronic sphygmomanometers were not included in the analysis. INMETRO certificate seal was detected in 74% (49/337) of the instruments, and was more frequently absent in electronic devices compared with manual ones.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Types of sphygmomanometers available at adult emergency care services in Belo Horizonte, Brazil</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Devices</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Public hospitals</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Private hospitals</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aneroid</td>
              <td align="center">120 (61%)</td>
              <td align="center">77 (39%)</td>
              <td align="center">197 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Electronic </td>
              <td align="center">98 (73%)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (27%)</td>
              <td align="center">134 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mercury column </td>
              <td align="center">1 (17%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (83%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">219 (65%)</td>
              <td align="center">118 (35%)</td>
              <td align="center">337 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A calibration date indicating an interval of less than one year elapsed from the last inspection was found in 60.8% (205/337) of the sphygmomanometers. Adequacy between sphygmomanometer and cuff brands was observed in 45.7% (154/337) of the devices (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). If all quality parameters of the components were simultaneously analyzed, only 21.6% (73/337) of them were in adequate conditions, i.e., 78.4% had one or more quality parameter or component considered as inadequate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Adequacy of sphygmomanometers' components and quality outcome measures</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Components</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Adequacy of aneroid devices</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Adequacy of electronic devices</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Adequacy of mercury devices</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bulb / Hose</td>
              <td align="center">185/197 (93.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">134/134 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">325/337 (96.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valve</td>
              <td align="center">193/197 (98%)</td>
              <td align="center">134/134 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">333/337 (98.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Manometer / Mercury Column</td>
              <td align="center">192/197 (97.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">198/203 (97.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Velcro / Hooks</td>
              <td align="center">173/197 (87.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">131/134 (97.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">310/337 (92%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">INMETRO certificate</td>
              <td align="center">188/197 (95.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">55/134 (41%)</td>
              <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">249/337 (74%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calibration</td>
              <td align="center">109/197 (55.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">91/134 (67.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">5/6 (83.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">205/337 (60.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequacy between cuffs' and devices' brands </td>
              <td align="center">86/197 (43.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">66/134 (49.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">2/6 (33.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">154/337 (45.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sphygmomanometers considered adequate for all components and quality parameters ' </td>
              <td align="center">44/197 (22.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">27/134 (20.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">2/6 (33.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">73/337 (21.6%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sphygmomanometers considered adequate for both components and quality outcome measures</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Public hospital</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Private hospital</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aneroid</td>
              <td align="center">19/120 (15.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">25/77 (32.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">44/197 (22.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.038</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Electronic</td>
              <td align="center">27/98 (27.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0/36 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">27/134 (20.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mercury column</td>
              <td align="center">0/1 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">2/5 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">2/6 (33.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">46/219 (21%)</td>
              <td align="center">27/118 (23%)</td>
              <td align="center">73/337 (21.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.896</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In 52% (13/25) of the hospitals, there were no spare cuffs in different sizes in addition to the standard ones (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). Significant differences were found in comparisons of sphygmomanometers and components available at public emergency services with those of private services. First, there was a better matching of cuffs' with sphygmomanometers' brands in aneroid and mercury devices of private hospitals than those of public institutions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hospitals with spare cuffs in different sizes in addition to standard cuffs</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Spare, different sized cuffs</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Yes</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">No</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Public hospital </td>
              <td align="center">6 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (60%)</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.428</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Private hospital </td>
              <td align="center">6 (60%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Adequacy between cuffs' and manometers' brands </title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Public hospital</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Private hospital</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aneroid</td>
              <td align="center">44/120 (36.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">42/77 (54.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">86/197 (43.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Electronic</td>
              <td align="center">48/98 (49%)</td>
              <td align="center">18/36 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center">66/134 (49.3%) </td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mercury column</td>
              <td align="center">0/1 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">2/5 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">2/6 (33.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In addition, private hospitals showed better maintenance of aneroid sphygmomanometers in terms of calibration periodicity (p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>). INMETRO certificate seal was found in only 41% (55/134) of electronic devices, and yet in a significantly higher frequency in private hospitals than in public (p = 0.002) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>). When sphygmomanometer components - bulb, hose, valve, manometer or mercury column, Velcro and hooks - of aneroid, electronic and mercury devices were grouped, there was no statistically significant difference between public and private hospitals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 8</xref>). When all outcome measures (related to quality and components) were simultaneously assessed, a high degree of inadequacy was seen in all types of sphygmomanometers (78.4%, 264/337) in both public and private hospitals. However, higher adequacy of aneroid (p = 0.038) and mercury (p &lt; 0.001) sphygmomanometers was observed in private hospitals, whereas higher adequacy of electronic devices was seen in public hospitals (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t7">
        <label>Table 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Adequacy of sphygmomanometers for calibration and INMETRO (National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology) certificate</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Public hospital</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Private hospital</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calibration of aneroid devices</td>
              <td align="center">50/120 (41.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">59/77 (76.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">109/197 (55.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calibration of electronic devices</td>
              <td align="center">68/98 (69.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">23/36 (63.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">91/134 (67.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.540</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calibration of mercury column </td>
              <td align="center">0/1 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">5/5 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">5/6 (83.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.167</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aneroid devices, INMETRO certificate</td>
              <td align="center">116/120 (96.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">72/77 (93.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">188/197 (95.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.317</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Electronic devices, INMETRO certificate</td>
              <td align="center">50/98 (51%)</td>
              <td align="center">29/36 (80.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">55/134 (41%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mercury column, INMETRO certificate</td>
              <td align="center">1/1 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">5/5 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t8">
        <label>Table 8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Adequacy of the quality of sphygmomanometers' components in public and private hospitals</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Public hospital</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Private hospital</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bulb / Hose - aneroid devices </td>
              <td align="center">110/120 (91.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">75/77 (97.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">185/197 (93.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.131</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valve - aneroid devices </td>
              <td align="center">118/120 (98.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">75/77 (97.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">193/197 (98%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.645</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Manometer - aneroid devices</td>
              <td align="center">117/120 (97.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">75/77 (97.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">192/197 (97.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Velcro / Hooks - aneroid devices</td>
              <td align="center">101/120 (84.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">72/77 (93.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">173/197 (87.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.073</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bulb / Hose - electronic devices </td>
              <td align="center">98/98 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">36/36 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">134/134 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valve - electronic devices </td>
              <td align="center">98/98 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">36/36 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">134/134 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Manometer - electronic devices</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Velcro / Hooks - electronic devices</td>
              <td align="center">97/98 (99%)</td>
              <td align="center">34/36 (94.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">131/134 (97.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.176</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bulb / Hose - mercury devices </td>
              <td align="center">1/1 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">5/5 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valve - mercury devices</td>
              <td align="center">1/1 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">5/5 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mercury column - mercury devices</td>
              <td align="center">1/1 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">5/5 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Velcro / Hooks - mercury devices</td>
              <td align="center">1/1 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">5/5 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Spare cuffs for different arm circumferences were available in 60% (6/10) of private hospitals and 40% (6/15) of public hospitals, with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.428) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). With respect to portability, 84% (165/197) of devices were trolley-mounted, 10% (20/197) were wall-mounted and 6% (12/197) were portable (manual). Regarding electronic equipment, 98.5% (132/135) were integrated into a multi-parameter monitor and used at the patients' bedside, and only 1.5% (2/134) was portable, trolley-mounted devices. Six mercury sphygmomanometers were assessed, 67% (4/6) of them trolley-mounted and 33% (2/6) wall-mounted.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our study showed that 78.4% (264/337) of sphygmomanometers used in adult emergency services in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, showed some degree of inadequacy in one or more components/quality parameter evaluated. Besides, there were no spare cuffs available for different arm circumferences in 52% (13/25) of the services. Technical quality of sphygmomanometers is a <italic>sine qua non</italic> for the correct AP measurement. Our study showed that date of last calibration was not updated for more than one year in 39.2% (132/337) of the equipment, which was more common in public hospitals than in private ones. In a computer simulation study, after three blood pressure measurements, uncalibrated sphygmomanometers caused 20% of all undetected systolic hypertension and 28% of all undetected diastolic hypertension. Also, they were responsible for 15 and 31% of falsely detected systolic and diastolic hypertension, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A study by Serafim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> conducted in Brazilian hospitals showed that 56.2% of the 162 sphygmomanometers examined were uncalibrated. Turner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> pointed out the necessity of having all sphygmomanometers calibrated annually, and suggested a 6-month calibration interval for aneroid sphygmomanometers to decrease the occurrence of errors in blood pressure measurements. A study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> conducted in a large British hospital assessed 127 devices (18 mercury, 62 aneroid and 47 automatic), and showed that 25% of them were uncalibrated. The INMETRO's decree number 46, issued on January 22, 2016,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> states that all sphygmomanometers should be calibrated annually by one of the members of the Brazilian Association of Legal Metrology and Quality. This calibration periodicity is also recommended by the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, there was a mismatch between device's and cuff's brands in 54.3% (183/337) of the sphygmomanometers, and there was no evidence that the device and cuff combinations used in the service had been approved by INMETRO. This was more frequently observed in public than in private hospitals. In 2013, Shaw et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> demonstrated that replacement of original (manufacturer-supplied) cuffs with others led to underestimation of AP measurements. Although one third of patients had poorly controlled hypertension, they were erroneously considered normotensive after using substitute cuffs. The authors concluded that sphygmomanometer cuffs are not interchangeable between devices of different brands. The INMETRO approves the use of specific cuffs for specific manometers regarding brands and models, and determines that, if a cuff of electronic devices had been previously used with equipment of different brands, this brand/model combination should be clearly informed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> There has been a strong recommendation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> on replacement of mercury column sphygmomanometers with others due to high risk of toxicity and environmental contamination. However, its use is still approved by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency. This type of sphygmomanometer accounted for 1.7% (6/337) of all equipment evaluated in this study.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, in our study, nearly half of hospitals, including public and private ones, did not have spare, different size cuffs in the emergency rooms. The importance using correct cuffs for different arm circumferences has been shown by several authors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and is an essential prerequisite for proper measurement of AP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A cuff smaller than the arm circumference overestimates, whereas larger cuffs underestimates AP measurements.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A study analyzing scientific papers published in Brazilian journals reported that 64% of the studies did not mention the sizes of the cuffs or their adequacies to arm circumferences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A study conducted in a teaching hospital in Sao Paulo state showed that using an arm circumference to cuff width ratio of 0.4, more than 50% of patients required a cuff smaller than 12 cm and 22% a larger one. The study showed that the standard sized cuff was adequate for only 17% of participants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Similarly, Freitas et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> found that only 50% of patients used adequately sized cuffs, since standard cuffs were the only available ones at public health centers. The unavailability of cuffs for different arm circumferences is still a challenge faced by healthcare providers, and this scenario was also found in emergency care units in Belo Horizonte.</p>
      <p>The INMETRO also recommends that every cuff, even if not in use, should be inspected once a year, counting from the date of last acquisition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> We found that 26% of the cuffs did not have the INMETRO seal, which is required by the technical metrology regulations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In Europe and the United States, devices are released for use after being submitted and approved by validation studies, according to the standards issued by the British Hypertension Society,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and the European Society of Hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dableducational.org/sphygmomanometers/devices_2_sbpm.html"><italic>http://www.dableducational.org/sphygmomanometers/devices_2_sbpm.html</italic></ext-link>) e <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bhsoc/"><italic>http://www.bhsoc.org/bp_monitors/automatic.stm</italic></ext-link>.</p>
      <p>The INMETRO requires that every manufacturer presents a clinical trial on the use of the sphygmomanometer, conducted according to international guidelines, as a prerequisite for approval for use in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> On the dableducational.org website, we did not find any review of the models available in our study. Taking into account all components and quality parameters, we found a high percentage of inadequacy (78%) of devices, especially due to lack of regular calibration or INMETRO certificate, and mismatching between cuff's and device's brands.</p>
      <p>This study has some limitations. Due to the observational nature of the study, we and could not test and confirm the calibration status or the adequacy between cuffs and sphygmomanometers, which were verified by date of last calibration (or its absence) and the brands of components, respectively. Besides, the small number of mercury sphygmomanometers makes the comparison with other types difficult.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Most of sphygmomanometers available at adult emergency care services of the hospitals included in the study in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, were considered inadequate for use. Their general conditions should be improved, particularly in terms of regular calibration, availability of spare cuffs for different arm circumferences, and compatibility between cuffs and manometers.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="presented-at">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Kleisson Antonio Pontes Maia, from Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Kleisson Antonio Pontes Maia</bold>, Rua Romano Stochiero, 27/702. CEP: 30130-120, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>kleissonpmaia@gmail.com</email>, <email>kleisson@clinicaunice.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Maia KAP, Malachias MVB. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Maia KAP, Paiva IV, Mariano RM, Paiva RV.An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Maia KAP, Malachias MVB. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Maia KAP. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Maia KAP. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Maia KAP, Malachias MVB. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Maia KAP, Malachias MVB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; o principal fator de risco cardiovascular. A qualidade t&#233;cnica dos esfigmoman&#244;metros &#233; condi&#231;&#227;o fundamental para obten&#231;&#227;o da correta medida da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o perfil dos esfigmoman&#244;metros dispon&#237;veis nos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncias de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Realizamos um estudo transversal, observacional e n&#227;o intervencionista para avaliar o perfil dos esfigmoman&#244;metros dispon&#237;veis nos prontos atendimentos de adultos de hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados do munic&#237;pio de Belo Horizonte. Avaliamos 337 aparelhos de 25 hospitais, sendo 15 p&#250;blicos (do total de 16) e 10 privados (do total de 12).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram observadas inadequa&#231;&#245;es dos equipamentos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; valida&#231;&#227;o pelo Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia - INMETRO, em 26% (88/337) dos equipamentos; calibra&#231;&#227;o vencida em 39% (132/337) e n&#227;o correspond&#234;ncia de marca aparelho/bra&#231;adeira em 54% (188/337). Em 13 dos 25 hospitais (52%), n&#227;o havia disponibilidade de manguitos para bra&#231;os de diferentes tamanhos al&#233;m do padr&#227;o. Houve superioridade de adequa&#231;&#227;o dos aparelhos aneroides e de merc&#250;rio dos hospitais privados (p = 0,038 e p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente) e dos eletr&#244;nicos nos p&#250;blicos (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Conclui-se que 78% dos esfigmoman&#244;metros dispon&#237;veis nos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia/emerg&#234;ncia de uma das maiores capitais brasileiras apresentavam inadequa&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas, e em metade dos servi&#231;os n&#227;o havia manguitos de diferentes tamanhos. Tal fato representa um alerta para a situa&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos dispon&#237;veis para atendimento da popula&#231;&#227;o no pa&#237;s.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfigmoman&#244;metros</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos de Emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitais P&#250;blicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitais Privados</kwd>
        <kwd>Falha de Equipamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica multifatorial caracterizada e diagnosticada por n&#237;veis elevados e sustentados de press&#227;o arterial (PA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A HAS acomete cerca de 30% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e &#233; considerada como o principal fator de risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares que, por sua vez, s&#227;o a maior causa de mortes no Brasil e no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Estima-se que 3% de todas as consultas em salas de emerg&#234;ncias decorram de eleva&#231;&#245;es significativas da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um dos requisitos para se considerar o paciente hipertenso &#233;, quando em sua visita inicial, uma medida casual da PA revelar um quadro de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A medi&#231;&#227;o da PA deve ser realizada em toda avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica por m&#233;dicos ou demais profissionais da sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Os procedimentos para a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o simples e de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o, mas nem sempre realizados da forma preconizada. A obten&#231;&#227;o da correta medida da press&#227;o arterial, necess&#225;ria ao diagn&#243;stico e decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, &#233; determinada pelas condi&#231;&#245;es adequadas de funcionamento do esfigmoman&#244;metro e o emprego de t&#233;cnica apropriada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Entre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a medi&#231;&#227;o da PA, deve-se obter a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o e selecionar o manguito de tamanho mais adequado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A raz&#227;o circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o/largura do manguito deve ser de 0,40. O comprimento da bra&#231;adeira deve circundar de 80 a 100% a circunfer&#234;ncia braquial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O manguito padr&#227;o deve ter 12 a 13 cm de largura e 35 cm de comprimento, sendo necess&#225;ria a disponibilidade de bra&#231;adeiras maiores e menores para bra&#231;os de maior e menor circunfer&#234;ncia, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A medi&#231;&#227;o pode ser realizada pelo m&#233;todo indireto, com t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria e uso de esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide, ou pela t&#233;cnica oscilom&#233;trica, com uso de um aparelho semi-autom&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Os equipamentos devem ser validados e calibrados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O presente estudo foi idealizado para avaliar a qualidade dos equipamentos de medi&#231;&#227;o da PA utilizados nos servi&#231;os de Pronto Atendimento do munic&#237;pio de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, cidade de mais de 2,5 milh&#245;es de habitantes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> considerada a sexta cidade mais populosa do Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar esfigmoman&#244;metros dispon&#237;veis nos servi&#231;os de pronto atendimento de adultos no munic&#237;pio de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com &#234;nfase nos elementos implicados na qualidade da medi&#231;&#227;o da PA: valida&#231;&#227;o pelo INMETRO (Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia), disponibilidade de diferentes tamanhos de manguitos, conserva&#231;&#227;o geral de seus componentes (p&#234;ra, borracha, velcro ou pinos, man&#244;metro, coluna de merc&#250;rio, v&#225;lvula), calibra&#231;&#227;o e adequa&#231;&#227;o entre a marca do esfigmoman&#244;metro e a da bra&#231;adeira. Ainda, comparar esfigmoman&#244;metros dispon&#237;veis nos servi&#231;os de pronto atendimento de adultos dos hospitais da rede p&#250;blica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos hospitais da rede privada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional e n&#227;o intervencionista. Um question&#225;rio sobre os quesitos avaliados no estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 1</xref>) foi aplicado aos respons&#225;veis, enfermeiros ou m&#233;dicos dos diferentes prontos atendimentos de adultos de hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados de Belo Horizonte. Antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o dos question&#225;rios, foram obtidas concord&#226;ncia e assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido pelos participantes, e autoriza&#231;&#227;o dos diretores t&#233;cnicos ou cl&#237;nicos de cada institui&#231;&#227;o. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo CEP - Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, CAAE: 35484614.9.0000.5134; n&#250;mero do parecer: 846.017, de 19/10/2014.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Question&#225;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Question&#225;rio</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Os esfigmoman&#244;metros s&#227;o pr&#243;prios da institui&#231;&#227;o ou pertencem aos m&#233;dicos / enfermeiros?<break/>( ) institui&#231;&#227;o ( ) pr&#243;prio do profissional ( ) misto</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Considerando sala de triagem, consult&#243;rios de atendimento e sala de observa&#231;&#227;o, quantos esfigmoman&#244;tros est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no setor de <break/>Pronto Atendimento?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No servi&#231;o de Pronto Atendimento deste hospital/institui&#231;&#227;o qual tipo de esfigmoman&#244;metro est&#225; dispon&#237;vel?<break/>( ) aneroide ( ) eletr&#244;nico ( ) merc&#250;rio<break/>Quantidade, marcas e modelos:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">H&#225; disponibilidade de bra&#231;adeiras de diferentes tamanhos al&#233;m do padr&#227;o?<break/>( ) n&#227;o ( ) sim - qual a quantidade, marcas e tamanhos dispon&#237;veis?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Existe adequa&#231;&#227;o da bra&#231;adeira/equipamento? ( ) sim ( ) n&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Os esfimoman&#244;metros s&#227;o calibrados regularmente? ( ) sim ( ) n&#227;o<break/>Data da &#250;ltima calibra&#231;&#227;o:</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o preenchimento do question&#225;rio pelos participantes, era realizada, pelos autores, a inspe&#231;&#227;o direta de todos os aparelhos dispon&#237;veis nos hospitais participantes. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; calibra&#231;&#227;o, foi considerado adequado o prazo de at&#233; 1 ano da data da inspe&#231;&#227;o impressa no aparelho ou dispon&#237;vel no pronto atendimento. As p&#234;ras e borrachas foram consideradas adequadas quando n&#227;o apresentavam dificuldade em seu manuseio e n&#227;o estavam danificadas. Os man&#244;metros e colunas de merc&#250;rio deveriam estar com os n&#250;meros e/ou ponteiros &#237;ntegros, iniciando com o marcador no zero e n&#227;o apresentando anormalidades durante a fase de insufla&#231;&#227;o e desinsufla&#231;&#227;o. Os pinos deveriam estar em bom estado de uso, &#237;ntegros, e os velcros com boa adesividade. As v&#225;lvulas deveriam estar &#237;ntegras e facilmente manuse&#225;veis nas fases de insufla&#231;&#227;o e desinsufla&#231;&#227;o. O selo do INMETRO deveria estar presente em cada aparelho avaliado. Os dados foram coletados entre janeiro e agosto de 2015.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Hospitais p&#250;blicos ou privados que possu&#237;am servi&#231;o de Pronto Atendimento aberto &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o adulta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>A n&#227;o aceita&#231;&#227;o do hospital em participar da pesquisa, hospitais com pronto atendimento n&#227;o destinados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de forma geral, e hospitais especializados, tais como maternidades, hospitais pedi&#225;tricos, psiqui&#225;tricos, urg&#234;ncias otorrinolaringol&#243;gicas, oftalmol&#243;gicas e ortop&#233;dicas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A partir de informa&#231;&#245;es fornecidas pelo Conselho Regional de Medicina de Minas Gerais, foram identificados 16 hospitais da rede p&#250;blica e 12 da rede privada com os perfis de pronto atendimento desejados para o estudo no referido munic&#237;pio.</p>
          <p>Para o c&#225;lculo amostral utilizamos a seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
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          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t18">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="cols">
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                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="80%"/>
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              <thead>
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                  <th align="left">Nota&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left">Representa</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <italic>n</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left">Tamanho da amostra</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">a</td>
                  <td align="left">Probabilidade de erro tipo I</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">b</td>
                  <td align="left">Probabilidade de erro tipo II</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">z<sub>a/2</sub></td>
                  <td align="left">Percentil de ordem (1-a) da distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana padr&#227;o </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">p1</td>
                  <td align="left">Estimativa da propor&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel de interesse do grupo 1, quando desconhecida p<sub>1</sub> = 0,5 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">p2</td>
                  <td align="left">Estimativa da propor&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel de interesse do grupo 2, quando desconhecida p<sub>2</sub> = 0,5 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N1</td>
                  <td align="left">Tamanho da popula&#231;&#227;o do grupo 1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N2</td>
                  <td align="left">Tamanho da popula&#231;&#227;o do grupo 2</td>
                </tr>
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            </disp-formula>
          </p>
          <p>De acordo com o c&#225;lculo amostral, deveria ser selecionado, aleatoriamente, um m&#237;nimo de 14 hospitais, sendo 6 da rede privada e 8 da rede p&#250;blica, de acordo com a proporcionalidade. Para o c&#225;lculo, usamos um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (z = 1,96), a estimativa da propor&#231;&#227;o, por ser desconhecida, 0,5 e a probabilidade do erro tipo II (&#946;) de 20% (z = 0,84).</p>
          <p>Em um primeiro momento, usamos os recursos da estat&#237;stica descritiva para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos esfigmoman&#244;metros, as vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa. A amostra foi estratificada por tipo de hospital (p&#250;blico/privado). Para comparar as caracter&#237;sticas dos esfigmoman&#244;metros dispon&#237;veis nos hospitais da rede p&#250;blica daqueles dispon&#237;veis em hospitais da rede privada, utilizamos o teste qui-quadrado. Para todos os testes estat&#237;sticos utilizados consideramos um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no software estat&#237;stico SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), vers&#227;o 20.0, 2012.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados 337 esfigmoman&#244;metros de 25 servi&#231;os de Pronto Atendimento hospitalares do munic&#237;pio de Belo Horizonte, MG, sendo 15 da rede p&#250;blica (do total de 16) e 10 da rede privada (do total de 12). Do total, 197 aparelhos eram aneroides (120 na rede p&#250;blica e 77 na rede privada), 134 eletr&#244;nicos (98 na rede p&#250;blica e 36 na rede privada) e 6 de coluna de merc&#250;rio (1 na rede p&#250;blica e 5 na rede privada) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tipos de esfigmoman&#244;metros dispon&#237;veis nos Prontos Atendimentos de Belo Horizonte, MG</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Aparelhos</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hospital P&#250;blico</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hospital Privado</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aneroides</td>
                <td align="center">120 (61%)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (39%)</td>
                <td align="center">197 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eletr&#244;nicos</td>
                <td align="center">98 (73%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">134 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coluna de Merc&#250;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (83%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">219 (65%)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">337 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; qualidade de seus componentes, encontramos altas taxas de adequa&#231;&#227;o para as p&#234;ras e borrachas (96,4%, 325/337), v&#225;lvulas (98,8%, 333/337), velcros ou pinos (92%, 310/337); man&#244;metros e coluna de merc&#250;rio (97,5%, 198/203). Para esse &#250;ltimo item, foram exclu&#237;dos aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos. O selo do INMETRO foi evidenciado em 74% (249/337) dos aparelhos, sendo que sua aus&#234;ncia foi observada principalmente nos eletr&#244;nicos.</p>
        <p>A data de calibra&#231;&#227;o, com intervalo m&#225;ximo inferior a um ano da data de inspe&#231;&#227;o, estava presente em 60,8% (205/337) dos aparelhos e houve adequa&#231;&#227;o da marca da bra&#231;adeira usada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; marca do esfigmoman&#244;metro em 45,7% (154/337) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 3</xref>). Quando consideramos, simultaneamente, todos os componentes e par&#226;metros de qualidade analisados, observa-se que apenas 21,6% (73/337) estavam adequados, ou seja, 78,4% (264/337) apresentavam pelo menos um par&#226;metro ou componente do conjunto do esfigmoman&#244;metro inadequado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adequa&#231;&#227;o dos componentes dos esfigmoman&#244;metros e par&#226;metros de qualidade avaliados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Componentes</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Adequa&#231;&#227;o nos Aparelhos Aneroides</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Adequa&#231;&#227;o nos Aparelhos Eletr&#244;nicos</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Adequa&#231;&#227;o nos Aparelhos de Merc&#250;rio</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P&#234;ra / Borracha</td>
                <td align="center">185/197 (93,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">134/134 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">325/337 (96,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">V&#225;lvula</td>
                <td align="center">193/197 (98%)</td>
                <td align="center">134/134 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">333/337 (98,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Man&#244;metro / Coluna de Merc&#250;rio</td>
                <td align="center">192/197 (97,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">198/203 (97.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velcro / Pinos</td>
                <td align="center">173/197 (87,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">131/134 (97,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">310/337 (92%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Selo do INMETRO</td>
                <td align="center">188/197 (95,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">55/134 (41%)</td>
                <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">249/337 (74%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calibra&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">109/197 (55,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">91/134 (67,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/6 (83,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">205/337 (60,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequa&#231;&#227;o das marcas de bra&#231;adeiras/ equipamentos</td>
                <td align="center">86/197 (43,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">66/134 (49,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2/6 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">154/337 (45,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aparelhos que, simultaneamente, apresentavam adequa&#231;&#227;o em todos os componentes e par&#226;metros de qualidade avaliados</td>
                <td align="center">44/197 (22,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">27/134 (20,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2/6 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">73/337 (21,6%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t13">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Esfigmoman&#244;metros de hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados, que, simultaneamente, apresentavam adequa&#231;&#227;o de todos os componentes e par&#226;metros de qualidade avaliados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hospital P&#250;blico</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hospital Privado</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aneroides</td>
                <td align="center">19/120 (15,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">25/77 (32,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">44/197 (22,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eletr&#244;nicos</td>
                <td align="center">27/98 (27,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0/36 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">27/134 (20,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coluna de Merc&#250;rio</td>
                <td align="center">0/1 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2/5 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">2/6 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">46/219 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">27/118 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">73/337 (21,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,896</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Cinquenta e dois por cento (13/25) dos hospitais n&#227;o possu&#237;am bra&#231;adeiras extras de diferentes tamanhos dispon&#237;veis, al&#233;m do padr&#227;o, para uso no setor de urg&#234;ncias e emerg&#234;ncias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 5</xref>). Quando comparamos os aparelhos dispon&#237;veis nos servi&#231;os de pronto atendimento de hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados, observamos diferen&#231;as significativas. Os aparelhos aneroides e de merc&#250;rio dos hospitais privados apresentaram maior combina&#231;&#227;o de marcas das bra&#231;adeiras e esfigmoman&#244;metros que os equipamentos dos servi&#231;os p&#250;blicos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Tabela 6</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, os hospitais privados apresentaram maior &#237;ndice de adequa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; data de calibra&#231;&#227;o dos aparelhos aneroides (p &lt; 0,001). Neste quesito, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos e de merc&#250;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Tabela 7</xref>). Evidenciamos a presen&#231;a do selo do INMETRO em apenas 41% (55/134) dos aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos. Ainda assim, nesse par&#226;metro, os hospitais privados tiveram superioridade, com relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos hospitais da rede p&#250;blica (p =0,002) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Tabela 7</xref>). Ao agruparmos os componentes pera, borracha, v&#225;lvula, man&#244;metro ou coluna de merc&#250;rio, velcro ou pinos dos aparelhos aneroides, eletr&#244;nicos e de merc&#250;rio, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t17">Tabela 8</xref>). Ao analisarmos simultaneamente todos os requisitos de qualidade e componentes dos esfigmoman&#244;metros avaliados neste estudo, constatamos uma grande inadequa&#231;&#227;o em todos os tipos de aparelhos (78,4%, 264/337), tanto nos hospitais p&#250;blicos quanto nos privados. Os hospitais da rede privada, entretanto, mostraram maior adequa&#231;&#227;o que os hospitais da rede p&#250;blica na an&#225;lise dos aparelhos aneroides (p = 0,038) e nos aparelhos de merc&#250;rio (p &lt; 0,001); os hospitais p&#250;blicos mostraram maior adequa&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise dos aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t14">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hospitais que dispunham de bra&#231;adeiras extras de diferentes tamanhos al&#233;m do padr&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Bra&#231;adeiras extras de diferentes tamanhos</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sim</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hospital P&#250;blico</td>
                <td align="center">6 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,428</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hospital Privado</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t15">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adequa&#231;&#227;o das marcas das bra&#231;adeiras usadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s marcas dos esfigmoman&#244;metros</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hospital P&#250;blico</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hospital Privado</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aneroides</td>
                <td align="center">44/120 (36,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">42/77 (54,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">86/197 (43,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eletr&#244;nicos</td>
                <td align="center">48/98 (49%)</td>
                <td align="center">18/36 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">66/134 (49,3%) </td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coluna de Merc&#250;rio</td>
                <td align="center">0/1(0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2/5 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">2/6 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t16">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adequa&#231;&#227;o dos esfigmoman&#244;metros em rela&#231;&#227;o a calibra&#231;&#227;o e presen&#231;a de selo do INMETRO (Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hospital P&#250;blico</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hospital Privado</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calibra&#231;&#227;o Aparelhos Aneroides</td>
                <td align="center">50/120 (41,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">59/77 (76,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">109/197 (55,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calibra&#231;&#227;o Aparelhos Eletr&#244;nicos</td>
                <td align="center">68/98 (69,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">23/36 (63,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">91/134 (67,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,540</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calibra&#231;&#227;o Coluna de Merc&#250;rio</td>
                <td align="center">0/1 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/5 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/6 (83,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,167</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">INMETRO Aparelhos Aneroides</td>
                <td align="center">116/120 (96,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">72/77 (93,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">188/197 (95,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,317</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">INMETRO Aparelhos Eletr&#244;nicos</td>
                <td align="center">50/98 (51%)</td>
                <td align="center">29/36 (80,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">55/134 (41%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">INMETRO Coluna de Merc&#250;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1/1 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/5 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t17">
          <label>Tabela 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adequa&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos diferentes componentes dos esfigmoman&#244;metros e rela&#231;&#227;o entre os hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hospital P&#250;blico</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hospital Privado</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P&#234;ra / Borracha - aparelhos aneroides</td>
                <td align="center">110/120 (91,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">75/77 (97,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">185/197 (93,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,131</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">V&#225;lvula - aparelhos aneroides</td>
                <td align="center">118/120 (98,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">75/77 (97,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">193/197 (98%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,645</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Man&#244;metro - aparelhos aneroides</td>
                <td align="center">117/120 (97,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">75/77 (97,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">192/197 (97,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velcro / Pinos - aparelhos aneroides</td>
                <td align="center">101/120 (84,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">72/77 (93,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">173/197 (87,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P&#234;ra / Borracha - aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos</td>
                <td align="center">98/98 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">36/36 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">134/134 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">V&#225;lvula - aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos</td>
                <td align="center">98/98 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">36/36 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">134/134 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Man&#244;metro - aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velcro / Pinos - aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos</td>
                <td align="center">97/98 (99%)</td>
                <td align="center">34/36 (94,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">131/134 (97,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,176</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P&#234;ra / Borracha - aparelhos de coluna de merc&#250;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1/1 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/5 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">V&#225;lvula - aparelhos de merc&#250;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1/1 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/5 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coluna de Merc&#250;rio - aparelhos de coluna de merc&#250;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1/1 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/5 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velcro / Pinos - aparelhos de coluna de merc&#250;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1/1 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/5 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">6/6 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Havia disponibilidade de bra&#231;adeiras extras, para diferentes tamanhos de bra&#231;os, em 60% (6/10) dos hospitais privados e 40% (6/15) dos hospitais p&#250;blicos, por&#233;m essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,428) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 5</xref>). Quanto &#224; mobilidade, 84% (165/197) dos equipamentos estavam instalados sobre rod&#237;zios (pedestal), 10% (20/197) eram fixos (de parede) e 6% (12/197) eram port&#225;teis (manuais). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos, 98,5% (132/134) eram monitores multipar&#226;metros usados nos leitos dos prontos atendimentos e somente 1,5% (2/134) eram aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos m&#243;veis sobre rod&#237;zios. Avaliamos 6 esfigmoman&#244;metros de merc&#250;rio, sendo 67% (4/6) sobre rod&#237;zios e 33%(2/6) fixos em paredes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo revelou que 78,4% (264/337) dos esfingmoman&#244;metros dispon&#237;veis nos servi&#231;os de atendimento &#224;s urg&#234;ncias e emerg&#234;ncias de adultos do munic&#237;pio de Belo Horizonte, MG apresentavam inadequa&#231;&#245;es de um ou mais componentes e/ou par&#226;metros avaliados. Al&#233;m disso, 52% (13/25) dos referidos servi&#231;os n&#227;o disponibilizavam manguitos extras para diferentes tamanhos de circunfer&#234;ncia de bra&#231;os. A qualidade t&#233;cnica dos esfigmoman&#244;metros &#233; condi&#231;&#227;o fundamental para a correta medi&#231;&#227;o da PA. Nossa pesquisa demonstrou que 39,2% (132/337) dos aparelhos estudados n&#227;o apresentavam a data de calibra&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 1 ano, sendo essa situa&#231;&#227;o ainda pior nos hospitais p&#250;blicos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos servi&#231;os privados. Em estudo de simula&#231;&#227;o computadorizada utilizando-se protocolo de tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es, esfigmoman&#244;metros n&#227;o calibrados deixaram de diagnosticar 20% das hipertens&#245;es sist&#243;licas e 28% das hipertens&#245;es diast&#243;licas, sendo tamb&#233;m respons&#225;veis pelo diagn&#243;stico equivocado de hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica em 15% e de hipertens&#227;o diast&#243;lica em 31% das press&#245;es aferidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Um estudo realizado por Serafim et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> em nosso meio, que avaliou 162 esfigmoman&#244;metros, mostrou que 56,2% dos aparelhos testados estavam descalibrados. Turner et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> j&#225; indicavam a necessidade de calibra&#231;&#227;o anual dos aparelhos, e sugeriam a calibra&#231;&#227;o semestral dos equipamentos aneroides, diminuindo assim os erros de diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Estudo realizado em um grande hospital de ensino no Reino Unido,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> com an&#225;lise de 127 aparelhos, sendo 18 de merc&#250;rio, 62 aneroides e 47 autom&#225;ticos, mostrou que 25% estavam descalibrados. A portaria do INMETRO n.&#186; 46, de 22 de janeiro de 2016,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> estabelece que os esfigmoman&#244;metros devem ser verificados uma vez por ano por um &#243;rg&#227;o da Rede Brasileira de Metrologia Legal e Qualidade, sendo esta peridiocidade tamb&#233;m a recomendada pela VI Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, 54,3% (183/337) dos conjuntos aparelho/bra&#231;adeira n&#227;o apresentavam correspond&#234;ncia entre as marcas e n&#227;o havia indicativos de que a combina&#231;&#227;o utilizada apresentava aprova&#231;&#227;o do INMETRO. Vimos, ainda, que os aparelhos aneroides dos hospitais p&#250;blicos apresentavam pior adequa&#231;&#227;o neste quesito em rela&#231;&#227;o aos hospitais privados. Em 2013, Shaw et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> comprovaram que a troca das bra&#231;adeiras originais por de outras marcas levava &#224; subestima&#231;&#227;o das medidas da PA. Embora um ter&#231;o dos pacientes do estudo fosse constitu&#237;do por hipertensos mal controlados, os mesmos foram erroneamente considerados como normotensos quando utilizadas bra&#231;adeiras substitutas. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que as bra&#231;adeiras n&#227;o s&#227;o intercambi&#225;veis entre aparelhos de diferentes marcas. O INMETRO aprova o uso de bra&#231;adeiras espec&#237;ficas para marca e modelo de man&#244;metro e determina que, nos aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos, se a bra&#231;adeira j&#225; for utilizada em outros modelos aprovados de esfigmoman&#244;metros autom&#225;ticos, a combina&#231;&#227;o de marcas/modelos deve ser claramente informada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Existe uma forte recomenda&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> para a substitui&#231;&#227;o dos esfigmoman&#244;metros de coluna fechada de merc&#250;rio, em raz&#227;o do risco de toxicidade e contamina&#231;&#227;o ambiental por este metal, embora seu uso ainda seja permitido pela Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (ANVISA). No presente estudo, 1,7% (6/337) dos aparelhos avaliados eram de coluna de merc&#250;rio.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, em nosso estudo, cerca de metade dos hospitais, tanto os p&#250;blicos quanto os privados, n&#227;o possu&#237;am bra&#231;adeiras extras de diferentes tamanhos para uso nos setores de pronto atendimento. A import&#226;ncia do uso da bra&#231;adeira adequada &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o j&#225; foi demonstrada por diversos autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e constitui condi&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica para a correta medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, segundo as diferentes diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Uma bra&#231;adeira menor que a adequada para a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o ir&#225; superestimar a medida da PA, enquanto uma bra&#231;adeira muito larga ir&#225; subestimar essa medida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Uma an&#225;lise de artigos cient&#237;ficos de peri&#243;dicos nacionais, envolvendo a medida da PA, mostrou que em 64% deles n&#227;o eram mencionadas as dimens&#245;es das bra&#231;adeiras utilizadas e suas adequa&#231;&#245;es &#224;s circunfer&#234;ncias dos bra&#231;os.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Um estudo realizado em hospital escola do interior do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo mostrou que com o uso da raz&#227;o de 0.40 entre a circunfer&#234;ncia braquial e a largura do manguito, mais de 50% dos indiv&#237;duos precisavam de manguito menor que 12 cm e 22,2% precisavam de manguitos maiores. O mesmo estudo revelou que a bra&#231;adeira padr&#227;o estava apropriada para apenas 17.3% dos participantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Em outro estudo realizado em cidade do interior paulista, Freitas et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> observaram que em apenas 50% dos pacientes foi utilizado o manguito de tamanho adequado, uma vez que s&#243; estava dispon&#237;vel o tamanho padr&#227;o nas unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de pesquisadas. A falta de disponibilidade de bra&#231;adeiras de diferentes tamanhos continua sendo um desafio para os profissionais de sa&#250;de e esta inadequa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi observada no ambiente de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia dos hospitais de Belo Horizonte.</p>
        <p>O INMETRO tamb&#233;m recomenda que toda bra&#231;adeira adquirida separadamente, mesmo se n&#227;o estiver em uso, deve ser submetida &#224; verifica&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica uma vez por ano, contado a partir da data de aquisi&#231;&#227;o pelo detentor final.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Vimos que em 26% (88/337) dos aparelhos n&#227;o constava o Selo do INMETRO, exig&#234;ncia do Regulamento T&#233;cnico Metrol&#243;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Na Europa e Estados Unidos, os aparelhos s&#243; est&#227;o aptos para o uso se submetidos e aprovados por estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com protocolos como os preconizados por entidades como a British Hypertension Society,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e European Society of Hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> cujos resultados encontram-se dispon&#237;veis em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dableducational.org/sphygmomanometers/devices_2_sbpm. html">http://www.dableducational.org/sphygmomanometers/devices_2_sbpm. html</ext-link>) e <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bhsoc.org/bp_monitors/automatic.stm">http://www.bhsoc.org/bp_monitors/automatic.stm</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Como norma para aprova&#231;&#227;o dos esfigmoman&#244;metros, o INMETRO exige que o fabricante apresente uma investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica realizada conforme um dos protocolos das referidas entidades internacionais, configurando assim mais respaldo para os aparelhos de uso no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Em busca realizada no site da dableducational.org, n&#227;o identificamos dados de avalia&#231;&#227;o de nenhum dos modelos dispon&#237;veis em nosso estudo. Considerando os componentes e par&#226;metros de qualidade avaliados, constatamos o elevado percentual de inadequa&#231;&#227;o (78%) dos aparelhos, principalmente devido &#224; falta de calibra&#231;&#227;o regular, aus&#234;ncia do selo do INMETRO e falta de correspond&#234;ncia entre a marca da bra&#231;adeira e a marca do aparelho.</p>
        <p>Este trabalho apresentou limita&#231;&#245;es. Por ser um estudo observacional, n&#227;o pudemos atestar a falta de calibra&#231;&#227;o ou a inadequa&#231;&#227;o do conjunto bra&#231;adeira/ esfigmoman&#244;metro, usando a data da &#250;ltima calibra&#231;&#227;o (ou sua aus&#234;ncia) e as marcas dos componentes como refer&#234;ncias, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, o pequeno n&#250;mero de aparelhos de merc&#250;rio foi um fator limitante para posterior compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A maioria dos esfigmoman&#244;metros dispon&#237;veis nos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncias e emerg&#234;ncias de adultos dos hospitais de Belo Horizonte avaliados est&#225; inadequada. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es dos esfigmoman&#244;metros, muito h&#225; que se melhorar, sobretudo na observ&#226;ncia &#224; calibra&#231;&#227;o anual, disponibilidade de bra&#231;adeiras de diferentes tamanhos e compat&#237;veis com os man&#244;metros utilizados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="presented-at">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Kleisson Antonio Pontes Maia pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
