<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">G3K8NZPSk6czpwvW4Xj4kLS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000200098</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170041</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Accuracy of Blood Pressure Measurement</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Claudio Tinoco Mesquita</bold>, Rua Marques do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code 24230-322, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>98</fpage>
      <lpage>99</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Determination</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Measurement Equipment</kwd>
        <kwd>Data Accuracy</kwd>
        <kwd>Sphygmomanometers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>"Nothing happens until something moves" Albert Einstein</p>
      </disp-quote>
    </p>
    <p>The act of measuring a patient's blood pressure with a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer is among the most important because of the various clinical implications that may occur. Failure to detect elevated blood pressure levels may expose a patient to the risk of various complications such as stroke, heart failure, kidney failure, and premature atherosclerosis. Conversely, obtaining falsely elevated measures may lead to diagnostic investigations and use of costly and life-threatening drugs. The concern with the proper calibration and validation of blood pressure measurement devices is constant and fundamental for clinical practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Turner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> in a detailed computational study, demonstrated that the error resulting from the decalibrated sphygmomanometer accounts for 20% to 28% of cases of undetected systolic and diastolic hypertension and 15% and 31% of cases of falsely diagnosed systolic and diastolic hypertension, respectively.</p>
    <p>In this issue of IJCS, we publish the article by Maia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> that addresses the crucial issue of the accuracy of blood pressure measurement equipment used in clinical practice in a large Brazilian city. By means of a cross-sectional study, the authors evaluated the profile of 337 sphygmomanometers available in the emergency medical service from 15 public hospitals and 10 private hospitals in the city of Belo Horizonte. The results of the study have great relevance: approximately 4 out of 5 sphygmomanometers available in the emergency room presented technical inadequacies, and in half of the services there were no cuffs of different sizes, a fundamental point for accurate blood pressure measurement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> As the own authors emphasize in their conclusions, this reality is worrisome and the data of the study should be an alert for the situation of the equipment available to attend the population of the country.</p>
    <p>The 7<sup>th</sup> Brazilian Guideline for Hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> is clear when reporting the need for blood pressure measurement equipment to be validated and that its calibration be checked annually, in accordance with the INMETRO Ordinance n&#176;. 24 of February 22, 1996, for aneroid type mechanical sphygmomanometers, and n&#176;. 096, of March 20, 2008, for non-invasive digital electronic sphygmomanometers. More than a regulatory need, calibration of blood pressure measurement equipment is a clinical imperative. It seems that the type of equipment employed has a role in its accuracy. In a study in the UK, A'Court et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> found that 22% of aneroid sphygmomanometers used by general practitioners were significantly inaccurate compared to only 12% when the blood pressure measurement equipment was digital. Considering the superiority of digital equipment, the authors suggest that the costs of replacing old devices by digital equivalents are largely rewarded by gain in accuracy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Interestingly, digital equipment, when used at altitude, appears to be superior to mercury column sphygmomanometers,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> which, due to the risk of environmental contamination, will be prohibited from manufacturing, importing, marketing and use in health services from January 2019, in accordance with RDC Ministerial Order N&#176;. 145, dated March 21, 2017. Despite the widely favorable view on the use of digital equipment found in the literature, recent studies have shown divergent data, suggesting superiority of aneroid equipment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Therefore, it is most appropriate to follow the guidance of regulatory authorities and make the annual calibration of the equipment to provide accurate blood pressure measurements.</p>
    <p>Aneroid manometers, which are most often found in clinical practice, have moving parts that are susceptible to fatigue and malfunction. The metal diaphragms and spiral connecting pipes that carry air are the areas most vulnerable to damage, but when properly maintained and regularly evaluated, these equipment are reliable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The results of the study by Maia et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> in this edition of the IJCS, showed that 39.2% of the studied devices did not present the calibration date up to 1 year. In addition, about half of the hospitals, both public and private, did not have extra cuffs of different sizes for use in the emergency sectors. All these facts demonstrate a worrying situation that must be transformed.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, because of the clinical importance of obtaining accurate blood pressure, professionals and health managers should be more concerned with the methodological aspects of blood pressure measurement and the characteristics of the equipment used. In addition to the adequacy to protocols of correct blood pressure measurement, the presence of a set device/cuff corresponding, availability of cuffs of various sizes, is also essential the periodic calibration of the equipment to guarantee the best possible care practice. Only with this movement society will receive more effective health care.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Acur&#225;cia da Medida da Press&#227;o Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudio Tinoco Mesquita</bold>, Rua Marques do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24230-322, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Determina&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Equipamentos de Medi&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Confiabilidade dos Dados</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfigmoman&#244;metros</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>"Nothing happens until something moves" Albert Einstein</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>O ato de medir a press&#227;o arterial de um paciente com um estetosc&#243;pio e um esfigmoman&#244;metro figura entre um dos mais importantes pelas diversas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que podem ocorrer. A incapacidade de detectar n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial elevados pode expor um paciente ao risco de diversas complica&#231;&#245;es, como acidente cerebrovascular, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia renal e aterosclerose prematura. Em contrapartida, a obten&#231;&#227;o de medidas falsamente elevadas pode levar a investiga&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos dispendiosos e com risco de efeitos adversos por toda a vida. A preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a adequada calibra&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos de mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial &#233; constante e fundamental para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Turner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> em um estudo computacional minucioso, demonstraram que o erro decorrente do esfigmoman&#244;metro descalibrado &#233; respons&#225;vel por 20% a 28% dos casos de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica n&#227;o detectados e por 15% e 31% dos casos de hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica falsamente diagnosticados, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o do IJCS, publicamos o artigo de Maia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> que aborda a quest&#227;o crucial da acur&#225;cia dos equipamentos de medi&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em uma grande cidade brasileira. Atrav&#233;s de um estudo transversal, os autores avaliaram o perfil de 337 esfigmoman&#244;metros dispon&#237;veis nos prontos atendimentos de adultos de 15 hospitais p&#250;blicos e 10 privados do munic&#237;pio de Belo Horizonte. Os resultados do estudo s&#227;o de grande relev&#226;ncia: aproximadamente 4 de cada 5 esfigmoman&#244;metros dispon&#237;veis nos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia/emerg&#234;ncia apresentavam inadequa&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas, e em metade dos servi&#231;os n&#227;o havia manguitos de diferentes tamanhos, ponto fundamental para acurada medida da press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Como os pr&#243;prios autores salientam nas suas conclus&#245;es, esta realidade &#233; preocupante e os dados do estudo devem ser um alerta para a situa&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos dispon&#237;veis para atendimento da popula&#231;&#227;o no pa&#237;s.</p>
      <p>A 7&#170;. Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> &#233; clara ao reportar a necessidade de que os equipamentos de medida da press&#227;o arterial devem ser validados e sua calibra&#231;&#227;o deve ser verificada anualmente, de acordo com a Portaria do INMETRO n&#186;. 24, de 22 de fevereiro de 1996, para os esfigmoman&#244;metros mec&#226;nicos do tipo aneroide, e n&#186;. 096, de 20 de mar&#231;o de 2008, para os esfigmoman&#244;metros eletr&#244;nicos digitais de medi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva. Mais do que uma necessidade regulat&#243;ria, a calibra&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos de medida da press&#227;o arterial &#233; um imperativo cl&#237;nico. Parece que o tipo de equipamento empregado tem um papel na sua acur&#225;cia. Em um estudo realizado no Reino Unido, A'Court et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> verificaram que 22% dos esfigmoman&#244;metros aneroides utilizados pelos m&#233;dicos generalistas estavam com imprecis&#227;o significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com apenas 12%, quando o equipamento de medida da press&#227;o arterial era do tipo digital. Dada a superioridade dos equipamentos digitais, os autores sugerem que os custos da substitui&#231;&#227;o dos antigos dispositivos pelos equivalentes digitais &#233; amplamente recompensado pelo ganho na acur&#225;cia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Um dado interessante &#233; que os equipamentos digitais, quando utilizados na altitude, parecem ser superiores at&#233; aos esfigmoman&#244;metros de coluna de merc&#250;rio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> que, devido aos riscos de contamina&#231;&#227;o ambiental, ter&#227;o proibidas a fabrica&#231;&#227;o, a importa&#231;&#227;o, a comercializa&#231;&#227;o e utiliza&#231;&#227;o em servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de a partir de janeiro de 2019, de acordo com a portaria RDC N&#186; 145, de 21 de mar&#231;o de 2017. Apesar da vis&#227;o amplamente favor&#225;vel ao uso de equipamentos digitais encontrada na literatura, estudos recentes demonstram dados divergentes, sugerindo superioridade dos equipamentos aneroides.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Dessa forma, o mais adequado &#233; seguir a orienta&#231;&#227;o das autoridades regulat&#243;rias e buscar a calibra&#231;&#227;o anual do equipamento a fim de oferecer medidas precisas da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
      <p>Os man&#244;metros aneroides, que s&#227;o os mais frequentemente encontrados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, t&#234;m partes que se movimentam e s&#227;o suscet&#237;veis &#224; fadiga e mal funcionamento. Os diafragmas de metal e os tubos de conex&#227;o espiralados que levam o ar s&#227;o as &#225;reas mais vulner&#225;veis a danos, por&#233;m, quando adequadamente mantidos e regularmente avaliados, estes equipamentos s&#227;o confi&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Os resultados do estudo de Maia et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> nesta edi&#231;&#227;o do IJCS, demonstrou que 39,2% dos aparelhos estudados n&#227;o apresentavam a data de calibra&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 1 ano. Al&#233;m disso, cerca de metade dos hospitais, tanto os p&#250;blicos quanto os privados, n&#227;o possu&#237;am bra&#231;adeiras extras de diferentes tamanhos para uso nos setores de pronto atendimento. Todos estes fatos demonstram uma situa&#231;&#227;o preocupante e que deve ser transformada.</p>
      <p>Em suma, devido &#224; import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da obten&#231;&#227;o acurada da press&#227;o arterial, os profissionais e os gestores da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de devem se preocupar mais com os aspectos metodol&#243;gicos da medida da press&#227;o arterial e das caracter&#237;sticas dos equipamentos empregados. Al&#233;m da adequa&#231;&#227;o com os protocolos de medida correta da press&#227;o arterial, a presen&#231;a de conjuntos aparelho/bra&#231;adeira correspondentes, disponibilidade de bra&#231;adeiras de diversas medidas tamb&#233;m &#233; essencial &#224; peri&#243;dica calibra&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos para garantia da melhor pr&#225;tica assistencial poss&#237;vel. Somente com este movimento a sociedade receber&#225; um cuidado de maior efic&#225;cia.</p>
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