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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dM6DkXgZ7dQPgsgsBz3kR4F</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000100095</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rare Case of Hypertensive Crisis Secondary to Diencephalic Epilepsy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Niemeyer de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Niemeyer de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Jacarepagu&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Jacarepagu&#225;,Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Curso de Especializa&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Curso de Especializa&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF),Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual do C&#233;rebro Paulo Niemeyer</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual do C&#233;rebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Renato Niemeyer de Freitas Ribeiro</bold>. Estrada do Capenha, 1431, apartamento 202, bl 01. Postal Code 22743-041, Jacarepagu&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>renato.niemeyer@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Writing of the manuscript: Ribeiro RNF, Martins WA, Ribeiro BNF. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Martins WA, Ribeiro BNF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jan-Feb</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>95</fpage>
      <lpage>97</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertensive Encephalopathy / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Epilepsy</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypothalamic Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertensive crisis (HC) is a clinical situation characterized by the quick, inappropriate, intense and symptomatic elevation of blood pressure, with or without risk of target-organ deterioration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> HC has shown a decrease in incidence, most likely due to the advancement of outpatient antihypertensive therapy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> but it still represents a challenge in emergency clinical practice. In over 80% of cases, patients already have a previous diagnosis of arterial hypertension (AH).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, undiagnosed AH or secondary causes may be the etiology of HC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>Female patient, 49 years old, from Angola, went to the emergency unit of a secondary hospital. She presented with lethargy and mental confusion, profuse cold sweating, elevated blood pressure levels (238 x 146 mmHg) and tachycardia (102 bpm). Cardiac and pulmonary auscultation were normal and without focal neurological signs. It was characterized as hypertensive emergency. She reported similar episodes during adolescence, with profuse cold sweating, followed by erection of hairs, but with spontaneous resolution and short duration. The patient denied the use of illicit drugs, contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy.</p>
      <p>Lab exams such as hemogram and serum blood glucose, sodium, potassium, CK-MB, and troponin 1 came back normal. ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) showed sinus tachycardia. Head CT was normal. Diagnostic investigation was complemented with a transthoracic echocardiogram, echo-doppler of renal arteries, and aortography, as well as a lab research for pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, hyperaldosteronism and dosage of thyroid hormones, with all exams within the parameters of normality.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: tachycardic sinus rhythm, PR 0.16 seconds, heart rate 150 bpm; Superior divisional block.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0095-70016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was started on treatment for hypertensive emergency, and the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) on venous nitrate, reaching a value of 162 x 104 mmHg in the fourth hour after admission.</p>
      <p>During her stay in the infirmary, antihypertensives were suspended since the patient showed intolerance to the medications, with hypotension maintained with minimal doses (enalapril maleate 5 mg, twice a day).</p>
      <p>During outpatient follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic, with physical examinations persistently normal even without the use of antihypertensives.</p>
      <p>Approximately three months after the first episode, the patient manifested the same symptoms, with new admission to the ICU, where she displayed a similar clinical behavior; that is, notably elevated levels of blood pressure responsive only to intravenous nitrate, with posterior hypotension and intolerance to low doses of antihypertensives.</p>
      <p>Based on the clinical history of the first admission, an electroencephalogram (EEG) was performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) during this second hypertensive crisis, showing positive spicules (14 and 16 per second); and so the diagnosis was of diencephalic epilepsy. Plasma catecholamines were measured at the time of the crisis and 24 hours after that. The first one was elevated, and the second was normal, which corroborated the diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Treatment with carbamazepine was initiated,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> which yielded good therapeutic response.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>EEG: positive spicules (14 and 16 per second).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0095-70016-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The patient had a third episode nine months after the first one; however, during her stay, she admitted to having suspended the treatment with carbamazepine. Since then, she has remained asymptomatic under regular outpatient follow-up and on continuous carbamazepine.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Even though most cases of HC occur in previously hypertensive patients, especially those on irregular treatment, and the main etiology is idiopatic,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> secondary causes must always be on the assisting doctor's radar. With the patient in question, the crises were due to a diencephalic epilepsy. It is important to highlight the importance of epilepsy in developing countries of Africa, Latin America, and Asia, where the prevalence rate is 4 to 5 times higher than in industrialized countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The diencephalon is the central nervous system structure formed by the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus. In the context of this clinical case, it is worth mentioning the role of the thalamus in the emotional behavior and cortical activation, and of the hypothalamus in the regulation of the autonomous nervous system and body temperature. Diencephalic epilepsy is a clinical entity, in which discharges from the hypothalamus or from the anterior portion of the thalamus may cause tremors, erection of hairs, sensation of fear, sweating, plenitude, nausea, and dyspnea, as well as tachycardia and blood pressure elevation, among other signs of sympathetic dysfunction. EEG, in addition to the clinical evaluation and response to anticonvulsants, is an important diagnostic instrument, because it demonstrates positive spicules (14 and 16 seconds). Anxiety disorders are included in its differential diagnosis. It is worth mentioning that in a HC derived from a status epilepticus and not related to hypertensive encephalopathy, the patient may present with hypotension after the first acute hypertensive event,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> just like the patient in question. It is also important to mention that most cases of diencephalic epilepsy associated to severe hypertension are reported in comatose patients, victims of serious traumatic brain injury;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> however, the patient in question did not present a history of brain injury. Treatment with carbamazepine yields good responses,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> with gabapentin as a second option.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In conclusion, despite being a rare cause for HC, diencephalic epilepsy must be considered when other differential diagnoses are ruled out and the patient presents with hypotension secondary to the use of maintenance antihypertensives.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Raro Caso de Crise Hipertensiva Secund&#225;ria &#224; Epilepsia Diencef&#225;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Niemeyer de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Niemeyer de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Jacarepagu&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Curso de Especializa&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual do C&#233;rebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Renato Niemeyer de Freitas Ribeiro</bold>. Estrada do Capenha, 1431, apartamento 202, bl 01. CEP 22743-041, Jacarepagu&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>renato.niemeyer@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ribeiro RNF, Martins WA, Ribeiro BNF. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Martins WA, Ribeiro BNF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Encefalopatia Hipertensiva / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Epilepsia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Hipotal&#226;micas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A crise hipertensiva (CH) &#233; situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica caracterizada pela eleva&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e inapropriada, intensa e sintom&#225;tica da press&#227;o arterial, com ou sem risco de deteriora&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A CH apresentou um decr&#233;scimo em sua incid&#234;ncia, muito provavelmente devido ao avan&#231;o da terap&#234;utica anti-hipertensiva ambulatorial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> mas, ainda assim, representa um desafio na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica emergencial. Em mais de 80% dos casos, os pacientes j&#225; possuem um diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Entretanto, a HA n&#227;o diagnosticada ou causas secund&#225;rias podem ser as etiologias da CH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do caso</title>
        <p>Paciente feminina, 49 anos, angolana, deu entrada no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia de hospital secund&#225;rio, com letargia e confus&#227;o mental; sudorese fria e profusa; n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial elevados (238 x 146 mmHg) e taquicardia (102 bpm); ausculta card&#237;aca e pulmonar normais e sem sinais neurol&#243;gicos focais. Foi caracterizada como emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. Relatou epis&#243;dios similares de in&#237;cio na adolesc&#234;ncia, com sudorese profusa e fria, seguida de ere&#231;&#227;o de pelos, por&#233;m de resolu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea e curta dura&#231;&#227;o. Paciente negou uso de drogas il&#237;citas, contraceptivos ou terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal.</p>
        <p>Os exames laboratoriais hemograma, glicemia, s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, CK-MB e troponina I s&#233;ricos estavam dentro da normalidade. Foi realizado eletrocardiograma (ECG) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>) que evidenciou taquicardia sinusal. A tomografia computadorizada do cr&#226;nio foi normal. A investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica foi complementada com realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, ecoDoppler de art&#233;rias renais e aortografia, al&#233;m de pesquisa laboratorial para feocromocitoma, s&#237;ndrome de Cushing, acromegalia, hiperaldosteronismo e dosagem de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos, com todos os exames referidos dentro dos par&#226;metros de normalidade.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ECG: ritmo sinusal taquic&#225;rdico, PR 0,16 segundos, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 150 bpm; bloqueio divisional anterossuperior.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0095-70016-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Foi iniciada terap&#234;utica para emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva, transferida para o centro de terapia intensiva (CTI) sob uso de nitrato venoso, atingindo o valor de 162 x 104 mmHg na quarta hora de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Durante a perman&#234;ncia na enfermaria, foram suspensos os anti-hipertensivos, uma vez que a paciente mostrou-se intolerante aos mesmos, fazendo hipotens&#227;o sob doses m&#237;nimas (maleato de enalapril 5 mg, duas vezes ao dia).</p>
        <p>No acompanhamento ambulatorial, permaneceu assintom&#225;tica, com exame f&#237;sico persistentemente normal, mesmo sem uso de anti-hipertensivos.</p>
        <p>Cerca de tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o epis&#243;dio inicial, manifestou os mesmos sintomas, com nova interna&#231;&#227;o em CTI, onde apresentou comportamento cl&#237;nico semelhante, ou seja, n&#237;veis notadamente elevados de press&#227;o arterial responsivos apenas ao nitrato intravenoso, com posterior hipotens&#227;o e intoler&#226;ncia &#224;s baixas doses de anti-hipertensivos.</p>
        <p>Baseado na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica da primeira interna&#231;&#227;o, foi realizado eletroencefalograma (EEG) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>) no momento dessa segunda crise hipertensiva, evidenciando esp&#237;culas positivas (14 e 16 por segundo), tendo sido estabelecido o diagn&#243;stico de epilepsia diencef&#225;lica. Foram feitas duas dosagens de catecolaminas plasm&#225;ticas, uma no momento da crise e outra 24 horas depois. A primeira foi elevada e a segunda normal, o que corroborou o diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Iniciou-se terap&#234;utica com carbamazepina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> obtendo-se boa resposta terap&#234;utica.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>EEG: positive spicules (14 and 16 per second).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0095-70016-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Apresentou ainda um terceiro epis&#243;dio nove meses ap&#243;s o inicial, por&#233;m, durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, confessou ter suspendido a carbamazepina por conta pr&#243;pria. Desde ent&#227;o, mant&#233;m-se assintom&#225;tica, sob acompanhamento ambulatorial regular e uso cont&#237;nuo da carbamazepina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar de a maior parte dos casos de CH ocorrer em pacientes previamente hipertensos, em especial naqueles com tratamento irregular, e de a principal etiologia ser idiop&#225;tica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> causas secund&#225;rias sempre devem estar na mente do m&#233;dico assistente. Na paciente em quest&#227;o, a origem das crises se devia a uma epilepsia diencef&#225;lica. &#201; importante salientar a import&#226;ncia das epilepsias nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento dos continentes africano, latino-americano e asi&#225;tico, onde a taxa de preval&#234;ncia &#233; 4 a 5 vezes maior que em pa&#237;ses industrializados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O dienc&#233;falo &#233; a estrutura do sistema nervoso central formada pelo t&#225;lamo, hipot&#225;lamo, epit&#225;lamo e subt&#225;lamo. No contexto do caso cl&#237;nico em quest&#227;o, vale ressaltar o papel do t&#225;lamo no comportamento emocional e ativa&#231;&#227;o cortical e do hipot&#225;lamo na regula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo e da temperatura corporal. A epilepsia diencef&#225;lica &#233; uma entidade cl&#237;nica em que descargas origin&#225;rias do hipot&#225;lamo ou da por&#231;&#227;o anterior do t&#225;lamo podem provocar tremores, ere&#231;&#227;o de pelos, sensa&#231;&#227;o de medo, sudorese, plenitude, n&#225;useas e dispneia, al&#233;m de taquicardia e eleva&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica, entre outros sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica. O EEG &#233; um instrumento importante no diagn&#243;stico, pois demonstra esp&#237;culas positivas (14 e 16 segundos), em complementa&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e resposta aos anticonvulsivantes. Dist&#250;rbios de ansiedade entram em seu diagn&#243;stico diferencial. Vale ressaltar o fato de que em uma CH derivada de um <italic>status epilepticus</italic>, n&#227;o relacionado &#224; encefalopatia hipertensiva, o paciente pode apresentar hipotens&#227;o, ap&#243;s o evento inicial de hipertens&#227;o aguda,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> como a paciente em quest&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante citar que a maior parte dos casos de epilepsia diencef&#225;lica associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o grave &#233; relatada em pacientes comatosos, v&#237;timas de trauma cranioencef&#225;lico grave,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> no entanto, a paciente referida n&#227;o apresentou hist&#243;rico algum de trauma craniano. O tratamento com carbamazepina resulta em boa resposta,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> tendo como segunda op&#231;&#227;o a gabapentina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Concluindo, apesar de ser uma causa rara de CH, a epilepsia diencef&#225;lica deve ser considerada quando se excluem outros diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais, e o paciente apresenta hipotens&#227;o secund&#225;ria ao uso de anti-hipertensivos de manuten&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
